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Volume VII, Issue 4(16) Winter 2016
!
!
Biannually
Volume VIII
Issue 2(18)
SPRING 2017
ISSN 2068 – 7729
Journal DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt
!
ASERS
J
ournal of Environmental Management
and Tourism
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism!
Contents:
1
Agent Technology in Hotel Business
Dmitry Aleksandrovich KOZLOV
…285
2
Hospitality Investment Environment in Russia
Elena Aleksandrovna DEDUSENKO
…291
3
Methods of Assessing the Competitive Environment of Public Food
Service Establishments in the Context of Providing their Sustainable
Development
Nina Vladimirovna KUZNETSOVA, Anastasiya Grigoryevna VASILYEVA
Liliya Muhametovna RAHIMOVA, Larisa Vladimirovna ORININA,
Inessa Valerjevna KASHUBA, Yuliya Leonidovna KIVA-KHAMZINA
…301
4
Formation and Development of Transnational Hotel Chains in Modern
Environment
Lyubov Semenovna MOROZOVA, Vladimir Yuryevich MOROZOV
Natalya Vladimirovna HAVANOVA, Irina Albertovna DUBORKINA,
Marat Venerovich ARIFULIN
…319
5
An Analysis of the Operational Efficiency of Massage and SPA
Businesses on Asian Highway Number 15
Nattanin UEASIN
…329
6
Econometrical Analysis of the Demand for Entrance Tourism in
Kazakhstan
Almas KURALBAYEV
…334
7
Differences in Perception of Economic, Social and Environmental
Impacts for Tourism in Four Groups of Interests. Case Study Kosovo
Merita Begolli DAUTI
…344
8
Ensuring Stable Development of the Regional Agro-Industrial Complex
on the Basis of Its Clustering
Elena Victorovna DORZHIEVA
…354
9
Estimation of Prospects Related to Developing Tourism and
Recreational Services in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Maxim Sergyeyevich ZLTONIKOV, Victoria Valerievna TELNIKH,
Sergey Illarionovich MUTOVIN, Svetlana Kapitonovna DEMCHENKO,
Julia Ju. SUSLOVA
…366
10
Analysis of the Touristic Recreational Potential of a Territory as a
Condition for Development of Ecological Tourism (the Southern
Moscow Region Case Study)
Vitali Ju. IVLEV, Marina I. IVLEVA, Aleksandr I. PANYUKOV,
Teymur E. ZULFUGARZADE
…373
SPRING 2017
Volume VIII
Issue 2(18)
!
Editor in Chief
PhD Ramona PÎRVU
University of Craiova, Romania
Editorial Advisory Board
Omran Abdelnaser
University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Huong Ha
University of Newcastle, Singapore,
Australia
Harjeet Kaur
HELP University College, Malaysia
Janusz Grabara!
Czestochowa University of Technology,
Poland
Vicky Katsoni
Techonological Educational Institute of
Athens, Greece
Sebastian Kot!
Czestochowa University of Technology,
Institute of Logistics and International
Management, Poland
Nodar Lekishvili
Tibilisi State University, Georgia
Andreea Marin-Pantelescu
Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest,
Romania
Piotr Misztal
Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce,
Faculty of Management and
Administration, Poland
Agnieszka Mrozik
Faculty of Biology and Environmental
protection, University of Silesia, Katowice,
Poland
Chuen-Chee Pek
Nottingham University Business School,
Malaysia
Roberta De Santis
LUISS University, Italy
Fabio Gaetano Santeramo
University of Foggia, Italy
Dan Selişteanu
University of Craiova, Romania
Laura Ungureanu
Spiru Haret University, Romania
ASERS Publishing
http://www.asers.eu/asers-publishing
ISSN 2068 – 7729
Journal DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt
Volume VII, Issue 4(16) Winter 2016
!
11
The Role and Importance of the Cluster Approach in the Development
of Domestic Tourism of the Russian Federation
Anna A. LARIONOVA, Elena A. DZHANDZHUGAZOVA,
Ludmila I. CHERNIKOVA, Alexey D. CHUDNOVSKIY, Guzel R. FAIZOVA
...385
12
An Analysis of Influential Factors on Tourism Destinations
Competitiveness
Lotfali KOZEGAR KALEJI, Mehdi HESAM, Mohammad KAZEMI
…393
13
Increasing the Competitiveness of the Russian Hotel Enterprises under
Modern Conditions
Andrey Pavlovich KOVALTCHUK , Ekaterina Arturovna BLINOVA,
Konstantin Aleksandrovich MILORADOV
…407
14
The Ecological Component of Tourism Development in the Region
Shynar Zhakanovna RAKHMETULLINA, Sharafat TRUSHEVA,
Armanay Sagatbayevna SAVANCHIYEVA, Dinara YESSIMOVA,
Zulfiya Amangeldinovna ARYNOVA
…417
15
Measuring Local Tourists’ Perceptions in the Petra City as One of
Seven Wonders of the World
Bashar M. AL NAJDAWI, Qusay Q. KHALEEFAH, Hakam S. SHATNAWI,
Emran M. AL MOMANI
…427
16
Domestic Tourism in Russian Federation: Population Estimations,
Resources and Development Constraints
Elena Victorovna FROLOVA, Tatyana Mikhailovna RYABOVA,
Elena Evgen'evna KABANOVA, Olga Vladimirovna ROGACH,
Ekaterina Alexandrovna VETROVA
…436
17
Improvement of the Methodical Approaches to Evaluation of the
Tourism Advertising Campaign Effectiveness
Alexey Igorevich ROMANENKOV, Ilya Viktorovich KUTIN,
Kostyantyn Anatol'evich LEBEDEV, Liudmila Mihaylovna GRZHEBINA
Oskar Viktorovich SHIMANSKIY
…446
18
The Economic Impact of International Tourism to Overcome the
Unemployment and the Poverty in Indonesia
Edy SUPRIYADI, Devi Roza Krisnandhi KAUSAR
…451
19
Evaluation of Tourism Competitiveness of Ukraine's Regions
Bohdan KOVALOV, Iryna BURLAKOVA, Viacheslav VORONENKO
…460
20
Ethnic Cultural Tourism Resources Evaluation and Development:
Kazakh Cultural Tourism Resources Analysis
Adayi SAIKEN, Azamat DUISSEMBAYEV, Yang ZHAOPING,
Ordenbek MAZBAEV, Samalgul NASSANBEKOVA, Beknur IZDENBAEV
…467
21
Literature Review of Renewable Energy in the Tourism Industry
Katalin ÁSVÁNYI, Katalin JUHÁSZ-DÓRA, Melinda JÁSZBERÉNYI,
Gábor MICHALKÓ
!
…476
Editor in Chief
PhD Ramona PÎRVU
University of Craiova, Romania
Editorial Advisory Board
Omran Abdelnaser
University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Huong Ha
University of Newcastle, Singapore,
Australia
Harjeet Kaur
HELP University College, Malaysia
Janusz Grabara!
Czestochowa University of Technology,
Poland
Vicky Katsoni
Techonological Educational Institute of
Athens, Greece
Sebastian Kot!
Czestochowa University of Technology,
Institute of Logistics and International
Management, Poland
Nodar Lekishvili
Tibilisi State University, Georgia
Andreea Marin-Pantelescu
Academy of Economic Studies
Bucharest, Romania
Piotr Misztal
Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce,
Faculty of Management and
Administration, Poland
Agnieszka Mrozik
Faculty of Biology and Environmental
protection, University of Silesia,
Katowice, Poland
Chuen-Chee Pek
Nottingham University Business School,
Malaysia
Roberta De Santis
LUISS University, Italy
Fabio Gaetano Santeramo
University of Foggia, Italy
Dan Selişteanu
University of Craiova, Romania
Laura Ungureanu
Spiru Haret University, Romania
ASERS Publishing
http://www.asers.eu/asers-publishing
ISSN 2068 – 7729
Journal DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt
!
!
SPRING 2017
Volume VIII,
Issue 2(18)
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism!
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism is an interdisciplinary research journal,
aimed to publish articles and original research papers that should contribute to the development of both
experimental and theoretical nature in the field of Environmental Management and Tourism Sciences.
Journal will publish original research and seeks to cover a wide range of topics regarding
environmental management and engineering, environmental management and health, environmental
chemistry, environmental protection technologies (water, air, soil), pollution reduction at source and
waste minimization, energy and environment, modeling, simulation and optimization for environmental
protection; environmental biotechnology, environmental education and sustainable development,
environmental strategies and policies, etc. This topic may include the fields indicated above, but are not
limited to these.
Authors are encouraged to submit high quality, original works that discuss the latest
developments in environmental management research and application with the certain scope to share
experiences and research findings and to stimulate more ideas and useful insights regarding current
best-practices and future directions in environmental management.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism is indexed in SCOPUS, RePEC, CEEOL,
ProQuest, EBSCO and Cabell Directory databases.
All the papers will be first considered by the Editors for general relevance, originality and
significance. If accepted for review, papers will then be subject to double blind peer review.
Deadline for submission: 25th May 2017
Expected publication date: June - July 2017
Website: http://www.asers.eu/publishing/index.php/jemt
E-mail: jemt@aserspublishing.eu
To prepare your paper for submission, please see full author guidelines in the following file:
JEMT_Full_Paper_Template.doc, then send it via email at jemt@aserspublishing.eu.
Call for Papers
Summer Issues 2017
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
Volume VIII, Issue 2(18) Spring 2017
476
Literature Review of Renewable Energy in the Tourism Industry
Katalin ÁSVÁNYI
Marketing-, Media- and Design Communication Department
Corvinus University of Budapest3, Hungary
katalin.asvanyi@uni-corvinus.hu
Katalin JUHÁSZ-DÓRA
Tourism Department, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Melinda JÁSZBERÉNYI
Tourism Department, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
jaszberenyi@uni-corvinus.hu
Gábor MICHALKÓ
Geographical Institute, Research Centre of Astronomy and Earth Sciences4
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
Tourism Department, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
michalko.gabor@csfk.mta.hu
Suggested Citation:
Ásványi, K., Juhász-Dóra, K., Jászberényi, M., Michalkó, G. 2017. Literature review of renewable energy in the tourism
industry. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, Volume VIII, Spring, 2(18): 476 - 491.
DOI:10.14505/jemt.v8.2(18).21
Article’s History:
Received February, 2017; Revised March, 2017; Accepted April, 2017.
2017. ASERS Publishing©. All rights reserve
Abstract:
The increasing importance of renewable energy in the service sector - and specifically in the tourism industry - has
developed into a new research topic. Renewable energy, of course, plays a significant role in tourism, in many respects, and
especially in relation to such matters as energy efficiency, sustainability and cost reduction. To date, however, no systematically
collated review of the literature dealing with the topic has appeared, and so this study attempts to fill this gap in the literature
by means of a content analysis of the research publications focusing on the use of renewable energy in the tourism industry.
Through a comprehensive review of the literature, our study identifies what is known about renewable energy in the service
sector in general and in the tourism industry in particular, although it is clear from this that research into renewable energy in
tourism is still at an early stage. The aim of our study, therefore, is a better insight into the role of renewable energy in tourism,
mainly by examining accommodation and focusing on destinations. There are examples of “best practice” from a variety of
destinations which show the potential for renewable energy in the sector. Nevertheless, there is a need for more work on the
influence and impact of renewable energy on all features of tourism to convince the industry to develop its use still further. We
hope that this article will both stimulate tourism researchers to delve more deeply into renewable energy and motivate
colleagues already involved in renewable energy to direct more attention to tourism. We hope also that the system-based
approach of our study will open more doors to renewable energy research and so help the world’s fastest-growing service
industry, to progress even further. This, in turn, should support the basic principle of sustainability.
Keywords: renewable energy; tourism industry; accommodation; attraction; hospitality; destination
3 Fővám tér 8., 1093, Budapest, Hungary
4 Budaörsi út 45., 1112, Budapest
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v8.2(18).21
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
477
JEL Classification: Q21; Z32
Introduction
Energy is essential to human life, and an adequate supply is vital if our modern way of life and society as a
whole are to be maintained. The demand for energy and its use are increasing rapidly worldwide, and this trend is
likely to continue in the future (Varun et al. 2009). One of the solutions to this problem is to develop the use of
renewable energy (RE) as replacements for conventional, traditional sources.
The authors of this paper were unable to find in the literature any comprehensive study examining the
economic viability and technical feasibility of the use of RE in the tourism industry. There are, admittedly, a few
publications which deal with its use in supplying accommodation. The authors, however, are convinced that the
literature seriously lacks an extensive study dealing with the utilization of renewable energy supply options to the
service sector and especially to the tourism and hotel industries, and some authors (Lozano et al. 2015, Wang et
al. 2013) have also asserted that more emphasis should be placed on the theoretical and practical issues of
sustainability in tourism-related higher education, especially on the importance of renewable energy promotion in
hotel management. Studies dealing with technical issues relating to RE are , however, beyond the scope of our
analysis, and our essential aim is limited to summarizing and review the available literature on RE use in the tourism
and hotel industries against a relevant background of tourist destinations.
In paper, therefore, the authors show the methods used to interpret the distribution of publications
throughout the period selected (2006-2016) and the main journals concerned. For the sake of clarity, we first
discuss practical matters relating to RE, and then, after a descriptive quantitative analysis, we consider the papers
published from a qualitative perspective, following which we deal with the economic application of renewable energy
in the service sector. We finally focus on RE in tourism, especially the practical side of RE in relation to
accommodation, offering examples of its use in attractions and in the catering and hospitality industry. All of these
are within the focus of destinations.
1. Methodology
“A literature review is a systematic, explicit, and reproducible design for identifying, evaluating, and
interpreting the existing body of recorded documents.” (Fink 1998) There are two objectives of a literature review:
first, to summarize the documents by theme, and, second, to identify the conceptual content and contribute to
theory development (Harland et al. 2006, Meredith 1993). Some authors (Dalton et al. 2008b, Zografakis 2011)
have already dealt with the literature of the use of renewable energy, but most of these reviews were the theoretical
backgrounds to specific topics, and so had limited relevance as theoretical background. There is, as mentioned
earlier, no specific literature review of this topic, and so our aim was to collate all the relevant papers on this topic,
structure them appropriately and set them inside a sound conceptual framework. The main factor governing our
final choice of articles was simply to optimise the completeness of our coverage by maximising the number of
destinations and case studies.
We carried out a content analysis exercise on the collected material, and so we were able to amalgamate
the quantitative and qualitative elements to produce a structural review. (Brewerton and Millward 2001, Bowen
2009). For this we used the process model devised by Mayring (2003) (see Figure 1), in which the first step was
the material collection itself. By this we defined and demarcated the research field and keywords.
We targeted refereed articles in English, and, consequently, Scopus (www.scopus.com), Elsevier
(www.sciencedirect.com), Research gate (www.researchgate.com), EBSCO (www.ebsco.com) and Google scholar
(scholar.google.com) were the database websites used. The articles had to involve the topic of energy use in the
services sector (especially in the tourism industry) and they also had to be in context with the social, economic and
environmental issues discussed and not with their technological features. However, scientific border areas were
not ignored, and so studies from tourism non-profit organizations, such as UNEP, IFEU and IRENA, were also
analysed. We collected articles, whose title or keywords contained energy consumption, renewable energy and
tourism industry from 2006 to 2016, and the last search for papers was carried out in August 2016, and the total
number finally selected was 121.
Volume VIII, Issue 2(18) Spring 2017
478
Figure 1. The process of structuring and content analysis of renewable energy use in the tourism industry
Source: Mayring, 2003
We defined our three main keywords carefully: Energy consumption is the total consumption of all forms of
energy consumed by people and organizations and the process or system of such consumption; Renewable energy
sources (wind, solar, bioenergy, geothermal, hydro-energy) are available from the natural environment and are
essentially unlimited. RE sources include all those derived from the pressure or force of water (maritime currents,
wave, and tidal power etc.) and from biomass (including timber and waste).
The tourism industry, according to Collier (2011), includes transport, accommodation, attractions and other
products which can be purchased during the journey. The authors consider that hospitality is also part of this sector.
Our study, however, does not deal with transport, and we show the supply side of tourism as comprising
accommodation, attractions and hospitality.
There are, however, additional related terms or expressions which feature frequently in our studies and
which should also be borne in mind. Among them are energy consumption (energy efficiency, energy saving,
alternative energy, green energy), renewable energy (wind, solar, bio-energy, geothermal, hydro-power, hydro-
energy, biomass), tourism (tourist accommodation, hotel industry, attractions, hospitality, restaurant) and also their
various synonyms. The second step was a descriptive analysis of our selection essentially to provide some clear
picture of the total material involved: How many papers had been published over the last 10 years? In which journals
had they appeared? The third step was category selection, which structures or organises the papers: Which form
of renewable energy or which feature of the tourism sector is analysed? Which destination is mentioned as a user
of renewable energy? This was derived by simple induction, and the categories were developed from the collection
of data by generalization. Each article was categorised into one dimension. The final step was material evaluation
– that is, to interpret the results, the practices of renewable energy usage, the main focuses (especially
destinations), and to reveal any gaps still visible in the field, the aim being to offer both a quantitative analysis of
papers and a qualitative conceptualization of the topic within a compact framework.
2. The growing importance of renewable energy
Before structuring the papers, we needed to detail the use of renewable energy in different destinations - to
show its increasing significance in all relevant fields. The basic advantage of RE sources, compared with traditional
non-renewable, is the fact that they cannot be exhausted over time. Nonetheless, it is possible to exhaust certain
features of their potential, and so that what has been termed “green attention” should be devoted to the careful
selection of location and to the realisation of projects related to RE sources (Cerovic et al. 2014).
In the EU 8% of the total energy used comes from renewable sources, and the target is 20% by 2020. Over
a third of the world’s renewable power capacity is available in the EU, which provides a strong position for hotels.
(Hotel Energy Solutions 2011a) In the United States the Energy Department records that RE accounts for 12% of
electricity usage over the past few years, with 5% from wind and solar sources and 7% from hydroelectric plants.
(SSTDI 2013)
Comparing OECD and non-OECD countries, non-OECD economies use a higher proportion of RE in the
total energy used, but OECD economies use more geothermal, solar, tide and wind sources and have a higher
1. Material
collection
2. Descriptive
analysis
3. Category
selection
4. Material
evaluation
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
479
level of technical efficiency in renewable energy. (Chien and Hu 2007) There are many initiatives in the world
seeking to increase the use of renewable energy, and the EU’s 2020 target of 20 % means that subsidies, tax
incentives and feed-in tariffs are used to boost the attraction (Cansino et al. 2011). China itself has promised 15 %
by 2020 (Yuan et al. 2011).
Renewable energy can be used in several fields, one example being the economic sector, in terms of
measuring efficiency, profitability and competitiveness (Boksh 2013). Specifically, within this broad field, of course,
we find tourism and the closely related issue of how to achieve sustainability in the industry. This remains a subject
of ongoing debate, although there are well-known tools and examples of best-practice focusing on environmental
protection (Fortuny et al. 2008), and sustainability through the application of RE. It is accepted that for tourism to
be sustainably developed, environmental impacts need to be kept below typical threshold levels - which can only
be achieved if these can be quantified. (Gössling et al. 2005)
Schulze et al. (2016) provide a literature review on energy management including RE usage as a support
function in industry. Schipper et al. (1986) made the first international comparison of energy usage in the service
sector of OECD countries, in which the authors dealt with offices, hospitals, schools, retail stores and commercial
buildings as the services sector. They found that the energy intensity factor is highest in the USA, whilst specifically
electricity intensity is high in Norway, Canada, the USA and Sweden.
The services sector is responsible for 13% of the total energy consumption of OECD countries, whilst
transport accounts for 37%, industry for 25% and households for 21%. (IEA 2008) The services sector is a truly
heterogeneous sector of the economy, with many small energy consumers. The distribution pattern of the use of
energy in the sector is: office and administration (31%), trade (25%), health care (13%), social and private sectors
(12%), education (10%) and hotels and restaurants (9%). The statistics are complex and vary from country to
country and so it is difficult to calculate the real energy use, especially renewable forms.
3. Descriptive analysis
The number of papers analysed was 121, and they were published from 2006 to 2016. We show that, over
these 10 years, the topic of renewable energy use in the tourism sector has become an increasingly interesting
research field. Figure 2 shows the number of publications per year, and also growth year by year from 2006 to
2011. There is a slight reduction from 2012 to 2014, but in the last two years the topic again appears more often.
The record year is 2016 with 24 papers. We also collected papers after August 2016 as Elsevier.com also show
the articles which will be published in the near future, but the number of publications in 2016 will still rise, so showing
the importance of the topic (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Number of publications per year (2006-2016
Source: Own work
number of publications; 2006; 2
number of publications; 2007; 3
number of publications; 2008; 6
number of publications; 2009; 9
number of publications; 2010; 7
number of publications; 2011; 16
number of publications; 2012; 15
number of publications; 2013; 12
number of publications; 2014; 10
number of publications; 2015; 17
number of publications; 2016; 24
Volume VIII, Issue 2(18) Spring 2017
480
It is mainly energy-related papers which deal with the topic of renewable energy in tourism, but we can also
find articles in sustainability and tourism related journals, whilst the remainder were published in medical or
technical journals. The majority (74) are in energy rather than tourism journals (17), which show that this topic is
not well-researched from the perspective of tourism. Authors typically dealt first, and mainly, with RE and then with
the tourism sector. First place is occupied by Energy and Buildings (18), whilst second and third are Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews (14) and Journal of Cleaner Production (13). These three journals contain almost
40% of the papers. There are some journals which have published 6-10 papers: Energy Policy, Energy Procedia,
Renewable Energy and International Journal of Hospitality Managements and Tourism Management. Other
journals have a maximum of 4 papers in this field (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Journals and the number of publications
Source: Own work
In classifying the papers, we noted that most of the papers are case studies and that there are very few
papers which offer any literature review, suggesting earlier, as mentioned that this type of review does not really
exist.
On analysing the topics of the papers, two main categories emerged, as the primary focus of the content;
renewable energy and energy consumption. Most of the articles (70) deal with energy consumption in terms of
usage, efficiency, savings, emissions, performance, practices, conservation, requirements and demand, and the
remainder (51) focus on RE directly. (Ch 5-7).
From the perspective of tourism, it is most important to know which destinations are already RE users and
what type of renewable energy they use. Reading the papers showed that there are some destinations which are
more often examined, such as China and both the islands and countries Mediterranean. Turkey, Taiwan, and
Australia are also in the top 5 of RE users. (Ch 8).
4. Energy consumption in the tourism industry
Recent studies indicated that, in the tourism sector, transport and accommodation account for the majority
of the total sectoral GHG emissions (75% and 21%) (UNEP 2011). Since the tourism industry needs sustainable
solutions (McLennan et al. 2016), using renewable energy could be one of the keys to countering the impacts of
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Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
481
climate change in this field (IRENA 2014). There are many studies dealing with tourism related energy issues. For
example, Becken et a.l (2001) estimated total energy use and efficiency from various sources. Some authors
compared energy consumption of different types of attraction and activity (Becken and Simmons 2002), travel
choices (Becken et al. 2003), types of tourist, domestic and international (Becken et al. 2003, Tabatchnaia-Tamirisa
et al. 1997) and types of accommodation (Becken et al. 2001, Warnken et al. 2004). Bode et al. (2003) estimated
the potential reduction in GHG levels in holiday resorts. Some studies conducted at global (Gössling 2002), national
(Becken et al. 2001) and destinations levels (Gössling et al. 2002) of tourism energy usage (Nepal 2008).
The location of the tourist destination determines the resources of renewable energy. In a rural hotel, for
instance, biomass and wind-power could be good solutions, and in a city hotel solar energy could be used.
(Karabuga et al. 2015) There are many issues which influence the RE use in tourism, and innovation and eco-
design can also help to increase the competitiveness of tourism (Bonilla et al. 2010). These facts will be examined
later.
5. Renewable energy (RE) usage in accommodation
Hotels are ranked among the largest energy consumers in the tertiary building sector (Dalton et al, 2008a).
Comparing hotels to other types of commercial building, it is clear that hotels are unique and operate to different
schedules, which produces different levels of energy consumption.
Buildings related to tourism, such as hotels and restaurants, consume 9% of the total energy consumption
in the service sector, the other 91% being used by offices, shops, educational establishments and care institutions
(Hendrikx 2008). Most local studies and research have shown that hotels are among the most energy intensive of
all building categories (food services and sales, health care and offices) (US EIA 1998), and their energy use is
very large especially in popular tourist destinations (Spain, Greece, France). (Priyadarsini et al. 2009) In the EU,
40% of final energy consumption occurs in hotels. (Hotel Energy Solution 2011a) Hotels are the main energy
consumers of the tertiary sector in many countries - 28% in Greek hotels, 18% in French and 35% in Spainish
(Zografakis et al. 2011).
Energy consumption, of course, depends on the category of hotel, and, so firstly we should see the category
and type of hotel uses most energy. Hotels can be categorized by the number of rooms, the level of luxury, the
service and amenities offered, the customer profile (business or vacation) the number of stars, the location, the
local environment, the architecture of the building, the geography (mountain, city, coast, resort). All of these
influence how much energy is used (Bohdanowicz et al. 2001). There are still other factors which affect energy use
in hotels, such as the number of workers, refrigeration units and the heating or cooling degree days (EPA 2015),
the major building services, the seasonal variation of energy use, the year of construction, the hotel class and hotel
occupancy (Deng and Burnett 2000).
Small to medium-size accommodation is usually in peripheral and environmentally sensitive areas such as
World Heritage sites and national parks, where tourists are expected to be environmentally friendly and conscious
of GHG emissions compared to other more mainstream accommodation. (Dalton et al. 2009a)
The spaces of the hotel, such as the guest room area, public and service areas, should also be looked at
separately inby analysing energy usage. The major energy consumption of a hotel comes from space heating
(31%), air conditioning and ventilation, hot water production (17-40%), lighting (12%), and other applications.
(Beccali et al. 2009)
The largest amount of total energy consumption relates to hot-water production, and solar energy has the
highest potential of all forms of RE in the tourism sector. This depends, of course, on the number of sunshine hours
per year and local ambient temperatures. Clearly, the payback time for investment in solar energy will be shorter
(5-10 years) in southern countries. (Hendrikx 2008)
Two types of energy are used in the hotel sector: thermal energy, which normally comes from gas or fuel oil
(but can also be generated from solar and biomass sources) and electricity - which can come from solar, wind or
hydropower. (Hotel Energy Solutions 2011c)
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First of all, we have to know which renewable energy sources are actually available. In a rural destination
biomass and wind power could be good solutions, whilst in a city hotel solar energy could help to produce hot- and
cold water and air. (Karabuga et al. 2015)
In Australia, there is a good deal of research into, renewable energy for accommodation (Dalton et al.
2008a,b, 2009a,b), and most case studies show, that wind energy conversion systems are the most economically
viable for accommodation irrespective of scale. The studies indicate that RE is not only technically feasible but also
economically viable, as the payback time of renewable energy is half of that of conventional energy. One of the
studies in Queensland, (Dalton et al. 2008a) describes the attitude to RE supply (RES) among tourism
accommodation providers. It shows that almost 10% had some form of RES, and that the majority were interested.
Coastal and interior respondents had different answers to adopting RES, and the results show that the
accommodation type also influences opinion. Most operators of large accommodation units had confidence in RES
than those of smaller ones and they also recognised its marketing potential.
In Jordan, there are many good examples of the use of renewable energy resources. Badran (2003)
introduced wind energy as being more reliable, safer and less pollutant for the environment than fuel-oil-powered
units. Jaber et al. (2008) showed that renewable energy for space heating has a very low cost-to-benefit ratio.
(Aagreh and Al-Ghzawi 2013)
South China has great potential in the use of solar energy due to the abundance of sunshine in tropical and
subtropical fields, but hoteliers’ willingness to install solar water heaters is still weak. (Chan et al. 2013)
In Europe energy usage should be reduced by 20% (Galvao et al. 2011) and renewable energy should be
increased by 20% by 2020. About half of the hotel buildings in Europe are located in Mediterranean countries,
where the energy demand is high seasonally, the cost is frequently high and the energy supply is somewhat
unreliable. (Zografakis et al. 2011) To show the energy saving potential, renewal technology was promoted,
implemented and presented to the hotel sector (200 hotels) in Southern Europe. Fifty hotels had already used
renewable energy systems (mainly solar) and so were the examples for the others. (Karagiorgas et al. 2006)
In the Caribbean air conditioning is responsible for almost half of the energy consumed (CHENACT 2012)
In Barbados the medium to large hotels are also major users of air conditioning, but in very small hotels the main
consumption is for water heating. (IRENA 2014) More island hotels now invest in renewable energy technologies,
which is cost competitive for them (IRENA 2012; IRENA 2013), as most are not linked to an electricity grid. Island
studies show that using RE is cost effective and has an attractive pay back time (1 to 11 years). For example, solar
systems could reduce energy consumption in hotels, improve living standards and also attract ecologically sensitive
tourists. (Michalena et al. 2009)
Hong Kong also has a unique situation due to its climate; located in a subtropical region, hot season is quite
long, from May to October. Buildings have to be cooled and dehumidified, and do not need so much heating as in
North America or Europe. Winter heating is provided only in good quality hotels - and means at most 10 days per
year. (Wan 2012) Hence, solar energy could be a good solution for them also.
In America, Rahman et al. (2012) showed that hotels in the Midwest were the most environmentally friendly.
They also noted that hotel chains tend to regard green practices as equivalent to renewable energy use rather than
install their own independent systems, but there is little effect on energy consumption. Most of the studies show
that, for accommodation, solar and wind power are more often used than other forms of RE.
6. Renewable energy uses in tourist attractions and the hospitality industry
According to Swarbrooke (1995), there are four categories of attraction: natural attractions, man-made
attractions for attracting and for not attracting tourists and special events. Collier (2011) defines three categories,
namely traditional tourist attractions, entertainment attractions and recreational activities.
There are studies on resource use which include tourist attractions and activities, but quantitative and
comparative studies are rare. Becken and Simmons (2002) researched the different types of tourist attraction in
New Zeland, and in their study they found that the major consumers of all energy are entertainment and tourist
attractions. Tourist activities (scenic flights jet boating) per capita consume more than tourist attractions (museums
and experience centres). (Nepal 2008)
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483
The professional literature suggests that the use of renewable energy in the construction of theme parks is
particularly welcome (Karagiorgas et al. 2006; The Herald 2002).
The service industry, especially the hospitality sector contributes to environmental degradation and climate
change as well (Chou et al. 2012, Kasim 2009). According to the Pacific Gas & Electricity’s Food Service
Technology Centre (FSTC) restaurants are the retail world’s largest energy user. Almost five times more energy is
used per square foot in restaurants than in any other type of commercial building (Horovitz 2008).
There is, in fact, a major difference between the energy use of the hotel and hospitality sectors. The total
energy uses of a pub, say, is aggregated from heating and lighting (almost 50%), cellar services, hot water, catering
and other applications (Carbon trust 2012). Hu et al. (2010) also point out that the food and beverage industry is
increasingly recognizing its ability to make an environmental contribution through reducing its creation of solid
waste, energy consumption and so on. The growing concern for environmental and social considerations within the
food-service field is evidenced by the growth and development of green restaurants.
Hospitality businesses influence the sustainability of their natural environment by consuming significant
amounts of natural resources. Research into applying green supply chain management and into the application of
renewable energy in processing food in restaurants is lacking. Wang et al. (2013) and his co-authors focus on
developing standards of green restaurant management but without any special focus on the application of
renewable energy.
Srivastava (2007) defined green supply chain management as a way of integrating environmental thinking
into supply chain management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing
processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers, and end-of-life management of the product after its useful
life. This definition provides a systematic platform for integrating profits, environmental protection, energy usage
and energy balance.
As in the hospitality industry there are very many small operations, which consume a modest amount of
resources themselves, but the whole sector uses a huge amount. They should, therefore, cooperate in the use of
renewable energy and in its adoption. (Xuchao 2010) The use of RE sources in the hospitality industry provides
numerous possibilities and solutions for increasing energy efficiency, reducing cost and even the basic need.
7. Renewable energy from the perspective of destination
The implementation of RE sources in tourism aims to improve the business profiling of an ecologically
responsible tourist destination, to reposition the advantages and conquest of a specific tourist segment of
ecologically-oriented consumers (Cerovic et al. 2014).
The use and application of RE depends on the resources and the attributes, and features of the destination.
A key consideration in the sustainable development of a facility is to ensure equilibrium not only with the ecological
system but also the social, cultural and economic aspects of the space within which the development is to be carried
out. The developers, therefore, must familiarize themselves adequately with the essential qualities of the sites
chosen for the development (Bohdanowicz et al. 2001). The choice of site will have a substantial effect on the
energy needs of the facility as well as the availability of required material and energy sources due to local climate
and topography.
An appropriate site, environment-friendly construction materials, the maximum use of renewable energy
and/or passive space-conditioning, the use of shading/lighting technologies and minimizing internal transport
needs, are some of the tools available for reducing both, energy use and the environmental impact. They should
be introduced at the planning stage and help in integrating the building into the destination.
In Australia the Tourism Department produced a guide to energy efficiency and waste minimisation
(Australian Commonwealth Department of Tourism 1995), whilst in Switzerland a pilot study dealt with recreation
and energy consumption to improve efficiency (Muller 1999) In Finland information was published in a study of the
energy use of different activities. (Motiva 1999) In Germany, Strasdas (1992) presented data on energy and water
consumption on a per visitor basis about Centre Parks, large holiday resorts with accommodation and recreation
facilities. Also in Germany Ifeu (1997) researched the potential environmental impacts of tourism and also identified
catering in relation to activities.
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There are, however, certain best practices, which do show that it is worth using renewable energy in tourism.
In Turkey at a 50-bed hotel solar heating and an absorption cooling system provide 30% of the required thermal
energy per year. IBIS hotels group use solar energy for hot water for half of the year. Recycling centres in Novotel
and IBIS hotels made 46,000 euros profit. Also in Turkey a 2,000 m2 PV system on the top of a hotel building
produces 177,867 KWh of electric power. Heat pumps saved $55,034 on electricity for the Port Royal Sun Gate
Hotel in Antalya. (Karabuga et al. 2015)
Although there are numerous best practice examples, for solar energy use in different destinations such as
in Southern Europe, the Canaries, the Balearics, the Eastern Mediterranean region (Cyprus, Greece, Turkey),
based on a Turkish survey of hotels in Ankara, 88% of hoteliers have never used solar energy (Erdogan and Baris
2007).
Mediterranean countries have high energy costs but they also have a high potential for energy saving by
RE sources other than thermal solar installations. (Zografakis et al. 2011)
In terms of an island, climate change creates many more problems than for mainland areas. Islands have a
number of disadvantages, such as their small size, limited resources, low productivity, geographic isolation,
infrastructure, ecological fragility, exposure to natural catastrophes (Howarth 2002, Roper 2005) and all of these
factors are aggravated by intensive tourism. In terms of energy, the situation is also bad due to the almost inevitable
lack of electricity interconnections (fewer than 50% of European islands are interconnected) and the high cost of
energy. Nevertheless, islands may have a number of natural energy resources and this is why they could be the
perfect examples of how to exploit renewable energy sources (IRENA 2013). For example, solar systems could
drastically reduce energy consumption in hotels (Michalena et al. 2009).
In the Greek islands more than half of the renewable energy projects were implemented in Crete, where the
residents’ and tourists’ willingness to pay were also analysed. (Kostakis and Sardianou 2011). The Adriatic Islands
also offer good potential for the use of renewable energy, especially solar and wind energy, due to annual sunshine
hours of 2300-2800 and to their dependence on external energy (Hrastnik and Frankovic 2001, Balaras et al. 1999).
There are also examples of renewable energy use in a wide range of other countries, many of which could
be a good solution for the tourism sector. In the USA, El Salvador, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand and
the Philippines there is potential in geothermal energy (Fridleifsson 2001, Milford 2000). Africa also has geothermal
fields where Kenya is the leader in exploiting renewable energy. Africa also has hydro-power, biomass, solar and
wind potential (Karekezi 2002). In the Caribbean, the Dominican Republic, Aruba, Haiti, Saint Kitts, Nevis and
Barbados also have considerable geothermal capacity (IRENA 2012). In the Pacific, Fiji uses hydro-power, Palau
and the Federated States of Micronesia have grid-connected solar systems (IRENA 2013). In the Indian Ocean,
the Comoros have major solar potential whilst in Mauritius biomass is the equivalent (IRENA 2014). Iran is also
interested in renewable energy, as they have hydro-power available, which can assist their development of a
sustainable energy future (Rashid 2012).
In terms of renewable energy usage, from the perspective of destinations, we can see numerous good
examples of RE already operating in the tourism sector, whilst renewable energy sources in other countries also
offer huge potentials for the future.
8. Discussion
Tourism has a principal role in promoting the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency. (Pace 2016)
They help tourism to be more sustainable and efficient - which will be increasingly important due to climate change.
Renewable energy could be the first principle of sustainable tourism (D’Amore and Kalifungwa 2013)
It could be the first step for environment-friendly enterprises if RE technology is involved in the basic criteria
of eco-management schemes. The tourism sector would use RE much more intensively.
There are tourists who are truly interested in sustainability and environment-friendly technologies. In
Scotland MORI (2002) made a study in which 80% of tourists said that a wind farm with a visitor centre open to the
public would be a serious attraction. In Denmark there are wind farms with hotels, guest houses and camp sites
which are very good for promoting green tourism. (Bergmann et al. 2008) The plant-based landscapes of the
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
485
Yangtze River Delta are the main tourist attractions in that area, and they clearly promote the development of RE.
A positive effect worldwide should be the result. (Shi et al. 2013)
Renewable energy technologies have many advantages such as cost minimisation, better quality products,
ease of installation. RE can be a solution for geographical and climate problems (Mihaila 2012). Tourists are more
and more environment-friendly and they take environmental protection as renewable energy usage into account
when they choose a destination or accommodation. Studies in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy (FEMATOUR 2000)
and in New Zealand (Fairweather et al 2005), show that more than 60% of tourists’ respect environmental issues,
which also proves that RE increases the competitiveness of a tourist destination company.
However, we also have to be aware of the disadvantages. It is difficult to find qualified installers, there are
numerous administrative and technical hurdles to overcome, there may be insufficient or inadequate information,
and the payback period is uncertain (Coles et al. 2016). Sometimes, and especially on islands, for example, solar
collectors are unattractive and not compatible with traditional architecture. (Zografakis et al. 2011, Hotel Energy
Solutions 2011b)
In recent years, great attention has been paid to the application of several forms of renewable energy. These
play an important role in social and economic development. RE has great potential for the further development of
rural areas and villages, and several forms of RE technology can be utilised worldwide. According to Youm et al.
(2000) a shortage of appropriate finance, is one of the key impediments to accelerating the spread of RE. A gradual
change from conventional to renewable energy would benefit both the economy and nations as a whole. To achieve
this serious action should be taken to raise the awareness of the long-term benefits of the use and application of
RE. There is a clear need for governments to create an agency responsible for and dedicated to renewable energy
promotion, by supporting comprehensive economic energy analyses, encouraging the household and business
sectors to use RE instead of conventional energy, and, of course, administering dedicated credit funds and
subsidies.
Conclusion
The aim of our study was to give a comprehensive review of the literature on the use of renewable energy
in the tourism industry. There is very little available, and most relates to accommodation. It would help to boost the
number of users, if the use of RE were a criterion within the sector, and if there are enough environmentally
conscious tourists who increasingly demand it. A thorough assessment of the numerous advantages and
disadvantages and of the administrative, technical and design constraints should be prioritised, not least since RE
is a possible solution for energy-poor areas and islands.
The RE industry is on the verge of enormous growth and the technological development of the means of
transport cannot keep pace with the increase in traffic. The ecological footprint is increasing and so renewable
energy can be an excellent solution for the whole of the service sector. More studies would create a solid base for
this topic and would help to authenticate the feasibility and efficiency of RE for service providers and tourist
suppliers - which was the basic aim of this paper.
It has already been shown that the use of RE can produce in long-term profit and provides a hotel, for
example, with an added competitive advantage on the market. In other words, the supply side appears favourable.
In respect of the demand side - that is, the attitude of the visitors -further research questions can be posed. The
willingness of guests to pay higher prices for environment-friendly services and to stay in hotels which use RE
should be examined as part of a wide-ranging study of consumer behaviour which considers, for example, which
are the factors affecting the willingness of guests to pay for RE in different hotel categories in different destinations
and for different services.
Acknowledgements
The research results were sponsored by the K112642 HSRF (OTKA) project.
Volume VIII, Issue 2(18) Spring 2017
486
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