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Sci.Int.(Lahore),29(4),737-747,2017 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 737
July-August
INTERNET USAGE WITHIN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS IN YEMEN: AN
EXTENDED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) WITH INTERNET
SELF-EFFICACY AND PERFORMANCE IMPACT
Osama Isaac1,, Zaini Abdullah2, T. Ramayah3, Ahmed M. Mutahar2
1Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Business & Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
3School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
For correspondence; Tel. + (60) 176996147, E-mail: osa4isa@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
With the Internet being one of the most significant modern inventions, impacting every part of daily life and
every facet of an organization's operations, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedent variables that affect
internet usage and examine its impact on employee performance within government institutions, focusing particularly on
Yemen. This study extends the technology acceptance model (TAM) with one antecedent variable to internet usage (internet
self-efficacy) and one output variable (performance impact) and proposes a second-order model performance impact which
contains three first-order constructs (knowledge acquisition, communication quality, and decision quality) in order to increase
the power of explaining the output. A survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 530 internet users among
employees within government ministries-institutions in Yemen. The subsequent analysis examined the relationship between the
variables of the proposed model, which includes confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM)
via AMOS. The results showed that the data fit the extended TAM model well, and the findings of the multivariate analysis
demonstrated four main results. (1) Internet self-efficacy has a positive impact on perceived ease of use and perceived
usefulness; (2) Perceived ease of use has great influence on perceived usefulness and actual usage of internet; (3) Perceived
usefulness has a strong positive impact on actual usage of internet; and (4) Actual usage positively influences performance
impact. The proposed model explains 60% of the variance in performance impact, and the theoretical and practical
implications are discussed.
Keywords: Internet usage, Performance impact, Internet self-efficacy, TAM, Yemen
1. INTRODUCTION
The Internet/World Wide Web (WWW) has rapidly become
an indispensable adjunct in the daily life of most individuals
and has significantly impacted every facet of operations in
organizations [1]. However, Yemen has one of the lowest
internet usage rates in the world at 24.70% [2]. Lack of
technology usage can lead to low performance and low
productivity [3-6].
Several theories and models have been developed and
proposed in order to predict and explain user behaviour with
technology. The technology acceptance model (TAM) [7-8]
is considered the most influential and commonly employed
theory to describe an individual‟s acceptance of information
systems [9], with its focus on technological characteristics by
proposing two main constructs, namely usefulness and ease
of use. However, the TAM ignores other significant factors
such as individual characteristics which play a major role in
the context of technology usage [10-11]. The TAM is a well-
known theory regarding the usage and adoption of
information technology (IT) and has already been validated
through several studies [12-20], but it fails to address the link
between actual usage and performance [21], which is widely
used to measure the success of information systems [22]. This
study has extended the TAM with one antecedent variable to
internet usage, which is internet self-efficacy [23, 10], and
one output variable from the internet usage, performance
impact [24-28].
This study attempts to achieve the following research
objectives: (1) To examine the effect of internet self-efficacy
on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in the
internet context among employees. (2) To examine the effect
of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness, and actual
usage of internet among employees. (3) To examine the effect
of perceived usefulness on actual usage of the internet among
employees. (4) To examine the effect of actual usage of the
internet on employees performance.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 SELF-EFFICACY
Self-efficacy factor plays a major role in the context of
technology usage and Information Systems (IS) [29], and in
particular Internet self-efficacy (ISE) in the context of
internet technology [23]. Self-efficacy is defined as the
degree to which the users believe that they have the
confidence to perform a specific task/job using the system
[30]. ISE in this study is defined as an individual‟s judgment
of his/her capability to use the Internet [31]. Self-Efficacy has
been investigated through different indicators in previous IS
literature (See Appendix B).
In a quantities study [32] the results show that self-efficacy
significantly influences perceived ease of use and perceived
usefulness. Consequently, the following hypothesis is
proposed:
H1. Internet self-efficacy has a positive effect on
perceived ease of use.
H2. Internet self-efficacy has a positive effect on
perceived usefulness.
2.2 PERCEIVED EASE OF USE
Perceived ease of use is defined as the degree to which a
person believes that using a particular system would be free
of effort [7]. There is a claim in IS literature that the higher
the perceived ease of use of any system, the higher the
perceived usefulness [33-35], and this is supported by [36] in
the context of e-learning. The relationship between perceived
ease of use and perceived usefulness has been studied many
times in the context of IS, finding that there is a positive
relationship between the two variables [37-42]. This contrasts
with another study which found that perceived ease of use
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does not influence perceived usefulness [43]. Therefore, the
hypothesis is proposed as follows:
H3. Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on
perceived usefulness.
There have been numerous studies conducted on the
influence of perceived ease of use on actual usage. According
to [44] a positive relationship between perceived ease of use
and system usage seems to exist in the context of internet
technology. In different contexts and technological
applications, many studies have emphasized that perceived
ease of use positively influences actual usage [12, 35, 45-48].
However, there are other studies which obtained an opposite
result, namely that perceived ease of use does not influence
actual usage [49]. Consequently, the following hypothesis is
proposed:
H4. Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on
actual usage of the internet.
2.3 PERCEIVED USEFULNESS
Perceived usefulness is one of the fundamental antecedent‟
factors of technology usage and adoption [15, 17, 50-53]. It
is defined as the degree to which a person believes that using
a particular system would enhance his or her job performance
[7]. A study conducted by [49] showed that perceived
usefulness has a positive influence on actual usage within the
context of intranet technology in Korea. Another study
indicated that in the context of internet technology usage
there is a positive relationship between perceived usefulness
and actual usage [53], confirming other studies [12, 25, 45,
47-48, 54]. Hence, it is hypothesized as follows:
H5. Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on
actual usage of the internet.
2.4 ACTUAL USAGE
According to [44], actual usage is defined as the usage
frequency of technology and usage times. One of the most
important directions for future research in the topic of
technology usage is to investigate the impact of system usage
on IS success factors such as performance [55], and a few
studies have proposed a theoretical model to consider the
impact of actual usage on performance [24, 56]. In a
quantitative study [5] indicate that there is a positive impact
of actual usage on individual performance, a finding in
common with other studies which found a significant
relationship between system use and performance [6, 24, 57-
62]. However, there are studies which found that actual usage
does not predict performance [11, 63-64]. Consequently, the
following hypotheses are proposed:
H6. Actual usage of the internet has a positive effect
on employees Performance.
2.5 Performance Impact
There are numerous studies in the literature in the context of
IS which focus on system usage as output construct [52, 65-
66], but they neglect to examine the consequences of that
actual usage through its impact on performance [21], and it is
recommended to measure the success of information systems
[22]. There are few notable earlier studies which focused on
performance as an output variable in the context of IS [5, 24,
56]. This study contributes to the body of knowledge and fills
a gap by addressing the link between actual usage and
individual performance within organizations. The construct
of performance impact is defined as the degree to which
system usage has an effect on knowledge acquisition,
communication quality and decision quality [11, 27].
One of the contributions of this study relates to the
examination of performance impact. While previous studies
have evaluated performance as a first-order construct with
multiple indicators [10, 24, 25, 27] this study takes this a step
forward to deal with performance impact construct as a
second-order model containing three first-order constructs
(knowledge acquisition, communication quality, and decision
quality) with each of these three variables having multiple
indicators. This step is made in order to increase the power of
explaining the output through the model of performance
impact.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED MODEL
This study has applied the TAM by [7, 8] as an underpinning
model in the context of internet technology usage among
employees within government institutions in Yemen. It also
contributes to the body of IS knowledge by extending the
TAM with one antecedent variable to internet usage (internet
self-efficacy) [10, 23] and one output variable (performance
impact) [24, 26-28]. In addition, it is proposing performance
construct as a second-order model containing three first-order
constructs (knowledge acquisition, communication quality,
and decision quality) in order to increase the power of
explaining the output through the model of performance
impact.
Fig (1) Proposed research model
3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT
A 22-item questionnaire was developed for this study.
Because the respondents were Arab-speaking, it was
imperative that it be accurately translated from English to
Arabic. Back translation was used in this study, a procedure
commonly used in cross-cultural surveys to test the accuracy
of the translation [67]. Individual scale items are listed in
Appendix A.
This study applied multi-item Likert scales which have been
widely used in the questionnaire-based perception studies
[36]. Unlike actual usage which is measured using a 5-point
ranking scale, other variables are subjectively measured using
the 7-point Likert Scale, with 7 being „Strongly Agree‟ and 1
being „Strongly Disagree‟. For this study, a pre-testing was
conducted with 25 university students from Yemen to resolve
any ambiguity associated with wording or measurement.
Then the items were pilot-tested to examine their internal
consistency. Out of 60 surveys administered to Yemeni
employees in the Ministry of Communication and
Sci.Int.(Lahore),29(4),737-747,2017 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 739
July-August
Information Technology, 58 were returned with complete and
valid data. In the final questionnaire, all items had acceptable
reliability, as the individual Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients of
the constructs, which ranged from 0.744 to 0.910, were all
greater than the recommended value of 0.7 [68].
3.3 DATA COLLECTION
The targeted population was approximately 6,090 of Yemeni
internet users in head offices of all 30 government ministries
(called Dwa'win) at the time this study was conducted. The
adequate sample size for each Ministry was based on the total
number of employees, and the data was collected using a self-
administered questionnaire. This was distributed personally
to employees to motivate them and clarify any doubts. The
main reason for choosing personal delivery of the
questionnaire this provide a high predictive value for
assessing the efficiency of the individuals in various
departments, especially when the target subject under study is
related to individual perceptions, beliefs and opinions [69].
A 700 questionnaires were distributed and 530 sets were
returned, of which 508 were useful for analysis. The final
sample size was considered adequate [70-71], and the
response rate was 76%, which is considered very good [72] in
comparison to other studies found in the relevant literature. A
total of 22 questionnaires were deleted, 12 removed because
of missing data for more than 15% of the questions, 4 were
considered as outliers and 6 straight lining. Demographic
profile of respondents shows that 412 (81.1%) were male and
96 (18.9%) female. 1.4% were less than 20 years old, 28.3%
between 20 and 29, 53.9% between 30 to 39 years, 12.6%
between 40 and 4 and 3.7% being 50 years and above. In
terms of education background, 10.4% had high school
certificate, 8.7% had a diploma, 72.2% had a bachelor degree
(the majority of participants), with the remaining 8.7%
having finished postgraduate studies.
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Table 3 presents the mean and standard deviation of each
variable in the current study. Respondents were asked to
indicate their opinion in the context of internet usage based
on the measurement of a 7-point scale ranging from 1
(strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Perceived ease of
use recorded the highest mean score of 5.88 out of 7.0, with a
standard deviation of 1.174, indicating that the respondents
consider the internet easy to use, understandable and flexible.
The perceived usefulness mean score was of 5.33 out of 7.0
with a standard deviation of 1.545, indicating that the
respondents believed the internet helped them to accomplish
tasks quickly and easily. Moreover, the results showed the
overall mean score of the respondents for internet self-
efficacy to be 5.056 with a standard deviation of 1.340,
indicating that the respondents are confident in browsing the
WWW, using a search engine and sending e-mail.
Performance impact recorded mean scores of 5.067 out of 7.0
points with a standard deviation of 1.409, indicating that the
employees strongly agreed that using the Internet helped in;
communication quality, knowledge acquisition and decision
quality.
This study, which used the Average Variance Extracted
(AVE) to test convergent validity, showed that all AVE
values, ranging from 0.52 to 0.77 were higher than the
recommended value of 0.50 [86]. The convergent validity for
all constructs has therefore successfully fulfilled, exhibiting
adequate convergent validity (see Table 2).
Table 2: Loading, cronbach’s Alpha, CR and AVE
Construct
Item
Factor
Loading
(>0.5)
M
SD
α
(>
0.7)
CR
(˃
0.7)
AVE
(>
0.5)
PEOU
PEOU1
0.69
5.88
1.174
0.837
0.846
0.649
PEOU2
0.87
PEOU3
0.84
PU
PU1
0.89
5.33
1.545
0.871
0.871
0.772
PU2
0.86
USE
USE1
0.84
3.36
1.012
0.744
0.763
0.618
USE2
0.73
ISE
ISE1
0.71
5.056
1.340
0.804
0.810
0.588
ISE2
0.85
ISE3
0.74
PI
P1
0.87
5.067
1.409
0.910
0.748
0.515
PI2
0.93
PI3
0.89
PI4
0.82
PI5
0.84
PI6
0.85
PI7
0.85
PI8
0.87
PI9
0.90
PI10
0.83
PI11
0.85
PI12
0.87
Note: Note: M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation, α= Cronbach‟s alpha; CR =
Composite Reliability, AVE = Average Variance Extracted
CR= (∑K)² / ((∑K)² + (∑1-K²)), AVE= ∑K² / n. where K= factor loading of
every item, n= number of item in a model
Key: ISE: internet self-efficacy, PU: perceived usefulness, PEOU: perceived
ease of use, USE: actual usage, PI: performance impact.
The discriminant validity of the measurement model was
checked using the Fornell-Larcker criterion. As shown in
Table 3, the correlations between the factors ranging from
0.379 to 0.703 are smaller than the square root of the average
variance extracted estimates which are in the range of 0.718
to 0.8879. This indicates that the constructs are strongly
related to their respective indicators compared to other
constructs of the model [87], thus suggesting a good
discriminant validity. In addition, the correlation between
exogenous constructs is less than 0.85 [82]. Hence, the
discriminant validity of the overall quality construct is
fulfilled.
Table 3: Results of discriminant validity by fornell-larcker
criterion for the model
Factors
1
2
3
4
5
PEOU
PU
ISE
PI
USE
1
PEOU
0.806
2
PU
0.491
0.879
3
ISE
0.699
0.416
0.767
4
PI
0.425
0.703
0.476
0.718
5
USE
0.379
0.543
0.435
0.628
0.786
Note: Note: Diagonals represent the square root of the average variance
extracted while the other entries represent the correlations.
Key: ISE: internet self-efficacy, PU: perceived usefulness, PEOU: perceived
ease of use, USE: actual usage, PI: performance impact.
740 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),29(4),737-747,2017
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4.2 STRUCTURAL MODEL ASSESSMENT
The goodness-of-fit of the structural model was comparable
to the previous CFA measurement model. In this structural
model, the values are recorded as X²/df = 2.885, CFI = 0.95,
and RMSEA = 0.061. These fit indices provide the evidence
of adequate fit between the hypothesized model and the
observed data [75]. Thus, the path coefficients of the
structural model could now be examined.
Fig (2) Research structural model results
The hypotheses of this study were tested using structural
equation modelling via AMOS as presented in Figure 2. The
structural model assessment as shown in Table 4 provides the
indication of the hypotheses tests. And all six hypotheses are
supported. Internet self-efficacy significantly predicts
perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, hence, H1
and H2 are accepted (
p <0.001), and (
p
<0.05) respectively. Also, perceived ease of use significantly
predicts perceived usefulness and actual usage, so H3 and H4
are supported (
p
and
(
p
respectively. Perceived usefulness
significantly predicts actual usage, so, H5 is accepted
(
p <0.001). Moreover, actual usage significantly
predicts performance impact, thereby supporting H6
(
p
Note that the direct effect of perceived
usefulness on actual usage is much stronger than perceived
ease of use as evident from the values of path coefficient.
This is consistent with previous research which found that
perceived usefulness plays a more significant and stronger
role than perceived ease of use. In addition, it is evident that
internet self-efficacy has more influence on perceived ease of
use than perceived usefulness.
Table 4: Structural path analysis result
DV
IV
S.E
C.R
p
Decision
H1
PEOU
<---
ISE
.70
.052
11.175
***
Supported
H2
PU
<---
ISE
.16
.095
2.184
*
Supported
H3
PU
<---
PEOU
.38
.117
4.920
***
Supported
H4
USE
<---
PEOU
.18
.055
3.360
***
Supported
H5
USE
<---
PU
.60
.040
9.921
***
Supported
H6
PI
<---
USE
.77
.050
7.185
***
Supported
***p<.001; **p<.01; *p<.05, S.E = Standard Error, C.R = Critical Ratio
Key: : ISE: internet self-efficacy, PU: perceived usefulness, PEOU:
perceived ease of use, USE: actual usage, PI: performance impact
The R² value indicates the amount of variance of dependent
variables which is explained by the independent variables.
Hence, a larger R² value increases the predictive ability of the
structural model. According to [88], it is crucial to ensure that
the R² values should be high enough for the model to achieve
a minimum level of explanatory power. And [89]
recommended that the R² values should be equal to or greater
than 0.10 in order for the explained variance of a particular
endogenous construct to be deemed adequate, while [90]
suggested that R² is substantial when it is greater than 0.26
with acceptable power above 0.02, according to [90] that R²
is substantial when it greater than 0.65 with acceptable power
above 0.19. However, [85] recommend that R² has to be
larger than 0.75 in order to be deemed substantial with
acceptable power above 0.25. Table 6 shows the result of R²
from the structural model, which indicates that all the R²
values are high enough for the model to achieve an
acceptable level of explanatory power. Note that the highest
variance explained in endogenous construct found in the
performance impact (60%) by exogenous constructs actual
usage. Followed by the variance explained in actual usage
(51%) by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
5.1 DISCUSSION
In this empirical study, employee usage of internet
technology within government institutions in Yemen was
analysed. This study proposed an extended model of the
original TAM by adding internet self-efficacy as an
antecedent variable and performance as a consequence
variable to actual internet usage. It provides a good
explanation of performance, and a significant amount of
variance (60%) in performance impact was explained.
Findings Related to Objective 1: The first objective of this
study was to examine the effect of internet self-efficacy on
perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in the context
of employee internet usage. This objective was achieved by
testing the hypothesis (H1) and (H2) respectively. This study
showed that internet self-efficacy had significant effects on
perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, support prior
research [91- 93]. It indicated that the more confident
employees are in browsing the WWW, using a search engine,
and sending e-mail, the more the internet becomes easy to
use, understood, flexibility, and accomplishing tasks more
quickly and easily.
Findings Related to Objective 2: The second objective of
this study was to examine the effect of perceived ease of use
on perceived usefulness, and the actual usage of internet
among employees. This objective was achieved by testing
hypothesis (H3) and (H4) respectively. Firstly, perceived ease
of use was found to positively affect perceived usefulness.
This indicted that the easier the internet is to use, the more
useful employees feel the internet is. This finding is
consistent with previous studies [37-38, 40-42]. However, the
result which related to the positive effect of perceived ease of
use on perceived usefulness was inconsistent and conflict
with [43] who found that perceived ease of use does not
affect perceived usefulness. This contradictory finding
suggests that the effect of perceived ease of use on perceived
usefulness may be different across context and technology
applications. Secondly, this current study found that the
perceived ease of use has a positive effect on actual usage of
internet technology. This impact is supported by previous
studies [12, 35, 45, and 47]. The result suggests that the more
employees perceive the internet as easy to use,
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understandable and flexible, the more they will use the
internet (frequency of usage and duration of use). However,
this result contradicts [49], who found that there is no
relationship between perceived ease of use and system usage.
This paradoxical result may suggest that perceived ease of
use is not enough to drive someone to use the internet without
the awareness of the usefulness of the Internet.
Findings Related to Objective 3: The third objective of this
study was to examine the effect of perceived usefulness on
actual usage of the internet among employees. This objective
was achieved by testing the hypothesis (H5). This current
study found that perceived usefulness has a positive effect on
actual usage. This impact is supported by previous studies
[12, 25, 45, 47], and is explained by the fact that when
employees perceive the internet as a useful tool, this leads to
increasing their frequency and the duration of internet use.
Findings Related to Objective 4: The fourth objective of
this study was to examine the effect of actual usage of the
internet on employees‟ performance. This objective was
achieved by testing the hypothesis (H6). This current study
found that actual usage has a positive effect on performance,
and this impact is also supported by previous studies [6, 24-
25, 58-61]. It is also explained by the fact that when
employees within government institutions increase their
internet usage frequency and use it longer, this leads to an
improvement in their performance in knowledge acquisition
(acquire new knowledge and skills, come up with innovative
ideas, help to learn), communication quality (communication
between employees and between employees and clients,
employees discussions and delivery of service), and a
moderate increase in decision quality (identifying problems,
involving others in decisions-making, leading to better
quality decisions). Although many studies support the
positive impact of actual usage on performance, [11] found
the opposite, that there is no relationship between actual
usage and performance impact. In addition, [63] indicated
that overall actual usage does not predict performance
impact. However, this current study does support the claim of
a positive relationship between system use on performance in
the context of internet technology among employees in
government institutions in Yemen.
5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH
This study provides strong support that the TAM predicts
system usage of internet technology among employees in
government Institutions. The findings also add to the existing
body of research by examining the effects of internet self-
efficacy as an antecedent variable on the TAM. Further, the
main contribution of this study is to addressing the theoretical
link between system usage and individual performance. In
addition, this study contributes to the literature of IS by
proposing a second-order model of performance impact
(contain three first-order construct; knowledge acquisition,
communication quality and decision quality), in order to
increase the power of explaining the output by the model.
Thus future research can use the proposed second-order
model to better understand of performance impact. The
extended TAM model with consequences of usage through
performance impact and internet self-efficacy as an
antecedent variable enhances our understanding of
information technology (IT) usage, and can aid efforts to
promote internet usage in organizations.
5.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
The results will also allow practitioners to realize the factors
that enhance employee‟ performance. The findings should be
very useful not only at the individual or organizational level,
but also for the Yemeni Government, as they highlight the
importance of information technology and how it effects on
the quality of work. Therefore, the information from these
findings should encourage and support the formation of
future policy, not only at an organizational level but also at
the National level. If the government utilizes these findings
by setting up strategies to promote Internet usage, this may in
turn improve professional practice, personal development and
the quality of working life.
This research is deemed to be not only timely but also
conducted in the right place. It is expected that key findings,
especially the proposed model, will help in supporting
government and national policies in Yemen, especially the
policy to increase ICT usage as part of the job at all levels of
organizations, and also the national policy of e-government.
The evidence shows a link between ICT usage and better
performance and productivity [4, 5, 11, 24, 56, 60-61]. While
Yemen is facing difficulties in many aspects, increased ICT
usage such as the internet can lead to social, economic and
political development [94], and increased internet usage
could be a major contributing factor for development, as
studies showed that there is a link between internet usage and
national income [95].
6. LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
FUTURE WORK
One of the limitations of this study is that data was gathered
by cross-sectional and was not longitudinal in nature.
Therefore, there is ambiguity on whether usage is affected by
expectations or vice versa. As [96] mentioned, there are
biases when the researcher uses self-reported measures of
usage because generally they are found to differ from the true
score of system usage. Future research should also aim to
apply the proposed extended TAM model with other
technology applications such as mobile learning, or other
sectors such as the private sector. This will enhance the
ability of the model to thoroughly explain the performance
impact in the IS context.
7. CONCLUSION
Internet technology has been described as most likely to be
the greatest invention of this generation [97]. As studies have
shown, internet technology has the potential to improve most
aspects of our social, economic and cultural life [98]. Internet
usage is also linked to national income [95], and there is a
significant impact of internet usage on organizational
performance [99-100]. As Yemen is facing a variety of
challenges, the internet can contribute to overcome some of
these difficulties. This study proposes an extended original
TAM model with internet self-efficacy as an antecedent
variable, and evaluation of IS usage factors through
performance among employees within public sector
organizations. Representing a 76% response rate, a total of
508 valid questionnaires were collected and the subsequent
examined the relationship between the variables of the
proposed model, including confirmatory factor analysis
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(CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) via AMOS.
The result found that there is a positive relationship between
internet self-efficacy on one side, and perceived ease of use
and perceived usefulness on the other side. Perceived ease of
use positively influences perceived usefulness and actual
usage. Perceived usefulness predicts actual usage. Actual
usage of the internet has a significant impact on individual
performance (knowledge acquisition, communication quality,
and decision quality). Therefore, it is evident from the
empirical findings that adoption of internet usage seems to be
fairly successful within organizations, and this can be further
enhanced when organizations place an emphasis on internet
usefulness and ease of use making employees aware and
actively encouraging them. The findings of this study can
provide policymakers with important insights on how to more
successfully design and implement information technology
within their organizations, and how to encourage top
managers to ensure that employees are more likely to use the
internet and thereby enhancing knowledge acquisition,
improve communication quality and make better decisions.
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9. APPENDIX
746 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),29(4),737-747,2017
July-August
Appendix A
Instrument for varibles
Varible
Item & Measure
Rating
Scale
Source
Perceived ease
of use
PEOU1: Learning to use the Internet is easy for me.
PEOU2: My interaction with the Internet is clear & understandable.
PEOU3: I find the Internet to be flexible to interact with.
7-point Likert scale:
(1) Strongly disagree
to (7) Strongly agree
[65, 101, 102]
Perceived
usefulness
PU1: Internet helps me to accomplish my tasks more quickly.
PU2: Using Internet make it easier to complete my tasks.
7-point Likert scale:
(1) Strongly disagree
to (7) Strongly agree
[44,53]
Internet self-
efficacy
ISE1: I feel confident browsing the World Wide Web (WWW).
ISE2: I feel confident finding information by using a search engine (e.g.
Google).
ISE3: I feel confident sending & receiving e-mail messages.
7-point Likert scale:
(1) Strongly disagree
to (7) Strongly agree
[10, 23]
Actual usage
USE1 (Frequency)
: How often do you use the internet
?
□
Don‟t use □ Once each month □ Once each week □ once each day □
several times in day
USE2 (Time) : How often do you use the internet each time
?
□ Don‟t use □ less than 1 hour □ 1-2 hours □ 3- 4 hours □ More than 5 hours
5-point scale
[103]
Performance
impact
KA1: Internet helps me acquire new knowledge.
KA2: Internet helps me acquire new skills.
KA3: Internet helps me to come up with innovative ideas.
KA4: Internet helps me to learn.
The use of Internet improves
CQ1: communication between employees.
CQ2: The use of Internet improves communication between the employees
and the clients.
CQ3: The use of Internet improves employee‟s discussions.
CQ4: The use of Internet improves the delivery of service.
DQ1: Internet helps me identify problems.
DQ2: Internet helps me involve others in making decisions.
DQ3: Internet helps me make higher quality decisions.
DQ4: Internet helps me make more effective decisions.
7-point Likert scale:
(1) Strongly disagree
to (7) Strongly agree
[24, 25- 28]
Sci.Int.(Lahore),29(4),737-747,2017 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 747
July-August
Appendix B
Indicators of Self-Efficacy in previous IS literature
Indicators
Reference
Comfortable
Confident
Ability
Knowledge
Skills
√
√
√
[104]
√
√
√
[66]
√
[43]
√
[105]
√
√
√
[106]
√
[23]
√
[10]
√
[20]
√
√
√
[107]
√
[108]
√
[109]
√
[110]
√
[111]
√
[30]
√
√
[29]
√
√
√
√
√
[103]
√
[112]
For correspondence; Tel. + (60) 176996147, E-mail:osa4isa@gmail.com
