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Non-Timber Forest Product: Case Study Of Diversity In Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi Anglong District, Assam, India

Authors:
  • National Trust for Nature Conservation-ACAP

Abstract

Abstract: Non-timber forest products play a fundamental role in maintaining the livelihood of the rural areas peoples. NTFPs also provide the well range of valuable resources to the tribal community. The present study was focused of the diversity of NTFPs of Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, India. The data was collected by using random sampling method through laying quadrats along the transect of 5×5 m2 (herbs & shrubs),10×10 m2 (tree) and calculated their diversity index and importance value index. 14 species of herbs/shrubs, 13 species of ferns/climber/epiphytes and 5 species of wild edible fruits were recorded. The average Shannon wiener index of diversity of different species were 1.96 (herbs/shrubs), 2.27 (ferns/climbers/epiphytic) and 1.50 (fruit edible) where ferns/climbers/ epiphytic species indicated higher importance value and diversity in comparison to herbs/shrubs and wild edible fruits species. Delima sarmentosa L. (climber) have high importance value index (115.81) and Solanum indicum L. (20.25) have lowest importance value index. Keywords: Diversity index, IVI (Importance value index), Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), Quadrat
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International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2017
ISSN: 2394-4404
Non-Timber Forest Product: Case Study Of Diversity In
Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi Anglong District, Assam,
India
Biswajit Khakhlary
Department of Eco-Restoration Dimoria College Khetri,
Kamrup (Metro)
Suraj Sharma
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science,
Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
I. INTRODUCTION
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) refers to a broad
range of resources in the forest. Non-Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs) are objects of biological origin; both plant and
animal derived from the forest and allied land uses for
subsistence and cash income by forest dwellers. NTFPs have
long been harvested for subsistence and trade (Ticktin 2004).
An estimated 50 million economically marginalized forest
dwellers in India harvest large quantities of NTFPs for their
subsistence as well as for trade (Uma Shaanker et al. 2004;
Hegde et al. 1996). An additional 200 to 300 million non-
tribals also depend on NTFPs to lesser degrees (Shiva 1995).
A 2010-2011 report from the Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Government of India, estimated that about 100
million of people in India depend on various forest products
other than timber, which in turn generates Rs 20 billion in
government revenue (TERI 2004). Throughout the world, the
diversity of NTFPs is important to the livelihoods of forest-
edge populations. About 4,000 to 6,000 NTFPs are used
worldwide and most are harvested from wildlands (Iqbal,
1993). In India, 90% of the plants supplied to the international
market are form wild stock (Mishra et al. 2009). NTFPs
indeed play a very significant role in rural economy in terms
of providing employment, income potential and life
sustenance (Negi et al., 2011).
The term NTFPs define as “goods biological origin other
than wood derived from forests, other wooded lands and trees
outside forests (FAO, 1999). The term NTFPs also
encompasses that all biological materials other than timber,
which are extracted from forests for human use (De Beer and
MC Dermott, 1989). Non-wood forest products include all
goods of biological origin, as well as services, derived from
forests or any land under similar use, and exclude wood in all
its forms (Chandresekharan, 1995). The NTFPs are an integral
part of development and survival of people living in and
around forests and depending on them. The potential
economic value of NTFPs either in terms of utilization or their
Abstract: Non-timber forest products play a fundamental role in maintaining the livelihood of the rural areas
peoples. NTFPs also provide the well range of valuable resources to the tribal community. The present study was focused
of the diversity of NTFPs of Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, India. The data was
collected by using random sampling method through laying quadrats along the transect of 5×5 m2 (herbs & shrubs),
10×10 m2 (tree) and calculated their diversity index and importance value index. 14 species of herbs/shrubs, 13 species of
ferns/climber/epiphytes and 5 species of wild edible fruits were recorded. The average Shannon wiener index of diversity
of different species were 1.96 (herbs/shrubs), 2.27 (ferns/climbers/epiphytic) and 1.50 (fruit edible) where ferns/climbers/
epiphytic species indicated higher importance value and diversity in comparison to herbs/shrubs and wild edible fruits
species. Delima sarmentosa L. (climber) have high importance value index (115.81) and Solanum indicum L. (20.25) have
lowest importance value index.
Keywords: Diversity index, IVI (Importance value index), Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), Quadrat.
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International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2017
ISSN: 2394-4404
market value is often underestimated or unknown (Wickens,
1994).the NTFPs are important tools for addressing poverty
issues for the marginalized, forest dependent communities, by
contributing to livelihoods, including food security, income,
health and sustainable human development (Ahenkan and
Boon, 2008). Globally, an estimated 350 million people
mostly in developing countries depend on NTFPs as their
primary sources of income, food, nutrition and medicine
(UND, 2004; FAO, 2005). Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary is
one of the oldest sanctuaries of Karbi Anglong District of
Assam. The wildlife sanctuary has rich in biodiversity
including rare and endanger species. The sanctuary has
surrounded by Nambor Sanctuary and having different types
rare orchid species. Garampani wildlife sanctuary has
provided the good habitat of Non-timber Forest Products
(NTFPs) along with timber plant species and no research
activity has done in previously. Therefore, the objective of
studies was to identify the NTFPs and estimated their
diversity. Also study the importance value index (IVI) of
NTFPs in Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi Anglong
district, Assam.
II. METHODS
Garampani Wild life Sanctuary one of the oldest Wildlife
Sanctuaries situated in Karbi Anglong District. The unique
features of these sanctuaries are that it containing “hot water
spring” and “waterfalls.” It is located between 093052’48.7’’ E
latitude and 26023’32.9’’ N longitude. The Sanctuary covers
areas of 6.05 km2 and the sanctuary has providing well
provisioning services. The study was conducted from January
to April month 2017 in Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi
Anglong district Assam. The data were collected using
systematic sampling method by laying quadrat along the
transect (Sharma et al.2016; Barbour et al 1999; Singh &
Singh 1992). In quadrat collected the all herbaceous species,
shrubs species, epiphytic species, climber species and wild
edible fruit yielding species and their number were recorded.
The proper identification was done by using the help of
taxonomist and the available literature (Kanjilal et al., 1934-
40; Hooker J.D., 1872-97). The main objective of study is that
collect the species of NTFPs and analyzed the species
diversity based on (Shannon and Wiener, 1963). Also
calculate the importance value index (IVI) S of NTFPs based
on (Sharma et al., 2016; Curtis, 1959).
III. RESULT
The species diversity of NTFPs in Garampani wildlife
sanctuary obtained in 1.96 (herbs/shrubs), 2.27 (ferns/
climbers/epiphytic) and 1.50 (Wild edible fruit). Ferns/
climbers/epiphytic species indicated higher importance value
and diversity in comparison to herbs/shrubs and wild edible
fruits species. Delima sarmentosa L. (climber) have high
importance value index (115.8179) and Solanum indicum L.
(20.2508) have lowest importance value index, Shown in
Table1 (Herbs/Shrubs), Table2 ((ferns/climbers/epiphytic))
and Table3 (Wild edible fruit).
Table 1: Herbs & Shrubs plant species of Garampani wildlife
sanctuary
Table 2: Ferns, Climber & Epiphytic plant species in
Garampani wildlife sanctuary
Species name
N
R f
R do
IVI
PilnPi
H′
Herbs species
Ageratum conyzoides
L.
320
35.71
1.4277
67.0677
-
0.3610
1.108
Spilanthes paniculata
DC.
295
35.71
0.4264
63.7264
-
0.3552
Colocasia esculenta
(L.) Schott
74
50
3.7919
60.7119
-
0.1848
Leucas aspera (Willd.)
10
14.28
8.8818
24.0918
-
0.0435
Mimosa pudica L.
(Laajvanti)
17
21.42
0.1390
23.149
-
0.0658
Homalomena aromatic
(Spreng.) Schott
29
42.85
10.8381
56.3981
-
0.0977
Shrubs species
Clerodendrum
infortunatum L.
104
42.85
4.6541
57.2241
-
0.2265
0.8499
Solanum
xanthocarpum Schrad
& Wendl.
8
21.42
18.6352
40.7952
-
0.0363
Solanum indicum L.
11
14.28
4.9508
20.2508
-
0.0467
Lantana camara L.
61
42.85
3.3654
51.9154
-
0.1632
Chromolaena odorata
(L) King &H.E.
Robins.
102
50
2.6145
61.1545
-
0.2241
Melastoma
malabathricum L.
16
21.42
1.5390
24.449
-
0.0626
Phlogocanthus
tubifloras Nees.
17
21.42
1.5390
24.549
-
0.0658
Ricinus communis L.
5
7.14
37.1963
44.7963
-
0.0247
TOTAL
1069
1.9579
n= Total number of individual species, R f= Relative frequency, R d= Relative density R do =
Relative dominance, IVI= Importance value index,
⃰⃰ Shannon diversity index (H′) =
Species name
n
R f
R de
R d
IVI
PilnPi
H′
Ferns species
Amphineuron
opulentum (Kaulf.)
Holttum
234
61.53
17.98
1.0316
80.5416
-
0.3109
0.8944
Diplazium
esculentum (Retz.)
Sw.
140
38.46
10.76
2.2402
29.9402
-
0.2424
Pronephrium
nudatum (Roxb.)
Holttum
76
38.46
5.84
0.6632
44.9632
-
0.1678
Dicranopteris
linearis (Burm.f.)
Underw.
55
15.38
4.22
2.8887
22.4887
-
0.1355
Pteris semipinata
L.
10
23.07
0.76
0.2210
24.051
-
0.0378
Climber species
Mikania micrantha
Kunth
57
46.15
6.30
0.8990
53.349
-
0.1387
0.5569
Delima sarmentosa
L.
15
30.76
4.38
80.6779
115.8179
-
0.0520
Lygodium
flexuosum (L.) Sw.
(Fern spp.)
125
23.07
1.15
0.2210
24.441
-
0.2275
Stenochlaena
palustris (Burm. f.)
Bedd. (Fern spp.)
57
23.07
9.60
2.2402
34.9102
-
0.1387
Epiphytic species
Rhynchostylis
retusa (L.) Bl.
8
15.38
0.61
4.7310
20.721
-
0.0315
0.8188
Microsorum
punctatum (L.)
Copel. (Fern spp.)
200
30.76
15.37
2.0338
48.1638
-
0.2904
Drymoglossum
heterophyllum (L.)
Trimen. (Fern
spp.)
181
30.76
13.91
0.6632
45.3332
-
0.2769
Pyrrosia
lanceolata (L.)
Farwell (Fern
spp.)
118
15.38
9.06
1.4885
25.9285
-
0.2200
Total
1276
2.2701
n= Tot al number of individual species, R f= Relative frequency, R d= Relative density R do=
Relative dominance, IVI= Importance value index,
⃰⃰ Shannon diversity index (H′) =
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International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2017
ISSN: 2394-4404
Table 3: Wild edible fruit species in Garampani wildlife
sanctuary
IV. DISCUSSION
Species diversity of NTFPs has estimated by using
Shannon wiener index of diversity. The species were collected
by laying 10 quadrats along the transect. Collected species
was recorded and identify by using available literature. In
Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary NTFPs have well distributed in
wide range. In my studies NTFPs have been categories in to
herbs, shrubs, epiphytes, ferns, climber and also included wild
edible fruit species. The average species diversity of
herbs/shrubs has estimated in 1.96, ferns/climbers/epiphytic
has estimated in 2.27and fruit edible has estimated in 1.50.
Similar worked has been done by Sharma et.al 2016, were
recorded in three different sites 2.128(site 1), 2.113(site 2) and
2.488(site3) in Raid- Marwet Region, Ri-Bhoi District,
Meghalaya.
In my study epiphytes and herbs species are
comparatively highest in number and wild edible fruits are
lowest in number but wild edible fruits are high importance
value index shown in Figure: 1.
Figure1: Average number (X
) of species along average with
their importance value index (IVI) in Garampani WLS
V. CONCLUSION
From the study it is evident that Garampani wildlife
Sanctuary have rich in floral diversity. The Shannon-Wiener
Index of Diversity (H′) among the different species, were
1.9579 (Herbs/Shrubs), 2.2701 (Ferns/Epiphytes/Climber) and
1.4974 (wild edible fruit), signifying that Ferns/Epiphytes/
Climber have high diversity value in comparison to
(Herbs/Shrubs) and (wild edible fruit). The climber species
have also high importance value, Delima sarmentosa L.
(115.8179). Wild edible fruit have a low diversity in
comparison other species.
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55.
Wild edible fruit
species
N
R
f
R de
R d
IVI
PilnPi
H′
Psidium guajava L.
8
40
22.22
4.1241
66.3441
-0.3342
1.4974
Mangifera
sylvatica L.
12
80
33.33
44.3697
157.6997
-0.3662
Dillenia indica L.
2
40
5.55
38.7857
84.3357
-0.1604
Mimusops elengi L.
7
40
19.44
10.0366
69.4766
-0.3183
Ziziphus
mauritiana Lam.
7
80
19.44
2.6836
102.1236
-0.3183
Total
36
1.4974
n= Total number of individual species, R f= Relative frequency, R d= Relative density R do=
Relative dominance, IVI= Importance value index,
⃰⃰ Shannon diversity index (H′) =
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Laboratory techniques in cell biology, plant physiology and Environmental science
  • S S Chaudhary
  • P Choudhury
  • S K Choudhury
Chaudhary, S.S., Choudhury,P., and Choudhury, S.K. (1992). Laboratory techniques in cell biology, plant physiology and Environmental science. Kalayani Publication: New Delhi.