Analysis ground deformation caused by salt cavern convergence applying imaging radar from the Sentinel 1 mission

Abstract

Treść:
Problem optymalizacji pomiarów geodezyjnych na obszarach poddanych wpływom ciągłych deformacji powierzchni terenu wciąż stanowi wyzwanie. Pomiary ruchów powierzchni na terenach górniczych najczęściej wykonywane są przy wykorzystaniu klasycznych metod geodezyjnych takich jak niwelacja, tachimetria czy pomiary GNSS. Technika pomiarowa jest dobierana w odniesieniu do dynamiki zjawiska, stopnia zagrożenia powierzchni terenu i potencjału finansowego, którym dysponuje zleceniodawca. Przekształcenia powierzchni terenu obserwowane są z pewnym opóźnieniem w stosunku do czasu prowadzenia wydobycia. Opóźnienie to wynika m.in. z warunków górniczo-geologicznych otoczenia złoża i jest zdecydowanie największe w przypadku prowadzenia wydobycia soli. Powolna konwergencja podziemnych wyrobisk powoduje osiadania powierzchni terenu dochodzące maksymalnie do kilku centymetrów rocznie. Pomiar tego typu deformacji wymaga wysokiej precyzji, a w przypadku intensywnego zagospodarowania powierzchni terenu również znacznej gęstości sieci pomiarowej. Dlatego też, optymalnym rozwiązaniem wydaje się być wykorzystanie zobrazowań radarowych satelity Sentinel 1-A jako metody wspierającej monitoring przemieszczeń pionowych powierzchni terenu na terenach znajdujących się nad złożem solnym. Prezentowane badania dotyczyły analizy możliwości wykorzystania zobrazowania satelitarnego pochodzącego z misji Sentinel dla wsparcia monitoringu deformacji powierzchni terenu na obszarze miasta Wieliczka na bazie technologii DInSAR. Wynikiem przeprowadzonych analiz jest powierzchniowy rozkład rocznych przyrostów osiadań w okresie 2015-2016 nad konwergującymi wyrobiskami górniczymi. Otrzymane wyniki, poddane analizie dokładnościowej poprzez ich porównanie z pomiarami geodezyjnymi realizowanymi na liniach obserwacyjnych, potwierdziły bardzo wysoką dokładność pomiarów satelitarnych. Prowadzone badania pozwoliły na wyłonienie rejonów o największej dynamice ruchów pionowych, również w strefach, w których klasyczne pomiary geodezyjne nie są prowadzone.

Abstract:
The geodetic measurements optimization problem plays still a crucial role in the mining areas affected by continuous ground deformation. Measurements of that movements are most frequently conducted using the classical geodetic methods such as: levelling, tachymetry or GNSS. Measuring technique is selected with respect to the dynamics of chosen phenomena, surface hazard degree, as well as the financial potential of the mining entrepreneur. Land surface changes caused by underground exploitation are observed with some delay due to mining and geological conditions of the deposit surroundings. This delay reaches the highest values in case of salt deposits extraction due to slow convergence process that implies ground subsidence maximum up to a few centimetres per year. Measurement of the deformation of this type requires high precision instruments or methods, and in the case of intensively developed urban areas, use of high density of benchmark network. Therefore, the best solution supporting the monitoring of vertical ground displacements in the areas located above the salt deposits seems to be application of the Sentinel 1-A radar imaging satellite system.
The present study involved the analysis of the possibility of applying satellite monitoring of surface deformation for Wieliczka town, using imaging radar from the Sentinel 1 mission. The outcome of the analysis - based on DInSAR technology - is the surface distribution of annual growth of settlements above mining excavations affected by convergence process in the period of 2015 – 2016. Comparison of the results with levelling – that has been carried out on benchmark network – confirmed the high accuracy of satellite observations. What is significant, the studies allowed to identify the areas characterized by the greatest dynamics of vertical ground movements, also in the regions where classical geodetic measurements are not conducted.

Full text

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