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Russian diaspora abroad or Russian speaking communities?
Abstract
The article discusses features of emigration from the Russian Federation during 1990-2010s, that is, after collapse of the USSR. Identified is singularity of modern accounting system of emigration from Russia and real estimates are given of number of Russian immigrants based on corrected data from Federal Service of State Statistics data supplied by countries receiving Russian migrants. Identified are geographical features of the settlement of migrants from Russia, as well factors promoting formation of the Russian-speaking communities abroad. Identified are six types of identity that allow a rough estimation of the number of Russian-speaking communities. The article explains the term "Russian-speaking communities" instead of the term "Russian diaspora" supported by the results of empirical statistical and sociological studies. Russian-speaking community is considered as a factor for the future capable to provide stable functioning and development of the Russian economy and the state. However, it is concluded that at present, the Russian-speaking community resource is undervalued by the Russian government, and diasporal policy is ineffective.
The article covers matters of improving measurement on emigration from Belarus. The author views the current role of external migration as a major component of formation of the population in the Republic of Belarus. The effectiveness of the country socio-economic development programs depends, according to the author, on adequate measures for evaluating the phenomenon in question. The article gives a detailed description of national migration statistics, which, as in many countries, underestimates the number of emigrants, and considers the possibilities of the so-called «mirror» statistics (statistics from countries where Belarusian residents emigrate to) in obtaining real information on the size of emigration from Belarus.
After the introduction, the author analyses some of the most important publications on the subject under discussion, concludes the current state of current statistics and population censuses. The article contains the rationale for choosing foreign countries whose data are used as «mirror» statistics necessary for a more realistic estimation of emigration processes and comments on the geography of migration flows from Belarus. The author assesses the gap in data from «mirror» statistics and the official Belarusian statistics and gives an opinion on the real trends in migration flows of Belarusian citizens, along with the authors own estimates of the country’s population growth, which differ markedly from official statistics.
In the opinion of the author, formulated in the final part of the article, the actual amount of the underestimation is considerably higher than can be assumed using «mirror» statistics, because, for example, there is a group of Belarusian citizens in Poland and Russia, that is not reflected in official statistics on migrants. The article therefore proposes to establish a system of information exchange between Belarus and the main countries of emigration, especially Russia and Poland, with which it is difficult to assess the extent of emigration based solely on official data, and to establish regular surveys on emigration.
The article discusses the features and forms of modern emigration of Russian citizens to South-East Asia based on domestic and foreign statistics especially features of the formation and socio-demographic structure of the "Russian-speaking" communities in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Singapore. The characteristic features of "Russianspeaking" economy operation In the countries of Southeast Asia are discribed, which is not only a serious socio-economic phenomenon with significant development potential. It is noted that in the Russian foreign policy and foreign economic activity, the factor of "Russian-speaking" communities and "Russian-speaking" economies has not yet found a proper reflection and is not used as a resource for promoting Russian interests in the region.
The article describes the geographical features and trends of emigration of Russian citizens to the countries of Southeast Asia on the basis of a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign statistics. The results of sociological research in these countries have been used: interviews with experts and migrant citizens of various countries of the former USSR who live or stay in Southeast Asia for more than six months. In the course of the study, a comprehensive methodology was developed and the degree of favorableness of the migration and visa regimes of the Southeast Asian countries for Russian citizens has been assessed for a number of characteristics. Factors attracting Russian citizens to the countries of the region in the context of the migration theory of the factors of “pull and push” have been revealed. The socio-demographic structure of migration flows and the geographical features of the resettlement of Russian citizens in the Southeast Asian countries have been considered. The main channels of migration of Russian citizens to the region are given: temporary labor migration, migration for permanent residence, and tourism. Several groups of Russian-speaking migrants in the Southeast Asian countries have been singled out: migrants who have moved to permanent residence, as a rule, opened their own businesses; temporary migrant workers who work for several years in Southeast Asia, are tied to work and are planning to return to Russia after some time; temporary migrants who live in Southeast Asia for several months and periodically return to Russia; Russian women who married citizens of Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and other Southeast Asian countries – former students who studied in the USSR and Russia. On the basis of expert assessments, the types of migration and visa regimes of the countries of Southeast Asia for Russian citizens have been highlighted. Specifics of the formation of Russian-speaking communities in the countries of the region are established, including the specificity in the main countries – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Singapore. It has been determined that Russian-speaking communities are becoming an important social and economic phenomenon and influence the political relations of Russia with the countries of the region.
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