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The Question of Change
Abstract
This chapter is about change at both the individual level and the socioeconomic, political level. Hak considers revolutionary and democratic change; Gramscian notions of counterhegemonic struggle; Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm shift; Laclau’s construction of the people; Negri and Hardt’s belief in the energy of the multitude; and a populist model. With regard to the assumption of individual political identities, Althusser’s idea of interpellation, Žižek’s use of Lacan’s concept of jouissance, and a Sartre short story are examined.
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Posthegemony is an investigation into the origins, limits, and possibilities for contemporary politics and political analysis. This book presents accounts of historical movements in Latin America, from Columbus to Chávez, and from Argentine Peronism to Peru’s Sendero Luminoso. Challenging dominant strains in social theory, the book contends that cultural studies simply replicates the populism that conditions it, and that civil society theory merely nourishes the neoliberalism that it sets out to oppose. Both end up entrenching the fiction of a social contract. In place of hegemony or civil society, the book presents a theory of posthegemony, focusing on affect, habit, and the multitude. This approach addresses an era of biopolitics and bare life, tedium and terror, in which state control is ever more pervasive but something always escapes.
The 1952 provincial election was one of the most interesting and important in the history of British Columbia. A marginal organization, Social Credit, stunned pundits by defeating the established parties to form a minority government. W.A.C. Bennett, who became leader of the party shortly after the election, built on this victory to rule the province until 1972. Commentators have listed several factors to explain this complicated election, typically concluding that the freakish rise of Social Credit was merely a protest against political misrule. This article, drawing on the theoretical literature on North American populism, looks beyond Vancouver and Victoria, and beyond a narrow focus on politicians and parties, to consider the political economy at mid-century. It argues that Social Credit victories in the Fraser Valley and the Interior, where the party was most successful, represented a populist revolt in a time of rapid economic change.
L'élection provinciale de 1952 a été l'une des plus intéressantes et des plus importantes de l'histoire de la Colombie-Britannique. Organisation marginale, le Crédit Social défia toutes les prédictions en défaisant les partis en place pour former un gouvernement minoritaire. W.A.C. Bennett, qui devint chef du parti peu après l'élection, tira profit de cette victoire pour gouverner la province jusqu'en 1972. Des commentateurs ont énuméré divers facteurs à l'origine de cette élection complexe, concluant dans l'ensemble que l'extraordinaire ascension du Crédit Social signalait simplement une protestation envers une mauvaise administration du gouvernement. Cet article, qui s'appuie sur la documentation théorique du populisme nord-américain, envisage un contexte qui dépasse Vancouver et Victoria, ainsi que la vision étroite des politiciens et des partis, pour examiner l'économie politique au milieu du siècle. Il soutient que les victoires du Crédit Social dans la vallée du Fraser et dans l'intérieur de la province, où le parti avait le plus de succès, représentaient une révolte populaire durant une période de brusques changements économiques.
An American Utopia: Dual Power and the Universal Army
- Fredric Jameson