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Coffee Atlas of Ethiopia
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Davis, A.P., Wilkinson, T., Challa, Z.K., Williams, J., Baena, S., Gole, T.W. & Moat, J. (2018). Coffee Atlas of Ethiopia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (UK).
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... Coffee contributes to 4-5% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and creating local job opportunities for many citizens (EBI 2014). Ethiopia has five types of coffee production systems: forest coffee, semi-forest coffee, forest garden coffee, garden coffee, and plantation coffee, which constitute 10%, 20%, 30%, 20% and 5-10% of the national production, respectively (Davis et al. 2018). ...
... Despite impressive figures, the production of coffee in Ethiopia per hectare (ha) is still low as compared to many countries in Africa, Central and South America (Krishnan 2017;Davis et al. 2018). The average yield across the country is not larger than 700 kg ha −1 (Davis et al. 2018). ...
... Despite impressive figures, the production of coffee in Ethiopia per hectare (ha) is still low as compared to many countries in Africa, Central and South America (Krishnan 2017;Davis et al. 2018). The average yield across the country is not larger than 700 kg ha −1 (Davis et al. 2018). The major impediments to reduction in the yield of coffee include weather, pests, diseases and poor agronomic practices (Davis et al. 2012;Alemu et al. 2016;Moat et al. 2017;Davis et al. 2018). ...
Investigation of coffee wilt disease (CWD) caused by
Gibberella xylarioides was made to determine the
spatio-temporal pattern, socio-economic challenges and
management practices in Berbere district between 2017 and
2018. A field and household surveys were employed for the
study. The incidence and severity of CWD were varied
among the study villages (p < 0.05), but not between dry
and wet seasons (p > 0.05). The variation in the disease severity was due to variations in the disease incidence among
study villages, and in dry or wet season. The mean yield of
coffee was higher before 2009 than after 2008 (p < 0.0001).
Coffee wilt disease caused largely economic losses and shifting coffee cultivation; found frequently on older and densely
planted coffee. Replacing with new seedlings and weeding
were used largely for CWD management. There is an increasing intensity of CWD in the district, suggesting an integrated
disease management option
... 5,6 ). For Arabica, there appears to be no evidence of climate partitioning or useful (physical or physiological) climate resilience attributes, over its indigenous range or in cultivation 5,7 . Robusta coffee is a predominately low-elevation species (50-1,500 m), occurring naturally across much of wet-tropical Africa 17 and is adapted to higher mean (annual) temperatures of 24-26 °C (ref. ...
... Total mean annual rainfall for stenophylla is higher than Arabica but even at higher temperatures the rainfall requirements can be equivalent, as reported 1,28 and as demonstrated here ( Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 6). Arabica cannot be cultivated successfully in the locations where stenophylla either occurs in the wild or was once cultivated in Upper West Africa; only robusta and Liberica can be used as crop plants in these areas 1 , confirming both published 5,8 and modelled ( Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 6) climate data. ...
... 41 ) and ggpubr packages 42 . For validation purposes, our modelled temperatures and rainfall for Arabica and robusta (Fig. 2) were compared against published data for cultivated coffee, and were found to fall within reported ranges 5,6,8,9 . We agree that temperature ranges given for the native range of coffees is often reported as too high 9 , especially when comparing wild and farmed coffee but did not find any marked discrepancies in our analysis and observations. ...
There are numerous factors to consider when developing climate-resilient coffee crops, including the ability to tolerate altered climatic conditions, meet agronomic and value chain criteria, and satisfy consumer preferences for flavour (aroma and taste). We evaluated the sensory characteristics and key environmental requirements for the enigmatic narrow-leaved coffee (Coffea stenophylla), a wild species from Upper West Africa1. We confirm historical reports of a superior flavour1–3 and uniquely, and remarkably, reveal a sensory profile analogous to high-quality Arabica coffee. We demonstrate that this species grows and crops under the same range of key climatic conditions as (sensorially inferior) robusta and Liberica coffee4–9 and at a mean annual temperature 6.2–6.8 °C higher than Arabica coffee, even under equivalent rainfall conditions. This species substantially broadens the climate envelope for high-quality coffee and could provide an important resource for the development of climate-resilient coffee crop plants. Coffea stenophylla is a recently rediscovered, narrow-leaved wild coffee from Upper West Africa. Rigorous sensory evaluation (tasting) rates its flavour profile as analogous to high-quality Arabica coffee, but it can grow at much higher temperatures.
... Hereafter, we refer to E. ventricosum as enset and we distinguish wild from domestic landraces. Spelling of regions, zones and other place names follows Davis et al. (2018). Wild enset in Ethiopia is considered by some researchers to be range-restricted and declining (S. ...
... Worldclim2) and an enhanced network of climate stations and data loggers across the enset-growing region will allow better characterization of the enset environmental niche and stress conditions. The impact of climate change under a range of future scenarios is yet to be quantified for enset and will form an important part of any future development strategy, as undertaken for coffee in Ethiopia (Moat et al., 2017;Davis et al., 2018). ...
... Hereafter, we refer to E. ventricosum as enset and we distinguish wild from domestic landraces. Spelling of regions, zones and other place names follows Davis et al. (2018). Wild enset in Ethiopia is considered by some researchers to be range-restricted and declining (S. ...
... Worldclim2) and an enhanced network of climate stations and data loggers across the enset-growing region will allow better characterization of the enset environmental niche and stress conditions. The impact of climate change under a range of future scenarios is yet to be quantified for enset and will form an important part of any future development strategy, as undertaken for coffee in Ethiopia (Moat et al., 2017;Davis et al., 2018). ...
Background: Enset (Ensete ventricosum, Musaceae) is an African crop that currently provides the staple food for approx. 20 million Ethiopians. Whilst wild enset grows over much of East and Southern Africa and the genus extends across Asia to China, it has only ever been domesticated in the Ethiopian Highlands. Here, smallholder
farmers cultivate hundreds of landraces across diverse climatic and agroecological systems.
Scope: Enset has several important food security traits. It grows over a relatively wide range of conditions, is somewhat drought-tolerant, and can be harvested at any time of the year, over several years. It provides an important dietary starch source, as well as fibres, medicines, animal fodder, roofing and packaging. It stabilizes soils and microclimates and has significant cultural importance. In contrast to the other cultivated species in the family Musaceae (banana),
enset has received relatively little research attention. Here, we review and critically evaluate existing research, outline available genomic and germplasm resources, aspects of pathology, and explore avenues for crop development.
Conclusion: Enset is an underexploited starch crop with significant potential in Ethiopia and beyond. Research is lacking in several key areas: empirical studies on the efficacy of current agronomic practices, the genetic diversity of landraces, approaches to systematic breeding, characterization of existing and emerging diseases, adaptability to new ranges and land-use change, the projected impact of climate change, conservation of crop wild relatives, by-products or co-products or non-starch uses, and the enset microbiome. We also highlight the limited availability of enset germplasm in living collections and seedbanks, and the lack of knowledge of reproductive and germination biology needed to underpin future breeding. By reviewing the current state of the art in enset research
and identifying gaps and opportunities, we hope to catalyse the development and sustainable exploitation of this neglected starch crop.
Keywords: Biodiversity, biotic and abiotic resistance, climate adaptation, crop wild relatives (CWRs), domestication, Ensete ventricosum, false banana, food security, germplasm collections, pests and pathogens, sustainable agriculture, tropical crop ecology.
... Climatic change and variability impact under a wide range of the future scenarios is yet to be quantified for enset production and will form an important part for the future development strategy to enhance the crop production and productivity, as undertaken for the coffee production in Ethiopia. 22,23 So farmers whose livelihood mainly depends on enset production claims to maintain the diverse enset clones or varieties for several reasons, among the main reasons why they maintain diverse varieties including: the enset qualities to have alternative uses such as fiber production, fodder for animals or serve as medicine, and that adapt to different climatic conditions and a varieties that have the ability to tolerate the main diseases and pests. 6,12 The diseases caused by virus and bacteria were identified as the main yield reducing factors ofenset production. ...
Enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is economically a useful crop that provides forage for animals, construction materials, fuel and traditionally it is used as a medicine. The production and productivity of enset is mainly affected by many diseases and pests which causes serious devastating cultivar diversity and finally a yield lose of the crop. Moreover, its production sustainability is also threatened by many factors like wild animal pests, enset root pests, high population pressure and the shift of the producers to cash-oriented crop production. The assessment on enset production, its challenges and controlling methods was carried out in Debub Ari district of South Omo Zone, in southern Ethiopia from November 2021 to January 2021 in four randomly selected representative Kebeles. Simple random sampling method were employed to select a representative sample of the study (n = 138). Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus group discussions, individual interview and personal observations. The collected data were analyzed by using appropriate simple descriptive statistics. The land under enset production is declining from time to time, as well as its production also declines due to social, bio-physical and environmental factors such as land fragmentation, enset bacterial welt, insects and pests and environmental variability factors. To overcome these factors farmers practicing many controlling methods such as by burying the infected plants, restricting the movement of infected plant materials, sterilizing production tools and raising awareness about how to protect disease like enset bacterial welt and use of aluminum phosphate for pests like mole rate.
The failure of Liberica coffee as a global crop plant by the turn of the twentieth century was due to a number of factors, including the inappropriate selection of material for global dissemination. Renewed interest in this species, particularly in the excelsa variant, is evident across the coffee supply chain. In a warming world, and in an era beset with supply chain disruption, Liberica coffee could re-emerge as a major crop plant.
While [CO2] effects on growth and secondary chemistry are well characterized for annual plant species, little is known about perennials. Among perennials, production of Coffea arabica and C. canephora (robusta) have enormous economic importance worldwide. Three Arabica cultivars (Bourbon, Catimor, Typica) and robusta coffee were grown from germination to ca. 12 months at four CO2 concentrations: 300, 400, 500 or 600 ppm. There were significant increases in all leaf area and biomass markers in response to [CO2] with significant [CO2] by taxa differences beginning at 122–124 days after sowing (DAS). At 366–368 DAS, CO2 by cultivar variation in growth and biomass response among Arabica cultivars was not significant; however, significant trends in leaf area, branch number and total above-ground biomass were observed between Arabica and robusta. For caffeine concentration, there were significant differences in [CO2] response between Arabica and robusta. A reduction in caffeine in coffee leaves and seeds might result in decreased ability against deterrence, and consequently, an increase in pest pressure. We suggest that the interspecific differences observed (robusta vs. Arabica) may be due to differences in ploidy level (2n = 22 vs. 2n = 4x = 44). Differential quantitative and qualitative responses during early growth and development of Arabica and robusta may have already occurred with recent [CO2] increases, and such differences may be exacerbated, with production and quality consequences, as [CO2] continues to increase.
Coffee is the economic backbone of many countries including Ethiopia. Among
numerous factors that affect coffee productivity shade and nitrogen are the most
important. However, there is still controversy among coffee scientists in
recommending the optimal shading level for coffee growth. The objective of this
work was to evaluate the physiological and leaf characteristics of different coffee
cultivars (74-40, 74-4 and 74-110) grown under artificial shade (0, 30, 50, and 70
%) and different rates of nitrogen fertilizers (0, 100, 160, and 220 kg N/ha.)The
treatments were arranged in randomized split-split plot designwith three
replications. Data were collected on physiological and some leaf characteristics and
analyzed using SAS Version 9.2 statistical software. The result showed that
compared to the other treatment combinations, cultivar 74-4 grown under 50 %
shade with 160 kg N ha-1 had the highest photosynthetic rate and stomatal
conductance. Water use efficiency of this cultivar, on the other hand, increased at
100 and 160 kg N ha-1 and 50 % shade level. In addition, the highest leaf internal
carbon dioxide concentration was observed from same cultivar grown under 50 %
but with application of 220 kg N ha-1. Moreover, maximum transpiration rate was
observed from cultivar 74-40 grown under 70 % shade with application of 160 kg N
ha-1. Overall, coffee plants grown under 70 % and 50 % shade showed relatively
large individual leaf area as compared to 30 % shade and full sunlight. On the other
hand, the specific leaf area decreased with increasing irradiance (from 70 to 0 %
shade) irrespective of nitrogen. Our result indicated that coffee plants show lower
physiological plasticity for excessive radiation and this is an evidence coffee‟s origin
as an understory species. And according to the experiment, coffee may classified as
facultative shade species, because it has some features of sun loving crops and shade
loving crops.
Coffee farming provides livelihoods for around 15 million farmers in Ethiopia and generates a quarter of the country's export earnings. Against a backdrop of rapidly increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall, there is an urgent need to understand the influence of climate change on coffee production. Using a modelling approach in combination with remote sensing, supported by rigorous ground-truthing, we project changes in suitability for coffee farming under various climate change scenarios, specifically by assessing the exposure of coffee farming to future climatic shifts. We show that 39–59% of the current growing area could experience climatic changes that are large enough to render them unsuitable for coffee farming, in the absence of significant interventions or major influencing factors. Conversely, relocation of coffee areas, in combination with forest conservation or re-establishment, could see at least a fourfold (>400%) increase in suitable coffee farming area. We identify key coffee-growing areas that are susceptible to climate change, as well as those that are climatically resilient.
The book uncovers the early use of Arabica Coffee in Ethiopia, based on recorded information and literature from Ethiopia (written in Geez and Amharic), scientific articles, personal field observations and questionnaire surveys sent out to farmers living in major coffee growing regions of the country. It discusses folklore stories associated with its origin and use, the communal coffee drinking ceremony and its social significance. It brings together pertinent information relating to the most likely place of origin of Arabica coffee, comparing the environmental conditions in Ethiopia with those in Yemen, Southern Sudan and Kenya, a feat that has not been attempted hitherto. The narrative begins with a review of the works of various authors (travelers, historians, scientists) and then considers the conditions that support or refute these assertions with literature from Ethiopia, Arabia and Europe. It briefly describes the biology of the plant with focus on chromosomes or DNA, in simple terms, including the genetic features currently applied in its propagation. The book has a dual intent: it is meant for the general readership as well as for those engaged in the promotion of the coffee industry.
Functions for species distribution modeling, calibration and evaluation, ensemble of models.
Identification of clouds, cloud shadows and snow in optical images is often a necessary step toward their use. Recently a new program (named Fmask) designed to accomplish these tasks was introduced for use with images from Landsats 4–7 (Zhu & Woodcock, 2012). In this paper, there are the following: (1) improvements in the Fmask algorithm for Landsats 4–7; (2) a new version for use with Landsat 8 that takes advantage of the new cirrus band; and (3) a prototype algorithm for Sentinel 2 images. Though Sentinel 2 images do not have a thermal band to help with cloud detection, the new cirrus band is found to be useful for detecting clouds, especially for thin cirrus clouds. By adding a new cirrus cloud probability and removing the steps that use the thermal band, the Sentinel 2 scenario achieves significantly better results than the Landsats 4–7 scenario for all 7 images tested. For Landsat 8, almost all the Fmask algorithm components are the same as for Landsats 4–7, except a new cirrus cloud probability is calculated using the new cirrus band, which improves detection of thin cirrus clouds. Landsat 8 results are better than the Sentinel 2 scenario, with 6 out of 7 test images showing higher accuracies.
Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies show that there is a close relationship between Coffea and Psilanthus. In this study we reassess species relationships based on improved species sampling for Psilanthus, including P. melanocarpus, a species that shares morpho-taxonomic characters of both genera. Analyses are performed using parsimony and Bayesian inference, on sequence data from four plastid regions [trnL–F intron, trnL–F IGS, rpl16 intron and accD–psa1 intergenic spacer (IGS)] and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1/5.8S/ITS 2). Several major lineages with geographical coherence, as identified in previous studies based on smaller and larger data sets, are supported. Our results also confirm previous studies showing that the level of sequence divergence between Coffea and Psilanthus species is negligible, particularly given the much longer branch lengths separating other genera of tribe Coffeeae. There are strong indications that neither Psilanthus nor Coffea is monophyletic. Psilanthus melanocarpus is nested with the Coffea–Psilanthus clade, which means that there is only one critical difference between Coffea and Psilanthus; the former has a long-emergent style and the latter a short, included style. Based on these new data, in addition to other systematically informative evidence from a broad range of studies, and especially morphology, Psilanthus is subsumed into Coffea. This decision increases the number of species in Coffea from 104 to 124, extends the distribution to tropical Asia and Australasia and broadens the morphological characterization of the genus. The implications for understanding the evolutionary history of Coffea are discussed. A group of closely related species is informally named the ‘Coffea liberica alliance’. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 357–377.
O cafeeiro, depois do petróleo, é a principal mercadoria comercializada no mundo. Nesta revisão, analisam-se aspectos do crescimento e desenvolvimento do cafeeiro, dando-se, também, ênfase aos avanços recentes sobre a (eco)fisiologia da produção de Coffea arabica e C. canephora, que respondem por cerca de 99% da produção mundial de café. Abordam-se (i) os fatores climáticos e requerimentos ambientes, (ii) crescimento da parte aérea e das raízes, (iii) sincronização da floração, frutificação e qualidade da bebida, (iv) competição entre os crescimentos vegetativo e reprodutivo e ocorrência de seca de ramos; (v) fotossíntese e produção, (vi) componentes fisiológicos da produção, (vii) sombreamento e sistemas agroflorestais, e (viii) plantios adensados.
Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest-agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973-2010) across elevations in 2 forest-agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km(2) around Bonga and 3000 km(2) in Goma-Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee-growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (-10/20% vs. -40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300-2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee-growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest-specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual-crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques.