Evaluation of Changes in the Parameters of Body Stability in the Participants of a Nine-Day Snowboarding Course

Abstract

Introduction. Snowboarding is a sports discipline in which postural control is key to achieving an effective technique. The body is positioned sideways on the snowboard, with only the head facing forward. This study evaluated the effect of several days of intense snowboarding on the parameters of static and dynamic body stability in persons with different levels of skill. Material and methods. A nine-day snowboarding course was designed and conducted with beginner (N = 16) and advanced snowboarders (N = 14) in the mountains in winter. Before and after the course, dynamic body stability was measured on a Biodex Balance System (USA) platform with an unstable surface, and static body stability was measured on a FreeMed Sensor Medica (Italy) stabilometric platform. Results. Measurements on an unstable surface showed significantly weaker (p < 0.01) values of body stability in a lateral stance in the snowboarding stance than in a forward stance and a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in performance after the course. On a stable surface, the improvement in performance (p < 0.05) occurred only among the beginners, in the snowboard basic position. Conclusions. The results confirm that snowboarding, or continuous unstable balance, improves postural control, which leads to the conclusion that the lateral stance on the snowboard is a clearly disruptive factor in natural postural control. This constitutes a considerable difficulty, especially for beginners, who in addition to learning new technical skills, must adapt to continuously shifting balance.

Full text

Copyright © 2017 by the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska
Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2017, 24, 97-101
DOI: 10.1515/pjst-2017-0010 97
EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN THE PARAMETERS OF
BODY STABILITY IN THE PARTICIPANTS OF A NINE-DAY
SNOWBOARDING COURSE
MICHAŁ STANISZEWSKI1, PRZEMYSŁAW ZYBKO1, IDA WISZOMIRSKA2
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education,
Department of Water and Winter Sports1, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Department of Anatomy and Kinesiology2
Mailing address: Michał Staniszewski, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Department of Water
and Winter Sports, 34 Marymoncka Street, 00-968 Warsaw, tel.: +48 22 8340431 ext. 227, fax: +48 22 8651080,
e-mail: michal.staniszewski@awf.edu.pl
Abstract
Introduction. Snowboarding is a sports discipline in which postural control is key to achieving an eective technique. The body
is positioned sideways on the snowboard, with only the head facing forward. This study evaluated the eect of several days of
intense snowboarding on the parameters of static and dynamic body stability in persons with dierent levels of skill. Material
and methods. A nine-day snowboarding course was designed and conducted with beginner (N = 16) and advanced snowboard-
ers (N = 14) in the mountains in winter. Before and after the course, dynamic body stability was measured on a Biodex Balance
System (USA) platform with an unstable surface, and static body stability was measured on a FreeMed Sensor Medica (Italy)
stabilometric platform. Results. Measurements on an unstable surface showed signicantly weaker (p < 0.01) values of body
stability in a lateral stance in the snowboarding stance than in a forward stance and a signicant (p < 0.05) improvement in
performance after the course. On a stable surface, the improvement in performance (p < 0.05) occurred only among the begin-
ners, in the snowboard basic position. Conclusions. The results conrm that snowboarding, or continuous unstable balance,
improves postural control, which leads to the conclusion that the lateral stance on the snowboard is a clearly disruptive factor
in natural postural control. This constitutes a considerable diculty, especially for beginners, who in addition to learning new
technical skills, must adapt to continuously shifting balance.
Key words: body posture control, balance, biofeedback, postural stability, stable surface, unstable surface
Introduction
Control over vertical posture requires information collected
from the surroundings by the receptors of sight, touch, pres-
sure, and the vestibule of the ear, and by proprioceptive recep-
tors as well. The information is sent to the central nervous sys-
tem, where it is processed. Subsequently, nerve signals travel
to the eyes and the muscles of the trunk and limbs, initiating
reexes that coordinate body posture [1, 2]. De Oliveira et al.
[3] interpret balance control as the combined eect of the cen-
tral nervous system, senses (touch, sight, and balance), biome-
chanical limitations, cognitive processes, perception of vertical-
ity, and movement strategy. Research conducted by Meyer et al.
[4] indicates that plantar feedback becomes one of the primary
moderators of the correct body posture whenever the receptors
of sight are inactive. Plantar feedback allows for a continuous
adjustment of the position of the body in relation to the sur-
roundings [5]. Other important factors in balance control are
the elasticity of the soft tissues and the mechanics of the foot.
A correct stable posture is required for locomotion and most
voluntary movements.
Both static and dynamic postural stability can be tested
[6-8]. However, as there are no practical means to assess COM
displacements, postural stability tests use indirect indicators.
Static balance tests are conducted on measurement devices
with a stable, rigid surface, with COM displacements given by
the oscillations of the centre of pressure (COP) of the feet. Sub-
ject literature assumes that COP oscillations correspond to the
degree of balance. The most frequently analysed parameter is
the length of the path designated by the movement of the COP
of the feet [9-12]. Dynamic balance tests use measurement de-
vices with an unstable surface. Balance is maintained through
controlled adjustments to the position of the body and the as-
sessment is based on the overall stability index (OSI) [13-16].
One of the activities in which postural control plays a key
role is snowboarding. Getting on a snowboard involves fasten-
ing both boots into the bindings, which immobilises the feet
and excludes the lower limbs from the process of maintaining
balance. The body is positioned sideways on the snowboard,
with only the head facing forward and the eyes looking for-
ward. The direction of the stance depends on the choice of the
lead leg, or the leg that is in front during the ride. This stance is
called the basic position. Some snowboarders prefer to ride with
their right leg in front, that is with the right side of the body
facing the slope and their head turned right, while others prefer
to ride with their left leg in front. The choice is individual for
each snowboarder. The opposite position, that is with the non-
lead leg in front, is also possible. This is called the fakie posi-
tion. However, this stance makes free riding dicult and should
only be used by advanced snowboarders. The lateral position
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 7/28/17 7:01 AM

Staniszewski et al.: EVALUATION OF CHANGES ...
98 Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2017, 24, 97-101
required for snowboarding is not natural for human locomo-
tion. As a result of this positioning, the ride takes place within
the human temporal plane, rather than, as with most natural
and sports-related movements, within the sagittal plane [17, 18].
The immobilised feet make it dicult to maintain a verti-
cal posture on the slope, and turning requires specic technical
skills. In order to turn, a snowboarder presses down on one of
the edges of the snowboard by shifting his or her body either
toward the toes or toward the heels, that is in the sagittal plane.
The lateral position means that snowboarders remain constant-
ly in unstable balance, and turning involves a controlled loss of
balance in the intended direction [19].
Many hours of snowboarding and training exercises improve
control over the human-snowboard-snow system. It seems that,
as training continues, body balance also improves, as indicated
by the fact that snowboarders fall less often, are more secure on
their boards, and are able to ride more eectively on increas-
ingly demanding terrain. However, it is unknown whether the
improved postural control during snowboarding is related to
mechanisms involved with the improvement of body stability or
with the improvement in general motor coordination involved
in acquiring new technical skills. The subject literature provides
no answer to this issue, and studies that analyse balance in win-
ter sports are rare. This study aimed to investigate whether sev-
eral days of intense snowboarding generates changes in static
and dynamic body stability and whether snowboarding skills
contribute to these changes. To this end, a nine-day snowboard-
ing course was designed and conducted with beginner and ad-
vanced snowboarders in the mountains in winter.
Material and methods
All participants were informed about the research proce-
dure, conditions of participation, dangers, and obligations. All
participants gave written consent for participation in person,
and they were informed that they would be able to opt out of
the experiment at any point and with no consequences. The
study was approved by the local Ethics Committee for Scientic
Research.
Participants
Study participants comprised 30 university students of
physical education who took part in a snowboarding course. The
participants were non-randomly assigned to two groups accord-
ing to their level of skill (Tab. 1). The group of beginner snow-
boarders (BEG) comprised 16 persons who declared that they
had no snowboarding skills prior to the course. The group of ad-
vanced snowboarders (ADV) comprised 14 persons with several
years of snowboarding experience, who, at the time, were par-
ticipating in a snowboarding instructor course. All participants
took part in a nine-day snowboarding camp. The beginner group
learned to ride the snowboard using basic techniques, with the
lead leg positioned always in front. The advanced group learnt
advanced manoeuvres in both the basic position and the fakie
position. The two groups showed no signicant dierences in
mean body mass or height. However, the advanced snowboard-
ers were older than the beginners by an average of two years.
Procedures
In order to assess the eect of the course on postural con-
trol, static body stability and dynamic stability were measured
before and after the course.
Dynamic body stability was measured on a Biodex Balance
System SD (USA) device with an unstable surface. Three proto-
cols were performed at Stability Level 8. Each protocol consisted
of four 20-second trials with a 10-second break in-between. The
participants underwent a postural stability test (PST) in a two-
leg forward stance with biofeedback with eyes open and closed,
and in a lateral stance with the head facing the biofeedback
screen, that is in positions that imitated both the basic position
and the fakie position in snowboarding. For analysis of stability,
the overall stability index (OSI) was used.
Static body balance was measured on a Sensor Medica
FreeMed (Italy) stabilometric mat. Four 30-second protocols
in a barefoot stance were performed: a two-leg stance with eyes
open, a two-leg stance with eyes closed, a two-leg stance with
eyes open and the head turned in the basic position, and a two-
leg stance with the head turned in the fakie position. Analysis
and comparisons were based on the path lengths of the COP of
the feet.
Statistical analysis
The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis us-
ing the Statistica Ver. 12 software package. Normality of distri-
bution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk w test. Changes
in the parameters of stability were assessed using the repeated
measures ANOVA. The probability level of p < 0.05 was as-
sumed as statistically signicant.
Results
During the test performed on an unstable surface with bi-
ofeedback, both groups showed the best stability in a forward
stance with eyes open (Fig. 1 and 2). As expected, standing with
eyes closed proved to be the most dicult test, yielding a more
than three-fold decrease in the ability to maintain a stable pos-
ture. Interestingly, the lateral alignment of the body with only
the head facing the screen signicantly (p < 0.01) worsened pos-
tural control in both the basic and the fakie position and in both
groups. On the other hand, neither group showed dierences
between the two directions in a lateral stance. Measurements
conducted on the Body Balance System also revealed no statisti-
cally signicant dierences in the parameters of body stability
between the two groups.
In the beginner group (Fig. 1), the snowboarding course im-
proved postural control in a forward stance with eyes open (p <
0.05) and in a lateral stance with the head turned in the direc-
tion of the basic position (p < 0.05). In the advanced group (Fig.
2), a signicant improvement was observed in a two-leg stance
with eyes open (p < 0.01) and in a lateral stance in the basic posi-
tion (p < 0.01) and the fakie position (p < 0.05).
Measurements of postural stability conducted on a stable
surface revealed signicant dierences in the path length of the
COP in the beginner group (Fig. 3) between standing with eyes
open and standing with eyes closed (p < 0.01) as well as between
the former and the snowboard basic position (p < 0.05). In the
advanced group (Fig. 4), signicant dierences (p < 0.05) oc-
curred only between standing with eyes open and eyes closed.
Table 1. Characteristics of the groups examined in the study
Group N Age
(years)*
Body mass
(kg)
Height
(cm)
BEG 16 (7 men, 9 women) 21.4 ± 1.3 68.1 ± 13.5 173.3 ± 10.6
ADV 14 (9 men, 5 women) 23.2 ± 1.8 71.5 ± 11.1 175.4 ± 9.3
*statistically signicant dierences between groups (p = 0.004).
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 7/28/17 7:01 AM

Staniszewski et al.: EVALUATION OF CHANGES ... 99
Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2017, 24, 97-101
After the training camp, the beginner group showed changes in
the path length of the COP only in a lateral stance in the basic
position (p < 0.05). In the advanced group there were no sig-
nicant dierences in postural stability measurements before
and after the camp. No statistically signicant dierences were
observed between the two groups, either.
Discussion
An assessment of static and dynamic body stability showed
no statistically signicant dierences between the beginner
snowboarders and the advanced snowboarders. Similar ndings
were reported in studies conducted by other authors, who indi-
cate that the level of skill does not always dierentiate athletes
on the basis of body balance. In many sports disciplines, such as
shooting, soccer, or golf, the length of training experience has
a positive eect on body balance. However, there are disciplines
in which the level of technical skill does not dierentiate ath-
letes in terms of body stability. These disciplines include surf-
ing, judo, alpine skiing, and, indeed, snowboarding [20, 21].
An interesting nding is that both beginner and advanced
snowboarders performed worse in terms of stability in a lateral
*statistically signicant dierences at the level of p < 0.05; **statistically signicant
dierences at the level of p < 0.01; ***statistically signicant dierences at the level of
p < 0.001.
Figure 1. Overall stability index, OSI (mean values ± SD), measured
when standing on an unstable surface with biofeedback in the beginner
group pre and post training camp
*statistically signicant dierences at the level of p < 0.05; **statistically signicant
dierences at the level of p < 0.01.
Figure 3. Path length of the COP of the feet (mean values ± SD)
measured while standing on a stable surface in the beginner group pre
and post training camp
*statistically signicant dierences at the level of p < 0.05; **statistically signicant
dierences at the level of p < 0.01; ***statistically signicant dierences at the level of
p < 0.001.
Figure 2. Overall stability index, OSI (mean values ± SD), measured
when standing on an unstable surface with biofeedback in the advanced
group pre and post training camp
*statistically signicant dierences at the level of p < 0.05.
Figure 4. Path length of the COP of the feet (mean values ± SD)
measured while standing on a stable surface in the advanced group pre
and post training camp
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 7/28/17 7:01 AM

Staniszewski et al.: EVALUATION OF CHANGES ...
100 Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2017, 24, 97-101
stance than in a forward stance. The only dierence between
the two stances is the turning of the head, which in the lateral
stance faces a screen with biofeedback. Nonetheless, it is the
turning of the head that causes a conict between information
about the vertical posture that originates in the head and ar-
rives through the vestibular and sight systems and information
that comes from the set of proprioceptors located in postural
muscles. During a forward stance, all three of these mechanisms
regulate balance within the same planes: A/P displacements are
regulated within the sagittal plane, and M/L displacements are
regulated within the temporal plane. On the other hand, in the
snowboarding stance in which the head is turned by 90 degrees
toward the slope, displacements of the body toward the toes or
the heels constitute displacements in the sagittal plane. How-
ever, from the perspective of the vestibular and sight systems,
which regulate the orientation of the head relative to the sur-
roundings, these displacements constitute displacements in the
temporal plane. Such a conict occurring when a snowboarder
assumes the snowboarding stance and moves sideways, rather
than forward, makes learning and riding dicult not only in
snowboarding, but in other sports that require riding or surng
sideways on a board. Anthony et al. [22] pointed out a similar
phenomenon in their study, in which they assessed surfers us-
ing a Biodex Balance System device with an unstable surface.
As with this study, the balance tests were conducted in a lateral
position relative to simulating the surng stance, with only the
head turned toward the screen with biofeedback. They demon-
strated that the lateral position causes signicant dierences in
body stability between the surfers depending on which leg they
choose as their lead leg when standing on a suroard.
In tests conducted on a stable surface, that is under condi-
tions that dier to a greater extent from those experienced dur-
ing snowboarding, dierences between a forward stance and
a lateral stance occurred only in the beginner group. This may
indicate that the lack of such dierences in the advanced group
resulted from their considerable technical skill and the related
adaptation to controlling their balance during snowboarding.
Čech [23], who studied balance in ice hockey players, reached
a similar conclusion. He conducted an experiment in which he
observed no dierences in postural stability, as measured on
a stable surface, between a group of players who underwent
special balance training and a group who underwent tradition-
al training. Long-term hockey training was found to allow the
players to adapt to dicult conditions of postural control dur-
ing ice skating, and additional balancing exercises had no eect
on the players’ postural stability in static conditions. In contrast,
when additional balancing exercises were applied throughout
12 weeks of training in eld hockey, a discipline in which the
surface stimulates body posture less strongly than in ice skat-
ing, they improved the players’ static as well as dynamic body
stability [24].
The results of the tests conducted before and after the nine-
week snowboarding course indicate that improvement in the
snowboarding technique strictly correlates with improvement
in postural control. Of course, this is not the only factor that
aects performance in snowboarding. Nonetheless, the statis-
tically signicant dierences in the parameters of body stabil-
ity before and after the course suggest that body balance plays
a major role in snowboarding. To put it dierently, snowboard-
ing, or constant exposure to unstable balance, has a signicant,
positive eect on body stability.
Tests conducted in a standing position on a platform with
an unstable surface showed signicant changes in both the
beginner and the advanced groups. The beginners improved
their stability in a forward stance with eyes open and in a lateral
stance in the basic position. In other words, in addition to gen-
eral body balance, the improvement also concerned the lateral
position, which the participants assumed when snowboarding.
The advanced snowboarders additionally showed an improve-
ment in the fakie stance, that is in the position with the opposite
leg in front, as riding in this manner is a usual part of advanced
training.
During the nine-day snowboarding course, the partici-
pants, especially the beginners, performed dicult exercises
that involved maintaining a stable position on the snowboard.
These were balancing exercises that helped to improve the par-
ticipants’ postural control. Studies conducted by other authors
conrm that even a short-term period of balancing exercises
may benet body stability. Karakaya et al. [25] observed signi-
cant changes in postural stability following two weeks of prop-
rioceptive training with persons not engaged in sports. Vando
et al. [26] applied one week of coordination training in 10-year-
old karate ghters, noting signicant changes in body stability,
as measured on a stable platform. In turn, Matin et al. [27] re-
ported an improvement in both static and dynamic stability in
children aged 10-12 years following four weeks of sensorimotor
training.
Conclusions
The research conducted indicates that the lateral snow-
boarding stance relative to the direction of riding is a clearly
disruptive factor to natural postural control mechanisms. This
constitutes a considerable diculty, especially for beginners,
who in addition to learning new technical skills, must adapt to
a continuously shifting balance. Furthermore, remaining in un-
stable balance can be considered a benet to postural control. It
is worth noting that, along with an improvement in general sta-
bility, improvement was also observed in areas that were trained
during the nine-day snowboarding course, that is in the basic
position for the beginners and the basic and reverse (fakie) posi-
tions for the advanced snowboarders.
Furthermore, it was found that analysis of changes in the
parameters of body stability in advanced snowboarders should
involve measurements on an unstable surface, as they reect
natural snowboarding activity better. As Williams et al. [28]
state, because tests performed in static conditions are a subop-
timal choice for advanced athletes who have already achieved
good balancing skills in their sports careers, tests should be
performed on an unstable surface instead. Zemková [29] notes
that static balance is signicant in sports such as shooting or
archery. In contrast, in sports that involve moving on a board,
such as snowboarding, skateboarding, or windsurng, dynamic
postural control is a key part of the movement technique and
should be tested in dynamic conditions. Williams et al. [30]
claim that compared to athletes who train on a stable surface,
athletes who train on an unstable surface use a more eective
strategy of maintaining stable posture in response to disrup-
tions in balance.
Acknowledgements
This study was nanced by the Polish Ministry of Science
and Higher Education under research project DS. 199 of Józef
Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 7/28/17 7:01 AM

Staniszewski et al.: EVALUATION OF CHANGES ... 101
Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2017, 24, 97-101
Literature
1. Guskiewicz K.M., Perrin D.H. (1996). Research and clinical
applications of assessing balance. Journal of Sport Rehabili-
tation 5(1), 45-63.
2. Wiszomirska I., Kaczmarczyk K., Błażkiewicz M., Wit A.
(2015). The impact of a vestibular-stimulating exercise regi-
me on postural stability in people with visual impairment.
Biomed Research International Article ID: 136969. DOI:
10.1155/2015/136969.
3. De Oliveira C.B., De Medeiros Í.T., Ferreira N.A.,
Greters M.E., Conforto A.B. (2008). Balance control in he-
miparetic stroke patients: Main tools for evaluation. Journal
of Rehabilitation Research & Development 45(8), 1215-1226.
4. Meyer P.F., Oddsson L.E., De Luca C.J. (2004). The role of
plantar cutaneous sensation in unperturbed stance. Experi-
mental Brain Research 156(4), 505-512.
5. Kavounoudias A., Roll R., Roll J.P. (1998). The plantar sole is
a ‘dynamometric map’ for human balance control. Neurore-
port 9(14), 3247-3252.
6. DiStefano L.J., Clark M.A., Padua D.A. (2009). Evidence
supporting balance training in healthy individuals: A syste-
mic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
23(9), 2718-2731.
7. Gribble P.A., Hertel J., Plisky P. (2012). Using the Star Excur-
sion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control de-
cits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: A literature
and systematic review. Journal Of Athletic Training 47(3),
339-357.
8. Lynn S.K., Padilla R.A., Tsang K.W. (2012). Dierences in
static- and dynamic-balance task performance after 4 weeks
of intrinsic-foot-muscle training: The short-foot exercise
versus the towel-curl exercise. Journal of Sport Rehabilita-
tion 21(4), 327-333.
9. Hong C., Guo L., Song R., Nagurka M.L., Sung J., Yen C.
(2016). Assessing postural stability via the correlation pat-
terns of vertical ground reaction force components. Bio-
medical Engineering Online 15(1), 90. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-
016-0212-z.
10. Romero-Franco N., Martínez-López E.J., Hita-Contreras F.,
Lomas-Vega R., Martínez-Amat A. (2015). Eects of an ana-
erobic lactic training session on the postural stability of ath-
letes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
55(6), 578-586.
11. Sgrò F., Licari D., Coppola R., Lipoma M. (2015). Assessment
of balance abilities in elderly people by means of a clinical
test and a low-cost force plate. Kinesiology 47(1), 33-43.
12. Sousa A.P., Silva A., Tavares J.S. (2012). Biomechanical and
neurophysiological mechanisms related to postural control
and eciency of movement: A review. Somatosensory &
Motor Research 29(4), 131-143.
13. Cachupe W.C., Shiett B., Kahanov L., Wughalter E.H.
(2001). Reliability of Biodex Balance System measures. Me-
asurement in Physical Education & Exercise Science 5(2),
97-108.
14. Cuğ M., Özdemir R.A., Ak E. (2014). Inuence of leg do-
minance on single-leg stance performance during dynamic
conditions: An investigation into the validity of symmetry
hypothesis for dynamic postural control in healthy indivi-
duals. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
60(1), 22-26.
15. Didier J.J., Glave A.P., Browning S.J., Fiaud V., Weatherwax J.
(2014). Reliability of BBS LOS test at two time points in
a healthy population. Journal of Fitness Research 3(3), 3-7.
16. Ibrahim M.S., Mattar A.G., Elhafez S.M. (2016). Ecacy of
virtual reality-based balance training versus the Biodex Ba-
lance System training on the body balance of adults. Journal
of Physical Therapy Science 28(1), 20-26.
17. Danielsson T. (2010). Asymmetry in elite snowboarders.
A study comparing range of motion in the hip and spine,
power in lower extremities and circumference of thigh. Ba-
chelor’s thesis, Halmstad University School of Business and
Engineering, Halmstad.
18. Staniszewski M., Zybko P., Wiszomirska I. (2016). Evalu-
ation of laterality in the snowboard basic position. Human
Movement 17(2), 119-125.
19. LeMaster R. (2010). Ultimate skiing. Champaign, IL: Hu-
man Kinetics.
20. Hrysomallis C. (2011). Balance ability and athletic perfor-
mance. Sports Medicine 41(3), 221-232.
21. Platzer H., Raschner Ch., Patterson C., Lembert S. (2009).
Comparison of physical characteristics and performance
among elite snowboarders. Journal of Strength and Condi-
tioning Research 23(5), 1427-1432.
22. Anthony C.C., Brown L.E., Coburn J.W., Galpin A.J.,
Tran T.T., Meir R. et al. (2016). Stance aects balance in
surfers. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
11(3), 446-450.
23. Čech P. (2014). Eect of short-term balance training on po-
stural stability in ice hockey players. Acta Universitatis Ca-
rolinae: Kinanthropologica 50(2), 13-20.
24. Rajkumar P.S., Radhakrishnan T. (2016). Eect of proprio-
ceptive training on static balance and dynamic balance of
junior hockey players. International Journal of Science and
Research 5(8), 936-939.
25. Karakaya M.G., Rutbİl H., Akpinar E., Yildirim A.,
Karakaya İ.Ç. (2015). Eect of ankle proprioceptive training
on static body balance. Journal of Physical Therapy Science
27(10), 3299-3302.
26. Vando S., Filingeri D., Maurino L., Chaabène H., Bianco A.,
Salernitano G. et al. (2013). Postural adaptations in preado-
lescent karate athletes due to a one week karate training
camp. Journal of Human Kinetics 38, 45-52.
27. Matin B.K., Yalfani A., Gandomi F., Abbasi H., Parmoon A.
(2014). Neuromuscular training as the basis for developing
the level of the static and dynamic balance in selected stu-
dents of physical tness team of Kermanshah. International
Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness 4(1), 20-38.
28. Williams V.J., Nagai T., Sell T.C., Abt J.P., Rowe R.S.,
McGrail M.A. et al. (2016). Prediction of dynamic postu-
ral stability during single-leg jump landings by ankle and
knee exibility and strength. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
25(3), 266-272.
29. Zemková E. (2014). Sport-specic balance. Sports Medicine
44(5), 579-590.
30. Williams D.S.B., Murray N.G., Powell D.W. (2016). Athletes
who train on unstable compared to stable surfaces exhibit
unique postural control strategies in response to balance
perturbations. Journal of Sport and Health Science 5, 70-76.
Submitted: March 6, 2017
Accepted: April 26, 2017
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 7/28/17 7:01 AM