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Indigenous Entrepreneurship and Hybrid Ventures

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Abstract

Indigenous entrepreneurship and hybrid venture creation represents a significant opportunity for Indigenous peoples to build vibrant Indigenous-led economies that support sustainable economic development and wellbeing. It is a means by which they can assert their rights to design, develop and maintain Indigenous-centric political, economic and social systems and institutions. In order to develop an integrated and comprehensive understanding of the intersection between Indigenous entrepreneurship and hybrid ventures, this chapter mapped adopts a case study approach to examining Indigenous entrepreneurship and the underlying global trends that have influenced the design, structure and mission of Indigenous hybrid ventures. The cases presented demonstrate how Indigenous entrepreneurial ventures are, first and foremost, hybrid ventures that are responsive to community needs, values, cultures and traditions. It demonstrates that Indigenous entrepreneurship and hybrid ventures are more successful when the rights of Indigenous peoples are addressed and when these initiatives are led by or engage Indigenous communities. It concludes with a conceptual model that can be applied to generate insights into complex interrelationships and interdependencies that influence the formation of Indigenous hybrid ventures and value creation strategies according to three dimensions: (i) the overarching dimension of indigeneity and Indigenous rights; (ii) indigenous community orientations; and, (iii) indigenous hybrid venture creation considerations.

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... First, this literature predominantly emphasizes technological and policy changes, often overlooking entrepreneurial activities that drive innovation at the grassroots community level (Galgóczi 2022;Heffron, 2021;Kuckertz et al., 2020;Wang and Lo, 2021). Second, traditional sustainability transitions frameworks tend to focus on mainstream understandings of entrepreneurial ventures, neglecting the potential of hybrid models which balance and integrate social, cultural, economic, and environmental value creation activities to address complex community needs and values (Colbourne, 2017). ...
... Socially responsible hybrid ventures pursue market opportunities that align with their social change agenda and focus on balancing commercial success with their social impact objectives characterized by a blend of market and mission-driven objectives (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011;Alter, 2003;Khieng and Dahles, 2015). Social entrepreneurs orchestrate this by mobilizing resources to address social needs, adopting market-based strategies to promote social innovation and transformation within their communities (Henriques et al., 2020;Colbourne, 2017;Dees, 1998). These ventures embody a commitment to social value, engaging in activities that yield both economic and social dividends, thereby contributing to community socio-economic health and well-being. ...
... Entrepreneurs are guided towards hybrid venture creation by a community's identity, associated values, traditions and culture, and socioeconomic needs and objectives (Colbourne, 2017). Through engaging in community-based value creation activities, hybrid entrepreneurs seek to balance their personal experience, ambitions and value creation orientation with a community's socioeconomic needs and priorities for social, cultural, spiritual and environmental value creation (Battilana et al., 2012;Colbourne, 2017;Murphy and Coombes, 2009). ...
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The aim of the paper is to investigate the role of hybrid entrepreneurship in developing justice and diversity responses to sustainability transitions that are complicated by contexts of ambiguous socio-technological shifts and manifested in material and ethical dilemmas for 'the other', i. e., those deemed different. Based on analysis of two original case studies featuring the other-the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation indigenous community in Canada and the Karachi Down Syndrome Program in Pakistan-we identify the conditions for engaging minority communities in strong collaborative and participatory cross-stakeholder processes to deal with dilemmas posed by sustainability transitions. We centre on issues of social inclusion and social equity. We illuminate how hybrid entrepreneurship practices enable, structure and manage collective learning within and outside hybrid ventures to facilitate equitable transitions. Finally, we propose how to co-create actions that amplify marginalized voices to influence institutions.
... A relational world view positions Indigenous peoples as stewards of the land with a responsibility to ensure all of their interactions are sustaining and respectful. In this, they are obliged to care for, respect, conserve and promote the wellbeing of flora, fauna and people within their traditional territories (Colbourne, 2017a;Kuokkanen, 2011;Spiller et al., 2011;Walters & Takamura, 2015;Wuttunee, 2004). Harris and Wasilewski (2004) position responsibility as one of a combination of four core values that form the basis of indigeneity, a dynamic alternative world view derived from Indigenous knowledge. ...
... We define responsible management as rationalising and operationalising Indigenous knowledge systems and lifeways within culturally, physically and spiritually embedded firms to achieve purposes of benefit to Indigenous peoples. For Indigenous firms and managers, this may involve pursuing objectives that promote sustainability and reciprocity, being accountable to the community within which the venture is embedded (Colbourne, 2017a) and forming enterprises that attempt to mitigate Indigenous social issues and leverage global support (Gladu, 2016;Sengupta et al., 2015). Klemm Verbos et al. (2017) highlight the precarity of indigeneity with examples of intersections of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in business where success is assessed by the degree to which there is a collision, coexistence or coincidence between Indigenous and non-Indigenous rights. ...
... A community's collective orientation, intimated by its shared values, aspirations and objectives, for example, may facilitate or constrain an Indigenous firm's approach to entrepreneurship, innovation and enterprise development (Anderson, 2001;Anderson et al., 2006;Anderson et al., 2008;Dana & Anderson, 2011;Hindle, 2010;Lindsay, 2005). This may result in suppressing Indigenous firms which do not conform to their community's cultural norms, values and objectives (Colbourne, 2017a;Lindsay, 2005). Not all Indigenous communities, however, share the same values and objectives. ...
... 119). The extent to which a collectively owned Indigenous social enterprise is "embedded" in community varies depending on the socio-political context of the enterprise [51]. Social enterprises in the top left quadrant have the greatest degree of autonomy, followed by those in the top right quadrant. ...
... Collectively owned and managed Indigenous social enterprise (Model 2) include enterprises that Colbourne terms "high embedded" [51] (p. 118). ...
... The main mission of these social enterprises is addressing their community's socio-economic needs and a common motto is: "for and with community." [51] (p. 119). ...
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Indigenous people and communities are establishing social enterprises to address social disadvantage and overcome health inequities in their communities. This review sought to characterize the spectrum of Indigenous social enterprises in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States to identify the operational models and cultural values that underpin them and their impact on Indigenous health and wellbeing. The scoping review followed Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage methodological framework with recommended enhancements by Levac et al. underpinned by Indigenous Standpoint Theory, and an Indigenous advisory group to provide cultural oversight and direction. Of the 589 documents screened 115 documents were included in the review. A conceptual framework of seven different operational models of Indigenous social enterprises was developed based on differing levels of Indigenous ownership, control, and management: (1) individual, (2) collective , (3) delegative, (4) developmental, (5) supportive, (6) prescriptive and (7) paternalistic. Models with 100% Indigenous ownership and control were more likely to contribute to improved health and wellbeing by increasing self-determination and strengthening culture and promoting healing than others. Indigenous social enterprises could offer a more holistic and sustainable approach to health equity and health promotion than the siloed, programmatic model common in public health policy.
... Indigenous entrepreneurship is a process of drawing value from community-based resources (people, land, capabilities, culture, etc.) and contributing value back that is responsive to a community's particular set of socioeconomic conditions (Colbourne, 2017a; Jack & Anderson, 2002; Kenney & Goe, 2004: 699). The advent of crowdfunding pointed to the potential of digital platforms to facilitate socioeconomic change through ameliorating disparities in access to entrepreneurial financing for marginalized communities. ...
... Indigenous entrepreneurship is a process of drawing value from community-based resources (people, land, capabilities, culture, etc.) and contributing value back that is responsive to a community's particular set of socioeconomic conditions (Colbourne, 2017a;Jack & Anderson, 2002;Kenney & Goe, 2004: 699). It is a means by which Indigenous peoples exercise and sustain their right to design, develop, and maintain political, economic, and social systems or institutions that secure their own means of subsistence and development, and enables community members to engage in traditional, cultural, and/or economic activities occurring on or near their traditional territories (Peredo et al., 2004;United Nations General Assembly, 2008, p. 8). ...
... These authors developed the foundation from which Indigenous entrepreneurship emerged as a legitimate domain separate from mainstream, ethnic, and social entrepreneurship research that Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers continue to build on (Hindle & Lansdowne, 2005;Hindle & Moroz, 2007;Peredo & Anderson, 2006;Peredo et al., 2004). Research has paid particular attention to specific Indigenous contexts and communities (Baker & Welter, 2020;Coates et al., 2018;Colbourne, 2017a;Cornell & Kalt, 2006;Peredo & Chrisman, 2006) to provide important insights into (i) the role of indigeneity, Indigenous cultures, values, traditions, ways of knowing, and being in constituting community and individual entrepreneurial ventures (Cahn, 2008;Henry, 2007); (ii) how Indigenous land claims and traditional territories are central to addressing the socioeconomic conditions of Indigenous peoples, Indigenous nationhood, identity, and culture and, therefore, Indigenous entrepreneurship (Anderson, Honig, & Peredo, 2006;Cornell & Kalt, 2006); and (iii) how resources used (i.e., land, human, social, environmental, cultural, and financial), conditions for success, and the nature of Indigenous partnerships must resonate with diverse community values, beliefs, and worldviews to meet communities' holistic requirements for socioeconomic benefits (Berkes & Adhikari, 2006;Cahn, 2008;Dana & Anderson, 2013;Foley, 2003;Sengupta et al., 2015). ...
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Indigenous entrepreneurship is a process of drawing value from community-based resources (people, land, capabilities, culture, etc.) and contributing value back that is responsive to a community’s particular set of socioeconomic conditions (Colbourne, 2017a; Jack & Anderson, 2002; Kenney & Goe, 2004: 699). The advent of crowdfunding pointed to the potential of digital platforms to facilitate socioeconomic change through ameliorating disparities in access to entrepreneurial financing for marginalized communities. Thus, crowdfunding represents an opportunity for Indigenous peoples to access capital; showcase their ventures; and assert their right to design, develop, and maintain Indigenous-centric institutions. To investigate the emancipatory potential of Indigenous crowdfunding campaigns, we conducted a non-participatory netnographic explorative study that analyses over 1300 Indigenous campaigns launched between 2010 and 2020. Based on our findings, we develop a typology of Indigenous emancipatory crowdfunding across four orientations: (i) commercial, (ii) cultural, (iii) community, and (iv) activist campaigns.
... 132). Authors agree that Indigenous entrepreneurship should include components of Indigenous culture, feature interactions with the entrepreneurs' cultural community, and entail a wide range of benefits that go beyond individual economic profits (Colbourne, 2017;Peredo & Chrisman, 2006;Sengupta et al., 2015). Those benefits typically include social, political, cultural, and economic advantages for the entire community (Colbourne, 2017;Peredo & Chrisman, 2006). ...
... Authors agree that Indigenous entrepreneurship should include components of Indigenous culture, feature interactions with the entrepreneurs' cultural community, and entail a wide range of benefits that go beyond individual economic profits (Colbourne, 2017;Peredo & Chrisman, 2006;Sengupta et al., 2015). Those benefits typically include social, political, cultural, and economic advantages for the entire community (Colbourne, 2017;Peredo & Chrisman, 2006). Scholars also describe enhanced social relationships and emerging interdependencies in the community, new cultural and spiritual understandings, and a resurgence of beliefs and practices embedded in a traditional territory or land Colbourne, 2017;Sengupta et al., 2015). ...
... Those benefits typically include social, political, cultural, and economic advantages for the entire community (Colbourne, 2017;Peredo & Chrisman, 2006). Scholars also describe enhanced social relationships and emerging interdependencies in the community, new cultural and spiritual understandings, and a resurgence of beliefs and practices embedded in a traditional territory or land Colbourne, 2017;Sengupta et al., 2015). Following this logic, traditional hunting and fishing activities can be considered a form of Indigenous entrepreneurship if those help to reinforce cultural and spiritual connections and strengthen the livelihood of a community. ...
Article
While Indigenous entrepreneurship is associated with significant economic promise, Indigenous innovation continues to be invisible in Canadian policy contexts. This article examines how Indigenous entrepreneurial activities are framed in government policy, potentially leading to another wave of active exploitation of Indigenous lands, peoples, and knowledges. The article first discusses the concepts of Indigenous entrepreneurship and innovation through a decolonizing lens, drawing links to education. Then, it provides a set of rationales for why governments need to re-think and prioritize Indigenous entrepreneurship. Next, it maps the current federal government initiatives in this policy sector. Drawing from the Indigenous entrepreneurship ecosystem approach (Dell & Houkamau, 2016; Dell et al., 2017), the article argues that a more comprehensive policy perspective guiding Indigenous entrepreneurship programs should inform Canadian innovation policy. Individual voices from 13 Indigenous entrepreneurs in Manitoba point to three core issues: (a) relationships with the land and the community; (b) the relevance of (higher) education and training; and (c) the importance of cultural survival and self-determination. The article makes an argument for a systemic decolonizing change in how Indigenous innovation is approached in government policyand programs, supported by the work of higher education institutions.
... Entrepreneurship is a process of extracting and contributing value that is anchored within a community's particular socioeconomic conditions, within which the enterprise is embedded (Colbourne, 2017 ;Jack and Anderson, 2002 ;Kenney and Goe, 2004 ). Community-based entrepreneurial ventures and social entrepreneurs both apply market-based approaches to addressing pressing socioeconomic challenges to initiate social change. ...
... In contrast, social entrepreneurship is a process that addresses social value and social change through the development of enterprises that not only earn a profi t, but also advance solutions that address social concerns or act on social problems (Bornstein and Davis, 2010 ;Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011 ). This involves mobilizing socially embedded resources, transforming them into marketcentric resources and re-converting these socially valued resources to initiate and sustain the social change an entrepreneur or community-based entrepreneurial venture has identifi ed as being important to the community within which the enterprise is embedded (Colbourne, 2017 ;Dees, 1998 ;Steyaert and Hjorth, 2006 ;Stryjan, 2006 ). In contrast to mainstream entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs seek to draw on a network of stakeholders to enable them to maximize the social benefi ts of the enterprise by acting on their values and realizing social goals such as poverty reduction, improvement of education, addressing environmental issues or combatting social injustice (Bornstein and Davis, 2010 ;Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011 ;Dacin, Dacin and Matear, 2010 ;Dees, 1998 ). ...
... Historically, Indigenous peoples suff ered colonization, subjugation, integration and assimilation by merchants, traders, states and churches aimed at diminishing and/ or eradicating Indigenous cultures, practices and identities (Colbourne, 2017 ;Russell, 2009 ). The eff ects of colonization deprived Indigenous peoples of access to and collective ownership of the natural resources of their traditional territories, undermined unique cultures, languages and religions and delegitimized their social economies. ...
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This chapter seeks to examine the role that financial institutions, governments and businesses comprising the entrepreneurial ecosystem play in encouraging or discouraging Indigenous social entrepreneurs. Using stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984 , 2004 ), social entrepreneurship theory (Anderson, Honig and Peredo, 2006 ; Bornstein and Davis, 2010 ; Dees, 1998 , 2001 ) and stewardship theory (Hernandez, 2008 , 2012 ), we argue that the stakeholders within the mainstream entrepreneurial ecosystem, financial institutions, governments and businesses often fail to properly consider the values of Indigenous peoples and Indigenous social entrepreneurial enterprises. We describe the case of the Hupacasath First Nation’s rejection of the construction of a natural gas plant in their community that resulted in the development of a successful social venture that respected their values, culture and traditions (Sayers and Peredo, 2017 ; Jones, 2007 ). Financial institutions were asked to fund a small run- of- the- river hydro project led by the Hupacasath First Nation in British Columbia that respected the community’s values with respect to the waterways, air and fisheries within their reserve and traditional territories. In the end, the project was rejected by major banks but supported by the community’s own bank, the government of Canada, a government funding agency and a syndicate of credit unions in British Columbia (Jones, 2007 ). Using the lessons learned from this case, we suggest ways in which financial institutions, governments and businesses can improve their assessment of Indigenous social entrepreneurial projects as well as identify future directions for research.
... This has spurred a philosophy of selfdeterminism that is evidenced through Indigenous ways of organizing economic development activities. Proactive community strategies are often implemented using a wide variety of ventures to address diverse socio-economic issues, such as healthcare, economic development, infrastructure, education, housing, culture and language revitalization (Colbourne, 2017). These activities build on growing global support for Indigenous rights and self-determination combined with new ways of pursuing reconciliation and increasing well-being based on traditional principles (Gladu, 2016;Sengupta et al., 2015). ...
... These activities build on growing global support for Indigenous rights and self-determination combined with new ways of pursuing reconciliation and increasing well-being based on traditional principles (Gladu, 2016;Sengupta et al., 2015). Development activities within Indigenous communities are manifested by Indigenous-led organizations and ventures that are characterized by size, impact, diversity in where they are located, how they are governed and organized and in how their strategies respond to or resonate with community values and socio-economic needs (Colbourne, 2017;Hindle and Moroz, 2010;Anderson et al., 2004Anderson et al., , 2006Lindsay, 2005;Peredo et al., 2004). Yet most Indigenous communities have yet to link meaningful research initiatives to these activities. ...
... Many Indigenous communities have a profound connection to their land of origin (traditional territory) and to the interdependent ecosystem of fauna and flora within which they live. The result is a worldview that is founded on the recognition of a relational ontology or the interdependency of people and the natural and spiritual realms (Colbourne, 2017;Ermine, 2007;Ermine et al., 2004;Battiste and Youngblood Henderson, 2000). This worldview stresses that Indigenous peoples are stewards of the land with a responsibility to ensure that all of their actions care for, respect, conserve and promote well-being for all people, fauna and flora within their traditional territories (Kuokkanen, 2011;Spiller et al., 2011, p. 223;Wuttunee, 2004). ...
Article
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore Indigenous Works’ efforts to facilitate Indigenous-led research that is responsive to the socio-economic needs, values and traditions of Indigenous communities. Design/methodology/approach This paper is grounded in an Indigenous research paradigm that is facilitated by Indigenous-led community-based participatory action research (PAR) methodology informed by the Two Row Wampum and Two-Eyed Seeing framework to bridge Indigenous science and knowledge systems with western ones. Findings The findings point to the need for greater focus on how Indigenous and western knowledge may be aligned within the methodological content domain while tackling a wide array of Indigenous research goals that involve non-Indigenous allies. Originality/value This paper addresses the need to develop insights and understandings into how to develop a safe, ethical space for Indigenous-led trans-disciplinary and multi-community collaborative research partnerships that contribute to community self-governance and well-being.
... A relational world view positions Indigenous peoples as stewards of the land with a responsibility to ensure all of their interactions are sustaining and respectful. In this, they are obliged to care for, respect, conserve and promote the wellbeing of flora, fauna and people within their traditional territories (Colbourne, 2017a;Kuokkanen, 2011;Spiller, Pio, Erakovic, & Henare, 2011;Walters & Takamura, 2015;Wuttunee, 2004). Harris and Wasilewski (2004) position responsibility as one of a combination of four core values that form the basis of indigeneity, a dynamic alternative world view derived from Indigenous knowledge. ...
... We define responsible management as rationalising and operationalising Indigenous knowledge systems and lifeways within culturally, physically and spiritually embedded firms to achieve purposes of benefit to Indigenous peoples. For Indigenous firms and managers, this may involve pursuing objectives that promote sustainability and reciprocity, being accountable to the community within which the venture is embedded (Colbourne, 2017a) and forming enterprises that attempt to mitigate Indigenous social issues and leverage global support (Gladu, 2016;Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015). Klemm Verbos, Henry, and Peredo (2017) highlight the precarity of indigeneity with examples of intersections of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in business where success is assessed by the degree to which there is a collision, coexistence or coincidence between Indigenous and non-Indigenous rights. ...
... Consequently, Indigenous values provide a basis for firms that are responsible for community and individual wellbeing. (Chapman, McCaskill, & Newhouse, 1990;Colbourne, 2017a;Mintzberg et al., 2002;Verbos, Gladstone, & Kennedy, 2011) ...
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Responsible management represents an advance in managerialism's assumptions about the role of managers to address unwelcome side-effects of the capitalistic firm and its market orientation, but existing literature may not adequately account for an Indigenous view of the concept, its practice or its potential. This chapter adds to emerging Indigenous managerial discourse on responsible business and management. We show how indigeneity-Indigenous world views, philosophies, identities and practices-can help reconfigure the nature and role of the firm to achieve purposes, which are not only sustainable, responsible and ethically favourable, but align with Indigenous concepts of relationship, stakeholder and value. We share examples of Indigenous firms in Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand and Canada exhibiting elements of responsible management from an Indigenous perspective, engaging in economic development in ways that balance cultural and commercial imperatives, preserve their cultural heritage, uphold Indigenous rights and meet the needs and expectations of their people.
... Australian Indigenous entrepreneurship research and practice has received somewhat scant and under-researched exposure and prominence when compared to mainstream (non-Indigenous) entrepreneurship (Bodle et al. 2018;Colbourne 2018;Fuller et al. 2014;Foley 2013). This is particularly the case when considering Indigenous entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship education ecosystems (Anderson et al. 2006;Bajada and Trayler 2014;Foley 2006;Maritz 2017;Belitski and Heron 2017). ...
... To further amplify the dimensions of Indigenous entrepreneurship, Colbourne (2018) identified unique descriptions associated with dimensions like community, spirituality, and sustainability. He even placed emphasis on a re-definition of entrepreneurship from the perspective of Indigenous community and its particular socioeconomic organization, incorporating a unique blend of Indigenous economic and socio-ecological factors. ...
... Indigenous entrepreneurship represents a significant opportunity for Indigenous people to build vibrant Indigenous-led economies that support sustainable economic and social well-being. It is a means by which they can design, develop, and maintain Indigenous economic and social systems (Colbourne 2018). Greater attention to the world views held by Indigenous peoples provides a window to values that may well be universal, but which have been overshadowed by the valorization of a particular set of western values that served the aspirations of capitalist orientations well. ...
Article
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Australian Indigenous entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education represents a significant opportunity for Indigenous people to enhance their entrepreneurial skills, in turn building vibrant Indigenous-led economies that support sustainable economic development and social well-being. This study is the first of its kind to explore the conceptualization of a framework of Australian Indigenous entrepreneurship education ecosystems. The purpose is to provide emergent inquiry and participatory action research into entrepreneurship education ecosystems, enabling the expansion of Indigenous research and practice; with the objective of delineating specific fundamentals associated with Indigenous entrepreneurs, such as limitations in social, human, and financial capital. We include and integrate Australian Indigenous value perspectives, including Indigenous knowledge, wisdom, and resilience, as well as the cultural captivity of entrepreneurship and Indigenous culture. The addition to the body of knowledge provides practical implications and a framework to the benefit of all ecosystem participants, including entrepreneurship educators, Indigenous entrepreneurs, policy-makers, training suppliers, and dynamic institutional participants, such as incubators, accelerators, and community development initiatives.
... Dahiya & Kumar (2020) illuminated dimensions of financial inclusions by considering the factors of accessibility and usage. Colbourne (2017) considered indigenous entrepreneurship by focusing upon designing, developing as well as maintaining the indigenous economies. Madudova et al. (2018) stressed upon increasing the relevance of sustainable development and ICT. ...
... This analysis will include financial rewards, community energy requirements, environmental effects, and possible employment creation. By forecasting the results of these investments, community leaders may make decisions that are both fiscally prudent and sustainable within their specific economic environment (Colbourne, 2017). ...
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This chapter explores the integration of advanced financial technologies and strategic economic practices to foster sustainable development in Indigenous communities. The integrated approach ensures that indigenous communities can make well-informed, strategic decisions that drive sustainable development. The chapter also addresses the ethical considerations and potential challenges associated with implementing financial monitoring and investment prediction in indigenous economies. It highlights the need for policies that promote access to financial services, protect indigenous rights, and encourage sustainable investment practices. Collaboration between governments, financial institutions, and indigenous communities is essential to create an enabling environment for economic empowerment and sustainable development. The chapter calls for a collaborative, culturally sensitive approach to implementing these strategies, ensuring that Indigenous communities can harness the power of financial monitoring and investment prediction to achieve sustainable development goals.
... Morales et al. (2021) also understand that colonialism contributed significantly to the challenges faced by indigenous people. Colbourne (2017) further indicates that indigenous people are stewards of their land, having a profound connection and care for their land, flora, fauna, and ensuring socio-economic sustainability. ...
... These challenges are compounded by historical disadvantages, discrimination, and a lack of familiarity with formal business systems, resulting in limited access to resources such as financial capital, business networks, and markets (Kelly & Woods, 2021). Indigenous entrepreneurs may also encounter dilemmas related to cultural appropriation, where their cultural heritage or traditional knowledge is exploited for commercial gain without appropriate recognition or benefit to indigenous communities (Colbourne, 2017). Balancing tradition and innovation poses an ongoing challenge for indigenous entrepreneurs who strive to preserve their cultural integrity while adapting to changing market demands and technological advancements. ...
Article
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This study investigates the influence of indigenous knowledge systems on indigenous entrepreneurship and sustainability practices. Through a deductive approach, qualitative data was collected from fifteen business owners using systematic random sampling. Extensive one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to gather in-depth perspectives. The findings reveal that a significant proportion of the entrepreneurs actively incorporate indigenous knowledge into their business operations. Additionally, cultural tourism is experiencing a surge, although largely operating in the informal sector. Notably, the agripreneurs face substantial challenges in accessing mainstream markets, a predicament shared by entrepreneurs across various sectors. The conversations with the participants unveiled multidimensional obstacles hindering their progress, including inadequate capital, limited access to funding opportunities, and discriminatory practices by financial institutions. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for comprehensive support mechanisms to foster indigenous entrepreneurship and promote sustainable practices rooted in traditional knowledge systems.
... In this perspective, enterprises operate as socially embedded and culturally situated institutions (Croce, 2017) requiring community support and some measure of congruence with the culture of their communities to function (Amoamo et al., 2018). Some scholars argue that hybridity in both the enterprise (Colbourne, 2018) and the economy (Altman, 2007) are necessary for Indigenous enterprise success. Culturally responsive enterprises founded on Indigenous values, able to navigate state, market and customary boundaries through, for example, frame-switching (Tretiakov et al., 2020), are more likely to mediate cultural and commercial imperatives. ...
... Indigenous entrepreneurs, whether M aori in Aotearoa New Zealand, iTaukei in Fiji, Aboriginal in Australia or Native American in North America, aspire to entrepreneurial success defined on their terms (Colbourne, 2018;Mika et al., 2017). In the Pacific, research suggests enterprise success and indigeneity are not incompatible, on the contrary, one begets the other (Scheyvens et al., 2017). ...
Article
Purpose This paper aims to explore how Maori entrepreneurs in Aotearoa New Zealand negotiate cultural and commercial imperatives in their entrepreneurial practice. Culture is integral to Indigenous entrepreneurship, an example being tikanga Maori (Maori cultural values) and Maori entrepreneurship. This study discusses the tensions and synergies inherent in the negotiation of seemingly conflicting imperatives both theoretically and practically. Design/methodology/approach This study reports on a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews involving ten Maori enterprises of the Ngati Porou tribe on the east coast of Aotearoa New Zealand. Findings This study finds that depending on their contextual and cultural orientation, Maori entrepreneurs use tikanga to help negotiate cultural and commercial imperatives. The contingency of entrepreneurial situations and the heterogeneity of Maori perspectives on whether (and in what way) tikanga influences entrepreneurial practice appear influential. The authors propose a typology of Maori entrepreneurs’ approaches to explain the negotiation of cultural and commercial imperatives comprising the “culturally engaged Maori entrepreneur”; the “culturally responsive Maori entrepreneur”; and the “culturally ambivalent Maori entrepreneur.” Originality/value This study proposes a typology to analyse entrepreneurial practices of Indigenous entrepreneurs’ negotiation of cultural and commercial imperatives.
... The tendency has been to search for insights on the value of entrepreneurial activity in the Western intellectual tradition (Wiklund et al., 2011). Yet, Indigenous economies endure, despite generations of inequity, exclusion, and discrimination, as models of resilience and adaptation to colonial intrusions (Colbourne, 2021;Dana, 2015;Shirodkar, 2021;Trosper, 2009). At issue is whether the values that underpin market economies are appropriate in assisting entrepreneurs who must contend with sustainability and wellbeing as managerial challenges. ...
... Indigenous entrepreneurship is a form of entrepreneurship conducted by Indigenous peoples for purposes beneficial to Indigenous peoples and others, and is increasingly recognised as an emerging paradigm for business across continents (Dana, 2015;Macpherson et al., 2021). Indigenous entrepreneurship research is characterised by Indigenous aspirations for self-determination and sustainable development, and how indigeneity-Indigenous knowledge, culture, language, and institutions-intersect with entrepreneurship (Colbourne, 2021;Mika et al., 2017). Māori entrepreneurship is a localised form of Indigenous entrepreneurship, which originates in Aotearoa New Zealand (Kawharu & Tapsell, 2019;Zapalska et al., 2003). ...
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The theoretical challenge posed by this paper is to find a conceptualisation of value for entrepreneurship theory grounded in Indigenous knowledge from a Māori perspective capable of guiding entrepreneurs operating for sustainability and wellbeing. We review Western and Māori theories of value, values, and valuation. We argue that Indigenous concepts of value centre on collective wellbeing as opposed to self-interest, and have spiritual and material elements. The paper proposes a tentative Māori theory of value we call manahau, which combines mana (power, authority, and dignity) and hau (vitality of people , places, and objects). We define manahau as an axiological agent Māori entrepreneurs employ to synergistically negotiate cultural and commercial imperatives to achieve multi-dimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance. We discuss research which illustrates manifestations of manahau in the Māori cultural ethics of utu (reciprocity) in Māori entrepreneurship and tauutuutu (reciprocity and balance) in Māori agribusiness. We argue that an Indigenous Māori theory of value has implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice.
... The process of extracting value from community-based resources-people, land, skills, culture, etc.and reinvesting value that is sensitive to the unique socioeconomic circumstances of a community is known as indigenous entrepreneurship (Colbourne, 2017;Jack & Anderson, 2002;Kenney & Goe, 2004;Peredo & Anderson, 2006). Early studies in the emerging field of Indigenous entrepreneurship examined the dynamics of economic development in Indigenous communities and identified the conflicts, problems, and obstacles that face Indigenous economic development as a unique activity that operates at the nexus of social and economic development (Anderson et al., 2004). ...
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This study delves into the intricate nexus between indigenous knowledge, entrepreneurship, and socio-economic development, focusing on the context of Gujarat, India.
... Like numerous people, there are numerous indigenous people who are entrepreneurs. Indigenous entrepreneurship is a way to create and extract value that is based on the unique socioeconomic conditions of the community where an entrepreneur or business is based (Colbourne, 2017). Along with the predominant Bengali population, Bangladesh is a nation of great historical and ethnic variety, belonging to around 54 groups of Indigenous Peoples who speak at least 35 different languages. ...
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Nearly everywhere in the world, entrepreneurship is an immensely popular academic topic. Today, all nations view entrepreneurship as a vital component of employment, productivity, and economic growth. It crosses boundaries and gives people and communities the power to determine their own futures. This research paper examines the factors that affect indigenous entrepreneurs in Bangladesh while making entrepreneurial decisions. A systematic questionnaire was used in the study to solicit the opinions of 90 indigenous entrepreneur respondents from three different parts of Bangladesh. The results show that a variety of factors, including economic, technological, psychological, motivational, personality traits, knowledge, and skills, have a direct and indirect influence on entrepreneurial decision-making. Abstract-Nearly everywhere in the world, entrepreneurship is an immensely popular academic topic. Today, all nations view entrepreneurship as a vital component of employment, productivity, and economic growth. It crosses boundaries and gives people and communities the power to determine their own futures. This research paper examines the factors that affect indigenous entrepreneurs in Bangladesh while making entrepreneurial decisions. A systematic questionnaire was used in the study to solicit the opinions of 90 indigenous entrepreneur respondents from three different parts of Bangladesh. The results show that a variety of factors, including economic, technological, psychological, motivational, personality traits, knowledge, and skills, have a direct and indirect influence on entrepreneurial decision-making.
... El cumplimiento de las obligaciones fiscales, como la presentación de declaraciones de impuestos y la emisión de facturas correctas, es esencial para evitar sanciones y conflictos con las autoridades fiscales. Además, una contabilidad bien organizada facilita la preparación de informes financieros requeridos por la ley y proporciona evidencia en caso de auditorías o disputas legales (Colbourne, 2017). ...
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The significant effects of poor accounting on family businesses motivated this research. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the level of financial knowledge in the accounting practices of family businesses in La Maná canton, through exploratory factor analysis. The methodology used had a quantitative approach with a non-experimental design in the evaluation of accounting practices and financial knowledge. For this purpose, a probabilistic sampling was applied with a confidence level of 95% and an error level of 5%, which resulted in a sample of 191 undertakings for the development of surveys and research. The relational result of the construct variables was very acceptable (KMO = 0.782); this result denoted a solid sampling adequacy to carry out an exploratory factor analysis. Consequently, the analysis revealed that the first three components explain 81% of the total variance in the response of the ventures. Finally, it was concluded that tax knowledge, together with other elements, significantly improves the understanding of accounting practices and financial knowledge. For this reason, it was demonstrated that family businesses in La Maná canton have a moderate level (Rho = 0.600) of financial knowledge in these areas.
... Tensions between collectively held Indigenous values and individual freedom of economic expression is also complicated by cultural norms of Tall Poppy Syndrome, resulting in individuals "cloaking their wealth" to avoid attention and conflict (Warren et al., 2017). Community and collective values often act as a form of regulation on Indigenous entrepreneurial ambition (Colbourne, 2017), especially for enterprises established upon Indigenous value creation activities (Colbourne & Anderson, 2021). Although research shows that generally, there is a positive relationship between middle classness and diverse social and cultural capital, capitalist ideals of success aspired to by Indigenous people are often portrayed as culturally selling out (Bunten, 2011). ...
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In settler societies, upward social mobility by Indigenous people is seen in the growth of successful professional and entrepreneurial classes where both wealth creation and social power are significant resources. Yet, public and academic discourses perpetuate the belief that social mobility impacts negatively on Indigenous people by placing cultural identity in conflict with capitalist business practices. Using data from an international comparison consisting of interviews with 220 Indigenous entrepreneurs in research sites across three countries, this paper shows that the belief is unfounded and reveals how this duality creates an impossible tension when Indigenous cultural identity is framed as ‘at risk’ because of social mobility. A discursive colonial mindset remains a central, enduring and problematic organising principle of the field of Indigenous social mobility, one that requires a shift in the kinds of research questions that are asked and the ways in which social mobility is ultimately defined.
... Particularly, extant research suggests differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultures in management practices (Dana, 1996). Specifically, research suggests that Indigenous cultures are described to be collectivist, egalitarian and tolerant-characteristics that are reflected in behavioural attitudes (Colbourne, 2017;Redpath & Nielsen, 1997;Pergelova et al., 2022), and this we argue might affect the hybridity of businesses entrepreneurs start. ...
Article
Hybrid businesses that combine profit and social objectives at their core play an important role in their communities. In this article, we use insights from paradox theory to examine the influence of entrepreneurs’ cultural value orientations and ethnicity on distinct forms of hybrid businesses. We use a unique random sample of international small- and medium-sized privately owned businesses in Canada. After controlling for alternative explanations and using propensity scores to match the samples of Indigenous and non-Indigenous entrepreneurs, we consistently find that entrepreneurs’ self-expression values and Indigenous ethnicity are positively associated with a higher degree of hybridity in the businesses they start. Our findings contribute to the conversations on the micro-foundations of organizational paradox and to the literature on the factors that influence different hybrid organizational forms. Besides, our findings also add to the literature that examines hybridity in the context of internationalized businesses. The rationality and culture of the entrepreneur affect organizational paradox. Entrepreneurs with self-expressive values and identified with an Indigenous ethnicity have higher proclivities to form ideal hybrids and embrace paradoxical organizational forms.
... Indigenous entrepreneurship provides an excellent opportunity to explore how power affects the relationship between institutions and Indigenous entrepreneurs. Indigenous entrepreneurship is a process of drawing value from community-based resources (people, land, capabilities, culture, etc.) and contributing value back that is responsive to a community's particular set of socio-economic conditions (Colbourne, 2017;Jack & Anderson, 2002;Kenney & Goe, 2004;. The field of Indigenous entrepreneurship is a nascent and rapidly growing one in which early researchers focused on exploring the dynamics of economic development in Indigenous communities and identified the tensions, issues and challenges confronting Indigenous economic development as a distinctive activity that operates at the intersection of social and economic development (cf. ...
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We provide an historical essay synthesising the macro societal processes that affected Indigenous peoples’ entrepreneurial and trade activities in Canada from pre-contact to 1920. Adopting Indigenous entrepreneurship and institutional theory lenses, we find that the evolution of legal, political, and socio-economic forces converged to undermine Indigenous peoples’ entrepreneurial activity and well-being in Canada. Our narrative suggests a dynamic view of the relationship between entrepreneurship and institutions and the role of power. Whereas Baumol’s view is that institutions shape entrepreneurship by determining the relative payoffs to productive or unproductive entrepreneurship, our narrative shows the ways in which unequal benefits to various entrepreneurs change institutions over time. This advances the field of entrepreneurship by historically situating entrepreneurial processes in settler society and exposing the role of power in the relationship between entrepreneurship and institutions in society over time.
... So, to fulfill these gaps, we use critical success factor theory with the Profit ventures profit from environmentally friendly startups; nonprofit business enterprises offer employment transition for vulnerable populations such as welfare recipients, and hybrid ventures aim to deal with complex social challenges by prioritizing, balancing, and mixing social, cultural, economic, and environmental value-adding activities in order to meet society socioeconomic aims and expectations. (Cooney, 2006;Colbourne, 2017). ...
Article
Sustainable development is an essential purpose behind formulation of government policies because of its contribution to socio-economic and environmental well-being. The research conducted over the last few decades have emphasized that green and sustainable enterprises support this. As a result, it is imperative to ascertain the link between green and sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainable development. Thus, this study aims to examine how green entrepreneurship relates to the sustainable development and growth of a sustainable enterprise. It further studies the relationship between independent variables (economic (ECD), social (SD), strategic sustainability (SSD), and environment development (ED) with dependent variables (green (GE), sustainable entrepreneurship (SE), and sustainable development (SDG). Cause and effect relationship used to develop a conceptual model, and random-effect meta-analytic structural equation modeling (meta-SEM) used to evaluate latent relationships between this relationship. The work also analyses how ventures properties (venture age, venture size, and venture types) have moderating effects on this relationship. Secondary data used and data obtained from prior research publications. This study contains a comprehensive analysis of the sustainability literature, including one additional dimension with the current three dimensions of sustainability in a unified framework, and expanding its relationship with green and sustainable business. The study also provides significant theoretical contributions and implications for entrepreneurship and sustainability literature.
... Creating viable enterprises that are deeply embedded in the Indigenous culture (e.g., crafts-based) or in the region (e.g., Indigenous tourism) are still possible, but Indigenous entrepreneurs can operate beyond their regional and international boarders, and can draw upon approaches to management unrelated to Indigenous culture. A broader range of business modelsdigital, franchise, and hybrid models (Colbourne, 2018;Croce, 2017;Taiuru, 2016) for instanceavailable to Indigenous entrepreneurs is in part attributable to better access to education, and, even more so, by working outside their region or internationally. There is also much variation in how family is involved in the enterprises, both as a resource and as a beneficiary. ...
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Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystem development is not addressed in research. We define and characterise Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems and their evolution based on a qualitative study comparing Indigenous entrepreneurship in Chile and in Aotearoa New Zealand. We draw on interviews with 10 Mapuche entrepreneurs in Araucanía and 10 Māori entrepreneurs in the Bay of Plenty, observation, and a literature review to address the question – how does an Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystem develop along with the social, economic, and political development of mainstream society? We find that Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems evolve with the economic and social environments of their countries because of an internal imperative towards cultural continuity and the resilience of culture to change. We find that mature Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems are associated with higher states of development and support a broader range of business models. Implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.
... In the discipline of business, this work is in nascent stages, not because Indigenous scholars who have been researching in business have not done enough work; instead, because there have not been enough scholars to develop Indigenous perspectives in business across a range of topics. For example, Indigenous entrepreneurship stands out as the area of study within business that has the most empirical and theoretical foundation Colbourne, 2018;Foley, 2003;Henry, 2007Henry, , 2017Maritz & Foley, 2018;Peredo et al., 2004;), though Indigenous business scholarship overall is increasing as the global pool of Indigenous business scholars grows. ...
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In this article, the authors argue that trans-systemic knowledge system analysis of Indigenous-to-Indigenous economics enables generative thinking toward Indigenous futures of economic freedom. The authors apply a trans-systemic lens to critically analyze persistent development philosophy that acts as a barrier to the advancement of Indigenous economic development thinking. By exploring ways in which colonial discourse entraps Indigenous nations within circular logic in service of a normative centre the need for new economic logic is apparent. Shifting to trans-systemic knowledge systems analysis to include diverse insights from Māori and other Indigenous economic philosophy, the authors show that it is not profit and financial growth that matters in and of itself. Rather, according to Indigenous definitions of wealth, economic freedom and development are constituted by value creation that aligns with Indigenous worldviews and principles. Indigenous economic knowledge centred on relationship, reciprocity and interconnectedness fosters Indigenous economic freedom.
... In the discipline of business, writing from a Māori perspective, Nicholson, Spiller and Pio (2019) employ an ambicultural approach to corporate governance in support of five Māori well-beings. Based on the scholarship of Chen and Miller (2010) out as the area of study within business that has the most empirical and theoretical foundation (Anderson, Dana & Dana, 2006;Anderson, Honig & Peredo, 2006;Peredo, Anderson, Galbraith, Honig & Dana, 2004;Colbourne, 2018;Foley, 2003;Henry, 2007Henry, , 2017Maritz & Foley, 2018), (Watene & Yap, 2015) with the rest of Canada in support of Canadian success within the global market economy. This is particularly troubling as a contradiction to deliberate efforts by Indigenous communities in the present day to rebuild Indigenous economies that were dismantled and outlawed by the federal government such as formal potlatches and ceremonial feasting where relational economies come to life. ...
Preprint
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In this article, the authors argue that trans-systemic knowledge system analysis of Indigenous-to-Indigenous economics enables generative thinking toward Indigenous futures of economic freedom. The authors apply a trans-systemic lens to critically analyze persistent development philosophy that acts as a barrier to the advancement of Indigenous economic development thinking. By exploring ways in which colonial discourse entraps Indigenous nations within circular logic in service of a normative centre, the authors clarify the need for a new economic logic. Shifting to trans-systemic knowledge systems analysis to include diverse insights from Māori and other Indigenous economic philosophy, the authors show that it is not profit and financial growth that matters in and of itself. Rather, according to Indigenous definitions of wealth, economic freedom and development are constituted by value creation that aligns with Indigenous worldviews and principles. Indigenous economic knowledge centred on relationship, reciprocity and interconnectedness fosters Indigenous economic freedom.
... While providing an overview of how qualitative research has been used in the entire field of Indigenous entrepreneurship or the various scholars that have transformed business and management approaches to Indigenous communities falls outside of the scope of this paper, Hindle and Moroz (2010) have provided an introductory list of resources in this area for interested readers. Additionally, for those readers wanting to further compare the discussion in this paper with business studies approaches to research with Indigenous people, there are a wide variety of scholars who have made valuable contributions towards integrating qualitative research into discussions about supporting Indigenous community development and self-determination through entrepreneurship (Anderson, 1997;Ponting and Voyageur, 2001;Anderson, 2002;Peredo et al., 2004;Anderson et al., 2005;Dana and Dana, 2005;Anderson and Dana (eds.), 2007;Calliou and Voyageur, 2007;Missens, 2008;Calliou and Wesley-Esquimaux, 2010;Colbourne, 2017;Colbourne, 2018;Schneider and Kayseas, 2018). ...
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address some of the implications for methodology and ethics that arise when researchers in Indigenous territories locate their research projects as taking place within Indigenous countries. Centering the argument that ethical research with Indigenous communities must be rooted in upholding the primacy of Indigenous sovereignty, numerous considerations to improve qualitative research practices in Indigenous countries are discussed. Design/methodology/approach The author starts by introducing his relationship to Indigenous research as a mixed-Indigenous researcher. Moving onto discussing preliminary research considerations for working in Indigenous territories, the author argues that qualitative researchers must become familiarized with the historical and geographical contexts of the Indigenous countries they plan on working in. Using Canadian history as an example, the author argues that settler-colonial nationalisms continue to attempt to erase and replace Indigenous countries both in historical and geographical narratives. Building on Indigenous literature, the author then outlines the necessity of being aware of nation-specific protocols in law, culture, and knowledge production. Findings Drawing on this discussion, the author proposes a framework for preliminary research that can be used by qualitative researchers looking to ensure their projects are grounded in the best practices for the specific Indigenous countries they want to work with. Originality/value The author concludes that researchers should not expect Indigenous knowledge keepers to contribute large amounts of labour towards debunking colonial mythology and proving the existence of Indigenous countries. By doing this work as part of the preliminary research process, researchers create space for better collaborations with Indigenous communities.
... Publicprivate partnerships adding to environmental sustainability. HOs also may address specific economic and social concerns affecting indigenous communities (Diochon, 2013;Giovannini, 2012;Spencer, Brueckner, Wise, & Marika, 2016) or other disadvantaged communities such as ethnic minorities (Colbourne, 2017;Netto, Kamenou, Venugopal, & Asghar, 2012). The operation ...
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the contributions of hybrid organisations to wellbeing in small Pacific island countries. Design/methodology/approach The concept and different forms of hybrid organisations are examined, and then the operation and contributions to wellbeing of three Fijian hybrid organisations are considered. Findings Hybrid organisations in this region operate with a commitment to the common good and an ethic of care. Fijian hybrid organisations improve social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities by providing employment, schools and training facilities, financial and support services, sustainable agriculture projects and facilitating networking. These services improve individual and community social and economic wellbeing, build resilience, add to personal and family security, offer opportunities for the future, advance leadership skills and sustain the environment. Commercial activities that support these organisations in their wellbeing endeavours include product sales, service fees, project levies and investment income. Research limitations/implications Generalisability beyond the Pacific region is not assured, as this review only examines hybrid organisations in small Pacific island countries. Practical implications Hybrid organisations offer an alternative pathway to achieve a sustainable enterprise economy, an approach that is more culturally relevant for the Pacific region. Policies to nurture the development of these organisations, and research into the startup, operation, impact and effectiveness of different hybrid organisation models would help to improve wellbeing in this region. International charities and aid agencies could advance the wellbeing of people living in this region by supporting the development of hybrid organisations. External agencies seeking to support hybrid organisation development are advised to consider providing funding through a regional agency rather than engaging directly with national governments. Social implications Developing a robust hybrid organisation sector will improve social and economic wellbeing for people living in small island nations. Originality/value As one of the first studies to examine wellbeing and hybrid organisations, this review adds to hybrid business theory by its consideration of small Pacific island countries. The authors add to existing understandings of how hybrid organisations contribute to social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities. The review identifies each form hybrid organisational form adopts. Each has a central commitment to generating social and economic value but different revenue sources. The review adds valuable new knowledge to the limited scholarship of this region by identifying the philosophical foundations and contributions to wellbeing of these hybrid organisations. A future research agenda and policy development process is proposed to improve wellbeing and advance hybrid organisations in the region.
Chapter
Return migration has become a significant socioeconomic issue, affecting both returnees and their home countries. Although previous research has largely focused on the general experiences of return migrant workers and their entrepreneurial reintegration, few studies have examined the reintegration of Indigenous migrant workers and the potential of social entrepreneurship to address the Philippines’ development challenges of high poverty and inequality. To fill this gap, I investigate the sustainability of social entrepreneurship as a livelihood program for Indigenous Peoples. My study is organized around three main themes: the reintegration of migrant workers through entrepreneurship, the role of social entrepreneurship, and the specific reintegration of Indigenous migrants through social enterprises. My findings suggest that social entrepreneurship could be a viable alternative for the economic reintegration of returning Indigenous migrant workers.
Chapter
The Ubuntu ideology is different from an individualistic perspective. It considers that the benefits of being connected to a collective grouping, such as a community, are more beneficial than operating as an individual. This chapter conceptualises how Ubuntu, a Southern African ideology, perceives the mindset of collectivism to be used as a catalyst in developing synergies through open innovation. Ubuntu can be seen as three layers, family (f), community (c), and the world at large (w). Taking a perspective that focuses on the “we” before “me”, with the focus placed on societal uplift, has both economic and sustainable benefits. This concept is similar to open innovation, which emphasises the co-creation of future benefits with partners/stakeholders as a means to provide synergistic opportunities. In so doing, this chapter proposes a conceptual model that illustrates a mindset that is community and society-focused (Ubuntu mindset), whilst going through the process of realising benefits from open innovation.
Article
Purpose This study assesses the SDG-related well-being of indigenous communities in India using bibliometric analysis and the ADO-TCM framework. It provides insights into their alignment with sustainable development objectives. Design/methodology/approach This study analysed 74 high-impact journals using bibliometric analysis to evaluate the well-being of India’s indigenous peoples about the SDGs. Findings This study analyses the well-being of tribal communities in India using existing scholarly articles and the ADO-TCM framework. It emphasises the importance of implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote the well-being of indigenous populations. Originality/value This study uses bibliometric analysis and the ADO-TCM framework to investigate factors impacting tribal community welfare. It proposes theoretical frameworks, contextual considerations and research methodologies to achieve objectives.
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This chapter presents the journeys of two Indigenous entrepreneurs based in Thailand. Findings illustrate how the act of entrepreneurship and “being entrepreneuring” support aspirations for community self-determination and sustainable development. Influencing factors include access to transformational educational opportunities, being embedded in local culture, and embracing an Indigenous Innovative approach to project design and implementation. The ventures of these Indigenous entrepreneurs weave together the social capital found in community, respect for their natural ecosystem, and are grounded in an Indigenous worldview.
Chapter
Indigenous entrepreneurship is a largely overlooked research field. Notable studies mainly stem from the Americas, Australia and New Zealand, therefore leaving many places around the world overlooked. One of these overlooked places is Southeast Asia, a rapidly emerging and highly populated region that is rich of diverse cultures. The region is home to hundreds of indigenous communities, accumulating millions of people. Southeast Asia’s bustling entrepreneurial environment is driven by many creative and risk-taking indigenous entrepreneurs who deserve a place in spotlight. For that reason, this edited volume contains a collection of showcases and illustrations of indigenous entrepreneurial activities across Southeast Asia, hereby providing inspiration for scholars and practitioners. In this introductory chapter, key definitions associated with indigenous entrepreneurship are addressed, followed by a discussion on the need for and relevance of indigenous entrepreneurship research in Southeast Asia. The chapter closes with a summarized overview of the contributions to this book.
Chapter
While global progress on extreme poverty eradication has been made, this has been highly uneven globally and particularly in Africa where a significant proportion of the population continues to live in abject poverty. Although, many of the countries have embarked on various policies for driven small businesses and motivating entrepreneurship for poverty reduction, setbacks are a direct consequence of the neglect of people and their IK typified by their local cultural values, beliefs, tradition and religion for wealth creation, empowerment, and poverty reduction agenda. This paper, using qualitative data and analysis, explores the propensity of IK utilization as a new thinking in entrepreneurship development for enhanced entrepreneurial capabilities building and skills acquisition for sustainable poverty alleviation program and economic development. It concludes that IK provides substantial prospect for improving people’s innovative and commercial skills, and building exciting indigenous-led economies that strengthen viable entrepreneurship, trade, and commercial improvement as well as economic independence. This approach, facilitated through effective governance structure and legal framework, will impact poverty alleviation programs/agenda and reduce poverty incidences. The work remains a novel consequent on less attention given to research on IK, indigenous entrepreneurship practice and poverty alleviation, and economic development in Africa.
Article
Purpose Entrepreneurship by Indigenous people in Canada and Australia, while historically connected to the ancestral lands and traditional practices of Indigenous people, has been evolving and expanding in scope and nature. In this article, the authors aim to offer an integrative framework for capturing the contemporary dynamics and outcomes of entrepreneurship by Indigenous people as they pursue venture creation as part of their broader development aspirations. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on literature from place-based views of entrepreneurship and social identity theory, the authors develop a typology to account for four modes of entrepreneurship by Indigenous people along two contextual dimensions – Indigenous territory and Indigenous marker. Findings Indigenous practicing entrepreneurship may choose to conduct business within or outside of traditional lands and demonstrate more or less indigeneity in their business activities as they marshal resources and seek opportunities. The authors identify how these diverse Indigenous businesses contribute to the economic development among Indigenous communities as part of their ongoing struggle to rebuild their “nations” using business. Originality/value This article contributes by differentiating sociocultural vs economic resources in noneconomic contexts to develop a theoretical typology of Indigenous entrepreneurship. By detailing the relations between Indigenous territories and Indigenous lands and between Indigenous identity and Indigenous markers, the authors contribute to a more nuanced and practical conceptualization of Indigenous entrepreneurship.
Article
Entrepreneurship has become a prominent strategy for overcoming poverty, but few studies have identified the specificities of different entrepreneurial configurations in indigenous contexts. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze positive effects and their relationship with participants’ profiles of entrepreneurial programs, from the experiences and meanings of Mapuche people (mostly women) in poverty and social vulnerability situation in rural and urban contexts. A qualitative study was conducted in rural and urban areas considering a total of 19 respondents. Results focus on woman experiences showing three types of Mapuche entrepreneur women profiles (fighter, submissive and reluctant) and their trajectories in entrepreneurship programs, considering their responses to their background, their relationship with the program and profile-specific positive effects.
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Igba-Boi model of entrepreneurship incubation among the Igbos in south-eastern Nigeria records outstanding and robust successes in producing entrepreneurs with global impact. Therefore, the need to understand its nature, process, driving force, challenges and make suggestions to reinvigorate it has become urgent and valid. Also, with the persisting overbearing influence of Western and lately Asian philosophies in the development of business theories and practice, it is long overdue to mainstream Africa's entrepreneurial philosophy into extant discourse; this chapter contributes to this effort. Such an attempt follows the belief that Africans with their indigenous systems hold higher hope for the development of the continent. Since the rest of the world had at some point in history leveraged on Africa's civilisation to forge ahead, this chapter argues that Africa stands to contribute to the global search for efficient incubation of entrepreneurs using the Igba-Boi model. The chapter is guided by and framed with reviewed publications, philosophies and theories that explain Igbos' construction of social realities and worldview. Structural functionalism and conflict theories offer in-depth insight in explaining the success story of the Igba-Boi institution. The chapter, in particular, adopts the Igbos' interpretation of their cosmos, its eschatological implications in explaining their tenacity and doggedness in successfully meeting all the requirements for graduating from Igba-Boi incubation system. By discussing Igba-Boi as a socioeconomic institution, this chapter draws attention to areas of neglect for improvement in order to harness its high potentials for enhancing its contribution to business practice in Africa and development of the continent.
Book
In this book, we explore the economic wellbeing of Indigenous peoples globally through case studies that provide practical examples of how Indigenous wellbeing is premised on sustainable self- determination that is in turn dependent on a community’s evolving model for economic development, its cultural traditions, its relationship to its traditional territories and its particular spiritual practices. Adding to the richness, geographically these chapters cover North, Central and South America, Northern Europe, the Circumpolar Arctic, Southern Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Oceania and a resulting diverse set of Indigenous peoples. The book addresses key issues related to economic, environmental, social and cultural value creation activities and provides numerous examples and case studies of Indigenous communities globally which have successfully used entrepreneurship in the pursuit of sustainable development and wellbeing. Readers will gain practical understandings of the nature of sustainable economic development from a cross- section of case studies of Indigenous perspectives globally. The chapters map out the international development of Indigenous rights and the influence that this has had on Indigenous communities globally in asserting their sovereignty and acting on their rights to develop sustainable governance and economic development practices. Readers will develop insights into the intersection of Indigenous governance with sustainable practice and community wellbeing through practical case studies that explain the need for Indigenous- led economic development and governance strategies, which are responsive to local, regional, national and international realities in developing sustainable Indigenous economies focused on economic, environmental, social and cultural value creation. This book will be useful for Indigenous and non- Indigenous business students studying undergraduate business or MBA programs who seek to understand the global context and the varied experiences of Indigenous peoples in developing sustainable economic development strategies that promote community wellbeing. Table of Contents Introduction Rick Colbourne and Robert B. Anderson 1 Invitation to ethical space: a dialogue on sustainability and reconciliation Reg Crowshoe and David Lertzman 2 Coyote learns commerce Joseph Scott Gladstone 3 Resistance to ‘development’ amongst the Kogui of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Aili Pyhala 4 Consultation or free, informed and prior consent? A comparative legal analysis of Indigenous consultation during natural resource activities in Australia and Canada Madeline E. Taylor 5 Towards measuring Indigenous sustainability: merging vernacular and modern knowledge Maor Kohn, Meidad Kissinger and Avinoam Meir 6 The Inuit: sustaining themselves, the Arctic and the World Peter Hough 7 Self-gentrification as a pro-active response to tourism development: cases of Indigenous entrepreneurship in mainland China and Taiwan Jin Hooi Chan, Shih- Yu Chen, Zhongjuan Ji, Ying Zhang and Xiaoguang Qi 8 What is a river? Cross-disciplinary and Indigenous assessment Tero Mustonen and Pauliina Feodoroff 9 Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs) in Galiza: indigeneity or peasanthood? Joam Evans Pim 10 Sustainable development through Indigenous community-based enterprises Mario Vazquez-Maguirre 11 Andean enterprises: a case study of Bolivia’s Royal Quinoa entrepreneurs Tamara Stenn 12 Relational and social aspects of Indigenous entrepreneurship: the Hupacasath case Irene Henriques, Rick Colbourne, Ana Maria Peredo and Robert B. Anderson
Article
The aim of this Special Issue is to demonstrate how drawing on multidisciplinary insights from the literature on prosociality can broaden the individual-opportunity nexus to make room for a variety of actors. Five feature articles emphasize the collective level of the analysis, underscoring the social distance between the entrepreneurs and the different communities they serve. Leveraging construal level theory, we abductively derive an organizing framework that helps us articulate how stretching or compressing social distance can transform initial opportunities into occasions for serving the greater good. We identify two distinct mechanisms present in all five empirical studies that explain how the needs and hopes of many others may add creativity, consistency and connectivity to one's venture. We also connect these abductive insights with the two editorials that follow this introduction and nudge our collective attention towards the research opportunities awaiting our academic community once we begin to relax the egocentric reference point that, until recently, has defined the discipline of entrepreneurship.
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Scholars who study entrepreneurship have lent great value by exploring the factors that explain how entrepreneurs create new businesses and thus, how societies and economies grow and prosper. Although there has considerable research based on psychological and economic approaches to entrepreneurship, the influence of socio-cultural factors on enterprise development remains under studied. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to integrate, from a theoretical perspective, the socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity. In this sense, the article points out that the institutional approach could be an apt framework to develop future research analyzing the socio-cultural factors that influence the decisions to create new businesses. Also, a brief overview of the content of each of the papers included in this special issue is presented.
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Climate change, the global demand for energy, and the depletion of easily accessible natural resources has led to an increase in mining activities in the Arctic, including in Nunavut, a region rich in resources but remote in comparison to the rest of Canada. Nunavut is a predominantly Inuit socio-political region created in 1999 via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA). The NLCA also enshrined the Inuit right to manage the region’s minerals and other natural resources. Yet, despite this power to “steer their own ship,” Inuit communities struggle to maximize the benefits from resource development. Pond Inlet is a coastal hamlet on Baffin Island close to the newly operational Mary River Iron Ore Mine, an open pit mine with the potential to bring significant economic opportunities to the region. Using a framework developed by the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, a case study of Pond Inlet highlights factors that contribute to and hinder Arctic Aboriginal communities’ successful local development. A total of 47 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants in Pond Inlet and the territory’s capital, Iqaluit. Findings underscore the importance of Indigenous community self-determination, effective and culturally relevant governing institutions, and clear visioning for the future. In Pond Inlet, key barriers to maximizing local benefits relate to institutional and governance challenges. Evidence from this study suggests that Pond Inlet will better succeed with local community development by strengthening its governance mechanisms to support the goals of self-determination.
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This article focuses on the need for business education that is relevant to Aboriginal youth and senior leaders. It describes Ch’nook, an organization that provides support for post-secondary Aboriginal business education across three generations of participants. First, senior Aboriginal leaders and entrepreneurs who need business training (Aboriginal Management Certificate Program); second, post-secondary students enrolled in British Columbia (and soon Canada) by providing them with scholarships, bursaries, mentoring and internship opportunities (Indigenous Business Education Network/Ch’nook Scholars); and, third, it promotes business as a viable career option for Aboriginal high school students (Ch’nook Cousins). Ch’nook’s efforts led to the signing of the British Columbia Indigenous Business Education Accord with the province’s twenty-five colleges and universities and it has a cooperative agreement with four British Columbia universities. Ch’nook supports Aboriginal students in part by supplementing their studies with a strong Aboriginal perspective and context, which is often missing from their home institution’s business programs. Working with community, business, and academic partners, Ch’nook promotes business as a viable career choice for Aboriginal participants and supports them in graduating from management and business education studies.
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ACADEMIC ABSTRACT The 500 million Indigenous Peoples are struggling to rebuild their ‘nations’ and improve their socioeconomic,circumstances. Participation in the global economy,through entrepreneurshipis widely accepted as the key to success. Importantly, most want this participation to be ‘on their own terms—terms in which traditional lands, history, culture and values feature prominently. Using regulation theory, we explore the feasibility of the Indigenous approach to development and conclude that is theoreticallysound. Then we present a case study on the Osoyoos First Nation showing,how the community,has used entrepreneurshipto participate in the economy,‘on its own terms’. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Around the world Indigenous Peoples are struggling to rebuild their ‘nations’ and improve
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This essay sets forth a framework representing a “quadruple bottom-line” for developing innovative business strategies within indigenous communities based on the combination of Community, Spirituality, Sustainability, and Entrepreneurship: factors unique to indigenous peoples. Each of the subset factors of Community, Spirituality, Sustainability, and Entrepreneurship are described, and the authors, through an academic literature review, propose the notion of Indigenous Innovation: a specific type of innovation for supporting sustainable community and economic development by and for indigenous peoples.
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In chapter 5, “Indigenous Identity in the 21st Century: Remembering, Reclaiming, and Regenerating,” Sandy Grande, Timothy San Pedro, and Sweeney Windchief encourage practitioners and service providers to do the work of developing a “critical consciousness” in examining their own racial bias as a key component of learning to walk with and be “in a good way” with indigenous peoples. The chapter details the experience of “forced incorporation,” endured by indigenous peoples, as unique from other racial and ethnic minority groups. The authors recognize the construction and reconstruction of race in the course of our actions rather than as something we are or possess. Accordingly, they identify the acts of remembering, regenerating, and reclaiming, particularly through the medium of storytelling, as something that indigenous peoples do, not only as a critical component of the process of healing wounds of history, but also in continuing to assert their sovereignty and self-determination, engendering a mode of survival.
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In the past fifteen years, the significant increase in Fiji tourist arrivals from the budget backpacker, GAP youth and Career GAP segments has led to the growth of indigenous-owned budget backpacker accommodation. A major dilemma facing i-Taukei entrepreneurs is how to maintain a balance between good business practice, profit maximisation and fulfilling social and communal obligations. As entrepreneurs are representatives of their clan, success should not be measured solely in financial or economic terms, but also on their ability to balance traditional and business obligations, and maintain their status within local society. The paper, through two case studies, examines some of the inherent cultural challenges faced by indigenous-owned budget/ backpacker small medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) in the Yasawa Islands in Fiji. It suggests that for these businesses to succeed, placing culturally accepted limits on social obligations should enable entrepreneurs to meet social and cultural obligations. Success, for indigenous i-taukei businesses, is valued differently to western counterparts and focuses more on using profits for community development and social and traditional obligations. Apposite training should be tailor-made to amalgamate traditional cultural values into modern business practices. Suitably designed training should enable greater flexibility and include tools that allow entrepreneurs to balance traditional demands and business goals better.
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