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Social tourism and self-efficacy: exploring links between tourism participation, job-seeking and unemployment
Abstract
Social tourism is assumed to provide important psychological benefits for economically and socially disadvantaged populations. This study examines empirically whether these individual benefits are associated with socioeconomic benefits to society by focusing on unemployed individuals. Psychological benefits are addressed in terms of self-efficacy, and socioeconomic benefits, in terms of job-search behaviour. Findings from mixed-methods data reveal that holidays create enabling environments, which bring about positive changes in participants’ self-efficacy, contributing to positive effects on their job-search behaviour. Positive effects are also identified with regard to behaviours towards alternative paths to employment, such as volunteering. Given that these behavioural changes comprise major determinants of reemployment, it is suggested that social tourism may hold potential for incorporation into existing unemployment policies.
... Social tourism may be defined as the participation in tourism of marginalized groups within society and the facilitation, through either public or private funding of that participation (Minnaert et al., 2012). The study of social tourism has mainly been centred on analysing its impact on some of the different groups of beneficiaries: people with disabilities (Bergier et al., 2010), unemployed people (Kakoudakis et al., 2017), and families (McCabe & Johnson, 2013;Pyke et al., 2019) and older people (Morgan et al., 2015;Medarić et al., 2016;Sedgley et al., 2018). However, despite the advance of rapid ageing that the European Union (EU) population is at present experiencing, there are still few investigations that have analysed the impact of tourism on older people (Patterson & Balderas-Cejudo, 2023). ...
... In addition, another important factor is that older people usually have more time to travel and their trips are not usually in the high season, which contributes to reducing the seasonality of the tourism sector, permitting the creation of more stable employment and greater resilience (Bianchi et al., 2023). Likewise, senior tourism has been related to savings related to social and health-care costs (Cisneros-Martínez et al., 2018), helping to counteract stress, improving self-esteem, and favouring improvements to mental health (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). ...
... Social tourism emerged with the expansion of systems of social provision, oriented towards social inclusion and the right to well-being (McCabe & Qiao, 2020). It involves recognition of the common right of one and all to enjoy holidays, both for the benefits that they bring for physical and mental well-being and for contributing to reducing inequalities among the population (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). ...
The well-being of older people is currently a priority, due both to the rapid ageing of the population and the negative effects generated by the COVID 19 pandemic. Under the "Active and Healthy Ageing" approach, different sorts of activities, especially tourism, and their influence on improving the well-being of older people are analysed. The effects of tourist activities on people's well-being are supported in many studies, however, there are few works fo-cused on older people and, specifically, the most disadvantaged who attend social programmes. The main research question in this study is to analyse whether participation in a social tourism programme has a positive influence on the subjective well-being of older people. Likewise, age, gender, frequency and duration of trips, and their impacts on well-being are all analysed. To do so, a sample of seniors who had participated in IMSERSO trips (Spanish Institute for the Elderly and Social Services) was surveyed to quantify their levels of well-being after the trip. The results showed that they presented high levels of subjective well-being and that age, gender, and frequency of trip were factors that impacted on that perception. With regard to the trip itself, those who travelled more frequently presented higher levels of well-being, while the influence of trip duration was not significant.
... Research results support the idea that holidays play an important role in ensuring equality for disadvantage people, providing them a sense of feeling included in society [38,44]. Apart from the need for social inclusion, recent findings demonstrate various psychological benefits such as increased self-esteem and positive changes in job research-related behaviour [45], quality of life [46] and wellbeing [44,[47][48][49], overall functioning [48] and family and social capital [49,50]. Moreover, using qualitative data, Kakoudakis et al. [45] highlighted the fundamental role played by the holiday environment, through creating enabling conditions and safe spaces, triggering positive cognitive and behavioural changes. ...
... Apart from the need for social inclusion, recent findings demonstrate various psychological benefits such as increased self-esteem and positive changes in job research-related behaviour [45], quality of life [46] and wellbeing [44,[47][48][49], overall functioning [48] and family and social capital [49,50]. Moreover, using qualitative data, Kakoudakis et al. [45] highlighted the fundamental role played by the holiday environment, through creating enabling conditions and safe spaces, triggering positive cognitive and behavioural changes. Considering that social tourism can have positive outcomes not only for the tourists, but also for the social and welfare policy and society as a whole, the needs of people in developing countries must be assessed to ensure that policies and programmes for social tourism are beneficial and relevant to their needs [35]. ...
... The interviews were recorded with the consent of the respondents, partially transcribed (as to provide verbatim quotes) and then thematically coded considering the regularly articulated opinions. Thematic analysis was preferred as it offers the necessary flexibility required by the study [45,102]. The main themes were travel behaviour prior to holiday vouchers, travel characteristics for trips using the vouchers and perceptions on the usefulness of vouchers. ...
Holiday vouchers are a tool that have been used for 40 years to encourage employees’ access to vacation and have been highlighted during the recent pandemic, when governments used them to support the tourism industry. Using a naturalistic inquiry that combined focus groups with workers from travel agencies and semi-structured interviews with tourists, we analysed the influence of the Romanian holiday voucher scheme on the tourist behaviour of employees in order to establish the holiday vouchers’ usefulness as a tool in social tourism or for the development of the tourism industry. An overwhelming share of the interviewees considered the granting of holiday vouchers beneficial. First and foremost, holiday vouchers enabled some people with blue-collar jobs to have their first holiday in decades. Secondly, vouchers influenced tourist behaviour mainly in terms of destination choice, services purchased and holiday frequency and/or duration. Moreover, for the past couple of years when there were major events with impacts on the entire economy worldwide, holiday vouchers proved to be a lifesaver for the Romanian tourism industry.
... Beyond existential transformation and transformative learning, it is argued that a transformative travel episode could result in significant behavioural change (Lean, 2012;Pung, Gnoth, et al., 2020;Pung, Yung, et al., 2020). This type of transformation can include adopting different roles and perspectives towards interpersonal relationships (Lean, 2012;Coghlan & Weiler, 2018;Reisinger, 2013); making career evaluations and shifting professional prospects (Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Müller et al., 2020); and committing to pro-environmental behaviour (Seeler, Schänzel, et al., 2021;Walter, 2016;Wolf et al., 2017). As such, behavioural change through tourism has the potential to affect other individuals, the community, and the environment (Mkono, 2016;Sheldon, 2020) (Figure 3). ...
... Pritchard & Morgan, 2000), transformative tourism empirical research has been based on findings from samples composed by both females and males (e.g. Coghlan & Weiler, 2018;Decrop et al., 2018;Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Kirillova et al., 2017a;Robledo & Batle, 2017), but very few compare their respective experiences. ...
Recent advancements have been made in our understanding of transformative tourism, but the gap between conceptualisations and experiences has yet to be bridged. Using existing theories defining tourist transformation, this study empirically examines male and female travellers’ subjective experiences and identifies types of transformation. A survey of 514 participants was conducted, and the data analysed through an exploratory factor analysis. The results suggest that tourist transformation corresponds to reflection, changing worldviews, existential transformation processes and outcomes, transformative learning outcomes, environmental sustainability awareness, cross-cultural understanding, wellbeing, and behavioural change. Significant differences between women and men’s experiences were only found in two factors, namely reflection and transformative learning outcomes. These results contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of tourist transformation and indicate that there might be more to ‘the’ transformative travel experience.
... Chung & Simpson, 2020;Hunter-Jones et al., 2020;Komppula et al., 2016) or unemployment (e.g. Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Komppula & Ilves, 2018). Although the results of previous research can support countries' social policy (Minnaert et al., 2009), the main focus has not been on examining the fulfilment of predefined social tourism objectives in a specific context. ...
... For families, a social holiday is an opportunity to nurture intra-family relationships (McCabe et al., 2010) which may improve communication between family members (Kakoudakis et al., 2017) and lead to more frequent 'family outings' after returning home (Minnaert et al., 2009;. Parents of disadvantaged families often want to offer their children good memories and experiences that are commonly available to the majority of other children (McCabe, 2009;McCabe et al., 2010). ...
This study explores the effectiveness of social holidays by examining, how the objectives of state-driven Finnish social tourism are met in practice and how the benefits of a social holiday differ between disadvantaged families with children and adult groups. Among both groups, the results of a quantitative survey (N = 796) and six qualitative interviews of four highly experienced holiday instructors foreground benefits related to emotional and mental well-being, participation and activeness, and an opportunity to escape mundane responsibilities and difficult life situations. Our results suggest that in some areas (social interaction, life management, peer support) outcomes of a holiday vary between customer groups, which foregrounds the need to match social tourism objectives and services to their variable needs and motives. Regarding methodological aspects, this study demonstrates that when a respondent directly evaluates the benefits of a holiday, the results may differ from those gained via two-stage quantitative analyses applying general-level scales.
... Not all studies of employment self-efficacy examine its relationship with job search behavior. For example, some studies examine the factors that can influence job seekers' job-finding self-efficacy (Andersson, 2021;Kakoudakis et al., 2017) or unemployed people's reemployment self-efficacy (Westaby & Braithwaite, 2003). Andersson (2021), to the best of our knowledge, is the only study that examines, and finds empirical support for, the positive correlation between job-finding selfefficacy and achieving a stable employment position. ...
... Westaby and Braithwaite (2003) used a three-time scale for a measure of reemployment self-efficacy among the recently unemployed. Andersson (2021) and Kakoudakis et al. (2017) even used a single item for their measures of job-finding self-efficacy. Considering this literature, we developed our own measure of EFFY to capture a respondent's confidence in finding employment in an SOE. ...
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) play an important role in Vietnam’s economy. It is of interest to policymakers to know to what extent undergraduate college students, who will soon join the labor force, aspire to work for SOEs. Our study is the first to examine the relationships between career aspirations and social support expectations as well as employment self-efficacy, and to conduct regression analyses of the moderation effects of gender, parental background, and family involvement on these relationships. We found that both expected social support and employment self-efficacy are strong predictors of SOE-career aspirations. We also found strong evidence that gender, parental background, and family involvement have moderating effects on the associations of SOE-career aspirations with expected social support and employment self-efficacy.
... The quality of life is one of the most important targets of sustainable development also relevant to tourism sector in terms of providing services for tourist as well as taking into account quality of life of residents in tourist destinations (Crouch, & Ritchie, 1999;Hassan, 2000;Jeon et al., 2016). Generalizing the expressed statements, the presumptions can be created, for finding the ways to maximize the quality of life in the future and accordingly to avoid a new economic crisis around the world (Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017;Morgan, Pritchard, & Sedgley, 2015). ...
... Currently, the social issues of tourism development attract a lot of attention of scientists. The term of social tourism was developed to address concerns about socially disadvantaged people (Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Morgan et al., 2015). Kakoudakis et al. (2003) analysed the impact of social tourism economically and how this manifest for the quality of life in terms of socially disadvantaged people. ...
Tourism is one of most perspective and dynamic businesses in the world. It is of great significance to plan and develop tourism purposefully and sustainably though the search for compromises between environmental, economic and social aims of society. The sustainable tourism development management has to retain high satisfaction degree of tourists' needs, assure significant experience for consumers, increasing their consciousness under issues of sustainability, and propagating practices of sustainable tourism among them. The significance of sustainable tourism sector development ambition is analysed in this paper through the lens of strengthening its competitiveness. The paper analyses scientific literature and seeks to discover the main forms and factors for the strengthening of the tourism competitiveness by implementing economic, social and environmental targets of tourism destination territories development. The broad systematic literature review provided for some interesting findings: The business participants are interested in the implementation of new technologies in tourism services having positive impact on environment and local communities; however, a lot of challenges exist how to change environment, increase of consumers' motivations for sustainable tourism services and to change their behaviour towards more sustainable one. The current Covid 19 outbreak and high risks of future pandemics have risen new challenges for sustainable tourism development. In this paper the main sustainable tourist development challenges are addressed and new insights for the strengthening of competitiveness of sustainable tourism destination are provided. The future research guidelines are set based on analysis performed.
Highlights
• The systematic review of literature on sustainable tourism
• The trade‐off between sustainability and competitiveness
• The main challenges of sustainable tourist development
• New insights for the strengthening of competitiveness of sustainable tourism
• The future research guidelines are set based on analysis performed
... Our participants also report these benefits although we have not been able to independently measure or quantify these impacts. Kakoudakis, McCabe and Story (2017) found that social tourism had direct bearing on individual's self-efficacy, which it is argued was then translated into positive effects on both job-seeking behaviour and willingness to consider alternative routes into employment, such as volunteering. Bos, McCabe and Johnson (2013) looked at the impact of being able to take a holiday on children living in deprived families and found that holidays helped to consolidate and contextualise classroom learning. ...
... Other commentators place more emphasis on structural inequalities that put young people at risk rather than individual agency (see Goddard & Myers, 2017;Yates, 2014). A more direct relationship between social tourism and a wider socio-economic benefit are perhaps demonstrated by the impact that it has on revenue within the tourism industry as it tends to be the shoulder season when tourist numbers are usually smaller that are utilised for social tourism purposes, thus boosting revenue during this low season (Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017). Other commentators argue that it is not only that the industry might benefit from social tourism but that they are also inextricably tied to the issues that prevent people from taking holidays in the first place. ...
This research brings together qualitative material from interviews with members of Ordinary Working Families, a literature review, and policy analysis and recommendations. In addition to conducting primary research and examining relevant literature, we put forward policy initiatives in response to the issues raised in our research. We propose two types of policy and practice responses. The first is to explore a step change in policy, including an Independent Commission to better understand the potential for increasing access to tourism in Britain today. The second sets out examples of how we might capitalise on opportunities to use existing policies, programmes and resources to promote social tourism and the potential benefits this could bring for families and communities.
... Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, viewed as key to moderating the relationships between proactiveness, market orientation and value co-creation, has at least three mechanisms that shape further development and effective application in the tourism environment. First, self-efficacy is thought to be a strong predictor of self-confidence in facing future uncertainty that helps tourism managers successfully launch products or services in the changing tourism market (Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017). Second, recent tourism and hospitality research suggests that self-efficacy may be increased when observing and interacting with suppliers, competitors and customers to scan the external environment and move towards value cocreation (Altinay et al., 2016). ...
... Therefore, this study discovered the critical moderating roles of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which have not been investigated in the tourism and hospitality literature (Hallak, Assaker, & O'Connor, 2014). Comparisons of current findings with previous research on entrepreneurial self-efficacy highlight its mechanism of influencing and strengthening new product development and market opportunity exploration (Kakoudakis et al., 2017), which may help cultural and creative firms to satisfy customers' changing needs and support firms' responses to environmental challenges. ...
Drawing on an integrated framework of social entrepreneurial orientation theory, this study develops and examines a mediated-moderation model of the mutual relationships among critical attributes of social entrepreneurial orientation (SEO) and tests the buffering role of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the market and value co-creation processes. In a sample of 386 cultural and creative firms’ managers, with a discussion of the mutual relationships of SEO, the results show that having a social mission orientation may influence proactiveness through innovativeness and an effectual and sustainability orientation and that risk management may strengthen the relationships between sustainability orientation and proactiveness. Moreover, the findings suggest a positive relationship between proactiveness and value co-creation mediated by market orientation. Those mutual positive effects are also influenced by the buffering mechanism of high social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
... Transformative learning therefore took place in Sofia's understanding of how to deal with a new workplace, developing new skills related to job tasks and intercultural interactions during her working holiday. Such transformative learning and challenges increased Sofia's self-efficacy, which corresponds to acquiring mastery in succeeding in specific tasks and becoming more capable to exercise control over different life domains (Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017). ...
... In transformative tourism research, challenges provide volunteer tourists with self-development (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2017), and international students with intercultural adaptation (Gill, 2007). Overcoming challenges led both participants to increased self-efficacy (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). In prior literature, self-efficacy has not been discussed as outcome of transformative learning, and may also be related to empowerment, a main theme in women independent travel literature and corresponding to developing independence and confidence in overcoming challenges (Jordan & Gibson, 2005;Myers, 2017). ...
In the realm of transformative tourism research and tourism studies on gender, transformation is considered part of the emancipating and empowering process that women mostly experience through travel. Yet, little is known about the same process from a male or comparative perspective. This paper contributes toward addressing this research gap, adopting a double duoethnography approach aimed at analysing young male and female experiences of transformation through tourism. Through a photo elicitation technique, data was collected from two researchers’ personal experiences with transformative tourism, then analysed for gender-based similarities and differences. Overall, findings suggest that both young female and male tourism experiences of transformation are characterised by becoming mentally stronger and more confident, as well as increasing acceptance of unexpected negative events and challenges arising during the trip. The critical role of liminality is also common for women and men in exploring their identities during tourism experiences. The female process of transformation is marked by bodily feelings and self-consciousness, while the male experience is characterised by flow, adaptation, a sense of community with other travellers. Recommendations for marketers and operators are made to enhance the transformative tourism experience for both women and men.
... As such, Cappadox aims to cater for everyone, with a mixed programme of concerts, workshops, social events, and opportunities for individual reflection couched within the natural beauty of the region. To investigate experiential purchase quality, self-connection, and braggart word-of-mouth in the context of festival attendees, we used a two-stage mixed-method combining quantitative and qualitative data (Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017). Constrained by the timeframe during which the festival is held, data was collected concurrently, on-site, over six days in June 2018. ...
... While the value of mixed-method research is established (Kakoudakis et al., 2017), few studies combine fsQCA and qualitative data collection techniques, with those doing so typically presenting each in isolation (Tho & Trang, 2015). However, this overlooks the narrative value of in-depth semi-structured interview responses. ...
Festivals provide opportunities for experiential consumption, attracting both first-time and repeat visitors. However, current understanding of the perceptual and behavioural differences between these groups remains incomplete. This study investigates how experiential purchase quality influences experience self-connection and braggart word-of-mouth, for both first-time and repeat visitors, using a mixed-method approach. The qualitative (n = 32) and quantitative (n = 909) results together reveal that the combinations of experiential purchase quality dimensions stimulating experience self-connection and braggart word-of-mouth in repeat visitors differ significantly from those for first-time visitors, emphasising the need for festival managers to pay close attention to how different visitor groups perceive and prioritise experiential purchase quality dimensions. The findings thus extend current understanding of how braggart word-of-mouth emerges in an experiential consumption context.
... From a theoretical viewpoint, tourists' decisions directly depend on their disposable income, cost of travel, time preferences and personal interests (Eugenio- Martin, 2003;Martin & Witt, 1987) or psychological benefits (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). Broadly speaking, income level (Yang et al., 2014), relative income among regions (Yang et al., 2014), employment (Perles-Ribes et al., 2016) and the cost of travel are listed as the major drivers of tourism-related activities. ...
This article provides a comprehensive investigation of the global tourism industry, combining two critical streams from the academic literature: the economic determinants of the tourism industry and the influence of technology on this industry. More precisely, this study examines the influences of technology advancement (Internet and mobile usage) on the outbound tourism (OT) in a global sample. We found interesting and consistent results by applying various panel data estimations for a sample of 126 economies composed by 3 subsamples, including (49 Low and Lower-Middle Income Economies [LMEs], 29 Upper-Middle Income Economies [UMEs] and 48 High-Income Economies [HIEs]) between 2000 and 2017. Internet use has a significant positive impact on all the three aspects of OT, including total OT expenditures , international tourism expenditures for travel items and the number of international tourism departures. The effects of Internet usage are stronger than the one observed for mobile usage. Finally, the positive influences of Internet and mobile usage are found with strong consistency across the three income groups (with a stronger marginal impact in HIEs and UMEs, and lastly in LMEs). Our study invites policy-makers to integrate digital information within the tourism sector to boost the industry and economic growth.
... As mentioned earlier, individual item responses from the NGSE scale were not available which meant that the reliability of the scale could not be assessed. However, past research using the same tool on similar populations have demonstrated that the NGSE can reliably capture self-efficacy as a unitary construct (see Aamir et al., 2017, Businelle et al., 2013Kakoudakis et al., 2017). ...
Purpose
Employability skills training programmes are an effective means for reducing unemployment rates. Such programmes also have the potential to improve the general well-being (e.g. self-efficacy) of disadvantaged individuals, however, reliable longitudinal evaluations of the psychological benefits of such programmes are limited. The present study evaluated the impact of an employability programme offered to disadvantaged adults in North-West England on self-efficacy. Additionally, the study aimed to identify risk factors for programme disengagement to identify at-risk groups that require further support.
Design/methodology/approach
Secondary longitudinal data pertaining to the background characteristics, programme engagement and self-efficacy scores (repeatedly measured on a monthly basis) of 308 programme users were analysed.
Findings
Results demonstrated that employability programme engagement significantly increased self-efficacy scores. Additionally, the findings suggested that individuals with mental health and learning difficulties were more likely to disengage from the programme. The findings demonstrate that employability programmes can have a positive impact on the well-being of individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, however, prolonged engagement is needed for which some individuals require further support with.
Originality/value
The present study analysed longitudinal data from a diverse sample of disadvantaged individuals to reliably evaluate psychological outcomes from employability training programmes.
... Kakoudakis, K. I et al. argue that social tourism provides important psychological benefits to economically and socially disadvantaged groups by focusing on unemployed individuals and examining the relationship between personal benefits and wise economic benefits [7]. Lan, T et al. argued that residents' value co-creation behaviors contribute to the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism by providing a theoretical framework to explain the mediating role of value co-creation participatory behaviors of residents in tourism [8]. ...
With the development of the trend of cultural and tourism integration, intangible cultural heritage has become an important part of the development of experiential tourism. This paper combines information visualization technology to construct a framework for the design of non-heritage information visualization. By constructing a relevant spatio-temporal retrieval function to reduce the redundancy of non-heritage spatial data storage, combined with the base state correction model, the change process of non-heritage spatial features is retraced. GRU is applied as a unit of temporal feature correlation analysis to model the serial data of the degree of participation in non-heritage tourism revitalization. Two gating controls, the reset gate and the update gate, are used to regulate the flow of NRM information. The relationship between participation level in NRH tourism revitalization and experience was focused on in the information visualization design. The results show that the p-value of tourism experience and tourism revitalization is 0.521**, which is the most significant among all p-values, indicating that tourism experience has the closest relationship with tourism revitalization, and there is a significant positive correlation between both. Among the different groups of tourists, most of the experience scores of group C tourists are concentrated in the range of (80,90), while the advanced level of participation brings visual enjoyment to tourists while conveying the cultural spirit and emotional experience.
... Also, prior researchers found that intrapersonal authenticity has a positive impact on 280 FU adapted to assess intrapersonal authenticity. Selfdevelopment was measured by adapting four items from G. Chen et al. (2001) and Kakoudakis et al. (2017). SWB was assessed with four items drawn from Diener et al. (1985). ...
The phenomenon of solitude-seeking tourism has gained attention in recent years due to the growing emphasis on mental and emotional health. While solitude has garnered increasing scholarly and practical interest, there has been limited attention given to how solitude shapes the eudaimonic, hedonic, and behavioral outcomes of tourists. To address the gaps, this study proposes a novel theoretical framework based on the Stimulus–Organism–Response theory and eudaimonia–hedonia literature, which examines the relationships between solitude, intrapersonal authenticity, self-development, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention. Through the analysis of 320 valid responses using partial least squares–structural equation modeling, this study indicates that the physical & personal freedom and intellectual & spiritual elements dimensions in solitude positively contribute to intrapersonal authenticity and self-development. Intrapersonal authenticity and self-development, in turn, lead to subjective well-being, which ultimately has a positive influence on behavioral intention. The implications of these findings for academics, destination practitioners, and policymakers are discussed.
... In the United Kingdom, analyses of this type of social tourism highlight the key role played by the public authorities and charities (Diekmann et al., 2018;Morgan et al., 2015). Other studies have looked at how low-income families or marginalized people stand to benefit from social tourism (Hazel, 2005;Kakoudakis et al., 2017). In the case of Latin America, Schenkel (2017Schenkel ( , 2019b sheds light on various social tourism models and their results in terms of the effective inclusion of underprivileged groups. ...
... Sci. 2023, 12, 97 a strong predictor of self-confidence when facing uncertainty (Kakoudakis et al. 2017) and can be increased when interacting with external forces and the environment, thus moving towards value co-creation (Altinay et al. 2016). As it is said that most of digital nomads are entrepreneurs, it is hypothesized: ...
The current context has been marked, in the short term, by the current pandemic that is taking an exceedingly long time to come under control. In the long term, it is marked by climate change. These are two phenomena that have led consumers, companies, and governments to rethink their behavior. Several studies have focused on the behavior of these stakeholders in the post-pandemic context; however, studies focused on the development of entrepreneurial skills in a post-pandemic context have been scarce.
At the same time, there is a growing number of voices calling for the need to adopt business models based on a circular economy. Again, at this level, research exploring the link between entrepreneurship and the development of business models for a circular economy is limited.
... The Indonesian government has responded to these issues by enlarging the tourism sector. Some scholars believe that the tourism sector can drive more job opportunities (Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Adie and Falk, 2021). Additionally, a recent study by Aquino et al. (2018); and Utomo et al. (2020) mentioned a robust correlation between tourism and local community development. ...
Batur is the first area in Indonesia that is considered worthy of being a geopark by UNESCO. This determination is an acceleration of the progress of the nature and culture-based tourism industry that helps the welfare of the surrounding community with the principle of sustainability. This study aims to examine the role of several parties in enhancing UNESCO global geopark in Batur Bali of Indonesia as well as promoting local economic welfare. The study adopted a qualitative study with case study approach to gain a comprehensive result of the phenomenon. The qualitative content analysis and narrative analysis was used to process various information. This study focuses in UNESCO Global Geopark Batur Bali in Indonesia as the first and most successful in creating a better economic welfare primarily during and post the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that the Penta helix model can be used to develop Geopark Batur Bali and Indonesia in general in which each party plays their role in this development tourism and local economic development.
... Therefore, Dwivedi and Weerawardena (2018) came up with a new but similar concept called social entrepreneurial self-efficacy that describes human behaviors that have influence on an individual's beliefs, efforts, levels of input, and persistence. It is viewed as a strong predictor of self-confidence when facing uncertainty (Kakoudakis et al. 2017) and can be increased when interacting with external forces and the environment, thus moving towards value co-creation (Altinay et al. 2016). As it is said that most of digital nomads are entrepreneurs, it is hypothesized: ...
Digital nomads live outside of the classical organizational borders and can be seen as ‘contemporary entrepreneurs’ who bring disruptive business models into different industries, giving value to different working cultures and different types of capital. Because they are operating out of their home country, their social responsibility as entrepreneurs may have different implications. This study aims to explore the outcomes of digital nomads’ social responsibility in terms of self-efficacy and innovation. To test the hypothesis model, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze survey data. The results show that tourism firms should always have in mind their social responsibility levels to attract this target niche and should pay attention to the fact that they are mostly solo travelers, so they value the sense of community of a place and its legal, bureaucratic, and flexible terms of living. Findings also show that social and environmental concerns are more associated to social self-efficacy than to self-efficacy. The results complement existing research by helping tourism businesses and destination managers to understand the implications of the digital nomads’ social responsibility.
... For instance, local tourism development creates jobs for the community [40], with positive economic and social consequences alike [9]. Diverse studies have approached the subject of the effects of local tourism development in social terms [41]. They observed that the increase of tourism activity generates resources that can be used for improving social conditions [42]. ...
Tourism development involves both positive and negative impacts on economic, social and natural environments, which represent essential pillars for sustainable development. It is in this context that the present research was conducted in the Adjara Mountain area of Georgia aiming to identify residents’ perception towards tourism development. An online survey was conducted among 620 residents. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. As such, the results of the principal component analysis led to a two-factor solution: “positive effects” and “negative effects”. Older and more educated respondents perceived the impacts of tourism development more positively compared to the younger group and to the less educated one. A statistically significant difference was found between females and males regarding their perception of the positive impacts of tourism development. The study represents a first step in investigating the residents’ perception towards tourism development in the Adjara Mountain region, and the results could constitute a starting point for future tourism strategies in the area.
... First, there is a strong need to improve the mental deterioration of young, unemployed people. Unemployment and job searching are stressful and challenging processes that generate negative effects such as discouragement and frustration (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). Furthermore, the unemployed status easily correlates with depression and anxiety because of uncertainty and unpredictability in the labour market (Pultz and Hviid, 2018). ...
Despite the growing interest in the relationship between physical mobility and mental health in health geography, there has been less attention to mobility in the non-physical imaginary realm and its effects on health. This study attempts to explore whether and how ‘imaginary mobilities’ can be conducive to mental health. It conceptualised imaginary mobilities and designed ‘Imaginary Travels’ as a type of imaginary mobility. To verify the research questions, 50 young unemployed people living in Seoul, South Korea, were examined (experimental group: n = 25; control group: n = 25). The results demonstrate the immediate and long-term therapeutic effects of Imaginary Travels as imaginary mobility using three psychological questionnaires in the quantitative analysis and data derived from interviews and diary entries in the qualitative analysis. The quantitative statistical analysis revealed significant effects in the experimental group in contrast to the control group. The qualitative analysis indicated that imaginary mobilities are conducive to mental health through immersing, exploring, and practising inner geographies. These findings have implications for understanding mobilities and their associated therapeutic qualities in the imaginary realm beyond the physical realm.
... In the United Kingdom, analyses of this type of social tourism highlight the key role played by the public authorities and charities (Diekmann et al., 2018;Morgan et al., 2015). Other studies have looked at how low-income families or marginalized people stand to benefit from social tourism (Hazel, 2005;Kakoudakis et al., 2017). In the case of Latin America, Schenkel (2017Schenkel ( , 2019b sheds light on various social tourism models and their results in terms of the effective inclusion of underprivileged groups. ...
... Everything that is preventing a person from enjoying tourism, including poverty, must be eliminated. In this way, inclusive tourism is a fancier label than the much older concept of social tourism (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). Hunzicker (1951), cited in McCabe and Qiao (2020), was the first to use the term social tourism for economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged people who are participating in tourism. ...
In this paper, the purpose is to highlight another concept of inclusive tourism than what is usually understood as “inclusiveness.” Despite its very specific meaning: tourism is accessible to everybody by taking away the barriers that prevent a person from enjoying tourism, inclusiveness is much broader than only focussing on the demand side. The supply side of inclusive tourism stresses the underprivileged providers of tourism in the Base/Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) areas. The paper is rather conceptual and describes the relevance of the BOP frameworks with respect to tourism. Research has shown that the most inspiring cases can be found where the two criteria of entrepreneurship and co-inventor meet. However, not many cases in the tourism sector can be found here. This approach of tourism is important because entrepreneurs are appreciated due to their capabilities. They develop tourism models from their perspective, in contradiction to models that focus on applying western business perspectives. The local community is involved because their skills and motivation for participation are central. Local people become a change agent and a developer for a greater understanding of their local culture which leads to positive contributions such as the conservation of the natural and cultural heritage. This approach of inclusive tourism is illustrated by the Hiriwaduna Village Tour in Sri Lanka. Despite the importance of this model, cases in the tourism sector are rare. This underlines the fact that the tourism sector is still too much seen from the demand side of the tourists and does not include enough input on how local people would like to develop their community into a flourishing and self-reliant one.KeywordsInclusive tourismBase of the PyramidFlourishingPeople from deprived regions
... This has become popular in the social sciences and can be regarded as an important and standalone investigation design (Terrell, 2012) in different fields, such as tourism (e.g. Dayour et al., 2019;Gannon et al., 2019;Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Song et al., 2020). It involves the collection and analysis of both qualitative and/or quantitative data in single-round research in which the data are composed sequentially and/or include the consolidation of the data at one or more stages in the research process (Creswell et al., 2003). ...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between mood and air travel choices, considering the role of travel significance and the influence that COVID-19 may have on younger generations’ choices. Using a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design, a sample of 1,111 Italian respondents, belonging to younger generations is investigated. The data are analysed using a quantile regression with group effects considering attitudes towards COVID-19. The study demonstrates that there is a positive and significant relationship between mood and the number of journeys by air to destinations outside Europe, highlighting the positive moderating effect of the air travel experience and the negative moderating effect of COVID-19. This may have important implications for air transport managers interested in luring younger people to fly in the post-COVID19 era.
... Também no Reino Unido sobressai a análise do turismo social no segmento de pessoas idosas, focalizando as instituições públicas e beneficentes que o possibilitaram e seus efeitos (DIEKMANN, 2018;MORGAN et al., 2015). Do mesmo modo, destacam-se os estudos sobre famílias de baixa renda ou pessoas em situação de marginalização que seriam beneficiadas de forma diferenciada pelo turismo social (HAZEL, 2005;HUNTER-JONES et al. 2020;KAKOUDAKIS, 2017 O Sesc São Paulo tornou-se uma referência constante das potencialidades do turismo social na América Latina. Nesta seção, analisaremos, por um lado, quais foram as origens da instituição, bem como sua estrutura e funcionamento, e por outro, a evolução específica do Sesc no departamento regional de São Paulo, dentro da qual se encontra a unidade do Sesc Bertioga. ...
... Kakoudakis et al. [73] investigated the socioeconomic benefits through job search behaviour, and their findings agree with those of Kanfer et al. [74] that the commitment to future employment is one of the main factors that can influence people when they choose a HI job. The self-determination theory and commitment offer interesting insights into what sustains human behaviour in work situations [75]. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly affected tourism and leisure activities worldwide, especially in the hospitality and tourism sectors. Within this context, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the future attractiveness of the hospitality industry (HI) to young people. The conceptual model underpinning the empirical research proposes a direct relationship between job attractiveness and the spirit of youth adventure. Findings prove that young people are enthusiastic about working in the HI because they can easily practice their creative ideas. Communicating with other people and dealing with clients’ complaints is challenging for them in the pandemic crisis created by COVID-19. The results are of interest to policymakers in terms of suggestions on how to transform the challenges into opportunities by using the constraints imposed by the pandemic crisis that have limited the socialisation between people, enhancing the creativity of young people, and motivating them to work in the HI. Moreover, our research provides managers and other decisionmakers with some motivational factors to increase the attractiveness of their companies to young people and suggestions helpful to scholars involved in HI research to cultivate resilience capabilities by giving them inherent skills.
... Takie działanie oznacza konsekwentne wprowadzanie turystyki społecznej jako komponentu do szerszego konceptu zrównoważonego i odpowiedzialnego systemu turystyki jako całości. Należy więc oczekiwać (a przynajmniej mieć nadzieję) na stopniowe wpisywanie oferty turystyki społecznej w krajowe i międzynarodowe ramy, strategie i programy turystyki zrównoważonej (McCabe, 2017). W przypadku turystyki społecznej, bardziej niż inne formy wyjazdów zależnej od publicznych sponsorów, najskuteczniejszą drogą do osiągnięcia zadowalającego stanu równoważenia jest systemowe powiązanie dotowania jej przedsięwzięć ze środków publicznych od spełniania powszechnie akceptowanych (i regularnie dostosowywanych do potrzeb i wyzwań) standardów turystyki zrównoważonej. ...
... In the United Kingdom, analyses also stand out in the field of social tourism for the elderly, drawing attention to the public bodies and charities behind these initiatives and the ensuing effects (Diekmann, 2018;Morgan et al., 2015). Similarly, mention must be made of studies of low-income families or marginalized members of society who would benefit from social tourism in different ways (Hazel, 2005;Hunter-Jones et al., 2020;Kakoudakis, 2017). In the case of Latin America, Érica Schenkel (2017Schenkel ( , 2019a) made a detailed analysis of different ways of organizing social tourism and the results in terms of the effective inclusion of more disadvantaged sectors of society. ...
The Bertioga holiday resort has been in operation since 1948. Located in a coastal town in the state of São Paulo, its target is workers from the trade, tourism, and service sectors. It was one of the first social tourism accommodation centers to be created in Brazil. With a history of over seventy years as a resort and a capacity for one thousand guests and three hundred visitors, SESC Bertioga has become an international reference point in social tourism. In this report, in addition to explaining its origin and the evolution that has made it possible to configure a unique social tourism proposal, three key dimensions are analyzed in detail: who are the users of the tourist complex and what type of services they receive, the working conditions of those who attend them and, finally, their insertion in the host territory.
... Previous research has found that tourism is able to foster positive changes in participants' self-efficacy and generate positive feelings about work (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). This study identified four sub dimensional values of work: improving working attitude; making working be more motivated; releasing working pressure; and improving working ability. ...
This research explores Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism from a social tourism perspective. The findings are based on 20 semi-structured interviews and highlight the benefits that tourism can bring to Chinese rural migrant workers. Theoretically, the study led to the developed of a six-dimension life work social self-realization emotional epistemic scale that shows Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism based on life value, work value, social value, self-realization value, emotional value, and epistemic value. Practically, the research provides useful suggestions for government on policy development and opportunities
for the design of tourism products for Chinese rural migrant workers. This study challenges the existing understanding of perceived value, which has highlighted tourism value from a macro perspective but neglected to look at perceived value on a micro or individual level.
... In their discussion, Minnaert et al. (2006) discussed the economics of both forms of social tourism; suggesting that visitor-related social tourism will require evidence that public monies supporting social tourism initiatives offer benefits in terms of reducing other social welfare costs; supply-side forms of social tourism represent a higher cost niche market that some individual tourists would be willing to pay. Recent research suggested that not only do disadvantaged individuals benefit from visitor-related social tourism opportunities through improved mental health, well-being and feelings of greater self-efficacy, but also the wider society might benefit in a number of ways (Kakoudakis et al., 2017). This research specifically showed that social tourism experiences can support job seeking behaviour as a result in the improvement in self-efficacy, and thus can make important positive contributions to both society and economy. ...
An agenda for socialising tourism seeks to address the disbenefits associated with neoliberal corporatised forms of tourism by reorienting tourism in important ways. Socialising tourism can be viewed as a revival and extension of earlier thinking by Higgins-Desbiolles on “tourism as a social force”. In later work, Higgins-Desbiolles proposed socialising tourism meant “[…]to make tourism responsive and answerable to the society in which it occurs”, suggesting that it is both the tourist and the tourism industry that must be socialised into respecting the local community and serving their needs and interests. This chapter considers what might socialising tourism mean; why does tourism need to be socialised; how might tourism be socialised; and finally, what might we ask of tourism. In particular, socialising tourism necessitates a change in our values, based on an understanding of our interdependency, an interest in the “Other”, appreciation of human-environmental relations and commitment to practices of respect, relationships, reciprocity and responsibility. Such work sets a promising agenda to rethink and reset tourism for social and ecological justice.
... According to Streimikiene et al. [4], the following priorities can be identified in the sustainable development of tourism: job foundations, including employment creation and the destinations; preservation of natural conditions; and reduction in climate-damaging impacts through reduction in waste and climate-damaging emissions, as well as promotion of sustainable behaviors on vacation and beyond. In this regard, recent studies address issues such as waste reduction and conservation [17,18] or social aspects [19]. Summarizing the current debate, it can be stated that the topic of sustainability is clearly and increasingly gaining importance, but is by no means comprehensively implemented, neither on the part of the providers, nor on the part of the tourists themselves [4]. ...
Sustainability in sports tourism has increased in recent years. Sustainability is a particular focus for diving tourism. This paper analyses the meaning of sustainability to German speaking diving tourists to draw conclusions for the development of tourism strategies. Based on a literature review on the importance of sustainability in diving tourism, an empirical study was designed to understand the importance of the topic within the target group. A total of 174 German-speaking diving tourists were surveyed using an online-questionnaire. The subjects were clustered regarding their sustainable behavior. It could be shown that there is a correlation between age as well as gender and sustainable behavior. A conjoint measurement showed that for diving tourists, ecological aspects are more important than the prize of a diving trip. The gained insights can contribute to establish new and more sustainable offers in diving tourism and thus developing this area of sports tourism more sustainably overall.
... En el Reino Unido también ha destacado este análisis sobre el turismo social en el segmento de personas mayores, focalizado en las instituciones públicas y benéficas que lo han posibilitado y sus efectos (Diekmann, 2018;Morgan et al., 2015). De igual forma, sobresalen los estudios centrados en familias de bajos ingresos o personas en situación de marginación que se verían beneficiadas de distinto modo por el turismo social (Hazel, 2005;Hunter-Jones et al. 2020;Kakoudakis, 2017). En el caso de América Latina, destaca el esfuerzo de Érica Schenkel (2017Schenkel ( , 2019a por analizar de forma pormenorizada distintos modelos de organizar el turismo social y sus resultados en términos de inclusión efectiva o no de los sectores más desfavorecidos. ...
Fundado en 1948, el Sesc Bertioga es un centro vacacional ubicado en el litoral del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, dirigido a las clases trabajadoras de los sectores de servicios, comercio y turismo. Forma parte de la tupida red de unidades del Sesc São Paulo. Con una capacidad de alojamiento para unas mil personas y trescientas más de visita, constituye una de las experiencias referentes del turismo social en América Latina. En este informe, además de explicar su origen y la evolución que ha permitido configurar una singular propuesta de turismo social, se analizan con detenimientos tres dimensiones clave: quienes son personas usuarias del complejo turístico y qué tipo de servicios reciben, las condiciones laborales de quienes les atienden y, finalmente, su inserción en el territorio que la acoge.
... In addition, job-seeking e cacy, also known as career decision-making self-e cacy, refers to the selfassessment and con dence of individuals in their ability to successfully complete various behavioral processes and achieve behavioral goals in the process of career choice s [20]. It was put forward after the self-e cacy theory was developed, and it was related to the job-seeking behavior process [21][22]. ...
Purpose
This study was intended to explore the relationship of employment anxiety with student nurse interns’ social support and job-seeking efficacy.
Method
This was a cross-sectional study conducted from three tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province, China.Student nurse interns were recruited conveniently from March to May 2020, to complete a questionnaire, which included demographic information, occupation anxiety of college students, job-seeking efficacy of college students, and social support scale. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics, while Pearson's correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship specified in the purpose of this study. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine factors that influenced employment anxiety of student nurse interns, and then these factors were included in a path analysis model.
Results
A total of 560 student nurse interns were issued questionnaires but only 534 questionnaires were completed. Finally, 494 valid questionnaires were included for analysis. The average ± SD total score of employment anxiety was 71.49±17.28, where SD denotes standard deviation. Job-seeking efficacy, social support, priority factors for finding a job and having received employment training had both direct and indirect impact on employment anxiety. Social support and having received employment training imposed indirect influence on employment anxiety by the intermediate variable of job-seeking efficacy.
Conclusion
The results showed that student nurse interns had a higher level of employment anxiety, which was mostly influenced by job-seeking efficacy followed by social support, and then priority factors for finding a job. Therefore, these results may suggest that nurse educators and managers should consider in strengthening the provision of social and psychological support to student nurse interns, in order to improve their job-seeking efficacy so as to alleviate their employment anxiety.
... Another common and important factor related to leisure participation is life satisfaction. Although they are not directly related, leisure participation is implied to have at least an indirect effect due to its relationship with other aspects of life such as family life and marital life(Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985;Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017). ...
This study investigates the influence of work–leisure conflict (WLC) on the performance of employees in Egyptian hotels and travel agencies through the mediating
role of employee burnout related to emotional exhaustion, cynicism and professional
efficacy. In addition, this study examines how leisure participation moderates the
effects of WLC on both employee burnout and performance. Data used for this study
were collected from 788 hotel and travel agencies operating in Egypt. Given the purpose of the study, a nonlinear partial least squares structural equation modelling
(PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the data. The findings support the proposed model
and thus indicated that WLC has a negative influence on the performance of
employees. Moreover, it has also been determined that leisure participation plays an
important role in decreasing the negative influence of WLC on emotional exhaustion,
cynicism and reduced professional efficacy of employees in hotels and travel agencies. These findings hold important implications for tourism and hospitality firms.
... Authors presented that, tourism revenues are the significant wellspring of pays, so revenues in tourism contribute to increase of employment ratio. Another view on relationship between tourism and unemployment was provided by Kakoudakis, McCabe, Story (2017). Findings revealed that tourism has potential to descrease the unemployment, as positive effects are identified by authors with regard to behaviours towards alternative paths to employment, such as part time jobs or volunteering. ...
Tourism is considered to be the largest service sector leading to a number of social and economic changes. The aim of this paper is to deduce the impacts of selected indicators of capacity and performance of tourism (such as number of accommodation facilities, number of beds, number of visitors in accommodation facilities, number of visitor’s overnight stays, average price of accommodation, and revenue of accommodation) on the socio-economic development of the national economy quantified by the rate of registered unemployment. The data were obtained from database of Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic on annually period. The analysis was carried out at the NUTS 3 level of Slovakia in the period between 2008 and 2017. Determining the extent of the impact of tourism capacity and profit potential indicators on the rate of registered unemployment in Slovakia has shown the supreme importance embodied in the average price for accommodation, confirmed by the result of the regression analysis, concluding that the unemployment rate decreases as the average price for accommodation increases. The analyses described were carried out using regression models, where the resulting relation between the price of accommodation and unemployment was conducted by using the simple linear regression.
... Self-efficacy has increasingly been explored both in community-based tourism development (Kline, 2017;McGehee, Kline, & Knollenberg, 2014) and academic tourism settings (Bui, So, Kwek, & Rynne, 2017;Mei, Zhan, Fong, Liang, & Ma, 2016), as well as within the context of tourist decision-making (Hung & Petrick, 2012) or the effects of travel on one's confidence (Kakoudakis, McCabe, & Story, 2017). Of the four, it is least often explored within tourism academia. ...
Improvisational theater games can foster a space where academics become more aware of their speech and behaviors in order to respond to their environment. This study, informed by self-efficacy theory, explores how improvisation workshops potentially help individuals feel confident about their work and improv(e) their collaborative learning environments. Faculty and graduate students participated in an improvisational workshop at an academic conference. Based on attendees’ survey responses and follow-up phone interviews, the improvisation workshop provided tools to help participants become confident teachers, communicators, and leaders. Thus, learning improvisational techniques can foster a paradigm shift in designing and experiencing higher education.
... Aguiar and Bastos (2018) discussed the importance of self-concept and self-confidence for vocational choice. The levels of importance for self-confidence, self-esteem and self-concept in the search for employment have been considered as variables that may well be related to the difficulties perceived by the unemployed person in their jobseeking process (da Motta Veiga and Gabriel, 2016; Kakoudakis et al., 2017). ...
Introduction: Loss of employment is an experience that is lived and interpreted differently depending on a series of individual variables, including the psychological resources available to the affected person as well as their perception of their degree of employability. Losing one’s job can be one of the most painful and traumatic events a person has to withstand. Following a dismissal, the worker needs to overcome a period of emotional adaptation to the loss. But that period of grieving can also condition the job searching process of the individual and can be influenced by different variables, highlighting the age and work experience. The objective of this study is to analyse the relationship between intensity and type of affliction due to the loss of employment in older workers and their level of employability.
Methods: We carried out a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 140 unemployed participants, from 19 to 65 years of age—users of Job Orientation in the Public Employment Service of Andalusia (Spain). Of the total participants, 66 were unemployed and over 45 years of age. They all took the Labour Insertion Potential Assessment Test and the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, adapted for job loss.
Results: Significant differences are shown in the grieving process due to loss of employment between both groups, with the older unemployed living the process more intensely. In relation to the employability potential, differences are found between both groups in terms of availability, perceived difficulties and fears. Interrelationships between total grieving intensity and the importance that older jobseekers give to work are also indicated.
Conclusion: Loss of employment and the psychological and health consequences of this situation are identified with those that arise in the grieving process. Older workers present a series of features that determine that their job loss grieving process is more intense and lasts longer than that of other younger workers, regardless of whether the job loss was recent or not. On the other hand, it is shown that the intensity of grieving for job loss is related to the decrease of certain variables that are part of the concept of employability.
The effects of transformative tourism experiences (TTEs) are challenging to sustain. Existing studies lack a temporal perspective and fail to distinguish between TTEs’ short- and long-term effects. This study, grounded in identity development theory, introduced an integrated model examining how self-reflection, eudaimonic tendencies, self-efficacy, and habits can sustain TTEs’ influence. A survey of tourists who had experienced TTEs at least 66 days prior revealed significant positive relationships between these variables. Two serial and one single mediation paths were identified, suggesting that long-term transformation requires short-term shifts. This study provides insights into long-term self-growth and practical suggestions for destination management.
Purpose
Drawing on solidarity-conflict model, expectancy disconfirmation theory and bottom-up spillover theory, this study aims to explore how intergenerational conflict is linked to parents’ subjective well-being through the serial mediating effects of family intimacy and travel satisfaction, self-efficacy and travel satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on a survey of 411 senior parents who have family travel experience, a structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypotheses.
Findings
This study demonstrated the negative impacts of intergenerational conflict on parents’ travel satisfaction and subjective well-being and further reveals two serial mediators through individual level and family level (i.e. self-efficacy → travel satisfaction; family intimacy → travel satisfaction).
Practical implications
The findings of this research generate valuable practical implications for family members and destination organizations. Adult children should consider different generations’ needs to choose tourism products, help parents reduce tension and negative emotions about unusual environments and build confidence. The destination organizations need to design family interaction projects with a sense of rituals to enhance family intimacy.
Originality/value
This study focusing on the intergenerational conflict of adult children traveling with parents, empirically examines the negative impacts of intergenerational conflict on parents’ subjective well-being, uncovers the detrimental effects of family travel; it breaks the stereotype that family travel is always full of joy, enriching research on intergenerational relationships and family travel.
Ferðamennska og tómstundir hafa fengið æ meira vægi í daglegu lífi fólks síðustu áratugi í kjölfar vaxandi velmegunar og breytinga á vinnumarkaði. Aðgengi að ferðamennsku og margs konar tómstundum er ólíkt og fer meðal annars eftir efnahagslegri stöðu fólks. Hérlendis er lítið vitað um samspil félagslegrar stöðu, ferðamennsku og tómstundaiðkunar. Markmið þessarar greinar er að varpa ljósi á þátttöku unglinga í ferðamennsku m.t.t. félagslegra og efnahagslegra þátta og ræða í samhengi við ferðahegðun Íslendinga innanlands, félagslega ferðamennsku og menntun. Notuð eru gögn úr HBSC-rannsókninni Heilsa og lífskjör skólabarna frá árinu 2017–2018 þar sem 6717 börn og unglingar svöruðu spurningum varðandi útiveru. Hér er gerð grein fyrir niðurstöðum spurninga um heimsóknir 12–15 ára barna og unglinga á þekkta áfangastaði á Íslandi. Niðurstöður benda til þess að eftir því sem börn eldast hafi þau komið á fleiri áfangastaði. Algengast er að svarendur segist hafa komið að Gullfossi, Geysi, á Þingvelli, í Heiðmörk og til Mývatns. Efnahagsleg staða, uppruni foreldra og búseta tengist heimsóknum á suma áfangastaði en þau áhrif eru ekki einhlít. Niðurstöður vekja upp spurningar um ólíka stöðu unglinga til að njóta ferðamennsku og tómstunda, um grundvöll fyrir frekari uppbyggingu félagslegrar ferðamennsku hérlendis og tengsl hennar við menntun og hlutverk skólakerfisins í því sambandi. Reifuð eru álitamál þessu tengd og vörðuð verðug rannsóknarefni á þessu sviði.
Tekst prezentuje aktualne spektrum beneficjentów współczesnej turystyki społecznej wskazując na rolę składających się na nią programów i przedsięwzięć w zaspokajaniu ich potrzeb oraz ich miejsce w realizacji polityk społecznych. Rozpoczyna go analiza wspomnianych grup i rozmaitych korzyści z ich uczestnictwa w tej formie turystyki, a także zestawienie najpopularniejszych form organizowanych dla nich aktywności i adresowanych do nich produktów turystycznych. Druga część obejmuje opis głównych działań składających się na organizację turystyki socjalnej w wybranych krajach Europy. W końcowej, trzeciej części zestawiono najważniejsze problemy związane z organizacją
współczesnej turystyki socjalnej, stojące przed nią aktualne wyzwania, rekomendacje rozwiązań dla części z nich, a także średniookresowe perspektywy rozwoju tej formy turystyki.
The current study assessed the influence of restaurant authenticity on tourists and whether this influence differs between general and food tourists. Responses from 575 tourists were collected from six restaurants. A Mehrabian-Russell-based model was tested using SmartPLS 3.0. Findings showed that restaurant authenticity directly positively influenced tourists’ satisfaction and indirectly positively influenced place attachment and restaurant loyalty. Yet, a multigroup analysis found no significant differences in restaurant authenticity’s influence on general and food tourists. There are both theoretical and practical implications from the current study. Regarding theory, findings from the conceptual model imply that restaurant authenticity plays an important role in indirectly forging consumers’ restaurant loyalty and place attachment. From a practical standpoint, since the multigroup analysis found no significant differences, destinations may want to consider developing marketing campaigns which appeal to both food tourists and general tourists.
This study contributes new findings on well-being outcomes in social tourism initiatives. Based on a two-stage survey of 371 respondents of the largest Finnish Social Holiday Association, including a control group, we assess subjective well-being, experience of inclusion and family outcomes. Positive effects on satisfaction with life, leisure time, mental health, family, social life, employment and economic situation and others were observed, but weaker associations and no effects in other areas such as learning or family cohesiveness. The findings suggest previous studies of well-being over-simplify positive outcomes associated with holidays, the advanced methods employed enable a nuanced analysis of holiday benefits. The study contributes to theory on well-being outcomes for disadvantaged tourists and outlines implications for social tourism organisations.
This study developed a conceptual model to test the influence of restaurant authenticity on customer perceptions and behaviors at restaurants serving a destination’s authentic regional cuisine. The framework for the study was grounded in social cognitive theory, the Mehrabian-Russell model, consumer-based model of authenticity, congruence theory, and associative network theory. Overall, 804 surveys were completed at restaurants in the American Southeast serving authentic Southern cuisine. All relationships in the model were significant and restaurant authenticity had the strongest influence on peak experience. Academic contributions from the study added to the literature on restaurant authenticity, which is limited. For restaurant practitioners, the findings suggest that it may be beneficial to develop a loyalty program in authentic regional restaurants which can allow individuals to stay connected with a restaurant on an ongoing basis and help establish a personal connection.
This article reviews the literature on social tourism for the first time. Social tourism has been in existence since the development of modern tourism but remains a niche research area. Partially, this is because social tourism constitutes part of public welfare policy and directed towards supporting participation in tourism activities by people whose financial or other circumstances prevent them from doing so. This literature review takes a conceptual approach to examine the theoretical underpinnings of social tourism. It combines a bibliometric analysis with an analytic review approach that assesses the key themes and evolution of published research articles in the field and develops a tourism as welfare model that identifies directions for the future development of research in this field.
In this paper, we attempt to shed light on the nature of, relevance of, and relationship between global self-esteem and specific self-esteem. We marshal evidence that the two types of self-esteem may have strikingly different consequences, global self-esteem being more relevant to psychological well-being, and specific self-esteem being more relevant to behavior. We use linear structural equation causal modeling to test this hypothesis for the case of global self-esteem (Rosenberg 1979) and specific (academic) self-esteem. Our findings show that, while global self-esteem is more strongly related to measures of psychological well-being, specific (academic) self-esteem is a much better predictor of school performance. Other findings indicate that the degree to which specific academic self-esteem affects global self-esteem, particularly the positive component of global self-esteem, is a function of how highly academic performance is personally valued.
The current meta-analytic review examined the effectiveness of job search interventions in facilitating job search success (i.e., obtaining employment). Major theoretical perspectives on job search interventions, including behavioral learning theory, theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, and coping theory, were reviewed and integrated to derive a taxonomy of critical job search intervention components. Summarizing the data from 47 experimentally or quasi-experimentally evaluated job search interventions, we found that the odds of obtaining employment were 2.67 times higher for job seekers participating in job search interventions compared to job seekers in the control group, who did not participate in such intervention programs. Our moderator analysis also suggested that job search interventions that contained certain components, including teaching job search skills, improving self-presentation, boosting self-efficacy, encouraging proactivity, promoting goal setting, and enlisting social support, were more effective than interventions that did not include such components. More important, job search interventions effectively promoted employment only when both skill development and motivation enhancement were included. In addition, we found that job search interventions were more effective in helping younger and older (vs. middle-aged) job seekers, short-term (vs. long-term) unemployed job seekers, and job seekers with special needs and conditions (vs. job seekers in general) to find employment. Furthermore, meta-analytic path analysis revealed that increased job search skills, job search self-efficacy, and job search behaviors partially mediated the positive effect of job search interventions on obtaining employment. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Guided by theory and research on self-regulation and goal pursuit, we offer a framework for studying the dynamics of unemployed individuals' job search. A daily survey over three weeks demonstrated vacillation in job seeker affect and, to a lesser extent, “reemployment efficacy.” Daily perceived job search progress was related to this vacillation. Lower perceived progress on any given day was related to more effort the following day. The study provides insights into the daily dynamics of job search and elucidates the roles of search progress, affect, and three key moderators—financial hardship, employment commitment, and “action-state orientation”—in explaining these dynamics.
The Galatea effect is a boost in performance caused by raising workers' self-expectations. Hypothesizing that self-efficacy is central to one's expectations for success and motivation to perform, vicarious experience and verbal persuasion were used to strengthen the self-efficacy of candidates and to increase the rate of volunteering for special-forces service. 556 qualified candidates were assigned at random to the routine information program or to the experimental program. General self-efficacy (GSE) was analyzed as a moderator, and specific self-efficacy (SSE) was measured as a manipulation check. Analysis revealed that the experimental program raised SSE and willingness to volunteer, as hypothesized. 8% more experimental candidates actually volunteered (
p
Assessed the impact of training designed to boost general self-efficacy (GSE) on job-search activity and on reemployment among 66 persons unemployed for up to 18 wks. Randomly assigned experimental participants attended 8 behavioral-modeling workshop sessions over 2.5 wks. The manipulation check showed that training boosted GSE as intended. The workshop also increased job-search activity, confirming the hypothesis that raising GSE motivates intensification of effort. The treatment increased reemployment among participants low in initial GSE but not among those with high GSE. The greater plasticity of individuals low in GSE suggests that the practical utility of training is moderated by initial GSE. It is concluded that individuals of low GSE should be given priority access to scarce behavioral-modeling training resources. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
General self-efficacy (GSE), individuals' belief in their ability to perform well in a vari-ety of situations, has been the subject of increasing research attention. However, the psychometric properties (e.g., reliability, validity) associated with the scores on GSE measures have been criticized, which has hindered efforts to further establish the con-struct of GSE. This study examines the reliability of responses to the items, as well as the item parameters of three GSE measures using item response theory. Contrary to the criti-cisms, the responses to the items on all three measures of GSE demonstrate acceptable psychometric properties, especially at lower levels of GSE. The results indicate that the New General Self-Efficacy Scale has a slight advantage over the other measures exam-ined in this study in terms of the item discrimination, item information, and relative effi-ciency of the test information function. Implications for GSE research are discussed. O ver the past 20 years, self-efficacy has become one of the most widely studied variables in the educational, psychological, and organizational sciences. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in his or her capacity to muster the cognitive, moti-vational, and behavioral resources required to perform in a given situation (Bandura, 1997). That is, self-efficacy is a situation-specific competence belief. Its popularity rests on the research that has found that self-efficacy is related to a number of educa-tionally and organizationally relevant variables (e.g., academic and job perfor-mance; Robbins et al., 2004; Stajkovic & Luthans, 1998). Despite its popularity, the history of self-efficacy has been marked by numerous controversies and debates 1047
Perceived self-efficacy represents an optimistic sense of personal competence that seems to be a pervasive phenomenon accounting for motivation and accomplishments in human beings. The General Self-Efficacy scale, developed to measure this construct at the broadest level, has been adapted to many languages. The psychometric properties of this instrument is examined among 19,120 participants from 25 countries. The main research question is whether the measure is configurally equivalent across cultures, that is, whether it corresponds to only one dimension. The findings confirm this assumption and suggest the globality of the underlying construct. They also point to a number of cross-cultural differences that merit further investigation.
Many universities provide overseas student teaching yet little is known as to what knowledge, skills, and dispositions university students have prior to arriving in their host country as well as after their return to their home country. This article considers several key issues and suggests factors that schools of education should consider when planning, developing and providing prospective teachers with an exposure to international student teaching abroad beyond educational tourism.
Researchers have suggested that general self-efficacy (GSE) can substantially contribute to organizational theory, research, and practice. Unfortunately, the limited construct validity work conducted on commonly used GSE measures has highlighted such potential problems as low content validity and multidimensionality. The authors developed a new GSE (NGSE) scale and compared its psychometric properties and validity to that of the Sherer et al. General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSE). Studies in two countries found that the NGSE scale has higher construct validity than the SGSE scale. Although shorter than the SGSE scale, the NGSE scale demonstrated high reliability, predicted specific self-efficacy (SSE) for a variety of tasks in various contexts, and moderated the influence of previous performance on subsequent SSE formation. Implications, limitations, and directions for future organizational research are discussed.
A field study was conducted to examine attitudinal and behavioral variables associated with reemployment following job termination. Thirty-five employees were surveyed within two days following termination. Of those surveyed, 23 were contacted one month later regarding employment status. Analyses revealed that reemployed persons were significantly more confident of job search skills and had engaged in a greater number of search behaviors than had individuals who had remained unemployed. No significant differences between the reemployed and still unemployed groups were obtained in affective responses to termination or nonwork-related variables. The findings suggest that reemployment success is related to individual differences in expectations of successful job search. Implications for future research on job loss and reemployment are discussed.
The purposes of this article are to position mixed methods research (mixed research is a synonym) as the natural complement to traditional qualitative and quantitative research, to present pragmatism as offering an attractive philosophical partner for mixed methods research, and to provide a framework for designing and conducting mixed methods research. In doing this, we briefly review the paradigm “wars” and incompatibility thesis, we show some commonalities between quantitative and qualitative research, we explain the tenets of pragmatism, we explain the fundamental principle of mixed research and how to apply it, we provide specific sets of designs for the two major types of mixed methods research (mixed-model designs and mixed-method designs), and, finally, we explain mixed methods research as following (recursively) an eight-step process. A key feature of mixed methods research is its methodological pluralism or eclecticism, which frequently results in superior research (compared to monomethod research). Mixed methods research will be successful as more investigators study and help advance its concepts and as they regularly practice it.
This review describes advances over the past decade in what is known about the individual experience of unemployment, predictors of reemployment, and interventions to speed employment. Research on the impact of unemployment has increased in sophistication, strengthening the causal conclusion that unemployment leads to declines in psychological and physical health and an increased incidence of suicide. This work has elucidated the risk factors and mechanisms associated with experiencing poor psychological health during unemployment; less so for physical health and suicide. Psychologists have begun to contribute to the study of factors associated with reemployment speed and quality. The past decade has especially illuminated the role of social networks and job search intensity in facilitating reemployment. Evidence suggests some individuals, especially members of minority groups, may face discrimination during their job search. Although more work in this arena is needed, several intervention-based programs have been shown to help individuals get back to work sooner.
A motivational, self-regulatory conceptualization of job search was used to organize and investigate the relationships between personality, expectancies, self, social, motive, and biographical variables and individual differences in job search behavior and employment outcomes. Meta-analytic results indicated that all antecedent variables, except optimism, were significantly related to job search behavior, with estimated population correlations ranging from -.15 to .46. As expected, job search behavior was significantly and positively related to finding employment. Several antecedents of job search were also significantly related to employment success, although the size of these relationships was consistently smaller than those obtained for job search. Moderator analyses showed significant differences in the size of variable relationships for type of job search measure (effort vs. intensity) and sample type (job loser vs. employed job seeker vs. new entrant).
Structural equation modeling analyses of data from 2 longitudinal community studies of recently laid-off workers examined the interrelationships and pathways from personal coping resources to job-search intensity and the extent and quality of reemployment at 2 follow-ups (at 6 months and at 12 or 24 months). In both studies, the proposed models for predicting reemployment and reemployment quality provided a good fit to the data with the same pattern of results, which demonstrated that job-search motivation increased reemployment at all follow-ups but did not affect reemployment quality. At both the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, level of depressive symptoms decreased the extent and quality of reemployment. The results also highlighted the dual role of financial strain, which on the one hand facilitates reemployment by increasing job-search motivation and job-search intensity and on the other hand inhibits it by increasing depressive symptoms.
The authors propose a multidisciplinary model of the predictors of reemployment and test its predictive validity for explaining reemployment success. Predictor variables from the fields of economics, sociology, and psychology are incorporated into the model. Reemployment success is conceptualized as a construct consisting of unemployment insurance exhaustion and reemployment speed, and for reemployed persons, job improvement, job-organization fit, and intention to leave the new job. Direct, mediated, and moderated relationships were hypothesized and tested, clarifying the role of the variables in the reemployment process and outcome. The authors' proposal and examination of a multidisciplinary model of reemployment success contributes to a literature that has not tended to adequately cross disciplinary boundaries.
Theories of motivation built upon primary drives cannot account for playful and exploratory behavior. The new motivational concept of "competence" is introduced indicating the biological significance of such behavior. It furthers the learning process of effective interaction with the environment. While the purpose is not known to animal or child, an intrinsic need to deal with the environment seems to exist and satisfaction ("the feeling of efficacy") is derived from it. (100 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
In the five years since the first edition of Injustice there have been devastating increases in poverty, hunger and destitution in the UK. Globally, the richest 1% have never held a greater share of world wealth, while the share of most of the other 99% has fallen in the last five years, with more and more people in debt, especially the young. Economic inequalities will persist and continue to grow for as long as we tolerate the injustices which underpin them. This fully rewritten and updated edition revisits Dorling’s claim that Beveridge’s five social evils are being replaced by five new tenets of injustice: elitism is efficient; exclusion is necessary; prejudice is natural; greed is good and despair is inevitable. By showing these beliefs are unfounded, Dorling offers hope of a more equal society. We are living in the most remarkable and dangerous times. With every year that passes it is more evident that Injustice is essential reading for anyone concerned with social justice and wants to do something about it.
This book seeks to make a contribution to the tourism and inequality debate, not only through its investigation of how and why tourism contributes to and reflects social inequality, but also through its exploration of the ways in which tourism can be a means to reduce social inequality or alleviate its impact. Across its 12 chapters, a wide range of inter-related forms of inequality and routes towards social justice are addressed. These include, but are not limited to, relations of class, nation, ethnicity, race, gender, disability and age, as they relate to social justice initiatives incorporating poverty alleviation, social inclusion, fair trade, ethics and human rights. This book is divided into three parts. The first examines social inequalities from the tourist consumer's perspective; the second explores inequalities as experienced by the tourism producers; and the third part consists of a series of chapters that reviews initiatives to reduce or alleviate the impact of inequalities for both consumers and producers.
This study examined the relationship between mothers' child care subsidy use and their earnings and labor force attachment. Using Wisconsin administrative data, this study examined 48. months of subsidy use for mothers who became eligible for child care subsidies between March 2000 and February 2001 (n. =. 8984). Comparing subsidy-eligible mothers who received subsidies and those who were eligible but did not, we estimated the likelihood of experiencing an increase (or decrease) in earnings and the likelihood of experiencing an increase (or decrease) in the number of quarters employed. We used multinomial regression models to estimate each economic outcome separately and used logistic regression models to estimate both of the outcomes together. In both separate and joint analyses of earnings and quarters employed, we found that subsidy receipt was associated with an increase in the probability of an increase in earnings and/or number of quarters employed and a decrease in the probability of a decrease in quarters employed. However, in general, these associations were only significant when mothers received a subsidy for 12. months or more. These findings suggest the importance of identifying potential barriers to subsidy use, as stable receipt of subsidies may contribute to parents' economic well-being.
This commentary addresses the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy in the context of a set of studies contending that belief in one’s capabilities has debilitating or null effects. It encompasses four theoretical orientations. These include social cognitive theory rooted in an agentic perspective, control theory grounded in a cybernetic model, and trait self-efficacy theory and Big Five theory based on a decontextualized trait model. Critical analyses of the studies in question document their failure to fulfill key theoretical, methodological, analytical, and construct assessment requirements. The article extends beyond critical analyses of the published studies. It specifies the theoretical, methodological, and analytical requirements essential to the advancement of knowledge on the role that perceived self-efficacy plays in human self-development, adaption, and change at both the individual and collective levels.
New research is emerging on the relationships between tourism and quality of life (QOL) and subjective well-being (SWB). This paper develops a measure of SWB and reports findings from a two-step survey that measured changes in well-being amongst low-income individuals who had received financial support to access a holiday break (‘social tourists’). This is the first study to assess well-being amongst social tourists. The findings indicate that tourism contributes to social tourist’s well-being. There are greater effects in some areas including psychological resources, leisure and family life domains contributing to social well-being. Social tourists have lower levels of SWB than the general population. Further studies are needed to compare tourism’s contribution to SWB amongst mainstream tourists.
Social Tourism for low-income groups forms part of social policy in several countries of mainland Europe, but little research evidence of its benefits exists. This study empirically examines these benefits in terms of increases in social and family capital. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with participating families and their support workers, in a semi-longitudinal research design. Social Tourism was found to increase family capital in the short term, and social capital—in terms of social networks, related pro-active behavior and self-esteem—in the medium term. These increases can be seen as beneficial for the participants and to wider society. Consequently it is suggested that Social Tourism may be a cost-effective addition to social policy.
The current study investigated the role of approach and avoidance motives for unemployed job search behavior. Two approach motives (employment and PJ-fit) and two avoidance motives (low-expectation and low-interest) were distinguished. Antecedents and consequences of these motives were examined using a sample of 303 unemployed clients of reemployment agencies, and obtaining motive ratings from both the unemployed and their counselors. The findings showed that three motives (employment, low-expectation and low-interest) improved the prediction of job search behavior in addition to a set of antecedents that have been widely studied in the literature. In turn, the motives were predicted by different antecedents. The findings suggest that it is important to identify and address unemployed approach and avoidance motives since they might affect reemployment success.
This article illustrates the social situation of non-travelers, or people who do not take holiday trips. Two fundamental perspectives underlie the discussion. If living conditions are so problematical that they limit the opportunities for vacationing, there is a causal relationship between social factors and a lack of holiday trips. On the other hand, there can be a normative link between social welfare and holiday travel. Under this sociopolitical perspective, vacationing is considered like any other social right (i.e., its deprivation is compensated by the welfare state). This article reports on a Norwegian study of non-travelers, proposes a typology of non-travelers, and outlines some implication and prospects for future research.RésuméLes non-voyageurs: l'envers de la motivation. Cet article illustre la situation sociale des non-voyageurs, c'est-à-dire des gens qui ne partent pas en vacances. Deux perspectives fondamentales sont à la base de la discussion. Si les conditions de vie sont si problématiques qu'elles limitent les occasions pour les voyages de vacances, il y a un lien causal entre les facteurs sociaux et un manque de voyages d'agrément. Dans cette perspective socio-politique, on considère les vacances comme n'importe quel autre droit social (c.-à-d. que sa privation est compensée par l'Etat-providence). L'article présente une étude norvégienne des non-voyageurs, discute des implications et suggère des recherches futures.
Holiday participation, although widespread, is not universal. This paper summarises a study of the meaning and significance of the holiday for families who are rarely able to go on holiday because of personal economic and social circumstances: a subgroup of Haukeland's category C non-travellers. Holidays are likely to have particular significance for them. Studies of women’s holiday experiences are examined in order to contribute to the context of this study. Informants were interviewed in their own homes and a number of meanings emerged including the significance of ‘change’ and establishing relationships. The study confirms the diversity of holiday experiences and meanings and the particular significance for this study group in conferring the ‘excitement and spectacle’ that are particularly limited in their every-day lives. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The problem and the solution. The complexity of the domains of human resource development (HRD) requires knowledge of learning theories that can inform the development of HRD theory building, research, and practice. Social learning (cognitive) theory (SLT/SCT) identifies learning as a dynamic interplay between the person, the environment, and behavior. This article explores the elements of SLT/SCT that are most relevant to HRD and identifies theory-building, research, and practice arenas in HRD that have incorporated one or more SLT/SCT propositions. Implications for future HRD theory, research, and practice are proposed. SLT/SCT is shown to have high potential use for HRD due to the comprehensive nature of this theory for explaining learning and behavior.
The topic of self-efficacy is part of a broad literature which has developed around the issues of human agency, mastery, and control. Its more delimited focus is on perceptions and assessments of self with regard to competence, effectiveness, and causal agency. Self-efficacy has become an important variable within social psychological research because of its association with various favorable consequences, especially in the areas of physical and mental health. It is also quite congruent with the Western emphasis on such values as mastery, self-reliance, and achievement. This review examines the nature of self-efficacy and related terms, reviews the research literature on the development of self-efficacy and how social structure and group processes affect this development, considers changes of self-efficacy over the life course, and reviews the consequences of self-efficacy for individual functioning and for social change. The focus of the review is on the social psychological literature within sociology, ...
This one-year follow-up study focused on the impact of labour market interventions (i.e. guidance courses, vocational training and subsidized employment) on re-employment, job-seeking activity and psychological distress of the unemployed. Another aim was to investigate how individual factors, especially one's financial situation, are related to re-employment, job-seeking activity and psychological distress. The results show that participation in guidance courses predicted re-employment, whereas vocational training and subsidized employment did not have any effect on re-employment. Of the individual factors, job-seeking activity, and being married or co-habiting in a steady relationship, predicted reemployment. None of the studied interventions increased job-seeking activity. Deterioration of one's financial situation between the two measurement points was related to an increase in job-seeking activity. Vocational training decreased temporarily psychological distress and a deterioration of one's financial situation was related to an increase in distress. Guidance, which focuses on job-seekers' skills, job-search process and labour market knowledge, should be emphasized more.
We empirically examine the effect of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial investment choices. We identify various attributes of entrepreneurial investment, and argue that higher self-efficacy is associated with more aggressive entrepreneurial investment decisions. We show that self-efficacy increases the likelihood of both being a nascent entrepreneur and creating an operating business. Self-efficacy also increases the proportion of personal wealth invested in the venture and the amount of hours per week the entrepreneur devotes to the venture. These results are significant even when controlling for other known characteristics associated with entrepreneurial investment. In contrast, we find no relationship between self-efficacy, or even risk preferences, and investment risk.
A pretest-posttest field study investigated self-efficacy, both general and specific, in an intensive training experience to prepare new recruits for their work assignments. Specific issues addressed include (1) the effects of the training experience on general self-efficacy (GSE), work-specific selfefficacy (SSE), and performance expectancy; (2) the effects of pretraining attitudes and beliefs on posttraining GSE and work SSE; and relations between posttraining self-efficacy beliefs and posttraining performance expectancy. Training increased GSE, SSE, and performance expectancy. Unlike GSE, work SSE was influenced by pretraining motivation, training self-efficacy, and performance expectancy. The implications of the findings for HRD research and practice are discussed from the perspectives of understanding individual characteristics of trainees, choosing methods to enhance self-efficacy, and the appropriateness of measuring general and specific self-efficacy before training (to guide planning) and after training (as an evaluation dimension)
This study explored whether self-efficacy and time perspective of homeless adults (N= 82) living in a shelter affected their coping strategies related to obtaining housing and employment. Participants with high self-efficacy searched more for housing and employment and stayed at the shelter for a shorter duration, whereas participants with low self-efficacy were more likely to request an extension of their stay at the shelter. Those high on future orientation had shorter durations of homelessness and were more likely to enroll in school and to report gaining positive benefits from their predicament, whereas those with a high present orientation had more avoidant coping strategies. Despite the predictive power of self-efficacy and future orientation of proactive search behaviors, there were no predictors of obtaining stable housing, which is a scarce resource in the area. However, a high present orientation predicted obtaining temporary housing. A present temporal perspective may be adaptive in finding short-term solutions to an unstable situation, such as homelessness. The role of time perspective in crisis situations is discussed, as well as the severe environmental constraints on the exercise of personal control over reality dictated by social, economic, and political forces.
This paper examines how mid-life and older long-term travelers describe their motivations for and their experiences of journeys through the Australian Outback. It studies their accounts to discern whether these can be illuminated by the notion of “transition”: that is, whether their stories provide evidence that long-term travel provides a neutral, transitional zone sandwiched between voluntary or imposed endings and new beginnings. The personal “endings” that provide the impetus for undertaking long-term journeys and the travelers’ anticipations of new beginnings are considered. The significance of place (specifically the Australian Outback) in these transitions is also explored.RésuméLe voyage comme transition: identité et lieu. Cet article examine comment les voyageurs cinquantenaires et plus vieux, qui font des voyages à long terme, évoquent leurs motivations et leurs expériences à travers l’Outback australien. On examine leurs comptes rendus pour discerner si ceux-ci peuvent être illuminés par la notion de « transition » - c’est-à-dire, si leurs récits donnent des signes que les voyages à long terme produisent des zones neutres et transitionnelles qui sont prises en sandwich entre des fins voulues ou imposées et de nouveaux commencements. On tient compte des « fins » personnelles qui donnent l’élan pour entreprendre des voyages à long terme et les attentes des voyageurs pour les nouveaux commencements. On examine aussi la signification du lieu (l’Outback australien en particulier) dans ces transitions.
A multiplicity sample of a relatively rare population—Vietnam eraveterans—provides insight into the following field issues:
yield, location problems, coverage bias, and the effect of inclusion rule, i.e., eligible kin nominators. Here, the latter
included parents, siblings, aunts and uncles. The resultant yield was double that of a conventional sample but was much higher
for black and Mexican-American veterans than for whites. Location problems (on which there was little prior knowledge) were
less serious than anticipated, requiring persistence but not extravagant expenditures to solve. Undercoverage bias was reduced
by “nonselective” screening; this raised location cost, however. Relative yield, an indicator of selection bias, varied by
kin category. Parents showed a higher relative yield than did siblings, while aunts and uncles were strikingly low in nominations
relative to their numbers.
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of per- sonal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of ob- stacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more de- pendable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived self- efficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and be- havioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.
For the first time in decades, conventional wisdom about survey methodology is being challenged on many fronts. The insights gained can not only help psychologists do their research better but also provide useful insights into the basics of social interaction and cognition. This chapter reviews some of the many recent advances in the literature, including the following: New findings challenge a long-standing prejudice against studies with low response rates; innovative techniques for pretesting questionnaires offer opportunities for improving measurement validity; surprising effects of the verbal labels put on rating scale points have been identified, suggesting optimal approaches to scale labeling; respondents interpret questions on the basis of the norms of everyday conversation, so violations of those conventions introduce error; some measurement error thought to have been attributable to social desirability response bias now appears to be due to other factors instead, thus encouraging different approaches to fixing such problems; and a new theory of satisficing in questionnaire responding offers parsimonious explanations for a range of response patterns long recognized by psychologists and survey researchers but previously not well understood.
This paper presents a review of non-experimental methods for the evaluation of social programmes. We consider matching and selection methods and analyse each for cross-section, repeated cross-section and longitudinal data. The methods are assessed drawing on evidence from labour market programmes in the UK and in the US.