Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy: Sixteenth Edition
Abstract
This encyclopedic reference work on pharmacognosy covers the study of those natural substances, principally plants, that find a use in medicine. Its popularity and longevity stem from the book's balance between classical (crude and powdered drugs' characterization and examination) and modern (phytochemistry and pharmacology) aspects of this branch of science, as well as the editor's recognition in recent years of the growing importance of complementary medicines, including herbal, homeopathic and aromatherapy
... Molish's (General) Test for Carbohydrates: To 1 ml of the filtrate, 1 ml of Molish's reagent was added in a test tube, followed by 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid down the test tube to form a lower layer. A reddish colour at the interfacial ring indicates the presence of carbohydrate (Evans, 2009). ...
... The tube was allowed to stand in a vertical position and was observed for 30mins. A honeycomb froth that persists for 10-15mins indicates presence of saponins (Evans, 2009). ...
... Wagner's Test Few drops of Wagner's reagents were added to a portion of the extract, whitish precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloid (Evans, 2009). ...
An aphrodisiac is a type of food or drink that has the effect of making those who eat or drink it more aroused in a sexual way. Aphrodisiacs can be categorized according to their mode of action into three groups: substances that increase libido (i.e. sexua arousal), substances that increase sexual potency (i.e. effectiveness of erection) and substances that increase sexual pleasure. Fadogia agrestis Rubiaceae (Hausa: Bakin gagai feets high. Fadogia agrestis is a medicinal plant widely used for its reported antibacterial and aphrodisiac activities. The aim of this work is to carry out pharmacognostic standardization and safety profile on physicochemical, elemental, phytochemical and acute toxicity studies were carried out using standard methods. The results obtained also provided scientific basis for the use of F. agrestis in folklore medicine. cell wall, lignified cell wall, tannins, starch, calcium oxalate and cutin. The physicochemical parameters evaluated include: moisture content (7.0%), total ash (10.5%), water soluble ash (4.1%), acid insoluble ash (8.33%), ethanol extractiv (15.0%), and water extractive value (12.0%). The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids (84.0 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical detected in the stem bark while the lowest was saponins (4.0 mg/g).LD mg/kg and did not cause mortality in all the tested rats. The results of this investigation may be useful for deriving doses that are safe for human consumption medicinally of F. agrestis root.
... The extract fractions of the leaf of P. thonningii were screened qualitatively for phytochemical constituents using standard procedures (Brain and Turner, 1975; Vishnoi, 1979;Markham, 1987;Silver et al., 1998;Sofowora, 2008;Evans, 2009). ...
... Crystals of resorcinol (0.5 g) and 2 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) were added to 2 mL of extract already prepared and boiled for 5 mins. A reddish colouration indicated the presence of ketoses like fructose (Evans, 2009). ...
... Each extract (0.5 g) to be tested was stirred with 10 mL of distilled water and filtered. The filtrate was used for the following tests as described by Evans (2009): ...
... The cleared materials were washed thoroughly and stained with safranin for quantitative microscopic studies. Quantitative microscopy was done as per the standard procedures of Wallis (1985) and Evans (2001). ...
... Slides were made by placing small quantities of cells in water on a slide. The excess water was evaporated, mounted in glycerine and observed through microscope (Evans 2001). ...
... Fluorescence analysis of drug powders and various extracts of the plant were carried out as per the standard procedures of Evans (2001), (Tables 2 and 3) ...
... C. capsularis seed powder is used as an antidote for snake bites in Western Ghat, India (Gauri, 2014). According to the pharmacological study (Al-Snafi, 2016), the plant possesses a number of pharmacological qualities, including cardiac, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, and insecticidal effects (Evans, 2009). The plant is shown in (Fig. 1B). ...
... Asiaticoside, madecassoide, medecassic acid, asiatic acid, glucose, rhamnose, terpenoids, sitosterol, and stigmasterol are among the many chemical components of C. asiatica. (Rosen et al., 1959;Shukla et al., 1999;Incandela et al., 2001;Evans, 2009;Shobana, 2014). The plant is shown in (Fig. 1C) Source: Author's Own ...
From ancient civilization, it has been observed that many plants are used for medicinal purposes. These medicinal plants contain secondary metabolites which provide protection from disease and stressful environment. Among these, one of the medicinal plants is Ficus benghalensis L., which belongs to the family Moraceae. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. In India the plant parts of it are used in the preparation of ayurvedic therapy.(Patel and Gautam, 2014)
The different parts of it are utilized to treat dysentery, asthma, diarrhea, ulcers and skin conditions.(Verma et al., 2012; Kaushik et al., 2013). The juice from leaf buds and aerial roots are used to cure bleeding piles and hemorrhages.(Joseph and Raj 2011). The milky latex is also useful to treat toothache, bruises, painful areas, rheumatic joints and lumbago and applied to cracked and inflamed soles. It is dripped into wounds in order to kill or expel germs, and is applied to treat bleeding and swelling of the gums.(Manandhar 2002). The leaves are used in a decoction with toasted rice as a diaphoretic. In Ayurveda, it is used to cure a different diseases like
... C. capsularis seed powder is used as an antidote for snake bites in Western Ghat, India (Gauri, 2014). According to the pharmacological study (Al-Snafi, 2016), the plant possesses a number of pharmacological qualities, including cardiac, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, and insecticidal effects (Evans, 2009). The plant is shown in (Fig. 1B). ...
... Asiaticoside, madecassoide, medecassic acid, asiatic acid, glucose, rhamnose, terpenoids, sitosterol, and stigmasterol are among the many chemical components of C. asiatica. (Rosen et al., 1959;Shukla et al., 1999;Incandela et al., 2001;Evans, 2009;Shobana, 2014). The plant is shown in (Fig. 1C) Source: Author's Own ...
... Hydroalcoholic extract of R.indica leaves was subjected to qualitative chemical screening for the identification of various classes of active chemical constituents including alkaloids glycosides, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannin, and phenolic compounds, according to the standard protocols (Evans, 2009;Harborne, 1998). ...
Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Family: Lineaceae) is a shrub commonly grown in the Himalayan foothills areas of China, India, and Nepal and is locally known by numerous different names such as pyoli, shivali, and basanthi, Ethanopharmacologically, R.indica is used in the ailment of many diseases including paralysis, backaches, gastritis, skin disorders, and infections. The present research aims to underline the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical screening of this unexplored Himalayan herb using physical evaluation, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. Proximate analysis indicates the presence of rich content of lipids, carbohydrates, fibers, and protein levels in the hydroalcoholic extract of R.indica leaves. Qualitative phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content present in R.indica was found to be 2.30 ± 0.54 mg of gallic acid equivalent//g dried extract and 8.35 ± 1.55 mg of rutin equivalent/g dried extract, respectively. Various elements that were detected using atomic absorption spectrometry were found to be within limits of the acceptable range. Quantitative densitometry analysis using HPTLC revealed the presence of quercetin, vitexin, and rutin in concentrations of 4.57 ± 0.27, 4.88 ± 0.03, and 0.27 ± 0.11% w/w respectively. Overall, these findings suggest that R.indica holds significant potential for further exploration as a valuable medicinal resource, offering a foundation for future pharmacological and therapeutic studies.
... By dissolving narcotics in alcohol or chloroform, letting them macerate, and then measuring the extractable components by evaporating the solvent, extractive resources were also investigated (Sethi, 2001). Additionally, the sample was examined under a microscope or with the naked eye to identify and weigh any alien living materials (Evans, 2009). ...
Hygrophila salicifolia, a medicinal plant with historical therapeutic applications, was investigated for its phytochemical, pharmacognostic, and pharmacological properties. This study isolated and characterized bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, from its methanolic extract, using advanced chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant and anti-urolithiatic activity in vitro and in vivo. It significantly reduced urinary calcium, oxalate, and phosphate levels while increasing magnesium excretion in an ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model in rats. Histopathological analysis revealed reduced renal damage and crystal deposition in treated groups. The flavonoid glycoside, identified as isoquercitrin, exhibited promising therapeutic potential, substantiating the plant's traditional medicinal use. This research underscores Hygrophila salicifolia's potential as a natural source for developing treatments for urolithiasis and other oxidative stress-related conditions.
... The crude extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis to screen for the presence of secondary metabolites: steroids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedure as reported by Evans (2002). ...
In recent decades, medicinal plants have been of great interest as they have been the sources of natural products. As a result, there is a need to analyse the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study was carried out to determine the percentage yield, phytochemical properties, antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) of the crude extracts using the reflux extraction, qualitative phytochemical, agar well diffusion and broth dilution method respectively; while aqueous, normal hexane and ethyl acetate were used as extraction solvents. Aqueous extract has the highest yield of 16.08%, ethyl acetate extract (8.76%) while n-hexane extract had 3.84%. Phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, and phenols were present in all three solvent extracts; while terpenoids, glycosides and steroids were absent. Saponins and flavonoids were present in water extract, flavonoids were present only in the ethyl acetate extract. The most active with mean inhibition zone (MIZ) diameter of 13.33±0.58mm and 10.33±0.58mm against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus respectively at 50mg/mL while the lowest activity of MIZ diameter of 8.00±2.00mm was obtained with same extract and concentration against Escherichia coli. N-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts show no activity against the test organisms. The lowest MIC of 15.6mg/mL and MBC of 31.3mg/mL were obtained against Escherichia coli. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts possess antibacterial activity against some of the test organisms and can be considered for drug development.
... A part of the extracts was used to identify some of the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, protein carbohydrates etc. based on the following procedures given by Evans, 2009. Test for Tannins: -0.5ml of extract was added to 1ml ferric chloride. ...
Lantana camara is a widely distributed shrub in tropical and subtropical regions and has been recognized for its medicinal properties in traditional medicine systems. This study aimed to focus and explore the antimicrobial potential and phytochemical composition of Lantana camara leaves extracts. Various solvents including ethanol, ether, benzene and water were used for extraction. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria using agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis was done to identify the presence of bioactive compounds using standard procedures. The results showed significant antimicrobial activity of Lantana camara extracts against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ethanolic and ether extracts were found to be more effective in comparison to other extracts. The phytochemical analysis of this study showed the presence of various secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids etc which are known for their antimicrobial properties. The potential of Lantana camara as a natural source of antibacterial compounds is highlighted by this study to understand the active ingredients responsible for antimicrobial activity. Further studies are however needed to explore and identify such molecules.
... Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed as per the standardized procedures [15][16][17] . ...
... Phytochemical parameters were screened following standard procedures [19]. ...
Ethnopharmacological information indicates that the leaves of Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex. Hiern are used in the treatment of anemia in western and central Uganda. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex. Hiern was tested for its haematinic activity in Wistar rats. Phenylhydrazine (PHZ-4 mg/kg, IP) was used to induce anemia in rats for a period of two weeks. Animals were grouped into six groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6); each group had six rats. Group 1 (negative control), group 2 (positive control), group 3 were treated with FeSO4, and groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with different doses of the extract (1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, and 4000 mg/kg, respectively). Screening of phytochemicals was performed, and acute toxicity study was carried out according to the Lorke's experiment 1993. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous leaf extract of Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex. Hiern contains tannins, flavonoids, diterpenes, steroids, and saponins.The aqueous leaf extract of Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex. Hiern exhibits haematinic effects.
... Additionally, a difference in conditions of the aqueous solvent, with the cold extracts producing larger weights compared to the hot extracts, shows variations that may possibly be attributed to the loss of some components on heating, such as volatile oils. This could also be due to induction of chemical reactions that reduce solubility into the hot aqueous solvent [17]. Antibacterial susceptibility testing was able to show potential with activity against Staphylococcus aureus produced by the ethanol stem extract. ...
Momordica foetida, a medicinal plant from the Cucurbitaceae family, has been traditionally used across tropical Africa for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of extracts from different parts of Momordica foetida (leaves, stems, and fruits) against common bacterial pathogens and analyze their phytochemical composition. The extraction process involved cold water, hot water, and ethanol methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, quinolones, terpenoids, and saponins. Results showed significant antibacterial activity of ethanol stem extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds across all extracts. The findings suggest the potential of Momordica foetida as a source of antibacterial agents, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus infections.
... In pharmaceutical practice, medicinal plants are referred to as crude drugs which denotes their origin from natural and biological origin. According to [6,10], medicinal plants should be classified based on the following: ...
Plants, animals, soil, water and other natural resources are important components of human life which have found their applications as cultural approach to public health practices. African traditional medicinal practice has been a major aspect of public health. In Nigeria, selective cultural approach (SCA) in public health practices involves the application and use of medicinal plants, animals, soil/water and other resources for sickness and disease management and control. Medicinal plants, their different parts and extracts such as decoction and infusion from. Aframomum melegueta, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina extracts and exudate from Dioscorea species, Manihot esculenta, Hevea spruceana, spices, including Allium species, ginger as well as fibre from plants have shown therapeutic potentials for diseases such as asthma, helminth infections, snake repellant, dysentery. Animals are also essential components of cultural approach in public health practices across Nigeria. Species such as Achantina species (giant snail), Crocodilus niloticus (crocodile), Numidia Meleagris (Guinea fowl), Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) and Phyton sebae (python) have also been documented for their therapeutic functions to include wound healing, prevention of polio, treatment of broken bones cold, rheumatism and skin infection. Soil, in different forms including clay and chalk has also been used for the management of pregnancy related ailments, body pain management and skin infections. With the importance of cultural practices in public health, there is need for adequate conservation of natural resources to sustain the rich biodiversity hotspot of Nigeria and also preserve the cultural heritage of traditional medicinal practice within rural communities.
... The dried peels were milled into powder with the aid of mini maize milling machine (HR 1500 Stainless, China) and stored in airtight containers for further analysis. Phytochemical screening of watermelon and cucumber peel powder The phytochemical screening was carried out to test for the presence of phytochemical components such as saponins, tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (Evans, 2009). ...
Background: The advent of science and technology has greatly enhanced the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. The study evaluated the binding properties of pectin isolated from Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis sativus peels in comparison with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and pectin BP in oxytetracycline capsule formulationsMethods: Pectin was extracted from Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis sativus peels using standard procedures. Extracted pectin was subjected to phytochemical, organoleptic and spectral analysis and then used to prepare batches of oxytetracycline granules and capsules. Granule flow, capsules properties and drug compatibility studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were determined.Results: Phytochemical analysis of the powdered peels of C. lanatus and C. sativus showed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid and carbohydrate. Percentage yield of pectin were 11.88 and 12.27% for C. lanatus and C. sativus, respectively. Oxytetracycline granules prepared exhibited the following micromeritic properties; Hausner’s ratios - 1.12 to 1.33; Carr’s indices - 11.11 to 32.61(%); angles of repose - 30.47 to 43.89° and flow rates - 1.17 to 5.67 g/sec. Disintegration times of formulated capsules were between 4.86 to 6.87 min and were within pharmacopoeial limits for capsules. FTIR studies showed no interaction between drug and excipients. Dissolution studies revealed decreased drug released with increase in binder concentration.Conclusion: Pectin extracted from the peels of C. lanatus and C. sativus fruits compared favourably with pectin BP and CMC in their binding properties, hence a suitable substitute binder in the formulation of oxytetracycline granules and capsules.
... The powdered as well as the hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots of Parinari robusta were screened qualitatively for secondary metabolites including tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenoids, phytosterols, coumarins and flavonoids using standard procedures (Khandelwal, 2006;Evans and Trease, 2009). ...
Malaria continues to wreak havoc on various populations as a result of the mortality and economic burden associated with the disease. Progress made in the therapeutics of the disease is threatened by the emerging parasite resistance to currently used first line treatment drugs. This has prompted the search for new, effective , and safe antimalarial agents. Parinari robusta is one plant in use with inadequate evidence about its efficacy. This study therefore aimed to assess the in vivo and in vitro antimalarial potential, and the safety of the leaves, stem and roots of the plant. Acute toxicity was carried out according to OECD guidelines. In vivo anti-malarial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts were assessed using the Peter's 4-day suppressive and Rane's curative tests. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of the hydroethanolic crude extracts were evaluated using the SYBR Green I fluorescence assay on the chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum. P. robusta was safe with the lethal dose above 3000 mg/kg. All the extracts significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed parasitaemia in the Peter's suppressive and Rane's curative test in a dose dependent manner. The extracts showed highly to weakly active in vitro antiplasmodial activity with an IC 50 between 2.629 mg/ml to 30.320 mg/ml against 3D7 and Dd2 strain of P. falciparum. Leaf and stem extract gave the most superior activity against the Dd2 and 3D7 P. falciparum strains. The findings of this study provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional use of P. robusta in the treatment of malaria.
... The powdered as well as the hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots of Parinari robusta were screened qualitatively for secondary metabolites including tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenoids, phytosterols, coumarins and flavonoids using standard procedures (Khandelwal, 2006;Evans and Trease, 2009). ...
Malaria continues to wreak havoc on various populations as a result of the mortality and economic burden associated with the disease. Progress made in the therapeutics of the disease is threatened by the emerging parasite resistance to currently used first line treatment drugs. This has prompted the search for new, effective, and safe antimalarial agents. Parinari robusta is one plant in use with inadequate evidence about its efficacy. This study therefore aimed to assess the in vivo and in vitro antimalarial potential, and the safety of the leaves, stem and roots of the plant. Acute toxicity was carried out according to OECD guidelines. In vivo antimalarial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts were assessed using the Peter's 4-day suppressive and Rane's curative tests. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of the hydroethanolic crude extracts were evaluated using the SYBR Green I fluorescence assay on the chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum. P. robusta was safe with the lethal dose above 3000 mg/kg. All the extracts significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed parasitaemia in the Peter's suppressive and Rane's curative test in a dose dependent manner. The extracts showed highly to weakly active in vitro antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 between 2.629 μg/ml to 30.320 μg/ml against 3D7 and Dd2 strain of P. falciparum. Leaf and stem extract gave the most superior activity against the Dd2 and 3D7 P. falciparum strains. The findings of this study provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional use of P. robusta in the treatment of malaria.
... Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing demand for safe and natural bioactive compounds in the field of medicine. This demand stems from the desire to avoid harmful synthetic and chemical substances in medications (Evans, 2009). As a result, there has been a surge of interest in the discovery of new, effective, and non-toxic compounds. ...
Context: Salvia fruticosa, known as Greek sage, is a perennial shrub indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean. Historically, its leaves have been prized for their medicinal properties, particularly in traditional remedies for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and digestive ailments. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties and possible mechanisms of action of Salvia fruticosa essential oil (EOSF). Methods: The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant using hydrodistillation and then analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil were examined using established inflammation models, specifically carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils, widely recognized inflammation models were employed, specifically carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis. In addition, the essential oil's antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring its ability to scavenge nitric oxide radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Results: The primary constituents of the EOSF were found to be 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol) (45.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.2%), and β-pinene (6.5%). The results of the study demonstrated that EOSF displayed a significant reduction in edema, peritonitis, myeloperoxidase activity, and NOx-peritoneal lavage concentration induced by carrageenan. Moreover, the essential oil exhibited notable inhibition of nitric oxide radical production stimulated by sodium nitroprusside. Additionally, EOSF demonstrated the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation caused by Fe2+ or Fe2+ plus H2O2. Conclusions: The findings indicate that EOSF possesses anti-inflammatory properties, potentially attributed to its antioxidant capacity.
... Phytochemical Screening This was carried out using the procedures described by Evans, (2002) and Sofowora (2006). Tests were carried out on samples of the leaf and seed to detect the presence or absence of groups of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones (free and combined) (Sofowora, 2006), flavonoids, tannins, terpenes (Sofowora, (2006), cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins and sapomns (WHO, 2005). ...
Picralima nitida is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various ailments in Southern Nigeria. This study was aimed at evaluating the prospects of using ethanol leaf and seed extracts of Picralima nitida in the control of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti, at their larval stages. Fourth instar larvae of test organisms were exposed in static bioassays to the crude extracts of P. nitida. Concentrations tested were 0.15 – 0.75 %w/v, at exposure periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours. At the end of assays (72 hr), the highest concentration (0.75 % w/v) of the ethanol leaf extract of P. nitida resulted in 48.00 and 50.40% mortality of larvae of Cu. quniquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. At the same exposure period (72hr) the ethanol seed extract (0.75 %w/v) resulted in larval mortality of 74.40 and 60.80 % for Cu. quinquefasciatus and Ae aegypti, respectively. The 72h LC50 values obtained from probit analysis revealed that larvae of Cu. quinquefasciatus were more susceptible to the seed extract than larvae of Ae. aegypti, with 72 h LC50 values of 0.500 and 0.650 % w/v, respectively. Phytochemical (qualitative) screening of the leaves and seeds of Pnitida detected the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and terpenes. In addition, flavonoids and tannins were detected in the seeds. This preliminary investigation has revealed that the leaves and seeds of Pintida hold larvicidal potential. Their formulation as alternatives to synthetic larvicides should therefore be considered.
... All medicines, be it synthetic or of plant origin, should fulfill the basic requirement of being safe, and effective [22]. Due to cultural and historical factors, dependency on medicinal plants has become a topic of global importance in both the developing and developed countries [7]. In most countries, herbal products are launched into the market without proper scientific evaluation; consumers can buy herbal products without a prescription and might not recognize the danger in an inferior product [13]. ...
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharamacognostic parameters for the plant M. senegalensis, to ensure its purity, quality and safety. Methodology: Whole powdered leaves and methanolic extract were used. Pharmacognostic standards were determined according to the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters determined are macroscopic and microscopic characters (quantitative and qualitative), physicochemical parameters as well as preliminary phytochemical tests. Results: Macroscopically the leaves of M. senegalensis are alternately arranged with glabrous surface, serrated margin, and a characteristic taste and odor. Microspically, the leaves have stomata that is anomocytic type on both upper (SN= 80.50-70.00-59.50, SI= 10.81-12.72-14.63) and lower epidermis (SN= 101.78-88.50-75.23, SI= 10.65-12.53-14.41), the epidermal cells were polygonal in shape and trichomes were absent. The vein islet number was determined to be 23.46-20.40-17.34 and the vein let termination number was 17.94-15.60-13.26. Transverse sections of the leaves revealed a dorsiventral type having a singled layered epidermis, palisade cell beneath the upper epidermis, with some vascular bundles at the center covered by a bundle carp, and some spongy mesophyll. Chemo-microscopical study revealed the presence of cellulose cell wall, lignified fibers, starch grains, calcium oxalates, fixed oil and fats. Other determinations include: moisture content (9.33 % w/w ± 0.01), total ash (7.83.00 % w/w ± 0.004) acid-insoluble ash (01.67% w/w ± 0.01), alcohol-soluble extractive values (12.00% w/w ± 0.10), and water-soluble extractive values (13.25%w/w ± 0.04). Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic leave extract reveals the presence alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates and flavonoids. Conclusion: The drug can be stored in powdered form for a long time without worrying about its purity based on the moisture content value obtained. The high digestibility of the plant when eaten is indicated by the low total ash and acid-insoluble ash values obtained (i.e can be safely eaten). The drug may be very significant in the development of phytomedicines, according to the results of the phytochemical screening.
... A small portion of the plant extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests for alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycoside and anthroquinone as described by Evans (2007). ...
The emergence of antibiotic resistance underscores the need to evaluate alternative sources for antibacterial drugs. The in vitro antibacterial activities of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of the seeds of Garcinia kola were investigated on clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) of the extracts on the test organisms were determined using standard method. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the seed's extracts revealed the presence of bioactive phytochemicals (Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides). Antibacterial assay showed that isolate of B. cereus was susceptible to the aqueous extract of G. kola at a concentration of 250mg/ml. The MIC and MBC of aqueous extract of G. kola on B.cereus were 62.5mg/ml and 125mg/ml respectively while E.coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were resistant to the aqueous and methanol extracts of G. kola. The standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin was more potent than the extracts. The presence of phytochemicals of antimicrobial significance in Garcinia kola, shows that the plant have antimicrobial potentials. Further research on medicinal effect of Garcinia kola is recommended.
... A standard protocol was followed to identify the occurrence of numerous phytoconstituents in S. torvum [35]. Phytoconstituents were also measured, such as total phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins [36]. ...
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum L. fruit (EESTF) containing solasodine in treating chronic constriction injury (CCI)–induced neuropathic pain in rats. Three-dimensional (3D) simulation studies of solasodine binding were conducted on the TRPV1 receptor, IL-6, and TNF-α structures. For in vivo justification, an assessment of behavioral, biochemical, and histological changes was designed after a CCI-induced neuropathic pain model in rats. On days 7, 14, and 21, CCI significantly increased mechanical, thermal, and cold allodynia while producing a functional deficit. IL-6, TNF-α, TBARS, and MPO levels also increased. SOD levels of catalase and reduced glutathione levels also decreased. Administration of pregabalin (30 mg/kg, oral), solasodine (25 mg/kg, oral), and EESTF (100 and 300 mg/kg, oral) significantly reduced CCI-induced behavioral and biochemical changes (P < 0.05). The protective nature of EESTF was also confirmed by histological analysis. Capsaicin, a TRPV1 receptor agonist, abolished the antinociceptive effects of EESTF when used previously. From the observations of the docking studies, solasodine acted as an antagonist at TRPV1, whereas the docking scores of solasodine against TNF-α and IL-6 were reported to be −11.2 and −6.04 kcal/mol, respectively. The attenuating effect of EESTF might be related to its antagonistic effects on TRPV1, suppression of cytokines, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
... The rats acclimatized for a week and were fed with standard rat feed and clean water ad libitum. [20]. The plant was identified and authenticated in the Department of Applied Biology of EBSU whereas herbarium exists. ...
Rauwolfia vomitoria has been observed to ameliorate and prevent cisplatin-induced neural loss due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To investigate the effects of ethanol extract of R. vomitoria (RV) leaf on lipid profile, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the cerebellar histology using cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats. Thirty-six (36) rats were randomly shared into four groups (n=9). Group1 (positive control) received drinking water and rats feed. Group 2 (negative control) received cisplatin (5mg/kg body weight) via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Group 3 received cisplatin (5mg/kg body weight) and 100mg/kg/day (RV). Group 4 received cisplatin (5mg/kg body weight) and 200mg/kg/day (RV). RV was given for 20 days via oral gavage while the single dose of cisplatin was given intraperitoneally on the first day. On day 21, lipid profile was analyzed, oxidative stress biomarkers activities were determined, and the cerebellum was prepared using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Cresyl Violet (CV) staining techniques. Cisplatin elevated total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers. lipoprotein (LDL) (p>0.05). The TC, HDL, and LDL in the RV-treated groups reduced slightly (p>0.05), while TG was further elevated (p>0.05). The cisplatin group had an insignificant rise (p>0.05) in lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. RV further elevated these values. Cisplatin distorted the cerebellar cortex histology by causing altered Purkinje cell bodies, infiltration of the pyknotic Purkinje cells into the granular layer, fatty changes and vacuolation. The cerebellar histology of rats in groups 3 and 4 showed considerable improvement. The administration of ethanol extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria significantly suppressed oxidative stress, increased antioxidative capacity, ameliorated the histological alterations of the cerebellum, and demonstrated neuroprotective ability against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.
... Ethanol stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus was screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods as described by Brain and Turner, 1975;Vishnoi, 1979;Markham et al., 1987;Silva et al., 1998;Sofowora, 2008 andEvans, 2009 and adopted and by Yakubu et al., 2016. ...
Anogeissus leiocarpus is a medicinal plant used locally for its anti-microbial, anti-helminthic including anti-diabetic effect among others. The research aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic effect of the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus against alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The fresh stem bark of the plant which was extracted using ethanol by reflux extraction method was screened for phytochemicals, determines its median lethal dose (LD 50) and evaluated for its anti-diabetic potential on alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats using standard protocols. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, tannins and cardenolides. The oral and intraperitoneal LD 50 were 3,807 mg/kg and 1,265 mg/kg respectively. The extract at doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg exert insignificant percentage (%) inhibition of hyperglycaemia when compared with insulin at 0.75 units/kg exert significant percentage (%) inhibition of hyperglycaemia at 78.68 %. The ethanol stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus does not imply any significant anti-diabetic.
... After filtration, the filtrate was successively evaporated to dryness at 57°C, using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Rotavapor R-300; Buchi, Switzerland). The obtained extracts of the E. ingens was 149 g, and the yield percentage was calculated using the following equation (Evans, 2009): ...
... Ethiopian pepper is a potential therapeutic weapon against various human and animal diseases, and this potential has made it valuable to human and animal lives (Ogbonnia et al., 2008). It has been widely used in traditional medicine, and beyond its therapeutic uses, it has been widely used as a food supplement (Evans, 2002;Okeke et al., 2008). Clove is known to have various therapeutic uses, including pain amelioration, improvement of digestion, protection against internal parasites, and antifungal activity (Burt and Reinders, 2003). ...
This study investigated the effect of dietary Ethiopian pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters and haematological indices of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty unsexed Ross broilers were used for the study. Four experimental diets were formulated for starter (0-28days) and finisher phases (29-56days); Diet 1 was the control without Phytogenic supplementation, Diet 2 (supplemented with 1% Ethiopian pepper (EP)), Diet 3 (supplemented with 1% Clove (CL)) and Diet 4 (supplemented with 1% mix of equal quantity (0.5 % each) of Ethiopian pepper and clove (EPCL)). Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 15 birds per replicate. Growth response was measured weekly for starter and finisher phase, blood was collected for serum and haematological parameters at the end of 4th and 8th week. Data obtained were subjected to one analysis of variance using SAS 2000 and significant means were separated using Tukeys test in same software. At day 28, dietary supplementation of EPCL increased (P<0.05) live weight (LW) (660.34 g), weight gain (WG) (599.66 g) with improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (0.98). Total protein (TP) (48.00 g/L) and albumin (28.30 g/L) was higher (P<0.05) for broilers fed diet supplemented EPCL compared to other treatments. Packed cell volume (PCV) (30.00 %) was higher (P<0.05) in broilers fed diet with EPCL. Supplementation of CL and EPCL in the diet of broilers increased (P<0.05) red blood cell (RBC) count of broilers. At day 56, LW and WG was also increased (P<0.05) with EPCL supplementation. Reduced (P<0.05) cholesterol was observed for broilers fed diet supplemented EPCL. Haemoglobin (Hb) and RBC was higher (P<0.05) for broilers fed diet supplemented EPCL. It was concluded that EPCL can be supplemented in the diet of broilers for increased performance and improved blood parameters
... For primary phytochemical screening, freshly prepared hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala was tested for the presence and absence of phytoconstituents such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids by using standard methods [12]. ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala and its ecologically friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles. In the present study, we conducted an estimation of the extract using Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay to assess the antioxidant potential. The results were compared with the effect of standard ascorbic acid. Primary phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics etc. The hydroalcoholic extract and its SNPs showed a concentration-dependent activity in both methods. In the study, it was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala comprises pharmacologically important phytoconstituents like phenolic compounds and flavonoids which impart the potential of the extract as well as its SNPs in the modulation of oxidative stress owing to its strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.
... The indispensable oils have gained their prominence in cosmetic, healing, medicinal, aromatic and spiritual uses (Evans et al., 2009;Svoboda & Deans, 1995). Some most commonly reported types of aromatherapy are (1) aesthetic aromatherapy, (2) medical aromatherapy, (3) psycho-aromatherapy and (4) olfactory aromatherapy ( Figure 6.1). ...
Aromatherapy or essential oil therapy is an organic and botanical way of treating an individual’s body, mind and soul. Numerous prehistoric civilisations such as China, India and Egypt utilised this famous modality under CAM for around 6,000 years. It has proven to be effective for the management of lots of diseases and their complications. A survey of various research studies shows that aromatherapy has attained great attention in the last part of the 20th century and got quite famous in the 21st century because of its beneficial effects. The specialists of psychoneuroimmunology established that anxiety, stress and depression distress the immune system’s defensive and balancing functions, whereas healing with these oils is acknowledged to alleviate stress, invigorate and revive the person; not only this but these oils have well-established antiviral, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. These days, there is an amplified tendency to utilise this healing mode to manage sleep disorders and cancer. This chapter will illuminate the history of aromatherapy and its application in different traditional systems of medicine, how this therapy affects psychoneuroimmunological systems of the body, types of aromatherapy, the role of essential oils in infectious diseases and for enhancing immunity and the role of aroma science healing in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia.
... Clove EO is dominated by eugenol (~80%), an allylbenzene, and β-caryophyllene (~8%) (Fuentes et al., 2020). Lemon EO consists largely of terpenes, but also sesquiterpenes and aldehydes (Evans, 2009). The commonest terpenes in lemon EOs are limonene (~70%), β-pinene (~8.5%), and γ-terpinene (8.5%) (Clarke, 2008). ...
The varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci (L.), is a major pest in museums containing artifacts or specimens of animal origin, e.g., natural science collections. Integrated pest management techniques are deployed to prevent A. verbasci access and controlling the pest should they be found on valuable artifacts. Several synthetic chemicals have been used in the past in the fight against A. verbasci and other insect pest species but the use of these chemicals (such as naphthalene and dichlorvos) is now banned following health concerns. Attention is turning towards natural compounds in the search for natural, safe alternatives. As well as having active ingredients against adult A. verbasci, it is also essential that any useful products found fall within museum budgets. Here we examine the repellent properties of four 'off-the-shelf' essential oils: clove, lemon, lavender, and eucalyptus. All four essential oils exhibited some repellent property, but A. verbasci found lavender and eucalyptus oils the most repellent, offering the possibility that some easy to obtain and inexpensive natural products might have a role to play in museum IPM.
... Chemo-microscopic studies of the comminuted dried leaf sample was carried out using the methods of Adamu et al. (2018) to test for the presence of different metabolites (African Pharmacopoeia, 1986;Evans, 2002). ...
This study evaluated the antimalarial properties of the aqueous extract of the root of S. siamea in mice and identified two bioactive phytoconstituents from the antimalarial ethyl acetate fraction. The extract demonstrated interesting antimalarial activity with significant (P<0.5) percentage parasitaemia suppression of 88.02±1.46% and clearance of 80.96±3.25% in Plasmodium beighei-infected mice. The ED50 values were 194.98 for the suppressive assay and 100 mg/kg for the curative assay. LD50 was above 2000 mg/kg. Two anthraquinones, Chrysophanol and Cassiamin A, with remarkable antimalarial activity were isolated. These compounds at 10 mg/kg body weight produced % parasitaemia clearance of 68.90 % by Chrysophanol and 70.25 % by Cassiamin A in Rane's curative assay. Mice treated with both compounds recorded a higher haem concentration relative to the untreated group, suggesting haem polymerization as a possible mechanism of antiplasmodial action. The aqueous root extract of S. siamea possesses antimalarial properties. Chrysophanol and Cassiamin A from the ethyl acetate fraction showed antimalarial activity. The compounds act by preventing the conversion of parasite-toxic haem into inactive haemozoin within parasitized erythrocytes. The antimalarial activity of the aqueous extract of S. siamea and Cassiamin A are reported for the first time. Our findings provide a rationale for the continued use of S. siamea root decoction in the traditional treatment of malaria in Ghana.
Morella rubra Sieb.et Zucc. belongs to the family Myricaceae, and is taxonomically close to the genus Myrica. It has several traditional, medicinal, and food values. In this study, the phytochemical components and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of M. rubra leaf extract were investigated. Leaves of M. rubra were collected from Nuwakot, Bagmati Province, Nepal, and its phytochemical constituents were determined from methanolic extracts. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of leaves were quantified using a spectrophotometer, antioxidant activity was assessed as scavenging rate of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, and the antibacterial activity of the extract was assessed by agar-well diffusion method. Simultaneously, central composite design method was applied for optimizing the extraction protocol. The phytochemical screening in methanol leaf extracts of M. rubra revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenols. The TPC and TFC were measured to be 159.95 ± 0.91µgGAE/mL and 54.43 ± 0.67µgQ/mL respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was 88.13 ± 0.54 as compared to that of ascorbic acid. A remarkable antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) was noted at the range of 8.16 ± 0.33 mm to 9.52 ± 0.16 mm at maximum concentration of 100 µg/mL. This study confirmed M. rubra as a source of antioxidant-rich food and medicinal product with significant economic importance in healthcare prospects. Further investigation of this species is required to uncover more bioactive compounds and potential pharmacological applications.
Medicinal plants are source of secondary metabolites which are responsible for therapeutic properties that are usually utilized in the treatment and management of several diseases. These metabolites contain bioactive principles and are usually identified through preliminary phytochemical screening. This study seeks to identify and quantify some of the secondary metabolites obtainable from Laggera aurita. Preliminary phytochemical screening of metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, and phenols was carried out. The study indicated the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, and tannins with saponins having the highest yield (37.6%) and phenols being the lowest (0.09%). The crude extract of Laggera aurita contains various phytochemicals which have been shown to have several bioactivities.
Penelitian ditujukan untuk menentukan konsentrasi pembius ekstrak batang pisang yang dapat membius nila (Oreochormis niloticus). Indikator keberhasilannya didasarkan atas waktu kolaps tercepat dan waktu pulih terlama. Sebanyak 29 ikan belum layak konsumsi berukuran panjang total antara 12,6-18,5 cm dan 25 ikan layak konsumsi (18,6-24,5 cm) dijadikan sebagai sampel penelitian. Pembiusan difokuskan terutama pada ikan belum layak konsumsi yang akan diseparasi, karena lebih rentan terhadap zat pembius dibandingkan dengan ikan layak konsumsi. Konsentrasi pembius yang digunakan terdiri atas 1%, 2%, dan 3%. Respon ikan terhadap pembiusan disesuaikan dengan tabel McFarland (1959). Hasilnya adalah zat pembius yang terkandung dalam batang pisang berupa saponin. Konsentrasi pembius 3% lebih baik dibandingkan dengan 2% dan 1%, karena ikan lebih cepat kolaps dan lebih lama pulih. Ikan belum layak konsumsi akan kolaps setelah pembiusan selama 25-60 menit dengan waktu pulih antara 28-50 menit. Adapun ikan layak konsumsi akan kolaps setelah dibius selama 82-93 menit dan akan pulih kembali antara 58-90 menit. Kata kunci: batang pisang, layak konsumsi, nila, saponin, waktu kolaps, waktu pulih
Glinus lotoides Linn. is a plant used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating many diseases notably abdominal disorders. Decoction of leaf of the plant is mostly used in this case. This study was carried out in order to determine the bioactive compounds present in the leaf acetone–hexane extract of G. lotoides by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) machine. G. lotoides leaves was extracted in acetone-hexane by cold maceration and concentrated in vacuo. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of the following phyto-compounds: 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E) (Z; 242.3975, RT: 16.663; 49.11%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (Z; 256.42, RT: 15.030, 25.58%), Octadecanoic acid (Z; 284.47, RT: 16.785; 6.80%), Stigmasterol (Z; 412.69, RT: 20.929; 5.25%) and Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta) (Z; 400.68, RT: 19.962; 2.72%) among others. These compounds were identified from leaves of G. lotoides for the first time, and unarguably play very vital roles in the health care system especially in abdominal disorders treatment and other diseases. The study showed that the presence of these compounds in the leaves of G. lotoides might be responsible for its biological activities in traditional medicine. It is therefore a promising important plant of medical and pharmaceutical significance from which drug can be discovered.
The manufacture of ionising radiation detectors, solid-state electrodes, photosensitive heterostructures, solar cells, and ionic batteries depends on the III-VI compound semiconductors. In this work, In2Te3-XSbX (x=0.3) single crystals were produced using the Bridgman technique at a growth rate of 0.35 cm/hr and a temperature gradient of 60 °C/cm. Under an optical microscope, numerous fascinating characteristics seen on the top free
surface of a single crystal during growth were investigated. The investigation of potential growth processes implicated in the emergence of the defining growth features is covered.
Background: Herbal Unani drugs represent an important class of traditional medicine system. According to WHO nearly 70-80% of world population relies on traditional medicines. Herbs are used for the treatment and prevention of various ailments. With increasing interest in herbal products there is an increasing concern over the herbal drugs safety. People assume that they are natural so they are safe but there are incidences of toxicity and adverse effects. Safety study of herbal drugs and food items is now mandatory as per WHO guidelines, to prevent the toxicity due to the material found in the soil and the environment. Methods: Plants are vulnerable to be contaminated with harmful ingredients. It includes determination of Microbial load, Heavy metals by AAS, Aflatoxins LC-MS/MS and Pesticide Residues using GC-MS/MS. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate safety parameters in Baobarang (EmbeliaribesBurm. f.) belonging to the family Myrsinaceae. Results: Safety study revealed the presence of heavy metals, lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic within permissible limit as per WHO guide line while aflatoxin, pesticides and microbial load were found to be absent in the crude drug sample. Conclusion: From the safety profile obtained it can be concluded that the test drug is safe for use and free from chances of toxicity.
Drugs in commerce are frequently adulterated and do not comply with the standards prescribed for authentic drug. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall belongs to family Apocynaceae. It has often been confused and adulterated with another member of the same family that is Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. However, the external characters of the barks are such as to preclude adulteration, the rust-brown colour of H. antidysenterica being characteristic; the bitter rust-red powder given by latter is totally different from the tasteless grey powder obtained from W. tinctoria. But the diagnostic features of the drugs in unground condition have largely disappeared in the powder and new modified characters have become prominent. By different techniques of standardization, crude drugs can be identified.
Chlorophytum alismifolium is widely utilized as remedy for pain, inflammation and diabetes mellitus. Toxicological evaluation of the plant demonstrated an appreciable degree of safety following sub-acute administration. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of sub-chronic (13 weeks) administration of C. alismifolium in Wistar rats. The tubers of C. alismifolium were obtained, processed and extracted with methanol to get the methanol extract of C. alismifolium (MECA). MECA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) was administered orally and daily to rats for 13 weeks. Thereafter, toxicological parameters were evaluated. Administration of MECA for 13 weeks did not significantly alter the feed intake, water consumption and body weights of the animals. Hematological analysis showed a significant (p < 0.05) rise in granulocyte levels in male rats at 600 mg/kg. In the biochemical investigations, alanine aminotransferase was significantly (p < 0.05) raised in the female rats at 600 mg/kg relative to the control. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glucose level was also observed in the male rats at 300 mg/kg. Histological investigations showed normal features in some organs as no major distortions in the histo-architecture of tissues were observed. However, slight to moderate alterations in the hepatic and renal tissues were observed at 300 and 600 mg/kg of the extract. The findings acquired following 13 weeks of administration of MECA indicate that MECA is comparatively not toxic in rats. However, prolonged administration of the extract at larger doses may predispose the liver to toxic effect.
Mango bark extract was assessed for its physiological effect on the hematology and organo-somatic indices of Clarias gariepinus, as well as its ability to resist Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Two diets were prepared: a control diet C and a medicated diet (M) that has mango bark extract incorporated to the control diet at 50ml/kg. One hundred and thirty-five (135) C. gariepinus of weight 117 ±0.34g were distributed into three groups as follows:- group C, fish fed control diet; group M, fish fed mango bark extract incorporated diet continuously and group M/C, fish fed mango bark incorporated diet and control diet intermittently. All groups were in triplicates. Blood samples were collected from the three groups after 3 and 6 weeks of feeding to ascertain the physiological effects of the diets on the hematology and organosomatic indices of C. gariepinus. At the end of 6 weeks feeding exercise experimented C. gariepinus was injected P. aeruginosa and observed for 21 days to ascertain the prophylactic effect of the mango bark extract on the hematology, organosomatic indices and diseases resistance ability of C. gariepinus. The results of the hematology at the end of weeks 3 and 6 of the feeding exercise shows that all the values were within a normal range of aquaculture practice and the result of the organosomatic indices (HSI, CSI and SSI) shows that the mango bark extract did not impact any pathological changes in the liver, heart and spleen, which is an indication of non-toxicity. The increased level of lymphocytes in the treated groups is indicative of immune stimulation by the mango bark extract. There was increase in the post-infection values of all the hematological parameters in the treated groups (M and M/C) and a significant reduction in the post-infection values of the control group C. The HSI of the fish in M and M/C were unchanged after the infection period while that of the control group C was significantly high. The unchanged HSI and high hematological parameters after the infection show that the mango bark extract is a strong antibacterial and liver anti-inflammatory agent for C. gariepinus.
Background & Aim: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L) Walp) is on of the most ancient crops in the world, and like for many other legumes, its seeds are used for human food and animal feed, and also contain bioactive compounds that may be have useful physiological effects to human health. However, the leaves and pericarps of cowpea are usually neglected and studies around them are few and not optimally invested. This research aims to investigate on the presence of phytochemicals in seeds, leaves, and pericarps of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp and determination the total phenolic content in the ethanolic exracts 80% of these plant parts. Results: The results showed the presence of phenoles, flavonoids, saponines, and alkaloids in the leaves, seeds, and pericarps, and presence the tannines in the seeds only. The highest phenolic content was in the extract of the leaves (30.56 mg/g), followed by the pericarps with phenolic content (21.13 mg/g), then the seeds (14.28 mg/g).
Traditional remedies for the treatment of various ailments are gaining popularity. Traditionally, one of the most valuable therapeutic herbs has been Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Traditional and folk uses of P. kurroa include chronic constipation, skin-related problems, burning sensation, chronic reoccurring fever, jaundice, heart problems, breathing, digestion, allergy, tuberculosis, blood-related problems, prediabetes and obesity, laxative, cholagogue, and liver stimulatory. Phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, cucurbitacins, iridoids, phenolics, and terpenes in P. kurroa have shown promising pharmacological potential. In order to uncover novel compounds that may cure chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, respiratory, and hepatoprotective diseases, the screening of P. kurroa is essential. This study comprehensively evaluated the ethnopharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, dose, and toxicity of P. kurroa. This review provides comprehensive insights into this traditional medication for future research and therapeutic application. The purpose of this review article was to determine the pharmacological effects of P. kurroa on a variety of disorders. P. kurroa may be a natural alternative to the standard treatment for eradicating newly evolving diseases. This study is intended as a resource for future fundamental and clinical investigations.
Vitiligo is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that causes progressive cutaneous depigmentation. Current pharmacological treatments have limited success and present significant risks. Many efforts have been made in recent years to explore new anti-vitiligo therapeutic strategies, including herbal-based therapies. The objective of the present review is to provide an updated overview on the most frequently used medicinal plants in the treatment of vitiligo. A bibliographical search was carried out in scientific databases Pubmed, Scifinder, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline up to October 2021 using the descriptors vitiligo, herbal, medicinal plants, and alternative therapies. In our search, the highest number of published studies comprise plants commonly used in traditional herbal medicine, highlighting the usefulness of ethnopharmacology in the discovery of new therapeutic agents. The review outlines current understanding and provides an insight into the role of psoralens and khellin (photosensitizing agents obtained from plants such as Cullen corylifolium or Ammi visnaga). The paper also describes other traditional herbs such as Ginkgo biloba, Phlebodium aureum, Piper nigrum, Picrorhiza kurroa, and Baccharoides anthelmintica that can likewise act as potential therapeutical agents. Based on our findings, photosensitizing agents in combination with phototherapy, the association of oral Phebodium aureum with phototherapies as well as oral G. biloba in monotherapy showed greater scientific evidence as therapeutic options. The research results emphasize that further investigation in this area is merited. More long-term follow up clinical trials and higher quality randomized trials are needed.
Phytochemicals are potent inhibitors of in vivo ruminal microbial activity and methanogenesis of plant materials. However, a knowledge gap exists on the influence of phytochemicals on microbial ecology and biomethane production under anaerobic bioreactor environment. In this study, high-throughput metagenomic sequencing and physicochemical analyses were used to evaluate the effects of phytochemicals on the microbial community structure and methane production efficiency of different avocado oil processing wastes under standard batch anaerobic digestion (AD) over the 30-day period. Results showed that the avocado wastes produced methane yields (MY) ranging from 79 to 247 mL CH4/gVSadded, with skin/peels (AS), cold-pressed pomace (CDP), cold-pressed wastewater (CDW), and hot-pressed pomace (HDP) digestates showing diauxic methane production patterns and peak daily methane production at day 7. Avocado seed (AK) digestate, characterized by high phytochemical content, exhibited a monophasic methane production pattern and the lowest MY. Pseudomonas, Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium, and Methanocorpusculum, Methanosaeta, Methanoregula, and Methanosarcina were the dominant bacterial and archaeal genera in all digesters. Lipolytic Pseudomonas were enriched in the early AD phase (0–15 days), whereas Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium, and Clostridium increased in the late AD stage (days 13–30). Spearman correlation analyses showed that the total polyphenols and saponins exhibited a significant negative influence on biomethane production. Alkaloid level significantly affected Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium, and Methanoregula, while saponins negatively correlated to AC160630, Clostridium, Methanocorpusculum, and Methanoregula. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the potential negative impact of phytochemicals on the microbial community structure and biomethane production from avocado processing wastes.
Essential oils (EOs) are chemical substances, mostly produced by aromatic plants in response to stress, that have a history of medicinal use for many diseases. In the last few decades, EOs have continued to gain more attention because of their proven therapeutic applications against the flu and other infectious diseases. Influenza (flu) is an infectious zoonotic disease that affects the lungs and their associated organs. It is a public health problem with a huge health burden, causing a seasonal outbreak every year. Occasionally, it comes as a disease pandemic with unprecedentedly high hospitalization and mortality. Currently, influenza is managed by vaccination and antiviral drugs such as Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir, and Baloxavir. However, the adverse side effects of these drugs, the rapid and unlimited variabilities of influenza viruses, and the emerging resistance of new virus strains to the currently used vaccines and drugs have necessitated the need to obtain more effective anti-influenza agents. In this review, essential oils are discussed in terms of their chemistry, ethnomedicinal values against flu-related illnesses, biological potential as anti-influenza agents, and mechanisms of action. In addition, the structure-activity relationships of lead anti-influenza EO compounds are also examined. This is all to identify leading agents that can be optimized as drug candidates for the management of influenza. Eucalyptol, germacrone, caryophyllene derivatives, eugenol, terpin-4-ol, bisabolene derivatives, and camphecene are among the promising EO compounds identified, based on their reported anti-influenza activities and plausible molecular actions, while nanotechnology may be a new strategy to achieve the efficient delivery of these therapeutically active EOs to the active virus site.
Senna siamea Lam Irwin et Barneby is used as a medicinal plant especially its leaf, fruit, and stem bark. In this work, the leaf of Senna siamea was extracted using 85 % methanol by maceration method, screened, and investigated for phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity was evaluated using Lorke’s method and an antidiabetic study was carried out using alloxan-induced Wistar mice. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, steroid/terpenes, terpenoids, cardenolides and alkaloids, while phlorotannins and soluble starch were absent. The acute toxicity study revealed no death was recorded on the administration of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg dose of the leaf methanol extracts via both the oral and intraperitoneal routes in phase I. But death was recorded in phase two, when an extract dose of 5000 mg/kg of the leaf extracts was administered intraperitoneally. Thus, LD50 of the leaf extracts in rats administered via the oral route was ≥5000 mg/kg while the intraperitoneal route was calculated as 3807 mg/kg. The antidiabetic study revealed that the extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg bd.wt produced a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the fasting blood glucose (FBG) of the animals with reductions of 61.01 % and 34.84 % respectively, while both the negative and positive controls had 00.00 % and 76.68 %. The result shows that the effect of the extract was not dose-dependent since the extract of 200 mg/kg exerted a more significant antidiabetic effect on the mice. Thus, the study justified the traditional use of the plant for the management of diabetes.
Herbal medicines gained an interest in the development of new drugs as a therapeutic agent for various manifestation. Relevant research reveals that Thunbergia coccinea is a plant which possess antipyretic, anti-inflammatory activity and it has been used as an ethnomedicinal plant. The present study explores the cholinesterase inhibitory potential relevant to neurodegenerative disorder and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extract of Thunbergia coccinea leaves. Cholinesterase inhibition was determined by Ellman method at different concentrations. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, TRAP, NO radical inhibition assay, Phosphomolybdate assay for total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, SOD scavenging activity. The hydroethanolic extract of Thunbergia coccinea leaves express significant amount of antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity against neurodegenerative disorders.
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