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Migración y cambios socioeconómicos en la comunidad de Zoogocho, Oaxaca
Abstract
La migración como parte de la realidad social es un proceso multidimensional históricamente determinado en el cual se interrelacionan factores físico-naturales, socioeconómicos, culturales y psicosociales. Cada una de las áreas específicas en que tiene lugar está vinculada a un contexto que se desvanece en la inmensidad geográfica y temporal. De ahí que, para comprender el fenómeno, es menester establecer diversos niveles de análisis de los factores tanto internos como externos que en él intervienen, en un orden de prioridades cambiante en situaciones concretas.El estudio de la migración y la dinámica socioeconómica en la comunidad de Zoogocho, Oaxaca, es una muestra de lo que ocurre en el medio rural cuando los campesinos indígenas se relacionan con el exterior. La penetración de los valores socioeconómicos y culturales ajenos altera las estructuras familiares y comunitarias, al grado de que los recursos disponibles llegan a ser insuficientes para competir con la sociedad que impacta, lo cual implica un desplazamiento poblacional cada vez más complejo, cuyas manifestaciones, causas y consecuencias varían a través del tiempo, tanto en el lugar de origen como en los de destino. Por consiguiente, las diversas características que adoptan el proceso no permiten afirmar que sus manifestaciones en Zoogocho sean idénticas en otras comunidades.
... Only 5% of indigenous persons in the state attain a grade beyond primary school level and over 21% of the overall state population is illiterate [4]. These problems can be attributed to a number of factors including low family income [5], disruption of family structures due to high rates of migration [4,5] and the large percentage of the population that live in remote rural areas [6]. There is also the significant problem that many indigenous teachers have not received formal training [7] and a strong sense that the education system is not properly adapted to best serve the indigenous population. ...
... Only 5% of indigenous persons in the state attain a grade beyond primary school level and over 21% of the overall state population is illiterate [4]. These problems can be attributed to a number of factors including low family income [5], disruption of family structures due to high rates of migration [4,5] and the large percentage of the population that live in remote rural areas [6]. There is also the significant problem that many indigenous teachers have not received formal training [7] and a strong sense that the education system is not properly adapted to best serve the indigenous population. ...
Cognitonics is a new science which looks at ways to reconcile human socio-spiritual development with increasingly rapid human intellectual development in the new context of technological advances and increased cultural homogeny. This is particularly relevant in areas such as education and informatics where children are found to be increasingly capable to control and adapt to new technological advances yet often suffer from a lack of social development or are unable to engage with aspects of their own cultural heritage. In this study we consider the application of a cognitonics based approach to the problems of the Oaxacan education system, particularly for indigenous children who suffer from a loss of culture and diminished provision of education due to a lack of resources and regular teacher strikes. Specifically, we look at how the introduction of face-to-face collaborative video games can help develop academic, information-technology and social skills together while promoting spiritual well-being and cultural identity.
... Asimismo, el difícil acceso mantuvo a la región en la periferia del capitalismo, aunque la migración ha sido frecuente desde la década de los 40s -en 1944 la tercera parte de los hombres de Zoogocho migraron simultáneamente a Estados Unidos como parte del Programa de Braceros (Ramos, 1991)-y una carretera conecta con la ciudad de Oaxaca desde 1952, en un principio de forma rústica, hoy pavimentada casi en su totalidad. ...
Este artículo reflexiona acerca de los posibles aportes del trueque en la construcción de una economía alternativa, a partir de un trabajo de campo realizado en dos escenarios del estado de Oaxaca, México: en la ciudad de Oaxaca, donde el trueque está siendo reinventado por varias iniciativas que promueven el intercambio de bienes, saberes y servicios, y propician relaciones humanas a partir de un lenguaje distinto al del dinero; y en la Sierra Norte, donde el trueque sigue siendo una costumbre entre los indígenas zapotecos. A partir de una metodología de investigación acción participativa, se analizaron las formas, los logros y las dificultades de la práctica del trueque, para identificar su utilidad y pertinencia en la transición a otros mundos posibles.
Palabras clave: reciprocidad, intercambio, autoabasto, Oaxaca.
... The fact that people have to migrate in search of economic opportunities represents itself a huge cost for individuals and the community. For example, RamosPioquinto (1991Pioquinto ( , 2008 argues that migration challenges the Cargo system. Thus, it is important to not underestimate the costs of migration. ...
One of the most important responses to the decentralization process around the developing world over recent decades has been the call for community-based and participatory-based approaches to planning at the local level. Unfortunately, the results of these programs have often been disappointing, leading some scholars to call for more in-depth exploration of whether community participation can improve prospects for development. This paper explores the somewhat remarkable improvement in individuals’ access to water in a low-income, indigenous community in one of the poorest states of Mexico, Oaxaca. The case study compares the community to others in Oaxaca and finds that the main distinguishing characteristic of the community is its history of collective action. The results suggest that the community’s progress in the decentralized period is due to this advantage.
Most of the literature on Mexican hometown associations (HTAs) hasfocused on their role as development agents and often emphasized therapprochement carried out by the Mexican state in order to attractremittances. Although the Mexican state plays an important part in theproliferation of HTAs in the United States, the reasons for migrantinvolvement in HTAs are often left unexplored and typicallyexplained as a result of ‘emotional attachments’. This article,however, taking a Weberian approach, argues that it is important toconsider a wider range of motives of the individual migrants fortransnational engagement such as involvement in HTAs andhometown development. The article is based on ethnographicfieldwork carried out among migrants from the state of Oaxaca,Mexico, living in Los Angeles, California.
This paper provides a brief overview of the origins of ethnoliturgicalcompositions and the scope of this aesthetic of musicin the church, especially stressing their link to the concept ofacculturation of the Theology of Liberation. The paper thenextends the discussion, pointing out what the musical-aestheticideas of this movement are, and why it is linked to the Theologyof Liberation. The main point noted in this paper is concernedwith the possible theological, pastoral and aesthetics reasons forits development and subsequent decline. Finally, the paperreflects on the Pop phenomenon and its influence onecclesiology and liturgical music, leading to some conclusivepoints on the character of an acculturated liturgical music in achurch increasingly marked by a Pop culture. The questionposed by the paper is: What are the pastoral and musicalconsequences of this influence?
This article presents a social history of the Coalición de los Pueblos Mixtecos Oaxaqueños (Coalition of Mixtec Oaxacan Communities, CPMO), a grouping of mutual-aid associations formed by Indigenous migrants in Mexico City during the middle of the twentieth century. It draws on the coalition's archives to demonstrate how years of migration to Mexico City eroded traditional inter-village conflicts and created the conditions for a broader ethnic identity among Mixtec migrants in the capital. In addition, the coalition's collaboration with the federal government's Instituto Nacional Indigenista (National Indigenous Institute, INI) challenges common depictions of Indigeneity and modernisation as being inherently antagonistic with one another. The coalition's collaboration with the INI led its members to more consciously and visibly identify with their Indigenous roots; they had to become more Indigenous in order to become more modern.
This paper examines the socioeconomic and contextual determinants of internal and international indigenous migration from Guerrero’s Mountain Region (GMR), one of the poorest areas in Mexico and Latin America. Drawing on data from Mexico’s 2015 Intercensal Survey, we used logit and multilogit models to identify the determinants of migration. Empirical results reveal that indigenous people living in the GMR do not possess the necessary skills (education and information) and capabilities (assets, income, and savings) to face the costs associated with international, or even national, migration. This finding highlights the urgent need to create inclusive and comprehensive community-building strategies focused on improving welfare in this region.
Análisis del paso de una comunidad de economía tradicional (donde las decisiones proceden básicamente del grupo familiar) a economía moderna (donde las transacciones y decisiones están mediadas por la banca, el gobierno y otras instituciones). Se hace una descripción minuciosa de la posición que ocupa cada uno de los productos de la región y de su integración o elimicación en el sistema de economía moderna.
Traducción de: Corvee des Saints et Luttes de Marchands Estudio del proceso de cambio en la comunidad nahuatl de Xalpatláhuac Gro. que de Sociedad tradicional se orienta cada vez más a una Sociedad Mercantil. Pone de manifiesto como valores como la Competencia, el individualismo y la secularización provocan cambios en la estructura social y en la cosmovisión misma de la comunidad.
Migración. etnicismo y cambio económico, México
- Lourdes Arizpe
Arizpe, Lourdes (1978). Migración. etnicismo y cambio económico, México, El Colegio de México.
Indigenismo, modernización y marginalidad. Una revisión crítica
- Héctor Díaz-Polanco
Díaz-Polanco, Héctor et al. (1980). Indigenismo, modernización y marginalidad. Una revisión crítica, México, CIIS y Juan Pablos Editor.
Regionalizaciones para el estado de Oaxaca. Análisis comparativo
- Reyna Moguel
Moguel, Reyna (1974). Regionalizaciones para el estado de Oaxaca. Análisis comparativo, México, Centro de Sociología, UABjO.