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Nature based solution for improving mental health and well-being in urban areas
Abstract
The general disproportion of urban development and the socio-economical crisis in Serbia, followed by a number of acute and chronic stressors, as well as years of accumulated trauma, prevented the parallel physical, mental and social adaptation of society as a whole. These trends certainly affected the quality of mental health and well-being, particularly on the vulnerable urban population, increasing the absolute number of people with depression, stress and psychosomatic disorders. This study was pioneering in Serbia and was conducted in collaboration with the Faculty of Forestry, the Institute of Mental Health and the Botanical Garden in Belgrade, in order to understand how spending time and performing horticulture therapy in specially designed urban green environments can improve mental health. The participants were psychiatric patients (n=30), users of the day hospital of the Institute who were randomly selected for the study, and the control group, assessed for depression, anxiety and stress before and after the intervention, using a DASS21 scale. During the intervention period the study group stayed in the Botanical garden and participated in a special programme of horticulture therapy. In order to exclude any possible "special treatment'' or ''placebo effect", the control group was included in occupational art therapy while it continued to receive conventional therapy. The test results indicated that nature based therapy had a positive influence on the mental health and well-being of the participants. Furthermore, the difference in the test results of the subscale stress before and after the intervention for the study group was F1.28 = 5.442 and p<;.05. According to socio demographic and clinical variables, the interesting trend was recorded on the subscale of anxiety showing that the male participants in the study group were more anxious, with the most pronounced inflection noted on this scale after treatment. The results of this study have shown that recuperation from stress, depression and anxiety was possible and much more complete when participants were involved in horticulture therapy as a nature-based solution for improving mental health.
... While there are numerous examples of such interventions, most only contain a limited, tenuous, or implied link to mindfulness. A horticulturalbased practice involves engaging with nature productively and mindfully through gardening activities such as fruit potting (Vujcic et al., 2017). In addition to the horticultural activities, dedicated rest periods in nature and meditation in nature-based contexts are added to aid the NBM intervention (Vujcic et al., 2017). ...
... A horticulturalbased practice involves engaging with nature productively and mindfully through gardening activities such as fruit potting (Vujcic et al., 2017). In addition to the horticultural activities, dedicated rest periods in nature and meditation in nature-based contexts are added to aid the NBM intervention (Vujcic et al., 2017). The central mechanism of change therefore appears to be productive garden/nature-based work that involves contact with a restorative environment (Vujcic et al., 2017). ...
... In addition to the horticultural activities, dedicated rest periods in nature and meditation in nature-based contexts are added to aid the NBM intervention (Vujcic et al., 2017). The central mechanism of change therefore appears to be productive garden/nature-based work that involves contact with a restorative environment (Vujcic et al., 2017). ...
Objectives
this scoping review aimed to explore the diversity of existing nature-based mindfulness (NBM) interventions. The specific objectives of this review were to (1) describe the practices and methods that are used in NBM interventions, and to (2) determine the environmental conditions that are typically associated with NBM interventions.
Method
Thirty peer-reviewed scientific studies were identified via a systematic PRISMA search protocol and then thematically analysed and categorically organised.
Results
In relation to the first research objective, a typological scheme for classifying NBM interventions was proposed in which four main categorizations of NBM interventions were identified, including (1) conventional practices combined with nature, (2) activity-based practices using nature, (3) NBM therapy practices, and (4) emerging practices. These themes demonstrate the diversity of existing NBM interventions and provide a more integrated understanding of the applicability of these interventions across different clinical and non-clinical contexts. In relation to the second research objective, existing NBM interventions were found to be conducted in (1) naturally occurring, (2) curated natural, and (3) simulated natural environments. Within these categories, a diverse range of restorative environments were identified as suitable contexts for NBM interventions, with forest-based interventions being the most commonly used environment.
Conclusions
Overall, this study contributes to a more integrated understanding of the practices, methods, and environmental conditions typical of existing NBM interventions, proposes a classification scheme for NBM interventions, and identifies a number of new developments within the field as well as promising avenues for future research and practice.
Preregistration
This study has not been preregistered.
... Although some studies have indicated that the utilization of biodiversity, greenery, and ecology can improve children's immunity, health, and well-being, this is not the case universally (Brito et al., 2022;Harper et al., 2021;Pocock et al., 2023;Vujcic et al., 2017). Among the selected literature, the majority of studies (61.34%) were oriented towards the health needs of greenery and ecological perspectives, whereas 11.76% of the research focused on the spatial utilization of biophilic design elements. ...
... (Fathirezaie et al., 2021;Kelley et al., 2022;Scoditti et al., 2011) 4. Reduces noise (Krikke, 2015 (Andic & Vorkapic, 2019;Chang et al., 2016;Gillis & Gatersleben, 2015;Harvey et al., 2020;Laurens et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2021;Li et al., 2022;Nitu et al., 2022;Peters & D'Penna, 2020) 3. Natural environments facilitate lowering blood pressure, muscle relaxation, stress reduction, and better recovery. (Peters & D'Penna, 2020;Souter-Brown et al., 2021;St-Jean et al., 2022;Ünal & Ö zen, 2021;Vujcic et al., 2017) 4. Increase sense of wellbeing (Kelley et al., 2022) SocialAdaptation and Moral Health 1. Facilitation of social interaction, improvement in social skills, and increased social connections. (Chiumento et al., 2018;Clarke et al., 2015;Sharma-Brymer & Bland, 2016;Vujcic et al., 2017) 2. Enhancement of exploratory abilities, increased learning efficiency, and improved cooperation. ...
... (Peters & D'Penna, 2020;Souter-Brown et al., 2021;St-Jean et al., 2022;Ünal & Ö zen, 2021;Vujcic et al., 2017) 4. Increase sense of wellbeing (Kelley et al., 2022) SocialAdaptation and Moral Health 1. Facilitation of social interaction, improvement in social skills, and increased social connections. (Chiumento et al., 2018;Clarke et al., 2015;Sharma-Brymer & Bland, 2016;Vujcic et al., 2017) 2. Enhancement of exploratory abilities, increased learning efficiency, and improved cooperation. (Faber Taylor et al., 2022;Mirrahimi et al., 2011;Puhakka et al., 2019) 3. Boost in resilience, reduced rumination, and enhanced independence. ...
... Horticulture therapy is effective in reducing stress of people with psychiatric illness [13]. Involving patients in activities such as fruit harvesting, planting, weeding, gives patients with a sense of purpose, as well as providing valuable opportunity to spend time outdoors [14]. ...
... Research has proven that patients with psychiatric illness gain positive benefits from interacting with the natural environment [6], being involved in outdoor gardening activities [9,10], or horticultural therapy activities [12,13,14]. In line with the results of these research, the management of the psychosocial rehabilitation installation is considering optimizing the psychosocial rehabilitation garden to support patient rehabilitation activities, so that rehabilitation activities can be carried out both indoors and outdoors. ...
Mental disorders is characterized by clinically significant disturbance in a person’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior. Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital (RSMM) is one of the mental hospitals that provides psychosocial rehabilitation services. Psychosocial rehabilitation consists of various activities to hone the patient’s ability so that they live independently. One of the activities is vocational and occupational therapy. The hospital garden is a necessity in the patient rehabilitation process so it needs to be designed to make it can be utilized optimally. The research objectives are to identify and analyze activities, user needs, potentials and constraints on the site; determine the design concept and create a therapeutic garden design for psychosocial rehabilitation at Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital. This research uses a descriptive method with stages such as preparation, research and analysis, concept and design. Data was collected through surveys, interviews, questionnaires and literature studies. The proposed design is a therapeutic garden to support psychosocial rehabilitation. The design concept applies one of patients rehabilitaion activities, namely socializing, which is depicted in a circular pattern and rehabilitation activities carried out repeatedly are depicted in a repetitive pattern. In addition, a symmetrical pattern is also applied which illustrates organized life and firmness. Based on this pattern, spaces are designed to support rehabilitation activities, namely the welcome area, active therapy area, passive therapy area and parking area.
... There has been a growing interest in nature-based and nature-positive solutions across the Western Balkans region. Besides agriculture and forestry (Keren et al. 2017;Ljubojević et al. 2022;Greksa et al. 2023), they have been considered in relation to different sectors, such as tourism (Gigovic et al. 2016;Suta et al. 2017;Garabinović et al. 2020;Krstić et al. 2020;Stojanović et al. 2021;Trišić et al. 2021Trišić et al. , 2023aMarjanović et al. 2022;Obradović et al. 2022;Dragin et al. 2023), urban planning (Vujcic et al. 2017;Mitić-Radulović and Lalović 2021;Greksa et al. 2023;Blagojević et al. 2023), and building and architecture (Ivanović-Šekularac et al. 2016). Furthermore, they proved crucial in addressing numerous issues, such as mental health and well-being in urban areas (Vujcic et al. 2017;Vujcic Trkulja et al. 2021), river protection Marjanović et al. 2022;Gutierrez Caloir et al. 2023), stormwater management and flood prevention (Nikolić Popadić 2021; Ruangpan et al. 2021;Mubeen et al. 2021;Pudar and Plavšić 2022;Blagojević et al. 2023;Gutierrez Caloir et al. 2023), wetland restoration (Gutierrez Caloir et al. 2023), and mountain depopulation (Telbisz et al. 2020). ...
... Besides agriculture and forestry (Keren et al. 2017;Ljubojević et al. 2022;Greksa et al. 2023), they have been considered in relation to different sectors, such as tourism (Gigovic et al. 2016;Suta et al. 2017;Garabinović et al. 2020;Krstić et al. 2020;Stojanović et al. 2021;Trišić et al. 2021Trišić et al. , 2023aMarjanović et al. 2022;Obradović et al. 2022;Dragin et al. 2023), urban planning (Vujcic et al. 2017;Mitić-Radulović and Lalović 2021;Greksa et al. 2023;Blagojević et al. 2023), and building and architecture (Ivanović-Šekularac et al. 2016). Furthermore, they proved crucial in addressing numerous issues, such as mental health and well-being in urban areas (Vujcic et al. 2017;Vujcic Trkulja et al. 2021), river protection Marjanović et al. 2022;Gutierrez Caloir et al. 2023), stormwater management and flood prevention (Nikolić Popadić 2021; Ruangpan et al. 2021;Mubeen et al. 2021;Pudar and Plavšić 2022;Blagojević et al. 2023;Gutierrez Caloir et al. 2023), wetland restoration (Gutierrez Caloir et al. 2023), and mountain depopulation (Telbisz et al. 2020). ...
With shifting weather patterns, deteriorating soils, and unsustainable farming methods compounding pressures, the Western Balkans (WB) countries (viz., Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia) confront significant challenges in sustaining food production and achieving long-term food and nutrition security. Furthermore, climate change is expected to exacerbate droughts, floods, and severe weather events, threatening agricultural output across the region. Nature-based solutions (NbS), such as sustainable land management, agroforestry, and conservation agriculture, have emerged as promising approaches to increase climate resilience and food production by combining traditional practices with modern scientific knowledge. This chapter aims to examine the potential of NbS to sustain food production in the Western Balkans. It presents an overview of the region’s agriculture and food security status, then analyzes significant climate threats, and investigates how NbS could contribute to building resilience. Case studies of successful NbS initiatives from across the region are examined. The chapter explores policy incentives, governance structures, and community involvement initiatives to expand the implementation of NbS as well as upscaling and out-scaling barriers. It concludes by stressing the substantial underutilized potential of NbS to foster climate resilience and long-term food production throughout the different agricultural landscapes of the Western Balkans area.
... This engagement with art provides a space for the imagination to flourish, offering a distinctive form of mental relief (Stevens, 1917). As found, Sia et al. (2020) and Vujcic et al. (2017) emphasize the psychological benefits of nature-based practices in promoting mental well-being. According to Williams, immersing oneself in natural environments can lead to reduced stress and increased feelings of tranquillity. ...
... As seen, Sia et al. (2020) and Vujcic et al. (2017) emphasize the therapeutic value of nature in promoting mental well-being. Accordingly, immersing oneself in natural environments, as depicted in "The Snow Man," has been linked to reduced stress and improved mental clarity. ...
This research delves into the therapeutic dimensions of Wallace Stevens' poetry, exploring how his imaginative use of cultural and natural imagery contributes to mental relief, contemplation of reality, and the exploration of alternative perspectives. Four poems, namely "Disillusionment of Ten O'clock," "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird," "Sunday Morning," and "The Snow Man," serve as focal points for analysis. The methodology involves an in-depth examination of each poem's unique features, followed by a comparative analysis that highlights shared themes and distinctive qualities. Through a synthesis of findings, the study aims to explore how Stevens' diverse poetic techniques may provide solace and fresh perspectives in the face of life's challenges. The poems reveal a common thread in their emphasis on the role of imagination in navigating the complexities of existence. Themes of detachment from conventional norms, the liberating power of questioning, and the relationship between nature and mental tranquillity permeate these verses. Drawing from lines such as "What is the white that keeps appearing?" and "It was evening all afternoon", the analysis underscores the therapeutic potential of Stevens' poetry, encouraging readers to embrace diverse perspectives and engage in imaginative contemplation. The findings of the study are expected to contribute to the broader discourse on the intersection of poetry and mental well-being, shedding light on how Stevens' work remains a timeless source of inspiration and solace.
... The framework also encourages examining how changes in one system (e.g., people's access to food) can affect the broader socio-ecological system (e.g., community well-being). The NbS framework, meanwhile, advocates for using natural processes, such as community gardening, to address urban challenges (Vujcic et al., 2017). Community gardening acts as a NbS that directly enhances local food production while simultaneously providing mental health benefits and promoting environmental sustainability. ...
While urban agriculture can address many challenges faced by vulnerable populations, the additive effect of combining two completely different groups in an urban food production setting is murkier. To examine the role of a collaborative urban garden setting in addressing food security and social isolation challenges among university students, refugees, and asylum seekers in Tucson, Arizona, we designed a 10-week-long study centered around communal food production, educational sustainability workshops, and cultural exchange. We relied on the elements of the socio-ecological and nature-based solutions frameworks to emphasize the interconnectedness of human systems and natural environments. Through pre- and post-study surveys (students) and interviews (refugees) and observations with nine students and refugees, we found that both groups experienced positive impacts on food access and social connections. All of this is reported within the context of developing a sense of agency and belonging. The results indicate that urban gardening creates pathways to empowerment and equalizes the differences between the groups and the groups and society. We recommend future research explore additional benefits of such collaborations and potential ways of institutionalizing them within communities with significant vulnerable populations.
... The adoption of qualitative questionnaires over time is considered one of the most promising research methodologies to assess to what extent and how NBS can produce social and psychological benefits. Recently, many empirical studies have adopted this method to understand whether natural solutions can promote socialization, strengthen the sense of belonging, and reduce stress and mental fatigue (Vujcic et al., 2017). This methodology can easily perform comparative studies across different contexts and tailor the complexity of questions to the degree of preparation and characteristics of the respondents (Ferreira et al., 2020). ...
Living Labs (LL) are increasingly popular in cities as an innovative tool to
test, validate and develop innovative solutions such as nature‑based solutions
(NBS) in real‑life settings where citizens and a network of stakeholders
are systematically involved from the early stages in co‑design and
co‑implementation processes. This chapter presents the spatial, social and
sustainable development of the LL in the district Huckarde in Dortmund,
one of the three European Front Runner Cities (FRC) in proGIreg.
Dortmund (c. 609,000 inhabitants, 2022) is a typical post‑industrial
city in the heart of the former coal mining and steel manufacturing Ruhr
metropolis area in Germany. The industry’s decline in the 1970s left the
city to transform economically, socially, and environmentally. Large‑scale
contaminated brownfields, former industrial and transport infrastructures
required redevelopment and social problems had to be addressed. The
necessity of developing nature‑oriented solutions and improving the green
infrastructure (GI) system in the city of Dortmund, and in particular in
the post‑industrial northern area along the Emscher River, has been at the
centre of the formal and informal planning agenda in Dortmund since the
early 1990s. This process is going to continue in the coming decades. Hence,
proGIreg’s nature‑based urban renewal approach fits with the city’s stra‑
tegic planning framework to improve simultaneously the social, economic
and environmental qualities of the urban regeneration efforts in the LL and
beyond. The overarching goal of the Dortmund LL is developing a systemic GI net‑
work by improving connectivity therein and thus enhancing the living and
environmental conditions in Huckarde. The co‑developed, context‑specific
NBS implemented in the LL aim at improving the quality of life of the
local communities by offering attractive and diverse open urban spaces, and
boosting collaborative and long‑lasting engagement including vulnerable
and marginalized groups. This in turn provides health, environmental and
economic benefits as well as social inclusion and cohesion in this socially
polarized part of Dortmund. Long term, the goal is to disseminate and rep‑
licate NBS and practices at other locations in Dortmund, and national and
international cities.
No real‑life laboratory can avoid unforeseen obstacles and different
types of barriers, for example, technical/technological, administrative,
social and financial. Given the post‑industrial past, soil contamination poses
major challenges, in particular impacting urban agriculture/food pro‑
duction, which is highlighted in the case study of NBS 4, community‑led
aquaponics. Dispersed and private landownership of envisaged spaces for
NBS interventions also led to significant changes to initial plans and caused
delays, exacerbated by the COVID‑19 pandemic limiting active stakeholder
engagement in NBS co‑creation activities.
... The adoption of qualitative questionnaires over time is considered one of the most promising research methodologies to assess to what extent and how NBS can produce social and psychological benefits. Recently, many empirical studies have adopted this method to understand whether natural solutions can promote socialization, strengthen the sense of belonging, and reduce stress and mental fatigue (Vujcic et al., 2017). This methodology can easily perform comparative studies across different contexts and tailor the complexity of questions to the degree of preparation and characteristics of the respondents (Ferreira et al., 2020). ...
In the wake of increasing natural disasters, global warming and the loss of biodiversity, worldwide consensus has emerged that climate change requires calls for counteractive measures to be taken. This is expressed, for example, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report (IPCC), the Paris Climate Agreement, or the Sustainable Development Goals (Brondizio et al., 2019). Yet, at the same time there is a contro‑
versial debate on how climate change mitigation should be designed. Nature‑based solutions (NBS) approach especially receives a high level of advocacy to limit global warming by 2 degrees (Herlyn, 2021). The European Commission regards NBS as key combining human livelihoods, economic prosperity, and ecological diversity, and need to be promoted (European Commission, 2015). Furthermore, NBS embodies
new approaches to socio‑ecological resilience and support social innovation through integrating socio‑ecological systems associated with academic dialogue into urban projects to address various environmental challenges while providing multiple co‑benefits to the economic, social, and ecological domains (European Commission, 2021). However, social innovations are characterized by great complexity, which not only extends over the process of NBS implementation, but especially includes diffusion, where citizens adopt social innovations as a new practice and routine. In Dortmund, five NBS support to realize more intense citizen participation during co‑design, co‑implementation, and co‑management. One of the biggest challenges of co‑design is the high variation in the degree of citizen participation reaching from informa‑
tion to empowerment, depending on the respective NBS layout. Civil society is not equally involved in the co‑creation of all NBS, so liability aspects during construction and maintenance require involvement of experts such as the movement park (NBS1). Certain NBS involve tech‑nical solutions, such as the aquaponic system (NBS4) and the path connection at Deusenberg (NBS6), which consequently cannot be planned and operated by everyone (Ayob et al. 2016). Given this, the question arises how NBS become social innovations and how they succeed. An analysis will be carried out that provides information on the transition from an NBS to a social innovation. Moreover, insights will be presented which factors make social innovation successful.
... Understanding the reasons behind their weak attachment, for example, lack of stability, frequent relocations, or dissatisfaction with their surroundings, can help design interventions to fulfill attachment needs in alternative ways. Nature-based interventions (Vujcic et al., 2017) and community engagement programs (Fong et al., 2021) have been shown to improve psychological well-being by increasing individuals' sense of belonging to their physical surroundings. Further research using experimental and longitudinal designs is essential to examine causal relationships and assess intervention effectiveness. ...
In recent years, technologies such as social media, virtual reality, and games have become integral parts of our daily lives. While research has examined their impact on mental health, there is limited focus on factors that moderate this relationship. One factor that may help clarify this relationship is the strength and quality of our relationships with people and places in the physical world, as these real-world connections may influence whether the effects of technology use are beneficial or detrimental to our well-being. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the relationship between the use of virtual places and mental health is moderated by interpersonal and place attachment. The study was conducted on a sample of 1250 Polish citizens and was representative in terms of gender, age, and place of residence. The participants completed an online survey in which they answered questions about their psychological distress (PHQ-ADS), interpersonal attachment (ECR-R), place attachment and use of virtual places. A lack of place attachment intensifies the association between the use of virtual places and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The results also demonstrate that interpersonal attachment anxiety moderates the relationship between the use of virtual places and symptoms of depression and anxiety. This relationship is stronger among people with high levels of attachment anxiety. These findings suggest that strengthening attachments to both people and physical spaces may help mitigate the risks associated with excessive virtual engagement and its influence on mental health.
... According to Cordoza et al. [15] an outdoor garden introduced nurses at risk of burnout, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization decreased if they entered the garden with a notable negative emotion visual analog scale score, anger and tiredness decreased. It is proven that spending time in the garden walking, contemplating, or engaging in gardening activities could result in mood improvement and increased calmness [16]. ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization and benefits of a newly designed sensory garden for caregivers working with clients with Intellectual and Development Disabilities (IDD). Each semester Winston-Salem State University Occupational Therapy students complete Level IA, IB and Level IIA Fieldwork at this Adult Day Center serving clients with IDD. Students carefully designed and assembled a therapeutic sensory garden for clients and caregivers at the Adult Day Center. Students felt compelled to collect data on caregivers working with clients with IDD due to frequent turnover. During the fieldwork experience, students noticed high turnover and how negative it was influencing the client's overall performance. There are several studies that support the positive effects of a therapeutic sensory garden on various populations. However, there is limited evidence that connects a therapeutic sensory garden with caregivers working with individuals with IDD at an adult day center.Twenty-five caregivers completed a survey while engaged in the sensory garden. This is a quantitative study completed through convenience sampling. Caregivers employed at the Adult Day Center with a newly established sensory garden were given consent forms to participate in the study. After completion of the consent form and agreement to participate in the study, caregivers were given a survey to complete while actively engaging in the garden.Caregivers indicated that the sensory garden was frequently utilized, beneficial, and increased overall mood. As a result, direct effects and daily use improved mood which may decrease the risk of caregiver burnout and high turnover.
... The adoption of qualitative questionnaires over time is considered one of the most promising research methodologies to assess to what extent and how NBS can produce social and psychological benefits. Recently, many empirical studies have adopted this method to understand whether natural solutions can promote socialization, strengthen the sense of belonging, and reduce stress and mental fatigue (Vujcic et al., 2017). This methodology can easily perform comparative studies across different contexts and tailor the complexity of questions to the degree of preparation and characteristics of the respondents (Ferreira et al., 2020). ...
Social innovation, a concept with historical roots dating back to Joseph Schumpeter’s 1930s theories, is still evolving in its definition and practice. Social innovation often intersects with environmental and cultural contexts, potentially leading to significant shifts in societal habits toward sustainability.
Recent literature highlights social innovation’s dual role: It is both a tool for policymakers seeking fair and sustainable solutions and a subject of social science research focused on collaborative, creative responses to contemporary challenges. However, risks accompany this potential. Some scholars caution against superficial or short-term social innovations, which might fail to address underlying issues or could be exploited by local governments to reduce costs without substantial benefits.
The proGIreg project examines social innovation’s impact on urban environments, focusing on nature-based solutions (NBS) like green walls. Using qualitative surveys, the project aims to evaluate the psychological and social benefits of NBS, particularly their effects on children’s well-being and environmental attitudes. The study, involving a green wall installation in a school, assesses changes in student perceptions and behaviors over two years.
... Accumulated stress can cause a decrease in the ability to adapt physically, mentally, and socially in society. This condition will increase the number of individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic disorders [31]. The existence of data on psychological problems of anxiety and depression in the current study poses a challenge for the mental health service department for urban communities to develop interventions to deal with existing psychological problems and strengthen preventive programs, as well as community-based mental health promotion. ...
Urban life is full of challenges. The challenges faced can affect psychological conditions. The research aims to determine the mental health of urban communities. The method used is the cross-sectional research method. The research sample used convenience and probability sampling and collected 431 respondents. The instrument used was the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) 29. Data analysis was performed by chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test. The respondents' gender is 31.8% male and 68.2% female. The average age of respondents is 25.98 years. Mental health data: 15.3% are mentally healthy, 42% have psychological problems, 2.6% use psychoactives/drugs, 39.7% have psychotic symptoms, and 59.9% have symptoms of post-traumatic syndrome disorder (PTSD). The results of the bivariate test for gender are associated with psychological problems (p-value = 0.006) and psychoactive/drug use (p-value = 0.009), age is related to psychological issues (p-value = 0.029), and PTSD symptoms (p-value = 0.0005). The conclusion is not all urban people are mentally healthy. There are psychological problems (anxiety and depression), psychoactive/drug use and PTSD. Psychological issues are related to age and gender. Psychoactive use is related to gender, and PTSD is related to age. There is a need for mental health interventions in urban communities to maintain, improve, and overcome mental health problems. Mental health nurses can play a role in carrying out preventive, promotive, and collaborative interventions in the community.
... The space became a refuge for activities such as reading, family picnics, and relaxation, as it offered a sense of security and tranquillity amidst the challenges of the pandemic. Research indicates that natural environments significantly enhance mental well-being, especially during times of crisis, and Crossrail Place's design clearly fostered this by providing a safe, well-ventilated, and accessible environment [88,89]. A participant noted, "During the pandemic, it became a go-to place for our family picnics. ...
This study examines the critical role of elevated urban spaces in fostering urban resilience and enhancing public well-being in the post-pandemic era. Through a detailed literature review and contextual analysis, the research explores how these spaces address the evolving needs for social interaction, public health, and mental wellness in urban design. Focusing on London, with comparisons to international examples such as Singapore, the study presents findings from sixty-six semi-structured walk-along interviews conducted at the Sky Garden and Crossrail Place Roof Garden. Data analysis reveals both the challenges and guiding principles for designing resilient elevated urban spaces. Key areas for improvement include accessibility, circulation, aesthetic integration, and management strategies. The findings emphasise the value of these green spaces in densely populated cities, as they provide vital recreational areas that support the mental and physical health of residents. This research offers a structured framework for embedding elevated green spaces into high-density urban environments, enhancing both resilience and liveability. The study delivers actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers, outlining a nuanced approach to designing sustainable, adaptable green spaces.
... Asimismo, la TEORÍA DE LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA ATENCIÓN indica que la naturaleza permite que las personas recuperen su capacidad de atención tras periodos de agotamiento mental (Grinde & Pa l, 2009). En relación con lo anterior, Vujcic (2017) señala que incorporar plantas en interiores no solo mejora la salud sica, sino que contribuye al mejoramiento del estado de ánimo y la reducción del estrés. En esa línea, el estudio de Espejo y Cabrera (2023) reveló que el 70 % de los encuestados sin ó que tener plantas en casa les ayudó a enfrentar el encierro durante la pandemia, lo que impulsó la creación de más espacios verdes. ...
... The H&S benefits of NBS are also welldocumented. The greening of urban areas has been linked to improved mental health, reduced stress levels, and better overall well-being [25] . Furthermore, by providing shaded walkways and pollution-absorbing plant life, NBS can drastically improve the living conditions in urban areas, making them more habitable and safer for residents and workers. ...
The Gulf Region, characterized by its arid climate, rapid urbanization, and unique socioeconomic dynamics, presents significant hurdles to attaining sustainable development. This paper rigorously assesses how nature-based solutions enhance resilience, sustainability, and health & safety in the architecture of the Gulf Cooperation Council region. It evaluates how NBS strengthens resilience, improves sustainability, and ensure the H&S of workers and occupants in the region's harsh climate, based on practitioner insights. The study also examines the success of implementing these solutions in actual GCC architectural projects. The adoption of nature-based solutions in design is a viable method to solve the Gulf Region's distinct environmental and building concerns. By enhancing resilience, sustainability, and health & safety, these solutions can contribute to the creation of more livable and sustainable urban spaces. This analysis from the Gulf Region demonstrates how nature-based solutions may revolutionize design practices and encourage sustainable development in dry regions. Future research and practical applications of nature-based solutions in the region will be critical to improving this diverse discipline and attaining long-term sustainability objectives. The Gulf Region may serve as a paradigm for incorporating nature-based solutions into architecture [1] , demonstrating their efficacy in improving resilience, sustainability, health and safety.
... The indoor green places within a building, such as indoor green walls, indoor green spaces, plants, green decorations, and natural lights through glass windows, are essential nature-based solutions (NBS) to attain sustainable and resilient buildings [121]. In the hotel building context, a green indoor physical environment is also an important component of NBS. ...
Recent studies have focused on different aspects of green management, practices, and green consumption in the hotel industry. However, there is a need to explore and better understand the association between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and green hotel guest’s comfort. Therefore, it is essential to explore the effects of IEQ on the comfort and satisfaction of green hotel guests. This study conducts a comprehensive review of the effects of various IEQ parameters, including indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, visual/view, acoustic comfort, building characteristics, decoration, and indoor greenery, on guest’s comfort and satisfaction in green hotels. Based on previous literature, it was also revealed that most current green building schemes lack of comprehensive evaluation of the performance of IEQ dimensions in green hotels. It was also observed that these IEQ parameters show a significant influence on the hotel guest’s comfort and satisfaction. Based on the findings of the literature review, a conceptual model was developed to represent the relationship between the IEQ parameters and guest’s comfort and satisfaction. The proposed conceptual model can be implemented by the hotel management for a comprehensive assessment of guests’ perceptions toward the IEQ in green hotels. The novelty of this study is based on its findings that establish a more effective IEQ evaluation method and serve as the reference scenario of IEQ, which can be a useful tool for both academician and practitioners and contribute to improving the indoor environmental performance of green hotels through highlighting the key IEQ parameters, which affect the comfort and satisfaction of hotel guests.
... Beyond physical health, gardening has been shown to have significant mental health benefits. Engaging with nature through gardening reduces stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting mental well-being [49]. The act of nurturing plants and watching them grow fosters a sense of accomplishment and mindfulness, which can contribute to improved emotional resilience. ...
Sustainable vegetable gardening is an eco-friendly practice that integrates organic farming principles, resource conservation, and biodiversity promotion to produce nutritious, chemical-free food while minimizing environmental impact. This approach emphasizes soil health through the use of organic amendments, crop rotation, composting, and mulching to improve fertility and water retention. Water conservation techniques, such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, are employed to optimize water use, especially in arid regions. Pest and disease management relies on integrated pest management (IPM), biological controls, companion planting, and the use of organic pesticides to reduce chemical input while maintaining crop health. Sustainable homegrown produce has been shown to have superior nutritional content compared to commercially grown produce, and the avoidance of synthetic chemicals reduces the risk of pesticide residue exposure. Gardening fosters healthy eating habits by connecting individuals to their food sources, encouraging the consumption of fresh, unprocessed vegetables, and contributing to food security. The mental and physical health benefits of gardening, including reduced stress, increased physical activity, and improved mental well-being, further highlight its holistic value. However, challenges such as the initial setup costs, time investment, pest management, and knowledge gaps can hinder widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges requires greater access to resources, educational initiatives, and the development of climate-resilient practices tailored to specific regions. Future trends in sustainable gardening include the adoption of technological innovations, such as smart irrigation systems, automation, and vertical farming, which offer scalable solutions for urban and small-scale gardeners. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of resilient, local food systems, and sustainable gardening is poised to play a critical role in addressing future food security concerns.
... Other reviews have found that nature walks were associated with a reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression for clinical and nonclinical populations (Kotera, Lyons, Vione, & Norton, 2021) and, as an intervention for anxiety and depression, resulted in mental health improvements (Grassini, 2022). Access to activities within green spaces have also been found to reduce stress in psychiatric inpatient populations (Vujcic et al., 2017) and have the potential to reduce mental health admissions (Wheater et al., 2007). ...
The mental health benefits of exposure to green spaces are well known. This systematic review summarizes the evidence of green space exposure for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), focusing on incidence and mental health outcomes, including mental health symptoms and health service use. The study was pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023431954), and conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Seven databases, reference lists, and gray literature sources were searched. Methodological quality was assessed using The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. 126 studies were screened, and 12 studies were eligible for inclusion. Seven studies found that exposure to green space was associated with a reduced risk of schizophrenia (lowest to highest green space exposure: HRs = 0.62–0.37; IRRs = 1.52–1.18), with five studies reporting a dose-response relationship. Of these studies, four examined childhood exposure and the remainder examined adult exposure. Regarding health service use, proximity to green space was not significantly associated with length of hospital admission, though greater green space exposure was associated with reduced hospital admission rates. Three studies found reduced symptoms of anxiety (d = −0.70–2.42), depression (d = −0.97–1.70) and psychosis (d = −0.94) with greater green space exposure. Exposure to green space reduces the risk of schizophrenia, and there is emerging evidence of the potential benefits of green space for reducing symptoms and health service use among people with SSDs. Future research using experimental and longitudinal designs will provide more robust evidence of the benefits of green space for people with SSDs.
... Even though not exhaustive of NBS types of interventions, literature often refers to 'climate co-benefits' as result of intended positive side effects of a policy from climate change policies (IPCC, 2007(IPCC, , 2018. Such positive collateral benefits also include improved quality of life, mental and physical health (Vujcic et al., 2017) and reinforced cultural identities, supporting a sense of belonging and place stewardships (Keniger et al., 2013;Nesshöver et al., 2017;Vert et al., 2019). Moreover, an overarching review of the literature highlights the importance of health benefits specifically generated by NBS (in particular, see Ekkel and de Vries, 2017;Fernandes and Guiomar, 2018;Hartig et al., 2014). ...
Cities are living systems throughout history and contemporary ones as well. A holistic vision for urban sustainability looks at the city as an integration of energy, environment, mobility, urban design, new technologies, and most importantly “people and nature”. In this article, the aim is to shed the light on the role of Nature-based solutions (NBS) towards addressing climate change crisis and tackling a variety of socio-ecological and urban biodiversity challenges. The paper claim for more evidence-based frameworks to understand the economic, social, and environmental benefits of NBS and to promote their inclusion in urban policies. Firstly, and most importantly, the role of NBS in shaping urban planning policies as a result of expansion and densification of cities is reviewed. Secondly, the co-benefits generated by NBS within the social and cultural regeneration of cities is reflected upon. Lastly, in this article case studies are given from Nice, Utrecht, and Milan in order to showcase those cities spatial strategies to implement NBS through different scales. The article discusses the role of NBS in addressing climate challenges and emphasizes the need for collaborative stakeholder engagement in their implementation. Spatial, governance, temporal, and financial challenges related to NBS implementation are identified, underscoring the complexity of integrating NBS into urban environments. The article concludes by advocating for the systematic integration of green and blue infrastructure and NBS into urban planning, emphasizing the importance of considering socio-cultural elements alongside environmental benefits.
... They are both important but very different because of their locations, which entail different environmental features and management methods (Marušáková et al. 2019). Urban forestry sites are exploited especially by people living in the city, who can access them more quickly and frequently (Vujcic et al. 2017). "Natural sites", far from urban areas, are less exposed to noise and visual disturbance, and to air pollution, but they require longer time to be reached. ...
The social and health benefits that green areas and forests can provide are now recognized in the scientific community worldwide. There is a growing interest in and demand for forest care initiatives and nature-based therapy, also as a result of the impacts of Covid-19 pandemic. In Italy, the increasing interest in alternative and integrated solutions for care and healthcare promotion have laid the basis for the implementation of several projects and activities, particularly those known as Forest Therapy (FT). These initiatives provide a business opportunity for forestry and social sectors, for the development of rural areas, and they are a cost-saving opportunity for the National Health System because of the expected benefits (as assessed by several clinical studies confirming the therapeutic effectiveness of these activities). Despite the importance , in Italy there is not a specific legal basis and standardized procedures to determine the suitability of a FT site. As a result, FT initiatives have been carried out in different environments, whether in urban or extra-urban forest areas, with the implementation of activities deemed suitable in a "self-referential" approach. Establishing a standard procedure for the recognition of FT suitable locations and related FT activities is a first step for the promotion of an important instrument that can meet several social needs. This work proposes (i) a standard procedure ("iter") for the validation of a Forest Therapy and Urban forest therapy (UFT) site by the competent authority to obtain the official "environmental recognition" of site suitability; (ii) the technical and objective criteria to assess the stationary and environmental parameters of a site in order to be qualified as a FT/UFT site, both in natural and urban contexts. The iter and criteria proposed take into account the relevant national regulations, the literature found on the subject, and the expertise of scientists and technicians. The procedure and criteria proposed can be used as basis of a regulation on FT in Italy, ensuring suitable sites officially recognised by public institutions and providing a high-quality service to society. Finally, a baseline regulation would also facilitate opportunities for dedicated funding, as well as the recognition of "green prescriptions" for the prevention and treatment of certain health problems.
... Si a la inclusión de la naturaleza urbana se incorpora la intención hortícola, ello puede contribuir a recuperar la salud mental, como lo señala Vujcic (2017), pero además coadyuvar a la economía casera como Komalawati (2022) lo expone en una investigación realizada en Asia; lo antrior representa varias ventajas ya que puede utilizarse los remanentes urbanos que nadie quiere pero que en términos vegetales pueden ser de gran utilidad social y productiva. ...
La agricultura urbana es la actividad de cultivar y cosechar alimentos en la ciudad para garantizar el abastecimiento de su población: lo que en siglos pasados fue una práctica común alrededor de los asentamientos humanos ahora es una nueva tendencia para la sostenibilidad urbana. Actualmente el mundo enfrenta una crisis ambiental por la talla de las ciudades y su repercusión en el planeta, y una de las tantas repercusiones es una agricultura insostenible que realiza un encomiable esfuerzo para alimentar a una legión infinita de personas que poco conocen del campo y de sus efectos bonancibles para la salud mental y el bienestar de personas.
... This theory primarily involves people immersing themselves in natural environments and focusing on their own sensations. Gradually, it becomes apparent that this practice is conducive to reducing depression, anxiety, stress, and anger in both clinical and non-clinical samples, particularly for anxiety [74][75][76]. In recent years, psychological constructs like self-compassion and psychological safety have been explored, as nature exposure may activate our soothing system, fostering compassion, safety, and connection, thereby safeguarding mental health [77]. ...
This study aims to assess the global progress in research on the impact of forest therapy on mental health by using bibliometric analysis. We analyzed the relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database by utilizing software tools such as Bibliometrix (Version 4.1), VOSviewer (Version 1.6.19), and CiteSpace (Version 6.3.R1). There appears to be a growing trend in annual publication volumes from 2006 to 2023. Miyazaki was identified as the most prolific author in this field. Japan and South Korea lead in research contributions, while China has the highest number of publications. The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is the journal with the most publications and citations in this area. Recent keyword clustering reveals an increasing frequency of studies on anxiety and urban green spaces. Research findings suggest that exposure to negative air ions and compounds released by plants can stimulate the five human senses, reduce cortisol levels, and improve mental health. Although studies have demonstrated significant effects of forest therapy in alleviating stress, anxiety, and depression, more large-scale and long-term studies are needed for further evidence. Additionally, it is crucial to explore the impact of different forest types, terrains, altitudes, climates, and air conditions on the effectiveness of forest therapy on mental health.
... In another study [49], researchers demonstrated the benefit of a 12-month gardening intervention on stress regulation among mental health service users. Similar support was found among individuals with known mental health, heart conditions, and postpartum women, older people with dementia [40,53,55,56]. Kotozaki [50] conducted a study to investigate the psychological impact of engaging in eight gardening activities once a week on mothers and their infants, one year after childbirth. ...
Background: The beneficial effects of gardening as a form of physical activity have garnered growing interest in recent years. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of gardening as a physical activity on promoting neuroplasticity and cognitive functioning in people. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on published articles between January 2010 to December 2022. The systematic search identified 3,470 records based on the PRISMA recommendations, 23 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Results: The study revealed the potential benefit of gardening physical activity on brain health. The evidence suggests that engaging in gardening physical activity not only boosts immunity and lowers inflammation but can also increase levels of growth neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which are essential for promoting neuroplasticity and improving cognitive function. These results should be interpreted cautiously given the small number of included studies and few randomized controlled trials. Discussion: The study results of gardening physical activity are promising. However, to adequately comprehend the underlying mechanism of the physical activity of gardening on brain health, more well-designed research is still necessary.
... According to Physical Activity Guideline for Americans (2nd edition) [15], gardening is a muscle-strengthening and multicomponent PA with one of the lowest injury risks, which is appropriate and recommended for older adults. Of particular note were the benefits of gardening for mental health and well-being, including potential reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms [16,17] and improved sleep quality [18,19]. We previously reported that people who engaged in gardening had a lower frequency of mental distress and lower odds of diabetes [20], a known risk factor of dementia [21]. ...
Background
Given the benefits of gardening for physical and psychological health, we explored whether gardening was associated with lower risks of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a precursor of dementia, and SCD-related functional limitations.
Methods
Included in this cross-sectional study were 136,748 participants aged 45 + years old from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2019 survey, who were then categorized into three groups according to self-reported exercise status: non-exercisers, gardeners, and other exercisers. SCD was assessed via a questionnaire, and SCD-related functional limitations were referred to as having difficulties in engaging in household or social activities due to SCD. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the associations of gardening with SCD and SCD-related functional limitations, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and health status. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine whether the observed association between gardening and SCD was mediated by energy expenditure (MET-hours/week), depression status, and consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Results
Overall, 11.1% and 5.4% of participants self-reported experiencing SCD and SCD-related functional limitations, respectively. The adjusted OR for gardeners vs. non-exercisers, was 0.72 (95% CI 0.62–0.83) for SCD and 0.57 (95% CI 0.44–0.73) for SCD-related functional limitations. The observed association between gardening and SCD was explained by higher energy expenditure (39.0%), lower likelihood of having depression (21.5%), and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (3.4%) (P<0.05 for all). Similar patterns were observed for SCD-related functional limitations.
Conclusion
In this nationally representative sample, gardening was associated with better cognitive status, which may be mainly attributed to better depression status and energy expenditure.
... Studies have shown that adding natural light and windows to buildings can improve people's moods (Küller & Lindsten, 1992;Zadeh et al., 2014), and placing potted plants in an indoor environment has also been found to reduce stress (Bringslimark et al., 2009;Suess, 2023). Views of nature from the window reduce stress, enhance both mental and physical health, and foster positive attitudes and actions (Grinde & Patil, 2009;Hartig et al., 2011;Honold et al., 2016;Van den Berg et al., 2003;Vujcic et al., 2017). Additionally, several studies have provided evidence of healing benefits to patients from an immersion in plants and indoor gardens (Marcus, 2007;Marcus & Sachs, 2013;Park & Mattson, 2008;Pretty, 2004;Raanaas et al., 2010). ...
When considering how hotels can facilitate aesthetics that offer restorative benefits to business and leisure travelers, extant research suggests natural environments serve as a refuge and that time spent in nature promotes well-being. Based on the tenets of Stress Recovery Theory (SRT), combined with the theoretical perspective of prospect-refuge, we examine, through a series of conjoint analyses, how combinations of biophilic design elements differ in the extent to which they are perceived to enhance guests’ restoration, including relaxation, energy, and mind clarity. We further explore how these perceptions change based on higher and lower levels of individuals’ longer-term states of anxiety and stress. Findings can be translated into practical applications, ensuring that the biophilic elements more closely aligned with restoration and psychological needs are prioritized in urban hotel building and interior design.
... This can therefore contribute to addressing climate change effects in cities such as urban heat attenuation, management of heavy precipitation, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Table 1). Since SDGs are interlinked, the implementation of NbS for SDG 11, can involve SDG 3, where green space and infrastructure, including sustainable management of waste, can reduce illnesses from air and water pollution (target 3.9), which therefore contribute to human well-being in urban areas [29]. NbS can be the best approach that can also involve SDG 10 related to the reduction of inequalities, with the potential of reflecting the core commitment within the SDGs "leave no one behind" for all countries' adaptation to environmental change using nature [30]. ...
Cities are globally exposed to climate change effects, which revealed that 55% of the world's population is at risk. Despite their low contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, African cities are paying the highest cost of the threats caused by climate change due to their rapid urban community growth, high population density, and inadequate urban planning. This review has explored and demonstrated the benefit of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) implementation for urban climate crisis resilience that have been implemented globally for sharing information on sustainable city planning in Africa. The analysis is based on the African countries’ Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) reports, the institution’s review, and scientific articles. The successful implementation of NbS since 2015 in developed countries confirms that NbS has a multi-functional environmental benefit for urban and pre-urban populations. It reduces cities' vulnerability to climate threats and advances numerous Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) achievement. It revealed only 15 (27,7%) African countries have implemented NbS with 119 projects to adapt and tackle climate change in water, agriculture, forest and woodland, coastal and marine habitat, grassland, and mountain habitat sectors. Rural areas are paid more attention than cities despite the rapid urbanization in the face of extreme climate effects. Furthermore, the review process observed some challenges in translating the approaches of NbS into measurable actions for African urban climate resilience: (i) issues in the governance of urban planning and policies; (ii) insufficient mobilization of resources and lack of private sector involvement in financing NbS; and (iii) lack of comprehensive evidence-based strategies and knowledge for successful operationalization of NbS in African cities.
... Studies have confirmed that horticultural therapy can significantly reduce levels of repression, anxiety and depression [10]. Through horticultural therapy, contact with plants and nature can improve teachers' children's self-confidence, awareness and communication skills, cultivate sense of responsibility, adjust negative emotions, and build positive and optimistic attitude. ...
As a special group of education objects, Chinese teachers' children are affected by the professional characteristics and ideas of their parents, and generally face greater psychological pressure. Their construction of positive psychological quality is relatively insufficient. The concept of horticultural therapy and experiential practical activities provide a new way to shape the positive psychological quality of Chinese teachers' children. It is particularly necessary to apply horticultural therapy to the children of Chinese teachers to improve their mental health. The combination of horticulture and mental health education of Chinese teachers' children helps to shape the positive and optimistic mentality of teachers' children, and helps to improve the communication ability and learning enthusiasm of teachers' children, which is of great value in shaping the positive psychological quality of Chinese teachers' children.
Background
Recent research (projects, articles, etc.) has demonstrated the interest of Nature-based Solutions (NbS), which aim at harmonizing flood management and sustainable development. However, their practical implementation is confronted by different obstacles, in particular the lack of knowledge about these measures and their efficiency for flood management.
Intervention
To meet this need, we have developed a learning game entitled ‘Sim-MANA’, an assessment protocol and a workshop-building approach. The assessment protocol was implemented in five workshops with various groups, including local authority teams, the general public, and territorial administrators.
Methods
Sim-MANA combines a role-playing game, a computerized simulation based on an Agent based-model and a physical interface (a 3D model of the territory). The game is designed for groups of between 5 and 25 players, who assume the roles of local stakeholders and citizens (for example, members of the municipal team, the watershed syndicate, local businesses and contractors, and so on). In order to evaluate the efficacy of the tool in facilitating learning, a series of pre- and post-questionnaires, an in-game observation grid, associated with a debriefing protocol have been developed.
Results
In the period spanning 2023 and 2024, five distinct gaming sessions were conducted and subsequently evaluated. The workshop provides an opportunity to learn about flooding and NbS, reproduce tensions, and conduct negotiations around urban planning choices. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in stimulating debate and serving as an arena for discussion, but the assessment of the learning generated is more nuanced and calls for more experiments.
Conclusion
The Sim-MANA game has already demonstrated its potential for raising awareness of flood management and NbS. However, this tool alone is not sufficient to meet the objectives of increasing the capacity of local stakeholders in integrated flood management.
Urbanisation and reduced natural spaces pose increasing challenges to children’s holistic development in early learning environments. This study investigates how four biophilic design elements—water, plants, animals, and ecosystems—affect the physical, mental, and social well-being of kindergarten children in Henan Province, China. A quantitative questionnaire survey was conducted with children, parents, and teachers from four selected kindergartens. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic information, preferences toward biophilic design elements, and perceived impacts of these elements on children’s development. Considering young children’s limited ability to self-report psychological and emotional states, children’s preferences were statistically compared to those of parents and teachers using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26. Results showed no significant differences; thus, data from parents and teachers were retained for further analysis. Subsequently, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to explore relationships between biophilic elements and children’s developmental outcomes. Results indicated that water and animal elements were associated with higher levels of physical activity and psychological resilience, plants were linked to greater social adaptability, and ecosystem landscapes were related to overall indicators of child development. Because the dataset is geographically limited, these quantitative results should be interpreted as exploratory evidence. Importantly, these interventions can be feasibly incorporated into existing facilities, offering practical avenues for swift implementation. To better facilitate such practical implementation, this study synthesises key findings into a comprehensive framework, explicitly outlining how these biophilic elements can be prioritised and effectively integrated into kindergarten designs. Future research is recommended to examine long-term effects and cultural adaptability.
Research Problem: Modern life requires attention to the continuous flow of information, and this long-term attention causes mental fatigue. Mental fatigue, as one of the problems of modern man, reduces mental efficiency and causes numerous other physical and psychological problems. One of the solutions to adjust this type of fatigue is to restore the mind of effort. Based on previous theoretical knowledge such as attention restoration theory (ART) and stress reduction theory (SRT), as well as previous studies, landscape and environmental variables are among the strategies for restoring the mind.
Research Question: The present study seeks to identify various environmental variables that affect mental recovery and summarize these variables according to the existing literature in this field of research. It also seeks to discover through which channels related to the human mind, mental recovery related to the environment occurs.
Research Method: This study was a systematic review to understand the similarities, differences, and research gaps in the field of human mental restoration. Therefore this paper reviewed studies conducted between 2010 and 2024 in the Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and Sage databases with a 15-year retrospective review. The scope of the review was limited to English-language publications within the fields of architecture and landscape architecture. Article selection was guided by the presence of keywords related to "mental restoration" and "mental fatigue" such as "Mental* fatigue", "Mental* fatigue" and environment*, "Mental* fatigue" and Landscape, "Psychological restoration" and environment* within the title, abstract, or main text. These keywords were selected by the researchers in a way that included the most articles published in the databases. Then, the summaries of the studies collected through content analysis were coded and categorized in the form of variables related to the environment and the mind. To summarize the aforementioned studies, the frequency of environmental variables was examined, and then relationship models between environmental and mental variables were drawn. The result of the search was the number of 3092 studies, after applying restrictions, 135 articles were found to be eligible for inclusion in the study.
The Most Important Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that investigations into mental restoration over the past 15 years have primarily been grounded in eleven core theoretical frameworks, despite diverse research approaches. Also, about half of recent studies have used questionnaires; however, the growth of mixed quantitative-qualitative research in recent years indicates the value of using these two methods together to compensate for the possible weaknesses of each. Variables associated with mental restoration in contemporary literature can be broadly categorized into four distinct groups: cultural-social, emotional, psychological, and cognitive-functional. The effect of the variable access to nature on mental restoration, attention restoration and stress reduction, the effect of the variable attractiveness, soundscape, water and fountains, the presence of shrubs and trees, distance and greenery and green space on mental restoration, and the effect of biophilic design on stress reduction were the most frequent relationships between the variables of the studies. Considering that the mentioned correlations have been repeated and confirmed in various researches, therefore the mentioned factors are very important in the discussion of mental restoration.
The report focuses on assessing the framework conditions for implementing the proposed Nature-based solutions (NBS) at RECONECT’s European Collaborator sites. Using a multi-method approach with a focus on workshops, the study identifies interconnected barriers, revealing that current legal, administrative, and policy frameworks for integrating NBS into risk management are in the initial stage. Key barriers such as financial resource availability, political commitment, and public understanding of NBS significantly influence uptake. Although EU policies provide foundational support for NBS, actual political backing remains limited. This research underscores the imperative of recognising and addressing barriers to ensure NBS's effective integration into mainstream risk management practices.
Urbanization is an ongoing trend. It causes various negative issues, including strain on human health and biodiversity. Cities are often subject to negative effects of climate change. Currently green and blue infrastructure are often seen as potential solutions for these problems. However, integration of topographically diverse sites and geological elements into urban landscapes is rarely considered as an important measure for addressing societal and environmental issues in cities. This can lead to lost opportunities. Poor protection of geo-heritage and low awareness of the geological values among city dwellers is also likely. The geological elements can be integrated into urban landscapes in a variety of ways. Here we discuss these opportunities and present the potential approaches to practical implementation of the integration. We explore opportunities to harness both existing geological elements and topography engineering to enhance effectiveness of Nature-based Solutions. We also highlight the values and costs associated with the approach and provide suggestions to policymakers and practitioners. In addition to well-known cultural, educational, scientific, and economic benefits of the proposed approach, we discuss less straightforward ones that are often overlooked by relevant stakeholders but still hold significant importance for the well-being of city dwellers. Given the fact that this is a novel research area, conceptual research methodology is applied here.
Background:In the dynamic urban context of Hong Kong, this paper explored how nature-inspired
art therapy programmes addressed health challenges across cancer patients, with a focus on the
symbolic and sensory aspects, as well as an understanding of Eastern philosophical perspectives
on nature.
Context:The article examined how nature-inspired art therapy was applied with or without direct
encounters with nature. Tailored practices responded to limitations of the accessibility of nature
and physical or institutional restrictions of participants. It discussed the synchronicity between art
and nature for resilience in two different therapeutic settings.
Approach: Structured art therapy programmes were introduced, including thematic sessions for
cancer patients with anxiety issues and immersive nature trips for cancer survivors.
Outcomes: Quantitative outcomes showed reductions in anxiety among cancer patient groups.
Perceived impact demonstrates transformative potential of both therapeutic settings.
Conclusions:The multi-layered role of nature, from symbolic visualisation to sensational encounter,
has complemented art therapy in enhancing resilience across cancer survivors in Hong Kong. Cultural,
symbolic exploration and sensory engagement emerged for this holistic health approach.
Implications for Research: Future research is encouraged to explore the diverse applications of
nature-inspired art therapy in urban settings. This included investigating the connections between
sensory stimulation, cultural symbolism and personalised interventions to enhance well-being
across different clientele and distinctive settings.
Plain-language summary
This paper looked at how nature-inspired art therapy helped people affected by cancer to stay
healthy in Hong Kong. We explored how art therapy incorporated nature themes, even when
people could not easily access nature. These programmes were made for people who could not
go outside easily because of physical reasons. We also talked about how art and nature work
together to help people feel stronger in therapy.
We discussed specific art therapy programmes for cancer patients with anxiety and survivors who
went on a nature trip. Our study showed that these programmes lowered anxiety for cancer patients.
People from different backgrounds also said that nature-based art therapy made them feel better and
empowered.
We explained how nature was not just representing some cultural meanings in art therapy – it also
gave people calming experiences. In conclusion, incorporating nature to art therapy in Hong Kong
helped build strength and resilience in a city that is always changing.
Looking ahead, we suggested more research to explore how nature-inspired art therapy could be
applied in cities. This research can look at how art and nature work together to help people from
different populations to achieve well-being in therapy.
Botanic gardens collect, care for, distribute and display living organisms, preserved plant specimens, and their derived artifacts. As cultural collections, they are used for research, conservation, education and cultivated as living collections that provide tangible and intangible amenity. Curation is an integral consideration of this melee, which informs the content and confers value, through framing the public presentation and interpretation to further the mission of the host organisation. This paper reviews the evolution of western botanic gardens as institutions of power, inferred by knowledge. Exploring the key externalities that have informed their collection acquisitions since their renaissance origin while exploring the epistemic function of the curator’s role. Looking to provide insight into how these collections can better be directed towards the prescient externalities that result from an imbalance of the human social and wider ecological system. The framework of a Sustainable Development is reviewed as the dominant sustainability narrative and top-down transformative solution pathway. While Nature-based Solutions are identified as potential tools to help mitigate and adapt to emerging challenges from anthropogenic climate change and continuing biodiversity loss. Finally, the concept of a Just Transition is identified to inform policy and direct practice from a bottom up and top-down process, to ensure equality for all stakeholders independent of their economic means or collection interests. An approach that could bring benefits for species conservation while providing a new lens for botanic garden research and curatorial practices. These include acknowledging the benefits of Indigenous and western knowledge systems and making intrinsic values work; integrating intrinsic values of the more-than-human. The case for botanic gardens to be considered as centres of knowledge or ‘Hortus apertus’ is made to acknowledge the continual evolution of these institutions, and revaluation of their role in a time of global change.
Introduction. Salutogenic, or health-promoting design, suggests that the designed environment should not only provide comfortable living space but also support the health and well-being of individuals. However, the rapid process of urbanization is accompanied by significant changes in people's lifestyles and negatively affects mental health. Thus, it is necessary to study the impact of urban environment on the citizens mental health, as well as to summarize and analyze technologies of health-promoting design in urban environment. Objective. To justify the problem of high prevalence of chronic stress among citizens and to summarize the best practices of applying the principles of salutogenic design in the urban environment to overcome stress and prevent psychological problems. Materials and methods. We conducted a non-systematic narrative literature review in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary.ru. Search request depth covered 20 years from 2003 to 2023. Results. Urban planning based on the principles of salutogenic design is one of the important tools for ensuring the health of citizens, extending beyond the scope of healthcare system. Moreover, addressing chronic stress, referred to as the «epidemic of the 21st century», can be considered a key direction in implementing salutogenic design in urban planning. The main focus areas of salutogenic design in the urban environment are regulating the density of urban development, creating public spaces, providing landscape design and greenery, offering convenient and safe urban navigation and using arts. Conclusions. Stress levels in cities are influenced by various factors. Effective urban planning that incorporates salutogenic design principles can contribute to improving public health and creating a supportive urban environment.
Numerous studies have reported that the built environment plays a key role in promoting prosocial behaviors. However, to date, the potential positive psychological mechanisms underlying the association between built environment and prosocial behaviors in urban adult residents have not been well examined. To fill this research gap, the present study explored the mediation pathway from the perceived built environment to prosocial tendencies from a positive psychology perspective. Moreover, the present study focused on the moderating effects of depression and anxiety on this mediation pathway. A sample of 1150 urban community-dwelling adults completed questionnaires that assessed the perceived built environment, flourishing, prosocial tendencies, depression symptoms, and severity of anxiety. The results of the mediation model analysis demonstrated that the positive effect of perceived built environment on prosocial tendencies was partially mediated by flourishing. Furthermore, using a moderated mediation model analysis, we found that depression and anxiety moderated the link between perceived built environment and prosocial tendencies via flourishing. More specifically, the effect of the perceived built environment on flourishing was stronger for residents who experienced high levels of depression and anxiety than for those who experienced low levels of depression and anxiety. Additionally, we found that depression and anxiety moderated the mediating effect of flourishing. Compared with residents without a risk of depression and anxiety, individuals experiencing high levels of depression and anxiety obtained more psychosocial benefits derived from the high quality of the built environment. Overall, these findings provide an empirical contribution to the human-environment interaction research field and increase the precision of urban-based interventions and policies for the promotion of human well-being in urban contexts.
Zusammenfassung
Phänomene wie der Klimawandel und die fortlaufende Urbanisierung stellen Städte vor vielfältige Herausforderungen: Der Ressourcenverbrauch, die wachsende Mobilität wie auch die Raumknappheit wirken auf städtische Ökosysteme ein, welche im Kontext der Agenda 2030 dringend nachhaltiger werden müssen. Dieses Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenspiel von naturbasierten Lösungen (NBS) und Smart Cities. Es werden inhaltliche Überschneidungen der beiden Konzepte aus theoretischer Perspektive diskutiert und aufgezeigt, inwiefern NBS ein Werkzeug für Smart Cities auf dem Weg zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit und zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel darstellt. NBS bieten einer Smart City durch ihre Multifunktionalität zahlreiche Zusatznutzen und dimensionsübergreifende Chancen. Damit sich diese Chancen realisieren können, empfiehlt sich, NBS direkt in der Stadtplanung zu berücksichtigen, städtische Stakeholder einzubeziehen, geeignete Technologien einzusetzen sowie die Wirtschaftlichkeit der NBS frühzeitig zu beachten.
Mental health disorders are one of the biggest threats to human health, especially urban people. Despite the importance of urban mental health, the ways to improve it are unknown. This issue has gained multiple importance in the city of Tehran, which has a serious need to apply these solutions. This research was done with the aim of determining the key strategies to improve the mental health of this city. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and firstly, using content analysis and structural analysis, key solutions are identified, and finally, how to use these solutions is discussed. The findings of the research show that three solutions, drafting and implementing a comprehensive mental health plan, paying attention to beautiful urban design and promoting mental health, and using innovative approaches such as mobile phone health programs and online services as influential variables, are the main and most key solutions. are considered As a result, urban mental health can be significantly improved by applying these solutions.
Various physical environmental factors influence the recreational experience of urban river corridors, and understanding visitors’ perceptions of these factors holds significant implications for promoting the health and well-being of urban residents. This study specifically focuses on the Hutuo River corridor in Shijiazhuang, China, and conducted a semi-structured questionnaire survey with 620 participants. The findings reveal that visitors mainly come here to socialize with family and friends in a natural environment and escape the city’s hustle and bustle. Safety, management and maintenance, and overall conditions are the primary features visitors are concerned about in their experience. When addressing usage constraints, visitors highlight accessibility issues, including traffic congestion and overcrowding. Additional limitations encompass deficiencies in physical facilities, such as shortages of shared bicycles, convenience amenities, fitness facilities, and services catering to vulnerable groups. Moreover,challenges include unavailable toilet services and insufficient shaded areas along the riverbanks. Sociodemographic attributes such as gender, age, marital status,education level, monthly income, and residential distance significantly influence the recreational experience of urban river corridors, emphasizing the importance of considering diversity in urban planning and design. By comprehensively exploring the dynamics of urban river corridor utilization from a social-ecological perspective, our study’s findings offer insights relevant to future design and maintenance endeavors.
The importance of urban parks for improving the quality of life of residents is becoming increasingly clear as people interact less and less with nature. Urban parks should be designed to have a profound impact on the mental health and well-being of citizens through the provision of high-quality facilities and services. Nevertheless, there are differences in the influencing factors in urban parks. Nowadays, urban parks as the lungs of cities are considered important destinations for citizens to get rid of stress and mental fatigue. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors contribute to people feeling mentally better and improving their well-being. Based on people’s experiences and opinions, the present study aims to investigate how urban parks as nature-based solutions in Marivan City, Iran, especially the green infrastructure and its elements in Shano and Zaribar Parks, contribute to respondent’s mental health and overall well-being. The necessary data for this study were collected from 277 respondents using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was randomly distributed both in person and online. The questions were categorized based on 3 indicators directly related to mental health and well-being: perceptual, visual, and functional. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in Smart-PLS software. Results indicate that the perceptual, visual, and functional indicators in Marivan’s urban parks have a significant impact on the mental health and well-being of residents. Among these indicators, the visual indicator has shown the highest level of influence.
Objective
To investigate the effect of applying horticulture activity on stress, work performance and quality of life in persons with psychiatric illness.
Methods
This study was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Using convenience sampling, 24 participants with psychiatric illness were recruited to participate in a horticultural programme and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Two participants dropped out from experimental groups after assignment. Ten participants in the experimental group attended 10 horticultural sessions within 2 weeks, while 12 participants in the control group continued to receive conventional sheltered workshop training. Participants were assessed before and after programme using Chinese version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21) and the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI-C), and the Work Behavior Assessment.
Results
There was a significant difference in change scores of the DASS21 (p=.01) between experimental and control group. There were no significant differences in change scores of the PWI-C between the two groups.
Conclusion
Horticultural therapy is effective in decreasing the levels of anxiety, depression and stress among participants in this pilot study, but the impact of the programme on work behavior and quality of life will need further exploration.
Green spaces are the important components of the green infrastructure of cities that provide a wide range of services. Recent demographic reports have shown that the most people live in urban areas and that quality of living and work environment directly affects the physical and mental health of city residents. Health-promoting areas and elements within urban areas such as green spaces are recognized to support the residents’ possibilities to cope with morbidity and to have a beneficial effect on general health. The Vracar municipality represents one of the three central municipalities in the territory of the Belgrade, with the low percentage of green areas and the high population density. This paper examines the relation between the socioeconomic and health characteristics of the residents with a quality of a green infrastructure of the Vracar municipality. According to the results of the survey, on one side a high number of the Vracar residents visit local parks less than 3 times a week and stay less than 30 minutes, while on the other, 69% of the residents suffer from the respiratory infections and have frequent annual visits to a doctor. The results of this study indicate that exposure to the green environment and spending free time outdoors in local parks, have a clear influence on the general health and the degree of urbanity and the higher proportion of green space affect a life quality of the Vracar residents.
Keywords: green infrastructure, socioeconomic and health characteristics, urban residents, the Vracar municipality, city of Belgrade
Links between natural environments and mental health: evidence briefing Purpose of briefing This briefing note is part of a series that summarises evidence of the relationships between the natural environment and a range of outcomes. This briefing focuses on links between natural environments and mental health. The notes are aimed at: policy makers, practitioners, practice enablers (including Natural England, Natural Resources Wales etc.), local decision makers, and the wider research community. They highlight some of the implications for future policy, service delivery and research. It is intended they will inform practitioner planning, targeting and rationales, but not the identification of solutions or design of interventions. Barriers to access or use are not considered in these notes. The other briefings in the series published so far cover physical activity, obesity, physiological health, connection with nature, and learning. The notes consider evidence of relevance to the UK and outcomes for both adults and children. Please see EIN016 for methodology, glossary and evaluation resources.
The city of Belgrade falls into one of the most vulnerable cities in Europe according to the official reports in two studies published by the City Institute for Public Health (CIPH) and Department of Environmental Protection of 2012. Reports are related to the general physical and mental health condition of the residents of city municipalities and the evaluation of environmental quality. According to results of these two studies, municipalities Savski Venac, Stari Grad and Vračar stood out as the most vulnerable in Belgrade. Among selected municipalities, Savski Venac has registered the most patients suffering from respiratory system nearly 100 percent and nervous system about 12 percent and measured the highest level of air pollution (CO 7, 36 mg/m3) and noise (Day 73 dBA – Night 69 dBA).
Introducing varies medical plant species that are adapted to the urban settings represents a sustainable natural mechanism for conservation human health and urban environment. Plants such as South European flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus L.), black elder (Sambucus nigra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) combined with lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L.), ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) with their bio-ecological activities, could affect the control and reduction of contamination the urban area and contribute to the health balance.
Researchers are increasingly exploring how neighborhood greenness, or vegetation, may affect health behaviors and outcomes. Greenness may influence health by promoting physical activity and social contact; decreasing stress; and mitigating air pollution, noise, and heat exposure. Greenness is generally measured using satellite-based vegetation indices or land-use databases linked to participants’ addresses. In this review, we found fairly strong evidence for a positive association between greenness and physical activity and a less consistent negative association between greenness and body weight. Research suggests greenness is protective against adverse mental health outcomes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality, though most studies were limited by cross-sectional or ecological design. There is consistent evidence that greenness exposure during pregnancy is positively associated with birth weight, though findings for other birth outcomes are less conclusive. Future research should follow subjects prospectively, differentiate between greenness quantity and quality, and identify mediators and effect modifiers of greenness-health associations.
The purpose of the current research was to examine the psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in a student sample. In Study 1 (N = 1374), a confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity of the DASS-21. The stability of the DASS-21 structure over time (5-month follow-up, N = 693) was investigated also in Study 1. In Study 2, associations with measures of depression, anxiety, stress, affect, life satisfaction and general distress were examined to assess the convergent validity of the DASS-21. The results suggested that the DASS-21 was reliable and valid measure of unpleasant emotional states. The model with optimal fit consisted of general factor of negative affect plus three specific factors of depression, anxiety and stress.
This paper presents findings from real life situations, a longitudinal single case study on the role of natural environments in nature-based rehabilitation (NBR) for individuals with stress-related mental disorders, at the Alnarp Rehabilitation Garden in Sweden. A sample of 43 former clients voluntarily participated in semi-structured interview, and the data were analyzed according to interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three main superordinate themes were identified as the three phases of NBR-Prelude, Recuperating and Empowerment-explaining and illuminating the role of the natural environments in each phase. An explanatory model of NBR in this context is presented including the three phases of NBR, IRP supportive occupations and a pyramid of supporting environments. A new component of supportive environments was identified and herby named, Social quietness, an important component facilitating personal and intimate engagement with the natural environments.
Sick leave due to stress-related disorders is increasing in Sweden after a period of decrease. To avoid that individuals living under heavy stress develop more severe stress-related disorders, different stress management interventions are offered. Self-assessed health, burnout-scores and well-being are commonly used as outcome measures. Few studies have used sick-leave to compare effects of stress interventions. A new approach is to use nature and garden in a multimodal stress management context. This study aimed to explore effects on burnout, work ability, stress-related health symptoms, and sick leave for 33 women participating in a 12-weeks nature based stress management course and to investigate how the nature/garden activities were experienced. A mixed method approach was used. Measures were taken at course start and three follow-ups. Results showed decreased burnout-scores and long-term sick leaves, and increased work ability; furthermore less stress-related symptoms were reported. Tools and strategies to better handle stress were achieved and were widely at use at all follow-ups. The garden and nature content played an important role for stress relief and for tools and strategies to develop. The results from this study points to beneficial effects of using garden activities and natural environments in a stress management intervention.
Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and assess changes in participants' experiences of everyday occupations after nature-based vocational rehabilitation (NBVR), to assess changes regarding symptoms of severe stress and the rate of return to work and possible association with experiencing the occupational value of everyday occupations. Methods: The NBVR was carried out by a transdisciplinary rehabilitation team and took place in a specially designed rehabilitation garden. The study had a longitudinal and mixed-method approach. Data concerning experiences of everyday occupations (Oval-pd), self-assessed occupational competence (OSA-F), health status (EQ-VAS, SCI-93), and sense of coherence (SOC-13) were collected before and after the intervention, and a one-year follow-up was carried out regarding returning to work. Semi-structured interviews were performed 12 weeks after the intervention. Results: Significant changes were measured regarding perceived occupational values in daily life, symptoms of severe stress, and returning to work. Both the return to work rate and symptoms of severe stress were significantly associated with changed experience of everyday occupation. Conclusions: In the interviews, participants explained that they now had a slower pace of everyday life and that everyday occupations were more often related to nature and creativity. This could be interpreted as nature-based rehabilitation inducing changes through meaningful occupations in restorative environments, leading to a positive change in perceived values of everyday occupations.
Objective
To investigate the effect of applying horticulture activity on stress, work performance and quality of life in persons with psychiatric illness.
Methods
This study was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Using convenience sampling, 24 participants with psychiatric illness were recruited to participate in a horticultural programme and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Two participants dropped out from experimental groups after assignment. Ten participants in the experimental group attended 10 horticultural sessions within 2 weeks, while 12 participants in the control group continued to receive conventional sheltered workshop training. Participants were assessed before and after programme using Chinese version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21) and the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI-C), and the Work Behavior Assessment.
Results
There was a significant difference in change scores of the DASS21 (p = .01) between experimental and control group. There were no significant differences in change scores of the PWI-C between the two groups.
Conclusion
Horticultural therapy is effective in decreasing the levels of anxiety, depression and stress among participants in this pilot study, but the impact of the programme on work behavior and quality of life will need further exploration.
The research was conducted to provide answers to two research questions: (1) what is the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents; and (2) which variables correlate with PTSD and depression level, in a way that they present risk factors for development of symptoms. Research was conducted fourteen months after the end of the bombing, on the sample of 629 children and adolescents from Vojvodina. It was registered that significant extent of PTSD symptoms exists in almost 60% of children and adolescents exposed to the bombing (59.6%). For the prediction of PTSD level, a tendency for using specific coping strategies appeared especially important. The best predictors of depression level were personality characteristics, which form a pattern known as negative affectivity.
Different conceptual perspectives converge to predict that if individuals are stressed, an encounter with most unthreatening natural environments will have a stress reducing or restorative influence, whereas many urban environments will hamper recuperation. Hypotheses regarding emotional, attentional and physiological aspects of stress reducing influences of nature are derived from a psycho-evolutionary theory. To investigate these hypotheses, 120 subjects first viewed a stressful movie, and then were exposed to color/sound videotapes of one of six different natural and urban settings. Data concerning stress recovery during the environmental presentations were obtained from self-ratings of affective states and a battery of physiological measures: heart period, muscle tension, skin conductance and pulse transit time, a non-invasive measure that correlates with systolic blood pressure. Findings from the physiological and verbal measures converged to indicate that recovery was faster and more complete when subjects were exposed to natural rather than urban environments. The pattern of physiological findings raised the possibility that responses to nature had a salient parasympathetic nervous system component; however, there was no evidence of pronounced parasympathetic involvement in responses to the urban settings. There were directional differences in cardiac responses to the natural vs urban settings, suggesting that attention/intake was higher during the natural exposures. However, both the stressor film and the nature settings elicited high levels of involuntary or automatic attention, which contradicts the notion that restorative influences of nature stem from involuntary attention or fascination. Findings were consistent with the predictions of the psycho-evolutionary theory that restorative influences of nature involve a shift towards a more positively-toned emotional state, positive changes in physiological activity levels, and that these changes are accompanied by sustained attention/intake. Content differences in terms of natural vs human-made properties appeared decisive in accounting for the differences in recuperation and perceptual intake.
Research indicates a relationship between sensory perception of natural environments and human health. Our hypothesis is that people perceive green spaces in terms of certain dimensions, where some dimensions are more important and preferred than others with respect to restoring people from stress.The aims are to: identify and describe the perceived dimensions in nature; identify which dimensions people in general prefer; identify the dimensions people reporting stress prefer; and identify a combination of the dimensions people reporting stress prefer.A total of 953 randomly selected informants from nine Swedish cities (representative of the Swedish population) answered a postal questionnaire with pre-coded questions. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: personal data, preferences for natural qualities and self-estimations of health status. The data were analyzed using factor analysis and regression analyses.The results identify and describe eight perceived sensory dimensions. People in general prefer the dimension Serene, followed by Space, Nature, Rich in Species, Refuge, Culture, Prospect and Social. The dimensions Refuge and Nature are most strongly correlated with stress, indicating a need to find the most restorative environments. A combination of Refuge, Nature and Rich in Species, and a low or no presence of Social, could be interpreted as the most restorative environment for stressed individuals.From a city planning perspective, the results indicate how urban green spaces can be viewed as elements of importance to public mental health. However, before the dimensions can be used by practitioners as tools to promote health through city planning, more research is needed.
We previously found that forest environments reduced stress hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline and showed the relaxing effect both in male and female subjects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of walking under forest environments on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters. Sixteen healthy male subjects (mean age 57.4 ± 11.6 years) were selected after obtaining informed consent. The subjects took day trips to a forest park in the suburbs of Tokyo and to an urban area of Tokyo as a control in September 2010. On both trips, they walked for 2 h in the morning and afternoon on a Sunday. Blood and urine were sampled on the morning before each trip and after each trip. Blood pressure was measured on the morning (0800) before each trip, at noon (1300), in the afternoon (1600) during each trip, and on the morning (0800) after each trip. The day trip to the forest park significantly reduced blood pressure and urinary noradrenaline and dopamine levels and significantly increased serum adiponectin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels. Walking exercise also reduced the levels of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and urinary dopamine. Taken together, habitual walking in forest environments may lower blood pressure by reducing sympathetic nerve activity and have beneficial effects on blood adiponectin and DHEA-S levels, and habitual walking exercise may have beneficial effects on blood NT-proBNP levels.
Knowledge on the impact of the psychosocial work environment on the occurrence of stress-related disorders (SRDs) can assist occupational physicians in the assessment of the work-relatedness of these disorders.
To systematically review the contribution of work-related psychosocial risk factors to SRDs.
A systematic review of the literature was carried out by searching Medline, PsycINFO and Embase for studies published up until October 2008. Studies eligible for inclusion were prospective cohort studies or patient-control studies of workers at risk for SRDs. Studies were included in the review when data on the association between exposure to psychosocial work factors and the occurrence of SRDs were presented. Where possible, meta-analysis was conducted to obtain summary odds ratios of the association. The strength of the evidence was assessed using four levels of evidence.
From the 2426 studies identified, seven prospective studies were included in this review. Strong evidence was found that high job demands, low job control, low co-worker support, low supervisor support, low procedural justice, low relational justice and a high effort-reward imbalance predicted the incidence of SRDs.
This systematic review points to the potential of preventing SRDs by improving the psychosocial work environment. However, more prospective studies are needed on the remaining factors, exposure assessment and the relative contributions of single factors, in order to enable consistent assessment of the work-relatedness of SRDs by occupational physicians.
To summarize briefly, key general points in this presentation include the following: To promote wellness, healthcare facilities should be designed to support patients in coping with stress. As general compass points for designers, scientific research suggests that healthcare environments will support coping with stress and promote wellness if they are designed to foster: 1. Sense of control; 2. Access to social support; 3. Access to positive distractions, and lack of exposure to negative distractions; A growing amount of scientific evidence suggests that nature elements or views can be effective as stress-reducing, positive distractions that promote wellness in healthcare environments. In considering the needs of different types of users of healthcare facilities--patients, visitors, staff--it should be kept in mind that these groups sometimes have conflicting needs or orientations with respect to control, social support, and positive distractions. It is important for designers to recognize such differing orientations as potential sources of conflict and stress in health facilities (Schumaker and Pequegnat, 1989). For instance, a receptionist in a waiting area may understandably wish to control the programs on a television that he or she is continuously exposed to; however, patients in the waiting area may experience some stress if they cannot select the programs or elect to turn off the television. Some staff may prefer bright, arousing art for corridors and patient rooms where they spend much of their time; however, for many patients, such art may increase rather than reduce stress. A difficult but important challenge for designers is to be sensitive to such group differences in orientations, and try to assess the gains or losses for one group vis-a-vis the other in attempting to achieve the goal of psychologically supportive design. Designers should also consider programs or strategies that combine or mesh different stress-reducing components. For example, it seems possible that a program enabling patients to select at least some of their wall art or pictures would foster both control and access to positive distraction. As another example, the theory outlined in this paper suggests that an "artist-in-residence" program, wherein an artist with a caring, supportive disposition would work with patients, might foster social support in addition to control and access to positive distraction. Running through this presentation is the conviction that scientific research can be useful in informing the intuition, sensitivity, and creativity of designers, and thereby can help to create psychologically supportive healthcare environments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Few follow-up studies of depression have evaluated depressive symptomatology over time at both threshold and sub-threshold levels.
To evaluate long-term longitudinal symptomatic course after an episode of severe depression.
A total of 61 participants from a previous study cohort underwent a detailed interview covering the longitudinal course of depression and pharmacological treatment over 8-11 years of follow-up.
Of the follow-up months, 52% were spent at an asymptomatic level, 15% at minor symptom level, 20% at residual symptom level and 13% at full depression level. Also, 30% of follow-up months were spent in an episode of depression, and 18% of patients never achieved asymptomatic status during follow-up. The percentage of patients at each symptom level remained relatively stable after the first 2 years, but levels in individuals fluctuated, with a mean of two changes in symptom levels per follow-up year.
After severe episodes, sub-syndromal levels of depression are common and persistent, with considerable fluctuation suggesting a continuum between sub-syndromal subtypes and full depression.
Many urban societies are faced with a growing incidence of poor health because of mental stress and sedentary lifestyles. Urban green spaces are increasingly seen as a counter to hectic city living and as restorative settings. This study investigates the preferences for site characteristics green-space visitors have when they are seeking stress relief compared to their general green-space preferences. This study developed a conceptual framework integrating physical and social characteristics of different green-space types in Vienna, Austria and investigated the preferences of 692 on-site visitors. A stated choice model with digitally calibrated images found that visitors’ general preferences are similar to their site preferences when seeking stress relief. However, for stress relief, visitor numbers played a more important role in their green-space choices, while litter and trail environment played a larger role in general preferences. The stress-relief preferences of respondents did not differ remarkably subject to their own reported stress level. Recommendations for green-space planning are derived.
This study investigated the impact of nature experience on affect and cognition. We randomly assigned sixty participants to a 50-min walk in either a natural or an urban environment in and around Stanford, California. Before and after their walk, participants completed a series of psychological assessments of affective and cognitive functioning. Compared to the urban walk, the nature walk resulted in affective benefits (decreased anxiety, rumination, and negative affect, and preservation of positive affect) as well as cognitive benefits (increased working memory performance). This study extends previous research by demonstrating additional benefits of nature experience on affect and cognition through assessments of anxiety, rumination, and a complex measure of working memory (operation span task). These findings further our understanding of the influence of relatively brief nature experiences on affect and cognition, and help to lay the foundation for future research on the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Available here: http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1QdlwcUG4~B3U
The aim of this study is to develop and construct the elements of a new evaluation tool to assess the effectiveness of a horticultural therapy. Delphi method was applied to classify the realms of evaluation and specify their components and constituting items. Delphi process was performed through three rounds and 24 professionals attended all the rounds as panel members. Some of the items were revised or removed according to the results of such tests as content validity ratio, agreement rate, convergency and stability of each item. On the contrary, a few new items were added by accepting the opinions of the professional panels. Previous to the Delphi, the realms of evaluation were classified into physical, cognitional, psycho-emotional and social ones on the basis of literature review, professionals' consultation and in-depth interview with practitioners. At the first round, 112 items constituting four realms were reviewed. The numbers of items to be reviewed were reduced to 107 at the second round and to 102 at the third round. As a result, 98 items in 4 realms were decided as proper evaluation points of horticultural therapy. The compositions of the four respective realms are as follows: 5 components and 27 items in physical realm; 4 components and 25 items in cognitional realm; 2 components and 24 items in psycho-emotional realm; and 4 components and 22 items in social realm. These realms, components and specific items derived from this study constitute indices to evaluate the effectiveness of horticultural therapy. In addition, they might be utilized as good guidelines for planning horticultural therapy programs.
Aim
To summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of horticultural therapy (HT).
Methods
Studies were eligible if they were RCTs. Studies included one treatment group in which HT was applied. We searched the following databases from 1990 up to August 20, 2013: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Ichushi-Web, GHL, WPRIM, and PsyclNFO. We also searched all Cochrane Database and Campbell Systematic Reviews up to September 20, 2013.
Results
Four studies met all inclusion criteria. The language of all eligible publications was English and Korean. Target diseases and/or symptoms were dementia, severe mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, frail elderly in nursing home, and hemiplegic patients after stroke. These studies showed significant effectiveness in one or more outcomes for mental health and behavior. However, our review especially detected omissions of the following descriptions: method used to generate randomization, concealment, blinding, and intention-to-treat analysis. In addition, the results of this study suggested that the RCTs conducted have been of relatively low quality.
Conclusion
Although there was insufficient evidence in the studies of HT due to poor methodological and reporting quality and heterogeneity, HT may be an effective treatment for mental and behavioral disorders such as dementia, schizophrenia, depression, and terminal-care for cancer.
The psychological concept of burnout refers to long-term exhaustion from, and diminished interest in, the work we do. It’s a phenomenon that most of us have some understanding of, even if we haven’t always been affected directly. Many people start their working lives full of energy and enthusiasm, but far fewer are able to maintain that level of engagement. Burnout at Work: A Psychological Perspective provides a comprehensive overview of how the concept of burnout has been conceived over recent decades, as well as discussing the challenges and possible interventions that can help confront this pervasive issue. Including contributions from the most eminent researchers in this field, the book examines a range of topics including: The links between burnout and health How our individual relationships at work can affect levels of burnout The role of leadership in mediating or causing burnout The strategies that individuals can pursue to avoid burnout, as well as wider interventions. The book will be required reading for anyone studying organizational or occupational psychology, and will also interest students of business and management, and health psychology. © 2014 Michael P. Leiter, Arnold B. Bakker and Christina Maslach.
Introduction
Social and therapeutic horticulture has been shown to be a useful intervention for a wide range of vulnerable groups, including those with a mental health problem and/or learning or physical disabilities. However, there is still a need for additional research that examines evidence of its effectiveness.
Method
This study analysed scores in four areas ( social interaction, communication, motivation, and task engagement) collected as part of routine assessment during a programme of social and therapeutic horticulture. The sample comprised a heterogeneous group of participants and included a range of vulnerable people, predominantly those with a learning disability or a mental health problem.
Findings
Scores for social interaction were significantly higher after 90 days of participation. This effect appeared to be most evident in participants with a learning disability.
Conclusion
Social and therapeutic horticulture provides the opportunity for social interaction. Increased scores relating to social interaction suggest that the programme was effective in promoting such interaction and that it may, therefore, promote social inclusion among vulnerable and isolated groups.
This book is intended as a tool to help you learn from your patients and from your teachers. . . . We have written this book primarily for medical students and residents during the first several years of their training, although we anticipate that it may also be useful to individuals seeking psychiatric training from perspectives of other disciplines such as nursing or social work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In urban environments, green spaces have proven to act as ameliorating factors of some climatic features related to heat stress, reducing their effects and providing comfortable outdoor settings for people. In addition, green spaces have demonstrated greater capacity, compared with built-up areas, for promoting human health and well-being. In this paper, we present results of a study conducted in Italy and the UK with the general goal to contribute to the theoretical and empirical rationale for linking green spaces with well-being in urban environments. Specifically, the study focused on the physical and psychological benefits and the general well-being associated with the use of green spaces on people when heat stress episodes are more likely to occur. A questionnaire was set up and administered to users of selected green spaces in Italy and the UK (n=800). Results indicate that longer and frequent visits of green spaces generate significant improvements of the perceived benefits and well-being among users. These results are consistent with the idea that the use of green spaces could alleviate the perception of thermal discomfort during periods of heat stress.
The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.
SupportiveNature -and Stress. Wellbeing in Connection to Our Inner and Outer Landscape
- A A Adevi
Adevi, A.A., 2012. SupportiveNature -and Stress. Wellbeing in Connection to Our Inner
and Outer Landscape. (Doctoral Thesis) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Guide to the Old Conservatory. Wonderful World of Plants Botanical Garden "Jevremovac" 2. Faculty of Biology of the University of Belgrade
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Bjelić-Mesaroš, J., 2005. Guide to the Old Conservatory. Wonderful World of Plants
Botanical Garden "Jevremovac" 2. Faculty of Biology of the University of Belgrade,
Belgrade (In Serbian).
A Review of Nature-Based Interventions for Mental Health Care
- R Bragg
- G Atkins
Bragg, R., Atkins, G., 2016. A Review of Nature-Based Interventions for Mental Health
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