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Electronic Journal of Biology, 2017, Vol.13(3): 222-227
ISSN 1860-3122 - 222 -
Abstract
Instant noodles are generally used up in Asian
nations. Instant noodles seem to have started in
Japan in the 1950s and today, are created in more
than 80 nations around the world. Accommodation
and practicality are critical components adding to
its expanding fame. Besides this all ultra-processed
foods including instant noodles containing articial
food colors, avorings and certain preservatives
have adverse effects upon children. Children with
ADHD are advised to avoid all food that may contain
preservatives such as BHA, BHT, TBHQ and sodium
benzoate. Safety concerns identied with instant
noodle utilization are regularly ascribed to the higher
measure of fat and sodium content in the item.
Despite the fact that expanding utilization of noodles
has prompted deliberate actions to investigate
the attainability of utilizing instant noodles as a
vehicle for micronutrient fortication. Another step
towards bioremediation is to treat noodle waste as
a tool. Noodle waste contains signicant amounts of
starch, lignocellulosic material and oil. Then, using
esterication and transesterication reactions, the
pretreated oil is converted to biodiesel. The residual
starch and lignocellulosic mixtures are hydrolyzed
enzymatically to form small sugar units, such as
glucose and fructose. The obtained hydrolysate is
then fermented to produce bioethanol (conversion
rate 96.8%). The hydrolysate can also be used as a
nutrient for growing microorganisms for the production
of lipids, enzymes and pigments. Additionally,
noodle waste can be converted to animal feed. By
intervening new health friendly compounds in noodle
manufacturing may start a new era of fear free instant
noodle consumption. Furthermore, fortication of
instant noodles with essential micronutrients like
vitamins and minerals, ber and other ours, which
enhance their nutritional attributes, can be targeted
to ensure better nutrition to the people.
Keywords: Instant noodles; Fried Noodles; TBHQ;
Ramen; Udon.
1. Introduction
Long thin piece of dough made from a combination
of eggs, our and water typically cooked in soup or
boiling water, is referred to as noodles. This food stuff
is crafted from unleavened dough that is prepared
from various types of components [1].
In many Asian states noodles are fed on as one of
the staple food stuff. Instant noodles have turn out to
be globally recognized food and global intake is getting
higher. The strengths of instant noodles like nutrients,
avor, safety, convenience, affordable price and longer
shelf-existence have made them famous. Shade,
texture, avor, cooking features, absence or presence
of rancid avor after long term storage and rehydration
degrees throughout nal provision are the value factors
essential for instant noodles [2].
Instant noodles are available in dried and precooked
noodle block, with seasoning oil and/or avoring
powder. The seasoning is commonly in a different
sachet, in spite of the fact that if there should arise an
occurrence of container noodles the avoring powder
is regularly free in the glass. Precooked instant
noodle range is seal pressed and those might be
warmth up or eaten in a ash from the holder/parcel.
While dried noodle pieces are cooked or absorbed
boiling water before expending [3].
1.1 History
Asian noodles, originated from China back in 5000
BC. Momofuku Ando developed “Chicken Ramen
TM.” In 1958, the world’s rst Instant noodles product
manufactured on large scale by Nissin Foods, Japan.
In culinary culture, a revolution delivered by means of
his accomplishment. He mounted the manufacturing
technique of ash frying noodles once they have been
made, developing the "instant" noodle. This manner
dried the noodles and furnished them a longer shelf
life, even surpassing that of frozen noodles. Each
noodle block become pre-avored and sold for 35
Instant Noodles: Are they Really Good for Health? A Review.
Madiha Sikander1,*, Arif Malik2, Muhammad Sikander Ghayas Khan3, Qurrat-
ul-ain4, Rabia Ghayas khan4
1 PhD Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan;
2 Associate Professor, IMBB, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan;
3 Assistant Professor, Riphah College Rehabilitation Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan;
4 Post Graduate Trainee, Shalamar Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
*Corresponding author. Tel: 0333-7612525 E-mail: dr.madihakhan83@gmail.com
Citation: Sikander M, Malik A, Khan MSG, et al. Instant Noodles: Are they Really Good for Health? A Review. Electronic
J Biol, 13:3.
Received: May 09, 2017; Accepted: June 09, 2017; Published: June 15, 2017
Review Article
Electronic Journal of Biology, 2017, Vol.13(3): 222-227
ISSN 1860-3122 - 223 -
Survey (KNHANES) III report, instant noodles were
expended at a level of 18.1 g for each day per capita
across the country, that made instant noodles the
second biggest nourishment sort after steamed
rice that adds to the general vitality consumption of
Japanese [5].
In the year 2000, according to a Japanese poll "the
Japanese considered instant noodles as their best
development of the twentieth century. Roughly 96
billion servings of instant noodles are eaten worldwide
consistently, estimated in 2010. Indonesia consumes
14 billion packages of instant noodles per year, while
China consume 42 billion packages that comprises
of 44% of world consumption, like wise Japan, 5.3
billion, USA 4 billion, Vietnam 4.8 billion, Per capita.
The greatest amount of instant noodles that is 69
billion per capita per year is consumed by South
Koreans [6].
1.3 Composition
The primary constituents in instant noodles are
our, starch, water, salt and additionally a salt
substitute known as kansui, a kind of antacid mineral
water containing sodium carbonate and ordinarily
potassium carbonate and in addition at times a
little measure of phosphoric acid. Particular sorts of
noodle can be produced using a blend of wheat our
and other our, for example, buckwheat. There are
differences in the ingredients used depending on the
country of origin in terms of the our content and the
salt content.
1.4 Production
Instant noodles are portrayed into two classications
on the premise of strategies used for the ejection
of sogginess, i.e., instant dried noodles and instant
fried noodles. Instant dried noodles are conveyed
in a totally customized era line like the sort used for
steamed and sautéed noodles, beside that a constant
drying chamber replaces the signicant fryer, using
hot air as the drying medium. Sautéing the noodles
in oil reduces the sogginess substance of noodles to
around 2-5%, however in hot air dried noodles, it is
around 8-12%.
Noodles get a penetrable surface subsequent
Types of Instant
Noodles
Calories
(kcal)
Total
Fat (g)
Sodium
(mg)
Potassium
(mg)
Total Carbs
(g)
Dietary
Fiber (g)
Sugars
(g) Protein (g)
Ramen 420 20 0 0 60 0 0 10
Rice 160 0 25 0 37 0 0 3
Soba/Buckwheat 226.7 1.3 600 0 46.7 2.7 1.3 6.7
Bean thread 260 0 6 0 65 2 0 0
Udon/wheat our 250 2 192 0 51 2 1 8
Shirataki 10 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
Egg 334 2 7 0 75 1 0 11
Table 1. Nutrition facts of different kinds of noodles.
Figure 1. Consumption of instant noodles in different
countries [data gures represents 100 million packets;
plotted using data from WINA (2011)].
yen. At the beginning, because of its novelty and
high price, “Chicken Ramen” becomes taken into
consideration a luxury product, as eastern grocery
stores typically retailed fresh noodles for one-6th
their rates.
Instant noodles won enormous recognition in spite of
this, especially after being sponsored by Mitsubishi
Enterprise. Nissin delivered Nissin cup noodles
in 1971, a polystyrene cup has instant noodles, to
cook the noodles, boiling water is brought to create
a complete instant soup dish, in addition innovation
added dried vegetables to the cup [4].
1.2 Consumption world wide
Starting at 2008, right around 93.6 billion servings of
instant noodles have been utilized around the world.
Amid 2008, 45.2 billion bundles of instant noodles
devoured in China, speaking to 51% of the worldwide
utilization of instant noodles, while Indonesians spent
13.7 billion bundles, 5.1 billion bundles expended in
Japan, Americans utilized 4.3 billion bundles and
3.3 billion bundles devoured in South Koreans.
South Koreans devour the most noteworthy per
capita measure of instant noodles at 69 servings for
each year, which is 4.8 times more prominent than
the utilization of Americans and 1.7 times higher
than the per capita allow in Japan. Set up on the
Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination
Electronic Journal of Biology, 2017, Vol.13(3): 222-227
ISSN 1860-3122 - 224 -
to warming amid browning or hot air drying that
gelatinizes the starch, which encourages rehydration
prepare while cooking the noodles. Hot air drying
brings about uneven drying that harmfully inuences
the nature of the completed noodles, in this manner
does not have the unique avor presented by
profound broiling and requires a more drawn out
cooking time. Frying is the favored technique for
drying and over 80% of instant noodles are fried on
account of the resultant noodle item is much better
in taste and taking care of. The downside of broiling,
in any case, is that fried noodles hold around 15–
20% oil (contrasted and a most extreme of 3% fat
in hot air-dried noodles), are more exposed against
oxidation creating in rancidity, and have medical
problems because of higher fat substance. The
use of cancer prevention agents, be that as it may,
protracts the timeframe of realistic usability of instant
fried noodles [2].
1.5 Types and avors of instant noodles
Ramen, udon, buckwheat and rice noodles are
usually called Oriental noodles as well, contrasting
American noodles, which are produced using durum
wheat our and indicated to contain egg, Oriental
noodles are set up from hard or delicate wheat ours
and for the most part do not have egg. Now and then
other grain sources use to made starches or ours
from. Oriental noodles can be separated by and large
into Chinese and Japanese sorts. Despite the fact
that an exact minute rate of the constituents, the
utilization of salt accords the key distinction among
the two sorts. Where Chinese noodles utilize antacid
salts, Japanese noodles utilize customary salt, a
typical case of which is Kan-Sui, a blend of sodium
carbonate and potassium carbonate. Fragile and low
protein ours gotten from delicate wheat are utilized
to make Japanese noodles. While Chinese noodles
as a rule utilize hard wheat which has strong and
high protein ours. The high protein our makes
batter that is more grounded and more exible when
consolidated with the antacid salts, and a noodle that
is chewier and more yellow than Japanese noodles.
Moreover shortly, Oriental noodles vary as per their
arrangement and ingredients. Plant inception of
the our, give the genuine assortment in kinds of
noodles, with noodles from wheat our being the
most widely recognized. More sorts utilize wheat our
in mix with starch, mung bean our or potato starch,
or buckwheat our. One excellent kind of noodle is
delivered altogether from mung bean starch. Rice
noodles are additionally accessible. The level of
Figure 2. Processing and classication of instant noodles.
Electronic Journal of Biology, 2017, Vol.13(3): 222-227
ISSN 1860-3122 - 225 -
precooking and dampness content convey essential
merits in Oriental noodles.
They are offered as wet [bubbled] noodles, crisp
[crude] noodles, steamed and boiled instant [ramen]
noodles and steamed and dried [alpha] noodles,
dried noodles. Oriental noodles come in all sizes
and shapes, wide, medium or thin; round or square;
short or long; in strips, diced or bars frames. Their
shading and surface shifts as per the components
utilized. Starch and bean string noodles are optically
clear. Noodles containing salt are white and murky.
Buckwheat noodles are dark colored. Antacid/
alkaline noodles are splendid yellow in shading. For
quality white and yellow shading, high review our
processed from white wheat is utilized. Elective and
minor elements, for example, gluten, eggs, altered
starch or gums, additives, emulsiers and dried
spinach or other coloring agents may inuence
surface and tinting.
1.6 Fortication of instant noodles
Instant noodles can be strengthened either via
avoring, expended alongside the noodles or by
sustaining the our used to make the noodles.
Micronutrients containing vitamin, B2, B1, A, folic
acid, niacin, iodine and iron can be included, however
the micronutrients and their overages will contrast
with every technique. Choosing the appropriate type
of forticant is critical to limit supplement sustenance
and additionally supplement connections and any
resultant unfavorable impacts. Iron, for example, is
a hard mineral to add to nourishments as the most
bioavailable sorts have a tendency to invigorate
fat oxidation bringing on in the development of
unsuitable tactile adjustments in the completed
item. In any case, ferrous sulfate in dried frame is
the favored sort of iron to strengthen the wheat our
that is utilized inside 1-2 months of creation. Before
being utilized as a part of instant noodles generation,
ferrous fumarate or electrolytic iron (of molecule size:
98% <48 µm) are more qualied for wheat our that
is put away for a more drawn out time. Electrolytic
iron may be additionally appropriate type of forticant
for instant noodles avoring to decrease tangible
difculties [7].
1.7 Flour fortication
Wheat our fortication at the factory has for quite
some time been practiced everywhere throughout
the world and involves relatively forthright innovation.
The procedure of fortication is done through a
volumetric feeder that is situated towards the end
of the processing procedure which included a
micronutrient premix in our. Single premix gives
better control over the amount and dispersion of
micronutrients in the our in this way micronutrients
are generally included as blend.
1.8 Flavoring fortication
Fortifying the avoring brought with the noodles
is normally rened in a few sections of the world.
In business generation of sustained instant noodle
avoring in South East Asia, forticant are included
alongside the other avoring constituents to a
ribbon blender and blended precisely. The sustained
avoring is around then sprinkled over the noodles
[for container style] or bundled into a sachet [for
pocket style].
1.9 Hazards related with instant noodles
consumption
Tertiary butylhydroquinone, TBHQ
TBHQ is in fact a chemical preservative which
is a form of butane. It is used in food products; it
greatly extends the shelf life of foods and delays the
onset of rancidness. It's not surprising that certain
convenience foods and fast foods seem to retain
a life time on the shelves now a days. The allowed
amount by FDA is up to 0.02% of the total oils in food
to be TBHQ. It may not sound like a lot, but why there
require being a limit on the amount if it is seemingly
a 'harmless preservative.' Beware; everything which
originates from butane, no matter how small the dose
is could barely be classied as safe.
Expending high dosages (in the vicinity of 1 and 4 g)
of TBHQ can bring about sickness, incoherence, fall,
tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and retching. There are
additionally recommendations that it might prompt
hyperactivity in youngsters and in addition asthma,
rhinitis and dermatitis. It might likewise additionally
irritate ADHD manifestations and cause eagerness
[8]. Long haul, high dosages of TBHQ in research
facility creatures have demonstrated an inclination
for them to create malignant antecedents in their
stomachs and in addition cause DNA harm to them
[9]. It is likewise proposed that it might be in charge
of inuencing estrogen levels in ladies.
The blend of disodium EDTA (500 ppm) and TBHQ
(200 ppm) in the frying oil quintupled the time span
of usability. The inside surface use of TBHQ (200
ppm) delayed time span of usability twice that of an
equivalent measure of TBHQ in the frying oil [8].
Sodium
Sodium substance was observed to be in the range
of 821 mg for each 100 g much above points of
connement set by the British sustenance wellbeing
organization. Knorr Soupy Noodles contained the
most noteworthy sodium substance of 1,943 mg for
each 100 g, while the least sodium substance was in
Maggi Mera Masala at 821 mg for every 100 g [9].
In the present review, the sodium allow in the INC
meeting was >6.4 g for each day, which was 3.2
times higher than the prescribed KDRI approval.
Electronic Journal of Biology, 2017, Vol.13(3): 222-227
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Instant noodle utilization contributed roughly 30% of
the aggregate sodium intake (2,032.2 mg for every
day). The salty taste of the soup base is supported
by numerous customers. Luckily, Koreans do not lean
toward salty and oily tastes [10]. A review was directed to
decrease sodium levels in instant noodles; that review
revealed that 20% of the sodium content, roughly 350
mg, from not eating the soup base without changing
taste and avor [11]. As of late, the Ministry of Health
and Welfare in Korea reported "Dietary Guidelines
for Korean Adults", which recommend ten dietary
objectives, six dietary rules and 23 real rules, including
expending an adjusted vitality consumption and <5 g
sodium allow in the eating regimen [12]. The Korea Food
and Drug Administration has as of late settled a manual
for "the correct nourishment determinations for Korean
children" to guarantee sound dietary propensities in
later life. The Toyama Birth Cohort Study in Japan as
of late detailed that middle school understudies who
habitually expend instant noodles [no less than 3 days/
week] from the age of 3 demonstrate a higher hazard
for a lower personal satisfaction [chances proportion
[OR], 1.49; P=0.007] [13]. Youngsters who have an
inclination for salty sustenance have a tendency to
keep up and fortify this propensity in their later life, so
nourishing instruction programs advancing appropriate
sodium utilization ought to be led right on time in life
[14].
Bisphenol A
The review, distributed in The Journal of Nutrition,
was based on information from the Korean National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007-
2009. Utilizing the review information, analysts
inspected the weight control plans of a sum of
10,711 grown-ups between the ages of 19-64. The
review says a compound called bisphenol A [BPA] is
regularly found in Styrofoam compartments used to
hold a few brands of instant noodles. Researchers
have demonstrated that BPA can meddle with the
body's hormones, especially the female sex hormone
estrogen, Shin said in an announcement [15].
Monosodium glutamate
Instant noodles and the seasoning soup base
likewise contain high measures of monosodium
glutamate (MSG). It is a avor enhancer utilized by
instant noodle producers to make their shrimp avors
"shrimpier" and hamburger avors "beeer". MSG
can trigger an unfavorably susceptible response in 1
to 2% of the populace. People who are oversensitive
to MSG can get consuming sensations, trunk and
facial ushing or torment and cerebral pains from it
[16].
Propylene glycol
The component in the instant noodles called
"Propylene Glycol" which has a liquid catalyst property.
This ingredient is utilized on the grounds that it keeps
the noodles from drying by holding dampness. It
enervates the insusceptible arrangement of our
body. It is effortlessly consumed by the body and it
amasses in the kidneys, heart and liver. It makes
variations from the norm and harm those ranges [17].
Polystyrene packaging
1) Polyethylene terephthalate that is mostly used in
packaging of drinks and mineral water that is toxic and
has damaging effects on the body; 2) polypropylene
that is used in packaging of a variety of snacks; 3)
high-density polyethylene; 4) polystyrene which
is used in foam and non-foam in the manufacture
of disposable one-time usage containers such as
cups, plates, utensils, etc. These substances are
carcinogenic aromatic compounds and according
to warnings from experts, in long-term use, have
harmful effects on human health [18].
In addition, there are other compounds used in
plastic material that may have toxic effects on the
body. Bisphenol, an unbreakable, light, as well as
transparent material, is used to make polycarbonate
plastic (such as athletes’ water bottle in the coating
of food cans, beverage cans, and also dental
lling materials). With washing and frequent use of
plastics, Bisphenol A leaks into uid that can induce
asthma and allergies in children. Moreover, it has
a likely effect on the cell DNA and creates genetic
mutation. Perhaps the increasing prevalence of
asthma in the past 30 years could be attributed to
certain factors in the environment such as Bisphenol
A. The fat droplets on the surface of hot liquids in
the plastic disposable cups is in fact polystyrene
which is a poison derived from the plastic. Dioxin is
another highly toxic chemical substance for human
cells that is particularly produced from plastic
dishes by the heat of high-fat foods. Phthalates in
plastic materials cause hormonal abnormalities,
birth defects, reproductive problems, as well as high
concentrations of phthalates metabolites in the urine
exacerbates the asthma symptoms [19].
Noodles waste recycling
Noodle waste contains signicant amounts of starch,
lignocellulosic material and oil. Pretreatment involving
extraction followed by centrifugation is necessary to
separate the oil from the starch and lignocellulosic
mixtures. The isolated oil is subjected to a separation
process to make it water and solvent free. Then,
using esterication and transesterication reactions,
the oil is converted to biodiesel by chemical (97.8–
98.5% yield) and enzymatic (95.4% yield) methods.
The residual starch and lignocellosic mixtures
are hydrolyzed enzymatically to form small sugar
Electronic Journal of Biology, 2017, Vol.13(3): 222-227
ISSN 1860-3122 - 227 -
units, such as glucose and fructose. The obtained
hydrolysate is then fermented to produce bioethanol
(conversion rate 96.8%). The hydrolysate can also
be used as a nutrient for growing microorganisms
for the production of lipids, enzymes and pigments.
Additionally, noodle waste can be converted to
animal feed [20].
2. Conclusion
To cope up with the daily hectic routine of mankind,
it is necessary to take food which can provide
the required energy in less time with great taste.
Purposive fortication may help instant noodle
to carry some nutrition but there is much need to
divert attention of people that there are healthier
and natural resources of good and fast food other
than instant noodles. By switching eating habits from
staple to fast and ultra-processed food we are just
collecting the new bunch of health and envoirmental
hazards. More scientic studies should be proceed to
nd out benets of healthy eating so that people can
be convinced to stay healthy with good food.
3. Acknowledgement
We acknowledge Khunsha Sikander and Saif Ullah
khan for their cooperation in manuscript writing.
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