New records of basidiomycetous macrofugi from Kurdistan region - Northern Iraq

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Vol. x(x), pp. xxxxx, x xx, 2017
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African Journal of Plant Science
Full Length Research Paper
New records of basidiomycetous macrofugi from
Kurdistan region - Northern Iraq
Sara Q. Suliaman1*, Talib O. AL- Khesraji2 and Abdullah A. Hassan3
1Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.
2Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.
3Department of Protection, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.
Received 7 March, 2017; Accepted 15 April, 2017
This study was carried out within February to June, 2015 to 2016 on macrofungi samples collected from
different localities within Iraqi Kurdistan region - Northern Iraq. This mountainous region is rich in
forest trees with diverse groups of shrubs and herbs and is expected to support the growth of many
macrofungal species. However, this part of Iraq is still unexplored from macrofungal point of view. In
this paper seven basidiomycetous macrofungal species from seven genera , six families and two orders
: Inocybe flocculosa, Pleurotus nebrodensis, Psathyrella spadiceogrisea, Schizophyllum commune,
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus (Agaricales), Lentinus tigrinus and Trametes trogii (Polyporales) were
reported from Iraqi Kurdistan. These macrofungal species are recorded for the first time from Iraq.
Key words: Macrofungi , Agaricales , Polyporales , Iraqi Kurdistan.
INTRODUCTION
Macrofungi (or macromycetes) are fungi that produce
fruiting bodies visible to naked eye (Mueller et al., 2007).
Macrofungi are Basidiomycota or Ascomycota and most
of them are saprotrophic or mutualistic (mycorrhizal) but
some are plant pathogens (Mueller et al., 2007; Devi and
Shrivastava, 2016). Beside their role in ecosystem
processes (decomposers of dead wood, bioremediation
and biocontrol agents, mycorrhizal organisms),
macrofungi serve as food ,medicine and producers of
pharmaceutical active compounds and many other
benefits (Redhead, 1997; De Silva et al., 2013) . Out of
1.5 million species of fungi estimated in the world, only
21,679 macrofungal species (that is, 1.5% of all known
fungal species) have been described (Mueller et al.,
2007) .
Kurdistan of Iraq is a mountainous region situated at
the northern and north eastern parts of Iraq, varying from
some 500 to 800 m in altitude in the lowest valleys and
2000 to 3600 m at the summits of the highest ranges
(Lahony, 2013).
The Iraqi Kurdistan region (36° 11′ 0″ N, 44° 0′ 0″ E)
comprises three governorates, Erbil, Suliamaniya and
Duhok. It is bordered by Syria to the west, Iran to the
east, and Turkey to the north, lying where fertile plains
meet the Zagros Mountains. It is traversed by the Sirwan
River and the Tigris and its tributaries, the Great Zab and
*Corresponding author. E-mail: saraqahtan@yahoo.com.
Author(s) agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 International License

the Little Zab.
Kurdistan of Iraq covers about 40,000 Km2 of Iraq. It is
with a cold winter (December – March or April) and
relatively high rainfall upwards to 800 mm and the
mountains above approximately the 1800 m level are
snowbound for several months and snows often falls in
the valleys, while the summer though hot and dry, is
comparatively of shorter duration (June to September)
than on the other parts of Iraq (May to October). These
factors contribute to richer biodiversity situation especially
the floral components (Lahony, 2013). Despite its
biogeographic importance, Northern Iraq is still
unexplored from macrofungal standpoint. However,
surveys on macrofungi were reported from some
countries bordering Iraq like Turkey (Akata et al., 2014;
Güngör et al., 2013; Güngör et al., 2015; Sesli and
Denchev, 2008), Iran (Amoopour et al., 2016; Ghobad -
Nejhad and Kotiranta, 2008; Ghobad-Nejhad and
Hallenberg, 2012), Jordan (Saba, 1991) and Saudi
Arabia (Abou - Zeid and Altalhi, 2006) . This paper deals
with seven basidiomycetous macrofungi new to Iraq.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Macrofungi samples were collected from different localities within
Kurdistan region in the north of Iraq during February to June, 2015
to 2016. These localities are Sami Abdul - Rahman Park (36° 11´
32.6328" N 43° 59´ 7.3356" E, elevation 394 m) and Qandil
mountains (36° 32´ 28" N 44° 59´ 46" E , elevation 3587 m), Erbil
district; Chuwarta (35° 43ʹ N 45° 34ʹ E, 20 Km NE Suliamaniya,
elevation 1361 m), Dukan lake (36° 08′ N 44° 55′ E, 60 km NW of
Suliamaniya, elevation 515 m) and Tawela (35° 12´ N 46° 10´ E ,
elevation 1500 m), Suliamaniya district; Amadia (37° 05′ 33″ N 43°
29′ 14″E , 70 km N of Duhok, elevation 1202 m), Amadia district.
Habit (solitary, gregarious or other growth form) and habitat (host or
substratum) of the samples with season of fruiting body appearance
were recorded and samples were photographed in their natural
habitats. Macroscopic features (including features such as cap size,
shape, color and surface texture; gills color, attachment to stipe (if
present); stipe size, color and surface texture) and microscopic
features (including characters like basidia size and their spore
number, spore shape, size and color and presence or absence of
cystidia and their shapes and types) of macrofungi were reported.
Cotton blue in lactophenol was used for light microscopy.
Macrofungi were identified according to literatures, keys and
monographs (Gargano et al., 2011; Justo et al., 2011; Kuo, 2003;
Kuo, 2011; Laursen et al., 2013; Phillips, 2013; Ryvarden and
Gilbertson, 1993; Senthilarasu, 2015; Watanabe, 2010). All
samples were deposited in Biology Department, College of
Sciences, Tikrit University.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the survey of different localities of Iraqi Kurdistan
region, Northern Iraq, seven basidiomycetous
macrofungal species, Inocybe flocculosa, Pleurotus
nebrodensis, Psathyrella spadiceogrisea, Schizophyllum
commune, Volvopluteus gloiocehalus (Agaricales),
Lentinus tigrinus and Trametes trogii (Polyporales) were
reported. These fungi are reported for the first time from
Iraq. Their description and distribution are given as
follows:
Kingdom: Fungi
Subkingdom: Dikarya
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
Class: Agaricomycetes
Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
Order: Agaricales
Family: Inocybaceae
Species: Inocybe flocculosa (Berk) Sacc.
Fruiting body: Cap 20 to 25 mm broad, tiny, fibrous, bell
or convex with light umbonate, pale brown, surface
tomentose to squamose appear lighter than the ground
color; gills attached to the stipe, pale brown, crowded;
stipe 40 to 60 mm long, 3.0 to 3.8 mm wide, cylindrical,
surface cream colored, pruinose, solid, bent at the
bulbose base, central; ring and volva absent (Figure 1).
Microscopic feature: Basidium 20 - 25 × 6.25 - 7.5 µm, 4 -
spored, spores 8.0 - 11.25 × 5.5 - 6.5 µm, almond,
smooth, light brown color; cheilocystidia and
pleurocystidia similar 90.6 - 112.0 × 20 - 25 µm, hyaline,
fusiform, apically with light brown crystals (Figure 2).
Gregarious among leaf litter in mixed forest of Quercus
spp. and other tree species in Chuwarta, Suliamanyia
district, inedible, March to April. Inocybe flocculosa was
reported from Japan (Kobayashi and Courtecuisse,
1993), India (Cimap, 2005) and Turkey (Sesli and
Denchev, 2008; Solak et al., 2009). Reports are not
available on this species from Iran and Arab countries
bordering Iraq.
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pleurotaceae
Species: Pleurotus nebrodensis ( Inzenga ) Quel.
Fruiting body: cap 38 to 142 mm broad , 60 to 110 mm
high, fleshy, initially hemispherical to convex with inrolled
margin, then flattens and finally depressed at centre with
uplifted wavy margin, smooth, cracking a part at maturity;
gills decurrent, whitish at first then turn white yellowish or
creamy or light brown, crowded, edges smooth; stipe 35
to 83 mm long, 17 to 38 mm wide, cream or whitish,
central or excentric , unequal cylindrical, often bent,
surface with longitudinal grooves, solid; ring and volva
absent (Figure 3). Microscopic features: Basidium 45 - 55
× 8 - 10 µm , 4 - spored , spores 9.0 - 12.5 × 5.0 - 7.5 µm,
hyaline, cylindrical, smooth; cheilocystidia abundant 45 -
50 × 7.5 - 9.0 µm, granular capitate (Figure 4).
Solitary or gregarious on plants debris, edible, Haw
Mountain, Amadia district and Qandil Mountain, Erbil
district, April to May. Pleurotus nebrodensis was reported
from Turkey (Sesli and Denchev, 2008) and other
countries like Spain (De Román and Boa, 2004) and Italy
(Venturella et al., 2002). This species was declared by
IUCN as critically endangered species in 2006

Figure 1. Inocybe flocculosa. a – c: fruiting body.
Figure 2. Inocybe flocculosa. a, hymenium; b, spores; c, d, cystidia (1 line = 2.5 µm).
(Venturella, 2006).
Order: Agaricales
Family: Psathyrellaceae
Species: Psathyrella spadiceogrisea (Schaeff.) Maire
Fruiting body: Cap 10 to 30 mm broad, 5 to 10 mm high,
somewhat fleshy, conical or convex, smooth, medium
brown; gills attached to the stipe, dark brown; stipe 10 to

Figure 3. Pleurotus nebrodensis. a - d, fruiting body. Note the bent stipe in d.
Figure 4. P. nebrodensis. a, basidium; b, spore; c, cheilocystidia - surface view; d, granular capitates
cystidia . a, c, d: 1 line = 2 µm.
50 mm long, 10 to 12 mm wide, unequal cylindrical,
central, hollow, whitish, appear dark brown at the upper part near the cap, without ring and volva (Figure 5).
Microscopic features: Basidium 20 - 25 × 10 - 12 µm, 4

Figure 5. Psathyrella spadiceogrisea. a, fruiting body in natural habitat; b, unequal cylindrical stipe; c, gills - stipe
attachment.
Figure 6. P. spadiceogrisea. a, basidium (B) and spores (S); b, spores; c, pleurocystidia - surface view ; d,
utriform pleurocystidia (C).
- spored, spores 7 - 10 × 4.0 - 6.5 µm, elliptical with pore,
smooth, deep brown; pleurocystidia clavate and utriform
to about 50.0 × 12.5 µm; cheilocystidia similar to utriform
pleurocystidia (Figure 6) .
Solitary or gregarious on trunks of dead grape (Vitis
vinifera) trees, inedible, Dukan Lake, Sulaimaniya district,
February to March . This fungal species was reported
from Italy (Perini et al., 1999), Austria (Pidlich - Aigner et

Figure 7. Schizophyllum commune. a, b, fruiting body in natural habitat; c, fruiting body on
burned trunk.
Figure 8. S. commune. a, spore; b, spores magnified . 1 Line = 1 µm.
al., 2001), Czech Republic and Slovakia (Vašutová,
2006), Nordic countries (Larsson and Örstadius, 2008),
Turkey (Doğan et al., 2007; Sesli and Denchev, 2008)
and Cameron (Kinge et al., 2013).
Order: Agaricales
Family: Schizophyllaceae
Species: Schizophyllum commune Fries
Fruiting body: Cap 10 to 50 mm broad, tiny, sessile or on
short stem, fan shaped or shell shaped, irregular,
depending on where it attached to the trunk, white to light
grayish or tan, upper surface covered with dense hairs;
gills grayish, narrow, diffuse from the attachment point,
split longitudinally and they curl back to protect the
hymenium during dry weather (Figure 7). Microscopic
features: basidium 4 - spored; spores 5.5 - 7.0 × 0.9 - 3 .0
µm, cylindrical, curved in one end, smooth, hyaline;
clamp connections present; cystidia absent (Figure 8).
Overlapping or gregariously on dead or living Prunus
domestica and P. armeniaca trees, edible, Dukan Lake,
Sulaimaniya district, March to April. Schizophyllum
commune was reported from Turkey (Afyon et al., 2005;
Sesli and Denchev, 2008), Iran (Ghobad-Nejhad and
Wallenberg, 2012) and other countries like Brazil
(Groposo and Loguercio, 2005).

Figure 9. Volvopluteus gloiocephalus. a, b, fruiting body in natural habitat with bell
shaped cap in a and convex cap in b; c, croweded gills; d , stipe with volva ; e, stipe
with white granules .
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pluteaceae
Species: Volvopluteus gloiocephalus (DC.) Vizzini, Contu
& Justo
Fruiting body: Cap 76 to 90 mm broad , fleshy , bell
shaped at early stage becoming convex or flat in age with
umbonate, radialy streaked with apprised pale grayish
fibrils, smooth, shiny, whitish to creamy; gills free from
the stipe, broad, thick, crowded and have a pink color;
stipe 124 to 129 mm long, 10 to 12 mm wide, solid, easy
to separate from the cap, cylindrical tapering slightly to
top, pruinose, ring absent; volva: 21 to 25 mm long,
membranous, sac - like (Figure 9). Microscopic features:
Basidium 22.5 - 40.0 × 10.0 - 12.5 µm, 4 - spored; spores
10.0 - 17.5 × 8.0 - 11.25 µm, elliptical with smooth wall ,
pinkish brown color; both pleurocystidia (50 - 75 × 10 -
15) µm and cheilocystidia clavate; clamp connections
absent (Figure 10).
Solitary, scattered on soil, edible, Sami Abdul -
Rahman Park, Erbil district, March to April. Volvopluteus
gloiocephalus was reported from Turkey (Atila and Kaya,
2008; Kaya, 2015) and Iran (Fadavi and Abbasi, 2015).
Order: Polyporales
Family: Polyporaceae
Species: Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr.
Fruiting body: Cap 42 to 140 mm broad, fleshy, convex at
early stage with blackish brown then becoming funnel
shaped and white yellowish color with a somewhat wavy
margin, upper surface covered with dense blackish brown
hairs or scales which become scattered and crowded
over the center in age; gills - like decurrent, white to
yellowish white, crowded, toothed; stipe 48 to 62 mm
long, 6 to 12 mm wide, yellowish white, centric,
cylindrical, attenuate downwards into blackish root - like
extension, covered with blackish brown hairy scales, dark
at the base, often bent, hollow; ring and volva absent
(Figure 11) . Microscopic features: basidium 18 - 20 × 4.5
- 5.0 µm , 4 - spored; spores 6.25 - 10.0 × 2.5 - 3.75 µm,
narrow cylindrical or fusiform, hyaline, smooth; clamp
connections present; cystidia absent (Figure 12).
Gregarious on dead Pistacia atlantica trees (Habbat
Khadra in Arabic, Qazwan in Kurdish), localy edible, Haw
mountain, Amadia, Amadia district, April to June. This

Figure 10. V. gloiocephalus. a, hymenium; b, basidia (B) and spores (S)
surface view; c, d, basidia and spores magnified.
Figure 11. Lentinus tigrinus. a, young fruiting body with blackish cap; b, cap upper surface covered
with blackish brown hairs; crowded hairs over cap center; c, hairs on the stipe; d, toothed gills .

Figure 12. L. tigrinus. a, basidium in section; b, basidium in surface view with four
sterigmata; c, spores unstained; d, spores stained ; e, clamp connection.
fungus was reported from Turkey (Sesli and Denchev,
2008), south western Nigeria (Adejumo and Awosanya,
2005), Thailand (Karunarathnas et al., 2011), Philippine
(Dulay et al., 2014; Dulay et al., 2012), Pakistan (Razaq
and Shahzad, 2015) and India (Senthilarasu, 2015;
Sharma and Atri, 2015).
Order: Polyporales
Family: Polyporaceae
Species: Trametes trogii Berk.
Fruiting body: Cap 46 to 163 mm long, sessile, effused or
resupinate, snowy white or cottony colored flesh. In
maturity, the color turns to cream - buff or brown - buff,
the upper surface covered with roughen brown hairs and
the texture of the fungus becomes tough and wooden in
age and shows the surface of the cap divided into zonate
and sharp edges, flesh brown, continuous with tubular
layer and characterized by the inability to separate the
tubes from each other and ends at apex with circular
brown pores (Figure 13). Microscopic features: Basidium
19 - 22 × 5.5 - 7.5 µm wide, 4 - spored, spores 10.0 -
12.5 × 2.5 - 5.0 µm, cylindrical, hyaline; hyphal system,
trimitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections,
skeletal hyphae with non - septate and binding hyphae
that is frequently branching; cystidia absent (Figure 14).
Gregarious to cluster on soil in orchards and on dead
Populus trees, inedible, Amadia, Amadia district, April to
June. Trametes trogii was reported from Turkey (Sesli
and Denchev, 2008) and warmer parts of Europe
(Ryvarden and Gilbertson, 1993).
Conclusion
It is concluded that the vegetation and climatic conditions
make Iraqi Kurdistan an ideal place for growth and
development of macrofungi. This region is still unexplored

Figure 13. Trametes trogii. a, fleshy fruiting body in natural habitat; b, woody fruiting body
with zonate upper surface; c, tubular layer of fruiting body; d, porous upper surface.
Figure 14. Trametes trogii. a, stained spore; b, unstained spore; c, generative hyphae with clamp
connections; d, skeletal hyphae ; e, binding hyphae.

from macrofungal point of view. Hence further survey of
this group of fungi in this region is of great importance
towards creating a checklist of macrofungi in Iraq.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
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