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ПРИЛОЗИ, Одделение за природно-математички и биотехнички науки, МАНУ, том 37, бр. 2, стр. 55–68 (2016)
CONTRIBUTIONS, Section of Natural, Mathematical and Biotechnical Sciences, MASA, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 55–68 (2016)
Received: October 5, 2016 ISSN 1857–9027
Accepted: November 1, 2016 e-ISSN 1857–9949
UDC:631.4:528.93(497.7)
DOI:10.20903/CSNMBS_MASA.2016.37.2.34
Review
SOIL MAPS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Gjorgji Filipovski
Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
The paper gives an overview of the history of preparation of 63 soil maps in printed and digital form, out of
which 62 in a scale of 1 : 50 000 for a specific sections of the topographic maps, and one in a scale of 1 : 200 000 for
the whole of the Republic of Macedonia. The Project for Preparation of Soil Map in a scale of 1 : 50.000 lasted al-
most seven decades (from 1947 to 2015). In the final phase of this process, within a FAO project, soil maps in hard
copy and digital format were edited, together with corresponding study books for soil properties and soil forming
factors for 10 regions of the country. A similar study book was written for the soils of the whole country. In addition,
a common legend has been developed for all soil maps with 63 cartographic units. All classifications used during this
long period of soil survey have been described and served as a basis for compiling of all legends. The areas of all car-
tographic units have been presented. The contents of all 11 soil studies have been described. Digitalization of all maps
and the data base of soil characteristics were accomplished. For this purpose, an internet web-portal has been created
(www.maksoil.ukim.mk). The results of the Project implementation were promoted and presented to the local scien-
tific and professional public. The final works on the Project completion were financed by the FAO, UN Organization.
Key words: soil maps of the Republic of Macedonia; legend of the soil maps; areas of cartographic units;
digitalization of project results
INTRODUCTION
Soil survey and soil mapping in the Republic
of Macedonia started soon after the liberation (after
World War II), in 1947. This process started with
the survey of soils of Strumica valley. The Soil
Survey Study, including a soil map of this valley in
a scale of 1:50 000, was published in 1951 (Gj. Fil-
ipovski [1]). These soil survey activities, in parallel
to the preparation of soil maps and soil studies for
our country, continued up to 2015. They lasted al-
most to seven decades. Only the author of this text
took part in these researches over the entire period.
All other contributors to the preparation of the soil
maps (most of whom were collaborators of Prof.
Gj. Filipovski) took part only during shorter or
longer periods of time. Eight of these contributors,
who are still active in this field, completed the soil
map of the Republic of Macedonia including the
soil survey in 2015. The other contributors to the
soil mapping activities, regretfully, are not with us
any longer. We remember them with great love,
respect and gratitude for their contribution.
With the finalization of the Project for prepa-
ration of soil maps of the Republic of Macedonia,
62 maps were published (in printed and digital
form) over the topographic elements of the topo-
graphic maps in a scale of 1:50 000 and one for the
entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia in a
scale of 1 : 200 000. In addition, 11 soil studies
have been published: 10 studies for particular re-
gions and one for the whole territory of the country
comprising 1028 pages in total.
The eight authors who participated in this
task (including the retired soil scientists) are pro-
fessors at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and
Food, Institute of Agriculture and the Faculty of
Forestry, all being parts of the Ss. Cyril and Meth-
odius University in Skopje. The authors of these
maps and studies (in alphabetical order) are as fol-
lows: Andreevski [3, 4], Vasilevski and Markoski
[5], Markoski et al. [6], Mitkova et al. [7], Mi-
Gjorgji Filipovski
Contributions, Sec. Nat. Math. Biotech. Sci., MASA, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
56
trikeski et al. [8, 9], Mukaetov [2], Petkovski [10]
and Filipovski [11, 12].
Besides the study of one particular region,
Filipovski [12] wrote the study for the whole of the
Republic of Macedonia. The other authors wrote
the soil studies for 9 separate regions.
IMPORTANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PUBLISHED SOIL MAPS
AND STUDIES
The Project for preparation of soil maps and
the studies have a fundamental and applicable char-
acter. They present our soils as an important natural
and hard to renew resource, and as an important
component of the natural ecosystems. Therefore,
the results of these researches are being used in
many basic sciences: botany (especially phytocoe-
nology), ecology, zoology, geography, etc.
Soil maps are widely used in the construction
industry (urban planning, infrastructure projects),
spatial planning and creation of spatial plans, envi-
ronmental projects, etc.
The results from soil survey and soil map-
ping are used by other soil related sciences: plant
nutrition, soil microbiology, agrotechnics, hydro-
technics, etc.
Their use in agriculture is particularly wide,
especially in agro-ecological zoning, cultivation of
different crops, cultivation of perennial crops in
viticulture and fruit growing, implementation of
different agrotechnical and ameliorative measures
(especially in irrigation and drainage), etc.
Their importance is also notable in forestry:
cultivation and exploitation of forests, afforestation,
implementation of anti-erosion measures, etc.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE PROJECT
The Project for preparation of soil maps and
studies has several specific characteristics which
make it different from other projects in the field of
soil science. These are:
1. Particularly long project duration. It start-
ed in 1947 and, with interruptions, lasted until 2015
or for a total of 68 years. This can be explained
with its specifics: soil mapping requires that ‘every
foot of land’ is examined. Besides, sometimes
problems occurred with project funding. That re-
sulted in work interruptions, time gaps or slowing
down of the pace of work. And lastly, the great
changes and turbulent times that our country went
through during this long period of time inevitably
had an impact on the project completion.
2. Involvement of a particularly large number
of researchers. As described above, it was necessary
to engage a particularly large number of contributors
to the soil mapping. The soil study that is published
together with the Soil Map of Macedonia (Filipovski
[12]) lists the names of all 24 researchers.
3. Participation of a large number of institu-
tions in the creation of the project. Those were the
institutions that employed these 24 researchers:
MASA, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food,
Institute of Agriculture and Faculty of Forestry
within the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University and
the Tobacco Institute in Prilep, the Republic Insti-
tute for Water Management, the Rise Institute in
Kočani, the Forestry Institute, the laboratories of
some companies (‘Agromehanizacija’) and agricul-
tural organizations. Some of these institutions do
not exist any longer.
4. Expensive project. Due to the project re-
search specifics, substantial financial resources had
been used from different sources. The total amount
is unknown. All the above mentioned institutions
participated in the financing with budget funding.
Beside them, financial support came from: the Di-
rectorate for Water Management, the Institute for
Spatial Planning, agricultural complexes, water
management companies, local councils and espe-
cially from the Federal and Republic Funds for Sci-
entific Research. It should be particularly noted that
without the expertise and the financial support pro-
vided by FAO (UN organization) in the amount of
$ 340,000, the Project could not have been com-
pleted. Also, some of these institutions that took
part in the financing of the Project do not exist any
longer.
5. The use of numerous different soil classi-
fications for preparation of legends for the carto-
graphic units of soil maps. During the long period
of the Project implementation, several national soil
classifications were used, which reflected the level
of the soil science at the time. Those classifications
were based on different principles and criteria. As a
result of that, the created maps had different leg-
ends. This caused a serious problem. Focusing all
my efforts and knowledge on this problem, in 2008
I managed to compile one common legend from all
these different ones. That enabled the creation of all
63 soil maps in 2015. This was achieved in correla-
tion with all cartographic units of numerous leg-
ends with the taxonomic units from the last ver-
sion of our soil classification of 2006 (Filipovski
[13]). This common legend was used in the creation
of the soil maps published in 2015.
6. Digitalization of the soil maps and of the
soil characteristics data base. During the first dec-
Soil maps of the Republic of Macedonia
Прилози, Одд. прир. мат. биотех. науки, МАНУ, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
57
ades of soil mapping, digitalisation was not possi-
ble. Digitalisation was achieved with FAO assis-
tance and with the implementation of the soil in-
formation system (SOTER) prepared by FAO [14].
CONDITIONS FOR PROJECT
COMPLETION
The final Project activities took place be-
tween 2013 and 2015 when 63 soil maps in their
final form were completed together with 11 study
books on soil properties.
This work was successfully completed as a re-
sult of several conditions being previously fulfilled,
among others most notable being the following:
1. As a result of the soil mapping, there was
a large number of field soil maps drawn by hand,
some of which were even in a printed form. There
were soil studies and reports for these maps.
2. MASA financed and completed several
projects which enabled or facilitated the creation of
the common legend and the creation of the 11 study
books on soils. The completion of these projects
was crowned with the publishing of several mono-
graphs on the soils of Macedonia (Filipovski [13,
15–23]). Some of these monographs are of vital
importance for the completion of the Project, such
as the monograph Soil Classification of the Re-
public of Macedonia published in 2006 (Filipovski
[13]), and the monograph on the Soils of the Re-
public of Macedonia in six volumes (Filipovski
[15–20]), which were used for the creation of the
11 study books on soils published in 2015. Two
more monographs were used for the creation of
these studies: Soil degradation as a component of
the environment in the Republic of Macedonia
(Filipovski [21]) and The Characteristics of the
Climate Vegetation Soil Zones (Regions) in the
Republic of Macedonia (Filipovski et al., [22]).
3. It should be noted that after the publishing
of the monograph on the soils of Macedonia,
which presented all research results of the soils un-
til its publishing, we had access to the most recent
results from the doctoral and masters studies pre-
pared by: Andreevski [24], Vasilevski [25], Marko-
ski [26, 27], Mitkova [28], Mukaetov [29] and Jo-
vanov [30]. These results were also used in creating
of the 11 studies in 2015.
4. The final works in 2008 were of great im-
portance for the Project completion. With the sup-
port of three of my collaborators (Petkovski,
Mukaetov and Andreevski), at the Institute of Agri-
culture, all the existing 140 field soil maps in a
scale of 1 : 50 000 were gathered and stored, to-
gether with their legends and soil studies. A large
number of these maps were in handwritten form.
These data were kept in a number of institutions,
funds or by the authors themselves. The collecting
of this material was a hard and long process. Be-
sides, the cartographic units indicated in the map
legends were based on different classifications
which used different criteria. After a long and hard
work all these 140 legends with their cartographic
units were correlated with the taxonomic units of
the Soil Classification from 2006 (Filipovski [13])
with an aim to achieve a common legend. The
whole completed work was presented in a hand-
written text of 102 pages. The text contained a list
of all collected soil studies for the 140 soil maps.
Without this work the Project for the soil maps of
the Republic of Macedonia could not has been
completed.
5. During this period of seven decades, the
soil mapping was also made possible with the clas-
sification of the Macedonian and the former Yugo-
slav soils, made by several authors. The classifica-
tion criteria from these soil classifications were
used as a base to define the cartographic units and
legends. A separate chapter will be dedicated to the
problems related to soil classifications.
6. After 1963, the work on the creation of the
soil maps was made easier thanks to the published
monograph on the soils of Yugoslavia (Filipovski
et al. [31]). It resolved many questions related to
soil classifications. In this monograph West Euro-
pean approaches in adoption of objective and
measurable criteria for defining the taxonomic and
cartography units were incorporated. This mono-
graph motivated the process of creation of new ver-
sions of national soil classifications in former Yu-
goslavia, inspired by the international understand-
ings and criteria of that time.
SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS USED
FOR COMPOSING LEGENDS FOR SOIL
MAPPING DURING 1947 – 2015
In certain periods within these 70 years of
soil surveying different classifications were used.
In this respect, we can distinguish 5 periods:
1. The period between 1947 and 1959. Dur-
ing this period the scientific soil classification was
not at a very high level. No international classifica-
tion existed, and the soils in Yugoslavia had not
been significantly researched to enable establish-
ment of a good national soil classification. During
this period Russian classifications were used (Ro-
zov [32]) which were hard to implement in our
conditions. Legends were compiled using descrip-
tions of Yugoslav soil types in the books of Stebut
Gjorgji Filipovski
Contributions, Sec. Nat. Math. Biotech. Sci., MASA, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
58
[33] and Gračanin [34]. The first national soil clas-
sification published by Gračanin [35], was inaccu-
rate as it was done at the time when the soils of
Yugoslavia were not adequately researched. There-
fore, soil mapping during this period was quite dif-
ficult.
2. The period between 1959 and 1963. Till
the beginning of this period the soils in the valleys
of Macedonia were thoroughly researched for 12
years, and a substantial amount of scientific data
was collected. This enabled the creation of the first
version of the soil classification of the Republic of
Macedonia (Filipovski [36]). It encompassed two
categories of taxonomies (types and subtypes of the
systematically researched soils in the valleys), and
types for the mountainous soils, surveyed only with
reconnaissance which is in fact an initial step in soil
survey.
3. The period between 1963 and 1995. Dur-
ing this period the soil classification in the former
Yugoslavia swayed considerably. An important
contribution to this was the detailed soil monograph
on the Yugoslav soils (Filipovski et al. [31]) pub-
lished in 1963. It presented all the known research
results of the Yugoslav soils till then. The same
year, a group of authors wrote the first version of
the national classification of the Yugoslav soils up
to the level of type (Neigebauer et al. [37]). Later,
again a group of authors compiled two new ver-
sions: in 1973 (Škorić et al. [38]) and in 1985
(Škorić et al. [39]). These two versions, as per the
recommendation of the Yugoslav Soil Research
Society, were used across all the republics of Yugo-
slavia for the purpose of creation of their soil maps.
These classifications were based on measurable
criteria and were detailed as they contained several
categories of taxonomies (orders, classes, types,
subtypes, varieties, and soil forms). It can be stated
that with these classifications the soil mapping was
made much easier as during field measurements
they could define the taxon without any problems.
4. The period between 1995 and 2006. The
monograph on our soils written during this period
(Filipovski [15–20]) modifies and adjusts the last
version of the Yugoslav soil classification (Škorić et
al. 39) in accordance with the specifics of the soils in
our country. It is used not only in the monograph but
also in the research and soil mapping of the Mace-
donian soils during this period.
5. The period between 2006 and 2015. In
2006 the last version of the Macedonian Soil Clas-
sification was published (Filipovski [13]). It applies
contemporary criteria: 21 diagnostic horizons, 23
diagnostic characteristics and 27 diagnostic soil
materials. All diagnostic horizons are quantitatively
defined with specific parameters and therefore easi-
ly recognisable. They serve as a base for creation of
our soil classification with precisely and measura-
bly defined taxons out of the five categories (big
soil group, soil types, subtypes, varieties and
forms). That is why it was easily applicable. It is in
essence a national classification based on the re-
sults of our well researched soils. This classifica-
tion is also correlated with the international FAO
classifications (Driessen et al. [40], Dudal [41]) and
WRB (ISSS et al. [42], IUSS et al. [43]). As previ-
ously said, our classification was used for the soil
mapping during this period. It also served for com-
posing the common legend of all 63 soil maps that
were published in 2015.
COMMON LEGEND FOR ALL MAPS
The process of creation of a common legend
for all 63 printed maps in 2015 was described pre-
viously. Cartographic units from the national soil
classification (2006) are presented in Table 1, while
the correlation of the national classification with
the international classifications of WRB (ISSS et al.
[42], IUSS et al. [43]) is presented in Table 2.
Table 1 below shows the common legend
with all its cartographic units and areas covered
with each unit.
The table shows that the common legend
contains a total of 63 cartographic units. 17 of them
contain only one soil type, and 46 are complexes,
i.e. comprising several soil types.
The cartographic units are given by relief
forms separately. There are 20 in mountainous re-
lief forms, 28 in a hilly relief, 3 on sloppy terrains
and 12 cartographic units in flat landforms. There
are only few of the same cartographic units in sev-
eral relief forms.
The Table 1 also represents the geography of
our soils as it contains their surface areas in hec-
tares. From the figures, it can be concluded that the
surface areas of soils in the mountainous relief form
represent 1.434.070 hа or 57,37%, in the hill land
forms 698.159 hа or 27,93%, in hilly relief 160.394
hа or 6,42% and in flat relief forms 163.020 hа or
6,52% of the total surface area of our soils.
The cartographic units of the Тable 1 are co-
related with the international soil classification of
WRB. This is represented in Table 2.
Soil maps of the Republic of Macedonia
Прилози, Одд. прир. мат. биотех. науки, МАНУ, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
59
Table 1. Soils of the Republic of Macedonia (legend with cartographic units
according to the soil classification of Gj. Filipovski)
Cartographic soil units
Hectares
I. Soils of mountainous relief
Leptosol
38.502
Leptosol on hard limestones and dolomites
1.128
Complex of Regosol and Leptosol
70.898
Complex of Mollic and Umbric Ranker
154.747
Complex of Mollic and Umbric Ranker and Regosol
34.889
Complex of Mollic and Umbric Ranker and Leptosol
1.124
Complex of Mollic and Umbric Ranker, Regosol and Leptosol
80.603
Complex of Mollic and Umbric Ranker and Luvisol
930
Rendzina on hard limestones and dolomites
146.229
Complex of Rendzina on hard limestones and dolomites and Leptosl
13.979
Complex of Rendzina and Brown Soil on hard limestones and dolomites
35.050
Red Soil (Terra Rossa)
260
Complex of Red Soil (Terra Rossa) and Brown Soil on hard limestones and dolomites
1.471
Brown Soil on hard limestones and dolomites
82.879
Brown Forest Soil
395.957
Complex of Brown Forest Soil and Regosol
86.831
Complex of Brown Forest Soil, Leptosol and Regosol
127.721
Complex of Brown Forest Soil and Mollic and Umbric Ranker
54.437
Complex of Brown Forest Soil, Mollic and Umbric Ranker and Leptosol
98.780
Complex of Brown Forest Soil and Leptosol
7.555
TOTAL
1.434.070
I. II. Soil of rolling relief and lake terraces
Regosol
102.310
Complex of Regosol and Smolnitza
28.962
Complex of Regosol and Colluvial Soil
584
Pararendzina
47.616
Complex of Pararendzina, Regosol and Leptosol
9.071
Complex of Pararendzina, Regosol and Smolnitza
6.385
Complex of Pararendzina and Leptosol
3.362
Vertisol
60.537
Complex of Smolnitza, Regosol and Leptosol
47.305
Complex of Smolnitza and Pararendzina
32.833
Complex of Smolnitza, Pararendzina and Regosol
9.906
Complex of Smolnitza, Cinnamonic Forest Soil and Regosol
40.181
Complex of Luvisol and Regosol
7.130
Complex of Chernozem and Pararendzina
2984
Complex of Chernozem, Pararendzina and Smolnitza
9.906
Complex of Pararendzina and Regosol
68.926
Cinnamonic Forest Soil
96.030
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil and Regosol
45.860
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil, Pararendzina and Regosol
14.538
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil, Pararendzina and Colluvial Soil
1.324
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil, Regosol, Pararendzina and Smolnitza
8.500
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil and Smolnitza
14.539
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil, Pararendzina and Smolnitza
6.823
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil and Luvisol
2.188
Complex of Cinnamonic Forest Soil, Luvisol and Regosol
751
Luvisol
13.942
Rigosol
15.612
Depasol
84
TOTAL
698.189
II. III. Soils of slopy relief
Colluvial Soil
159.132
Colluvial Rigosol
735
Colluvial Hortisol
527
Gjorgji Filipovski
Contributions, Sec. Nat. Math. Biotech. Sci., MASA, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
60
Table 1. (continuation)
TOTAL
160.394
III. IV. Soils of flat relief
Alluvial Soil
109.645
Complex of Alluvial and Colluvial Soil
2.540
Complex of Alluvial Soil and Swampy Gley Soil
1.197
Complex of Alluvial Soil and Fluviative Meadow Soil
309
Fluviative Meadow Soil
18.295
Complex of Fluviative Meadow Soil and Hydromorphic Black Soil
1.015
Swampy Gley Soil
10.061
Complex of Swampy Gley Soil and Histosol
934
Hydromorphic Black Soil
6.883
Complex of Solonchak and Solonetz
10.806
Planosol
1. 160
Histosol
175
TOTAL
163.020
Populated аreas
44.172
TOTAL
2.499.845
Table 2. Soils of the Republic of Macedonia (legend with cartographic units
according to the soil classification of WRB
Cartographic soil units
Hectares
I. Soils of mountainous relief
Leptosol
38.502
Leptosol calcaric
1.128
Complex of Regosol and Leptosol
70.898
Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol)
154.747
Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol) and Regosol
34.889
Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol) and Leptosol
1.124
Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol), Regosol and Leptosol
80.603
Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol and Albic Luvisol
930
Rendzic Leptosol
146.229
Complex of Rendzic Leptosol and Leptosol
13.979
Complex of Rendzic Leptosol and Chromic Leptic Luvisol on hard limestones
35.050
Rhodic Leptic Luvisol on hard limestones
260
Complex of Rhodic Leptic and Chromic Leptic Luvisol on hard limestones
1.471
Chromic Leptic Luvisol on hard limestones
82.879
Cambisol
395.957
Complex of Cambisol and Regosol
86.831
Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol
127.721
Complex of Cambisol, Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol)
54.437
Complex of Cambisol, Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol (Umbrisol) and Leptosol
98.780
Complex of Cambrisol and Leptosol
7.555
TOTAL
1.434.070
II. Soil of rolling relief and lake terraces
Regosol
102.310
Complex of Regosol and Vertisol
28.962
Complex of Regosol and Fluvisol
584
Humic Calcaric Regosol
47.616
Complex of Humic Calcaric Regosol, Regosol and Leptosol
9.071
Complex of Humic Calcaric Regosol, Regosol and Vertisol
6.385
Complex of Humic Calcaric Regosol and Leptosol
3.362
Vertisol
60.537
Complex of Vertisol, Regosol and Leptosol
47.305
Complex of Vertisol and Humic Calcaric Regosol
32.833
Complex of Vertisol, Humic Calcaric Regosol and Regosol
9.906
Complex of Vertisol, Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Regosol
40.181
Soil maps of the Republic of Macedonia
Прилози, Одд. прир. мат. биотех. науки, МАНУ, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
61
Table 2. (continuation)
Complex of Albic Luvisol and Regosol
7.130
Complex of Chernozem and Humic Calcaric Regosol
2984
Complex of Chernozem, Humic Calcaric Regosol and Vertisol
9.906
Complex of Humic Calcaric Regosol and Regosol
68.926
Chromic Luvisol on saprolite
96.030
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite and Regosol
45.860
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite, Humic Calcaric Regosol and Regosol
14.538
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite and Fluvisol
1.324
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite, Regosol, Humic Calcaric Regosol and Vertisol
8.500
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite and Vertisol
14.539
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite, Humic Calcaric Regosol and Vertisol
6.823
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite and Albic Luvisol
2.188
Complex of Chromic Luvisosl on saprolite, Albic Luvisol and Regosol
751
Albic Luvisol
13.942
Aric Regosol
15.612
Spolic Regosol
84
TOTAL
698.189
III. Soils of slopy relief
Fluvisol (Colluvial soil)
159.132
Aric Regosol
735
Hortic Anthrosol
527
TOTAL
160.394
IV. Soils of flat relief
Fluvisol
109.645
Fluvisol (Alluvial and Colluvial soil)
2.540
Complex of Fluvisol and Gleysol
1.197
Complex of Fluvisol and Mollic Fluvisol
309
Mollic Fluvisol
18,295
Complex of Mollic Fluvisol and Mollic Vertic Gleysol
1.015
Gleysol
10.061
Complex of Gleysol and Histosol
934
Mollic Vertic Gleysol
6.883
Complex of Solonchak and Solonetz
10.806
Planosol
1.160
Histosol
175
TOTAL
163.020
Populated аreas
44.172
TOTAL
2.499.845
THE CONTENTS OF SOIL STUDY BOOKS
The 11 soil study books mentioned in the in-
troduction of this paper, contains same chapters in
the same order. It was an agreement between the
authors of the study books. The first written study
(Filipovski [11]) was used as a sample.
The results of the soil surveys for each of the
10 regions and for the whole of the Republic of
Macedonia are presented in the following chapters:
1. Introduction, history and research goals
2. Literature review
3. Research results
3.1. Factor influencing: formation, evolu-
tion and characteristics of the soils
3.1.1. Geographic location and relief
3.1.2. Hydrographical characteristics and
erosion (surface water, flooded areas and wetlands,
ground water, irrigation water, erosion)
3.1.3. Parent material
3.1.4. Climate
3.1.5. Vegetation
3.1.6. Human influence
3.2. Soils of the valleys
3.3. Soils of the sloppy terrains
3.4. Soils of the undulated and hilly terrains
and lake terraces
3.5. Soils of the mountain terrains
3.6. Geography (spatial distribution of the
cartographic units).
In every chapter on the four relief forms, re-
search results for each soil type are presented as
follows:
Gjorgji Filipovski
Contributions, Sec. Nat. Math. Biotech. Sci., MASA, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
62
Genesis and classification
Morphological characteristics
Mechanical structures
Chemical characteristics
Production characteristics
A list of references is given at the end of
each study.
The soil study for the whole territory of the
Republic of Macedonia (Filipovski [12]) contains
one additional chapter on the history of soil map-
ping during the period of 1947–2015.
THE HISTORY OF CREATION
OF SOIL MAPS OF THE REPUBLIC
OF MACEDONIA (1994–2015)
The history of soil survey and soil mapping
of Macedonia before 1947 have been described in
other works (Filipovski [12, 15]). Till the end of
World War II there was not a single institution
dealing with soil surveying. At the Agricultural
Experimental and Control Unit in Skopje, estab-
lished between the two world wars, there was not a
soil scientist or soil science unit. A very limited
research data related to soil properties exists from
that period, mainly done by soil scientists from
Belgrade. As far as the mapping is concerned, only
one scheme-like soil map of the Skopje valley
(Todorović [45]) has remained, however without
any laboratory analysis.
During World War II the Agricultural Exper-
imental and Control Unit in Skopje was renamed as
Agriculture Research Institute, however, still with-
out a soil scientist or a soil science unit. There were
no soil researches performed during this period. It
can be said that until 1947, soil survey of Macedo-
nian soils did not exist in practice. This means that
soils were unknown in terms of their properties and
spatial distribution.
Three periods can be distinguished in the crea-
tion of the soil maps of Macedonia (Filipovski 12):
1. The period between the liberation and the
proclamation of state independence (1944–1991).
2. The period from the proclamation of state
independence to 2012 (1991–2012).
3. The period of finalization of the soil maps
(2012–2015).
1. The period between the liberation and the
proclamation of state independence (1944–1991).
In December 1944, when Prof. Gj. Filipovski was
appointed as Head of the Institute of Agriculture in
Skopje, Macedonia got the first soil scientist. Still,
during the first two years after the liberation, there
were no conditions to begin with surveying and
mapping of our soils. The Institute of Agriculture
had no equipment for field research of soils, there
were neither means of transport nor financial means.
The chemical laboratory within the Institute had
supplies for regular functioning. The necessary
conditions were met in 1947. It was then when Prof.
Filipovski started with the surveying and mapping of
the soils of Strumica valley. Research results were
published in 1949 (Filipovski [1]). Those were the
first data on our agricultural land to be published
after the liberation.
This period preceding the proclamation of
state independence can be recognised as the most
productive in mapping of our soils. Only a small
part of the soils of the country remained un-
researched and unmapped. With regards to soil
mapping, this period can be divided into two
subperiods: the first between 1947 and 1963, and
the second between 1963 and 1991.
In the first period (1947–1963) mainly the
agriculture soils of our valleys were surveyed. For
this purpose, adequate financial means were
allocated from the government budget, as the rapid
development of the country required the necessary
research of soils. The results of these soil surveys
were used for the needs of hydrotechnical
ameliorations (irrigation and drainage). They were
also necessary for improving the agricultural
production (cultivation of perennial plantations of
vineyards and orchards, in the implementation of
different agrotechnical and ameliorative measures
(especially in irrigation and drainage), etc.
These researches were abundantly funded
especially by the Republic Institute for Water Man-
agement and the Directorate for Water Manage-
ment. During this period, institutional, personnel
and financial conditions were created for a very
intensive and successful research and mapping of
our soils. In 1947, within the Faculty of Agriculture
and Forestry, the Department of Soil Science and
Agrochemistry was established, which was initiated
and headed by Prof. Gj. FilipovskiI for many years
after. For the time, the Department was well equip-
ped for educational and scientific work and it
became a breeding ground for new soil scientists.
At the same time, it worked intensively on the
research and mapping of our soils.
During this subperiod, the other above
mentioned institutions that took part in soil
mapping, were gradually established.
During this subperiod, the research and soil
mapping of the following valleys were undertaken
(in alphabetical order): Belčišta, Berovo, Bitola-
Gjavato, Valandovo, Veles, Gevgelija, Delčevo,
Dojran, Izdeglavje, Kočani, Kirva Palanka, Kuma-
novo, Ljubanište, Ovče Pole, Ohrid, Pelagonija,
Soil maps of the Republic of Macedonia
Прилози, Одд. прир. мат. биотех. науки, МАНУ, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
63
Polog, Radoviš, Resen, Skopje, Strumica, Struga
and Tikveš. The following researchers took part in
these researches and soil mappings (in alphabetical
order): L. Vilarov, S. Vukašinović, K. Georgievski,
M. Živković, Ms L. Manuševa, D. Popovski, R.
Radojević, T. Tonovski, B. Kosevski and Gj.
Filipovski. These researches were done with
relatively dense network of soil profiles. On the
basis of the researches until 1953, Prof. Gj.
Filipovski had created the first soil map of
Macedonia which encompassed only the soils of
the valleys. This map, in a scale of 1:500 000, was
published by 'Geokarta' [46] in Belgrade.
During the second subperiod (1963–1991)
the research focussed mainly on the mountainous
soils, however, with substantially sparse network of
profiles. Till then the mountainous soils had not
been researched. This mapping of soils was done
within a long-term project of that time which was
launched for creation of the Soil Map of
Yugoslavia. This project was funded by the Federal
and later by the Republic Fund for Scientific
Research. In Macedonia, the project was realised at
the Institute of Agriculture in Skopje. During this
subperiod, besides the mountainous soils, the soils
of some valleys that had not been researched and
mapped yet were researched as well. Those were
the valleys of: Debar, Kičevo, Ovče Pole, Štip,
Mariovo and Polog, as well as Debarca, Župa,
Malesija, Dolni Drimkol, Trojačka, Žegljansko and
Otčično and part of Pelagonia valley. The following
people took part in these researches and soil
mappings: T. Avramovski, M. Andreevski, S.
Geškovski, A. Gičev, N. Miševska, T. Mitkova, J.
Mitrikeski, Z. Mišiku, D. Mukaetov, D. Petkovski,
D. Popovski, K. Serbinovski, J. Spirovski, Gj.
Tanev, B. Kosevski and Gj. Filipovski.
During this subperiod, for the purpose of
spatial planning, Prof. Gj. Filipovski and Dr D.
Popovski created soil maps and wrote a study on
the Macedonian soils of the Ohrid-Prespa region,
Municipality of Štip, Titov Veles region and the
region of Eastern Macedonia.
2. The period from the independence to 2012
(1991–2012). Unfortunately, this two-decade peri-
od is not characterized with intensive soil mapping
due to lack of funding. This period is characterized
by the following: а) mapping of small parts of
Macedonian soils that were not researched until
then; b) completion of some works that enabled the
final realization of the Project in the later period;
and c) search for funding for Project completion.
During this period, first of all, the mapping
of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia that
was not researched was completed for the following
regions: Mariovo, Kičevo and Polog valley and the
mountains of Galičica and Jablanica. For part of this
territory the soil maps were missing, and for the oth-
er part the mapping was not with good quality. M.
Andreevski, D. Mukaetov, D. Petkovski and D.
Popovski took part in the mapping process.
During this period, the following tasks that
enabled the completion of the Project in the later
period took place: а) in 2008, with the assistance of
three of Prof. Gj. Filipovski’s collaborators, all
completed soil maps until then in a scale of 1:50
000 were gathered, together with the soil studies for
these maps; b) a common legend for all these maps
which used many different legends was prepared, c)
MASA published several monographs of Prof. Fil-
ipovski that were used in writing of the text – Study
book of the soil map of Macedonia (Filipovski
[12]). They were also used in the writing of the
texts – study books of the soils of the ten regions of
the country; d) of particular importance was the
monograph on classification of soils from 2006
(Filipovski [13]) which served as a base for com-
posing of the common legend for all maps.
This legend was composed in correlation
with all previous cartographic units, with taxono-
mies of that classification. This classification is also
correlated with international classifications; e) fol-
lowing the publishing of the monograph "Soils of
the Republic of Macedonia" (for the period 1995–
2004), several PhD and master studies were com-
pleted, as mentioned above. They were also used in
drafting the soil studies and soil maps.
During this period, and in particular after
2008, when the necessary works on the Project
completion were finalized, intensive efforts were
made to find funding, which were unfortunately
unsuccessful.
3. The period of final Project completion
(2012–2015). During this period, the following fi-
nal tasks were completed: a) application for and
received funding and experts' assistance from FAO;
b) for the purpose of Project completion, a team of
8 experts (previous contributors to the soil map-
ping) was established.
Following our written request, the FAO (an
organization of the United Nations) expressed in-
terest in funding of the final works for Project
completion. They sent an expert who was acquaint-
ed with all available scientific data. Following his
positive feedback, an agreement was signed be-
tween the FAO and the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Water Management, since the FAO as
an UN organization can sign agreements only with
governments or governmental bodies. In parallel
with the agreement, a programme for Project com-
Gjorgji Filipovski
Contributions, Sec. Nat. Math. Biotech. Sci., MASA, 37 (2), 55–68 (2016)
64
pletion was drawn up. The FAO approved the nec-
essary funding, expert support and a corresponding
equipment for completion of the part of the Project
related to digitalization of the soil maps and crea-
tion of the data base on soil characteristics.
Subsequently, a team of 8, still active soil ex-
perts, who took part in the process of mapping of our
soils, was established with the purpose of complet-
ing the Project. Their names are mentioned in the
introductory part. Two more lecturers from the Fac-
ulty of Natural Sciences (Institute of Geography)
joined this team: Prof. I. Milevski and Prof. S. Gorin,
who helped in the process of development of topo-
graphic data set and preparation of soil maps for
printing. During this period, the team of these 8 soil
scientists completed the following tasks:
1. Finalization of the process of soil mapping,
with soil survey of few remaining parts. This means
that they completed the soil maps for the following
sections: Prizren 4, Bitola 3 and 4 and Gostivar 1, 2
and 3. This task has been completed by four mem-
bers of the team of soil scientists (M. Andreevski, K.
Vasilevski, M. Markoski and J. Mitrikeski).
2. All non-soil digital data necessary for
completion of the digital soil maps were completed.
3. A set of 62 soil maps in printed and digital
form in a scale of 1: 50 000 and one for the whole
territory of the country in a scale of 1: 200 000, was
completed
4. The digital geo-database on soil character-
istics was designed and created.
5. Previously completed common legend with
cartographic units for all soil maps was adopted.
6. All soil study books containing soil survey
results of all 10 regions and one for the whole of
the Republic of Macedonia, were finalised.
7. All soil maps with soil study books were
published.
8. An internet Web Portal was created in or-
der to enable the use of the soil maps and soil prop-
erties data to broader audience.
DIGITALIZATION OF SOIL MAPS
AND OF DATA BASE ON SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
Within the process of digitalisation of all soil
survey results and soil maps, the Macedonian Soil
Information System (MASIS) was created. MASIS
is a soil information system that was established in
accordance with the EU standards (EUCBN). It
represents a modern digital geo-database where soil
data as a whole (numerical and graphical) are inte-
grated with the other natural variables. Data base
organized in such a way represents a good source
of information for the final users, and at the same
time the system allows further development and
upgrades of stored data.
Besides integrating of soil data, their charac-
teristics and their spatial distribution, MASIS’s
main role is, by implementing of models and vari-
ous geostatistical procedures, to produce:
Various thematic maps that facilitate the
localization of the spatial distribution of certain soil
characteristics.
Initial maps on soil suitability for cultiva-
tion of particular crops.
Maps on risks associated with soil degrada-
tion in order to identify regions subject to different
risks, to quantify different risks, and to estimate
their impact on the agricultural production and the
environment.
Maps on spatial distribution of: pH, CaCO,
organic matters, clay, dust and sand.
The vision of the MASIS system is to be-
come an integrated electronic system, for efficient
management of farms and agricultural production,
with the aim of sustainable use of natural resources
and environmental protection.
The soil maps that are integrated within
MASIS are in a scale of 1 : 50 000 and represent
the spatial distribution of the soils and borders
among different soil mapping units and complexes.
Beside this, the system contains soil characteristics
data. In the frame of the interlinked data MASIS
gives the spatial distribution of the soil types by
hectares and percentages in a network of maps in a
scale of 1 : 50 000, by municipalities and river ba-
sins. D. Mukaetov and M. Markovski were the ma-
jor contributors to the process of digitalization.
PROJECT PROMOTION
The Project results were presented to our
professional and scientific community in the spring
of 2015 at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Water Management, and in spring 2016 at MASA.
The history of the research and the difficulties dur-
ing Project completion, the research results and the
results from the mapping of our soils, as well as the
digitalisation of these results, were presented by
Acad. Gj. Filipovski, Prof. Dr. J. Mitrikeski and
Prof. Dr. D. Mukaetov.
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град, 1953.
ПЕДОЛОШКИ КАРТИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА
Ѓорѓи Филиповски
Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, Скопје, Република Македонија
Во овој преглед е опишан историјатот на изработката на 63 педолошки карти во печатена и дигитална
форма, од кои 62 во размер 1 : 50 000 за одделните листови на топографските карти и една во размер 1 : 200
000 за целата Република. Проектот траеше близу 7 децении (од 1947 до 2015). За 10 подрачја заедно со
педолошките карти се напишани и студии за почвите. Исто така, таква студија е напишана и за почвите на
целата Република. За сите педолошки карти е составена заедничка легенда со 63 картографски единици.
Опишани се сите користени класификации во тој долг период. Тие беа основа за составување на многуте
легенди. Дадени се и површините на сите картографски единици. Опишана е и содржината на сите 11 студии
за почвите. Извршена е дигитализација на сите карти и на базата на податоци за почвените својства. За таа
цел на интернет е поставена web-страница (www.maksoil.ukim.mk). Резултатите од реализацијата на проектот
се промовирани и претставени пред нашата научна и стручна јавност. Завршните работи за реализацијата на
проектот се финансирани од FAO – организација на Обединетите нации.
Клучни зборови: педолошки карти на Р. Македонија; легенда на педолошки карти;
површини на картографски единици; дигитализација на резултати од проект
