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Aspects of the architectural and urban heritage: From registers to conservation for adaptive and modern use at the historic cores of salt and Irbid, Jordan
Abstract
This paper attempts to present and discuss the outcome of the results of the key different studies and projects carried out at Salt and at Irbid historic cores. It focuses on the executed urban heritage projects undertaken mainly by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA) of Jordan in the last two decades. It discusses their different aspects through initial assessment of the loss and degradation of the cultural heritage assets of the two cities; the fragmentation and lack of connectivity between the modern and historic cores; issues of sustainability of architectural and urban heritage projects i.e. tourism planning and conservation; and reuse projects at the historic cores in relation to cultural, physical factors and development needs. It also addresses the behaviour and characteristics of the urban regeneration process in those two historic cities, starting from their documentation to examination of the different aspects of the currently adopted urban practices and policies, and their impact on the existing urban heritage, depending on the specific identity of the respective historic cores. Finally, it aims to define the main constraints and challenges for the reuse of the existing heritage fabric including the local community quality of life, while building on sustainable heritage activities accommodating tourism opportunities. This will give, at least, some indications from which we can identify a use or combination of uses, and practical steps needed for successful heritage conservation actions in Jordan, in order to retain the cultural significance of the place.
... Architectural and urban heritage conservation is a crucial part of preserving the history and culture of a city [1,2]. It involves protecting, restoring, and preserving buildings, monuments, and other structures deemed to be of historical or cultural significance [3]. ...
... By summarizing key findings from the literature [2,11,[17][18][19], challenges and opportunities are associated with conserving urban heritage sites worldwide; however, various strategies can be employed to address these issues effectively. International case studies provide valuable insights into how different cities have approached this issue successfully or unsuccessfully, thus, providing valuable lessons for other cities looking to conserve their own unique cultural heritage sites effectively. ...
... International case studies provide valuable insights into how different cities have approached this issue successfully or unsuccessfully, thus, providing valuable lessons for other cities looking to conserve their own unique cultural heritage sites effectively. Firstly, examining the challenges associated with preserving urban heritage, these include a need for more awareness and understanding of the importance of preserving historic sites, limited resources for conservation efforts, competing interests between developers and preservationists, and a lack of legal protection for historic sites [2,4,11,20]. Secondly, looking at the opportunities associated with conserving urban heritage, such as economic benefits from tourism, increased public engagement in local history, and improved quality of life for residents [6,10,12,21]. ...
Preserving architectural and urban heritage has become a human obligation that contributes to preserving historical landmarks for future generations. Heritage plays a crucial role in shaping nations' collective memory, civilization, and local culture. The preservation of architectural and urban heritage is no longer merely a cultural and civilizing act; it also has economic and social consequences. It is an authentic expression of a society's culture and achievements and one of its pillars. In the face of changing times and globalization, it also serves as a pillar of civilization and identity and supports community values. In addition, it contributes positively to the building and community development movement and the growth of economic dimensions, as this heritage represents a national treasure not only at the local level but also on a global scale. Therefore, preserving and investing in this heritage is regarded as one of the essential economic principles. In an era in which the tourism industry is regarded as one of the critical industries, architectural and urban heritage is regarded as one of the most significant elements of attraction for global and local tourism. This research deals with the experience of preserving the architectural and urban heritage of the West Suhail village as a case study, which is one of the key Nubian civilization and cultural centers in southern Egypt. This research aims primarily to create an integrated framework to maximize the benefits of this civilizational and cultural heritage and not limit the process of preserving the state's role and its various bodies. The research concludes by highlighting the importance of preserving urban heritage and how to utilize it in creating new job opportunities for young people and preserving urban cultural heritage with an emphasis on the role of people's participation in this area.
... Conversely, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) in Jordan serves as an example of conservation through tourism [22]. The RSCN aims to align conservation initiatives with socio-economic progress, fostering greater public support and engagement for safeguarding the natural environment in Jordan and neighboring nations [22]. ...
... Conversely, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) in Jordan serves as an example of conservation through tourism [22]. The RSCN aims to align conservation initiatives with socio-economic progress, fostering greater public support and engagement for safeguarding the natural environment in Jordan and neighboring nations [22]. ...
Socotra Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, faces unique challenges in balancing tourism development with conservation efforts. This research focuses on the conservation of Socotra through tourism development. It explores the concept of ecotourism and its significance in promoting sustainable practices. This paper addresses ecotourism development's social, economic, and environmental impacts and highlights its benefits for local communities. This study analyzes the status of tourism in Socotra and evaluates its effectiveness, considering the perspectives of the local community, tour guides, tourism companies, and tourists. Finally, this research highlights the potential for sustainable tourism development on Socotra Island. It addresses key challenges, including effective tourism management, coordination, waste disposal, and community involvement. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable tourism development in ecologically sensitive regions. By advocating for a collaborative approach, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers, conservation practitioners, and tourism stakeholders working in Socotra and similar destinations.
... Green corridor reduces the sharp difference in temperature during the four seasons in Jordan (31.5 C o -5.7 C o ) (Odeh et al., 2017;Freiwana & Kadioglum, 2008). The green corridor should be away from highways by creating buffer zones along the path to protect the wildlife and provides safe places for visitors (Alexandre et al., 2010) The green corridor should be designed according to the topography and contour lines to be parallel with urbanization growth directions most of the cities in Jordan characterized by topography (Fakhouri & Haddad, 2017). ...
... Figure 4: Al-Salt topography model with three hills to create the center of the old city (Fakhouri & Haddad, 2017;added by Author, 2018). ...
The expansion of urban areas leads the loss of green spaces causing many environmental and economic problems. The infrastructure has been carried to the rural areas to deal with the needs of populations, reducing the green vegetation. This isolates one habitat area from other habitats and increases the fragmentation. A green corridor can connect fragmented habitats. Thus, this research aims to analyze and provide a green corridor in four different cities of Jordan. Through study some case studies, review of articles, researches, data collection, GIS, observations and maps derived from Jordanian ministries were used for the analysis of a green corridor in four cities in the northwest of Jordan. This research provides a comprehensive planning of the biogeographically areas, ecotourism sites and variety of vegetation in the protected areas of namely, Ajloun Forest Reserve and Dibben Forest Reserve, to link them in the biodiversity and conservation regions of the Al-Salt and north Amman, after identifying these diverse areas of vegetation cover and wildlife in each governorate. In addition, the research discusses ecological, environmental and economic effects of applying a green corridor as a sustainable city approach in Jordan. In other words, the purpose of this study is to suggest a sustainable proposal by analyzing green area zones and green corridor axes to improve the nature and the environment in Jordan. This proposal adapts urban areas with the establishment of green corridor connecting conservation areas in Jerash and Ajloun to Al-Salt and north of Amman. Such a green corridor can lead an increase of local and international tourism which may improve the economic strength and can increase the job opportunities for citizens to live in a more ecological urban environment.
... There are different rules formulated by different authors about designing green corridors. There is a proposal in which green corridors should be designed according to the topography and contour lines (Fakhouri & Haddad, 2017) while in another proposal the accent is on the elevation gradient and the conclusion is that green corridors should be passing different elevation gradients (200 m -1200 m) to provide comfortable sustainable places for visitors (Eraghi et al., 2015). In the research on Hanoi City (Van Tuyen, 2021) there is an interesting solution for structural planning of the urban green corridor. ...
Increasing population, expansion of urban areas and rapid urbanization are the main causes of losing green spaces, which results in many environmental problems and threatens the quality of urban life. Urban green spaces are of great importance and urban planning issues nowadays gain increasing popularity. It is realized that biological methodologies need to be used in urban planning, otherwise the quality of life will be more threatened. In order to discover the meaning and importance of green corridors in urban areas, a literature review was undertaken. Boulevards, as green corridors, are very important linear parts in the structures of dense modern cities. If planned and designed properly, they mitigate the negative effects of densely built urban environment. Green corridors provide numerous environmental benefits, they are an essential factor of sustainability and have a significant impact on biodiversity. Green corridors also provide social benefits, by enhancing well-being through contact with nature. They decrease health problems and improve the quality of life. The importance of urban green corridors was observed and presented on the example of Blvd. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Blvd. Hristijan Todorovski Karposh, which form an important ecological network in the northern part of Skopje, North Macedonia. The emphasis is on planning, designing and improving green corridors in urban areas like Skopje. Although these two boulevards are well designed as green corridors, with preserved old line greenery, planted with many different plant species (trees, shrubs, perennials), covered by grass, with bicycle and pedestrian paths, there is still potential for improvement. Linear parks on both sides of the new part of the Blvd. Hristijan Todorovski Karposh would be a great idea.
... The overall construction process of the old city of As-Salt City reflects a clear expression in the way of life and understanding of the As-Salt's people themselves in relation to man and the natural environment. The sensitivity of the people there towards the natural environment and the way they plan the city within the special topography of Salt [23]. ...
Imageability is the quality of a place that makes it distinct, recognizable, and memorable. It defines the character and identity for cities. However, the fast expansion of urban development affects the image of city and its fabric toward the mega scale and transforms cities local cultural life as loosing most of their historic fabrics. These make cities loose there images gradually. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore the main physical elements that contribute toward attractiveness as one of imageability character in Salt City in Jordan. Historical review and site analysis were the main methodology used in this study. This paper show some of the physical elements that contribute to attractiveness connected with image of the Salt City in Jordan, these elements are: building appearance (material, façade design) and landscape (topography).
... The new function could relate to the present daily life of the local community (Fakhouri and Haddad, 2017), as it also should be providing significant social and economic benefits to the local community to achieve more liveable city centers (Yung and Chan, 2012;Misirlisoy The adaptive reuse of industrial heritage and GuVnçe, 2016a, b). Adaptive reuse is about accepting the dynamic change of the environment to the values of cultural heritage that shaped our present and should be transferred to future generations. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for the adaptive re-use of wheat milling buildings setting in modern urban contexts in Jordan. This paper also aims to highlight the industrial heritage with a focus on wheat milling buildings, which date back to the beginning of the 20th century, as they document and represent significant aspects of the socio-cultural history of Jordan.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach to this statement will be through a theoretical investigation into the notion of industrial heritage, a historical overview of wheat milling in Jordan, as well as a case study analysis to support the theoretical framework following a value-based approach for the case of Baboor Al-Qisar. Baboor Al-Qisar is a wheat milling structure that the Department of Antiquities (DoA) is willing to adaptively reuse as an industrial museum that tells the local narrative of wheat milling and points out the non-physical values associated with the building’s original use.
Findings
The paper introduces a framework for wheat milling buildings incorporation within the modern urban context as industrial heritage museums or socio-cultural facilities. The findings offer a reflection on approaching similar case studies as a tool for their conservation, management and promotion to create new tourist destinations as a form of sustainable urban regeneration.
Originality/value
This research bridges the gap between practice and theory in terms of adaptive reuse strategies within the Jordanian local context. No similar studies have been done on wheat milling structures from the 20th century in the country with local community engagement as an integral part that is carried out within the functionality and future use of the site.
Keywords
Adaptive re-use, Industrial Heritage, Madaba, Baboor Al-Qisar, Weat Milling
... The certainty that I wore a dilig was a rehashed wellspring of remarks of this sort and some 'Abbadis announced with endorsement that my wearing a dilig had expanded the ubiquity of these dresses among nearby ladies. To the degree this was the situation, it mirrors the impact of their consciousness of Westerner's and the public first class' energy about these "people" parts of their way of life (Fakhouri& Haddad (2017). Wearing such dresses is esteemed a noteworthy activity and, as other respectable acts, the honor it gives holds fast not exclusively to the lady wearing it however to her family and to her clan at huge." ...
Article History The art of embroidery is considered one of the ancient folk arts of dazzling beauty and masterfully depending on the needle and thread and a high artistic taste to draw artistic paintings with bright and beautiful threads embroidered on clothes and fabrics as aesthetic paintings in multiple forms, carrying with them the legacy of the past and its originality. Traditionally three types of clothes for women exist in Jordan. Westernized females in new western clothing. Quite devout women wear Libisshar'i or jilbab. It is a buttons front's dress by a scarfed neck, which is a full body length dress with long sleeves. Religious women's shops in Jordan are popular. Several other nations Female shops Shar'i from Jordan. The national costume is indeed the third form of dress. This is a woven garment, in which the designs of the area of which the wearer comes are embroidered and sewn. The purpose of this study is to show the role of the Jordanian Embroidery in Preserving the Non-verbal language of the Cultural Heritage, the researcher used samples of traditional costumes from different cities in Jordan such as Ajloun, Salt, Irbid, Jarash, Maan, and the beduin folklore. The researcher collected photos representing different styles accompanied with historical background about each. Finally, the researcher made some interviews with some people who are interested in folklore and its role in preserving cultural identity. Introduction Jordanian folk costumes are part of the culture and identity of the people of Jordan, and the costumes, especially women, are distinguished by their diversity due to the diversity of the geography in Jordan, with some commonalities between the various costumes, some of which are handcrafted and decorated to suit the environment. The Jordanian dress has social, religious, economic and geographic connotations. Each region has its own decorations. Affluent families used gold and silver threads and other threads, fabrics and expensive materials for embroidery, while poor families used cotton and wool threads to decorate and embroider their garments. The colors of the Jordanian traditional dress also indicate the age of the woman. The red band is worn by the young woman and the black band is worn by the elderly woman. A young married woman also wears a dress decorated in different colors from the dress of single women, each according to his region. Each occasion has a dress and its own decorations such as work dresses, joy and sadness, and wedding dresses have a special status and certain specifications, so you find the colored dresses decorated with golden threads, and you find the white dress and its brightly embroidered decorations as an expression of love and loyalty. Jordanian women's dress expresses its social and cultural functions and reflects the local environment in its social and cultural frameworks and in the determinants of natural formation in terms of climate and terrain, in addition to what it expresses in terms of a person's social position and his position in the social ladder of any society. Therefore, traditional dress of Jordanian women is distinguished by its abundance and diversity. For starters, in North Jordan ladies wear multicolored three-angle cotton coats of black cotton. Throughout Central Jordan, ladies wear silk clothes made of seventeen yards (seventeen meters), with ten-foot (3 meter) in size sleeves. The buttons, as well as the hem of the cap, are stitched in blue. A plain cross-stitch, but as a foundation for intricate modelling and repeating natural (i.e. plumage, plants, trees or tides) and abstract motives (zig zag pattern or triangles), is being utilized as the primary form of border. These are the clothes that are carved with the traditional embroidery worn by Jordanian women. In comparison, often people show the least possible body with broad necklines and tight sleeves on purposes of modesty. If people want to maintain their values, they must adhere to them. However, people need to keep in mind that the manner they wear themselves reflect their culture. In comparison, citizens wearing their native clothes symbolize peace. That's how women in Jordan wear their traditional clothes carved with traditional embroidery to portray their
... Identifying three articles from the Fifth Architectural Jordanian International Conference -1-3 November 2016, the issue has expanded to include the work of Al-Jokhadar and Jabi who presented the different qualities of vernacular houses and neighbourhoods in the different regions of the Middle East and North Africa in an attempt to build a vernacular model and apply it to high-rise residential developments. Additionally, the work of Fakhouri and Haddad offered a definition of the key constraints and opportunities through conserving architectural and urban heritage in the historic cores of As Salt and Irbid (Fakhouri and Haddad, 2017). Abu-Alatta and Freewan (2017) argued that the recent developments in Information Technology (IT) and digital media have introduced new opportunities to design studio teaching and learning and new dimensions to design and architecture. ...
Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research has recently published an outline article that commemorated a decade of discourse and published research on architecture and urbanism since its inaugural issue of March 2007 and up to March 2017. The article offered a comprehensive coverage of the distinguished status of the journal being one of the top high quality journals. The purpose of the present article is provide reflections on some of what the journal has published since March 2017 and presents thoughts on latest developments including collaborations with academic and professional organizations and the move to Emerald; one of the prestigious global publishers in various areas and disciplines including relevant fields in built environment, place making, and urban planning and design. This will enable deepening and broadening existing relationships with various international research organizations and ensure that Archnet-IJAR remains a key channel for those organizations while meeting its promise for global coverage and presence.
... Furthermore, stimulating pressures to reconsider adaptive reuse, and increasing awareness of experts, politicians, and public to the historic cities were such invoking factors to promote adaptive reuse flow in Iran that governmental policies shifted from the physical development of cities, to recreating historical cities (Izadi, 2014). Compatibility and reuse of historical constructions have been in the spotlight of this policy to attain sustainability in historical environments, and converge conservation and development approaches (Bullen & Love, 2011;Strange & Whitney, 2003;Fakhoury & Haddad, 2017). Also, the vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been emphasized on changing cultural guardian policies from centralized, state, and non-cooperative methods to decentralization and communitycenteredness (Iran's 20-Year Vision Plan on the Horizon 1404, 2003) which has provided ground for more participation of the private sector in the reuse of historic buildings. ...
Since it is highly desirable in the reuse of historic monuments not only to maintain their values but to promote them in contemporary life, authenticity is considered one of the measures of success in adaptive reuse projects. Nara Grid, which is designed concerning authenticity, is used as a tool to assess the authenticity of cultural heritage. This paper investigates authenticity in the adaptive reuse of Manouchehri House in Kashan based on the Nara Grid. The importance of this house lies in the fact that it is one of the first which has been reused by the private sector in this city and also has managed to encourage private sector partnership in the reuse of houses in this city and other historic cities of Iran. It has also been able to increase government trust, which shifts from top-down to a bottom-up approach in the field of cultural heritage, in the private sector. In this research, using Statistical Analysis methods, it is determined within the adaptive reuse of this house which ‘Dimensions’ and ‘Aspects’ of authenticity have received more attention and which ones received less; and also significant differences among individual’s viewpoints according to their gender, field, education, and age were investigated.
This systematic literature review critically examines the application of digital technologies in architectural heritage risk management from 2014 to 2024, focusing exclusively on English-language publications. As the significance of architectural heritage continues to be recognized globally, there is an increasing shift towards integrating digital solutions to ensure its preservation and management. This paper explores the evolution and application of digital technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and advanced imaging techniques within the field. It highlights how these technologies have facilitated the non-destructive evaluation of heritage sites and enhanced accessibility and interaction through virtual and augmented reality applications. By synthesizing data from various case studies and scholarly articles, the review identifies current trends and the expanding scope of digital interventions in heritage conservation. It discusses the interplay between traditional conservation approaches and modern technological solutions, providing insights into their complementary roles. The analysis also addresses the challenges and limitations encountered in the digital preservation of architectural heritage, such as data integration, the compatibility of different technologies, and the need for more comprehensive frameworks to guide the implementation of digital tools in heritage conservation practices. Ultimately, this review underscores the transformative impact of digital technology in managing architectural heritage risks, suggesting directions for future research and the potential for innovative applications in the field.
This study aims to explore the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on urban planning and the future of Yemeni cities, focusing on the factors that make cities more vulnerable to the spread of the virus, such as population density and social interactions. The study also discussed the measures taken by cities to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, reviewed the experiences of some countries in the post-pandemic phase, and conducted a case study in the Yemeni city of Thamar and its impact on the Coronavirus and its visions for future urban planning. The study used the inductive approach and the analytical approach, given the nature of the study and its suitability to explore and understand complex phenomena related to the Corona pandemic and urban planning. The Corona pandemic revealed the crucial role of urban planning in confronting health crises, in general, and the pandemic contributed to the necessity of rethinking the modern human lifestyle and well-being. The COVID-19 crisis has provided an excellent opportunity for planners and policymakers to take transformative action towards creating more just, resilient, and sustainable cities and the need to expand pedestrian areas, create safe green areas, provide public open spaces within cities, and provide residential neighborhoods with green, recreational spaces and parks available to all. This study highlights the importance of urban planning in light of health crises. It provides insights on enhancing the resilience of cities in general and Yemeni cities in particular and their sustainability in the future.
As-Salt City in Jordan has undergone four nomination attempts in the last 30 years before its successful inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List (WHL) in July 2021. The first attempt was initiated in the 1990s by a local NGO which was deferred. This was followed by an international NGO in 1994, which did not reach further than putting the city on the tentative list. In 2016, local authorities took the lead in submitting another nomination which was also deferred. It wasn’t until 2020 that the last nomination was successful with the city’s inscription on the WHL. This paper provides new insights into how the concept of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for As-Salt City has evolved during the subsequent nomination attempts and negotiated between different actors and with UNESCO. The roles of different actors in the nomination attempts are chronologically mapped to understand the conflicting priorities of different stakeholders and how these triggered various urban regeneration processes in the city. The results of semi-structured interviews conducted in 2020 with key stakeholders (including the nomination files’ coordinators) are also presented to provide an understanding of the different actors’ positions regarding the OUV and how this latter shifted over time.
This paper focuses on examining the transformation of the Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory area, investigating the qualities of the buildings in the area, and evaluating them in the context of industrial archaeology. The study aimed to determine whether each of the four conservation methods determined by TICCIH and ERIH organizations and Rolf Höhmann (1992) are preferred for the buildings of the Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory. Data collection was carried out in 5 years between 2018-2022. Data were collected through on-site observation, analysis of relevant documentation, and interviews with the Kundura Hafıza (Shoe Memory) unit established within the factory during multiple site visits. The original aspect and importance of the study is to conduct and comprehensively evaluate all three of the literature study, fieldwork, and data analysis within the scope of the study.
This paper analyses in detail the problems of protecting cultural heritage in rural regions and small towns, in traditional rural landscapes and in the context of the revival of rural settlements. The paper substantiates the necessity and possibility of measures for the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage by measures of both organisational and technical nature. The international experience of safeguarding cultural heritage by organ-isational measures and digital preservation is considered; the need to correct this experience in accordance with local specifics is substantiated. The existing technical approaches to the digital preservation of cultural heritage are analysed. An original approach is proposed that most fully simulates complex objects such as artistic reliefs with painting-the method of synchronised laser triangulation, combined with the method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.
Demonstrating the essence of the journal as a truly international platform that covers issues of interest and concern to the global academic and professional community, this issue of Archnet-IJAR, volume 11, issue # 2, July 2017 includes various topics that manifest plurality and diversity as inherent qualities of architectural and urban research published in the journal. Topics include architectural education and design studio teaching, urban and rural slums, heritage and historic environments in various contexts, participatory planning and the charrette process, assessment of public spaces and plazas, and human perception of the built environment. These topics are debated and analytically discussed within cities, settlements, and urban environments in Bahrain, Bangladesh, California-USA, Libya, Scotland, and Spain. The issue also includes three papers selected from the Fifth Architectural Jordanian International Conference – 1-3 November 2016, which uniquely speak to the context of Jordan and the wider Middle East. The edition ends with a book review that highlights emerging issues related to border landscapes and social ecologies.
Demonstrating the essence of the journal as a truly international platform that covers issues of interest and concern to the global academic and professional community, this issue of Archnet-IJAR, volume 11, issue # 2, July 2017 includes various topics that manifest plurality and diversity as inherent qualities of architectural and urban research published in the journal. Topics include architectural education and design studio teaching, urban and rural slums, heritage and historic environments in various contexts, participatory planning and the charrette process, assessment of public spaces and plazas, and human perception of the built environment. These topics are debated and analytically discussed within cities, settlements, and urban environments in Bahrain, Bangladesh, California-USA, Libya, Scotland, and Spain. The issue also includes three papers selected from the Fifth Architectural Jordanian International Conference – 1-3 November 2016, which uniquely speak to the context of Jordan and the wider Middle East. The edition ends with a book review that highlights emerging issues related to border landscapes and social ecologies.
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