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Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Calendula officinalis Linn. For Anti-Anxiety Activity
Abstract
The Plant Calendula officinalis Linn. (Asteraceae), traditionally was found to be used in the treatment of anxiety. Despite a long tradition of use, no systematic pharmacological and phytochemical work has been carried out on this plant. Thus, C. officinalis was subjected to preliminary anti-anxiety screening studies, with a view to ascertain the truth on evidence of its traditional use as anti-anxiety. In the present study, aerial parts of the plant were extracted using solvents in the order of increasing polarity, viz., petroleum ether (60–80°C), chloroform, methanol and distilled water. Elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to evaluate the anti anxiety activity on all the crude extracts on mice. Methanolic extract of C. officinalis at the dose of 100 mg/kg, p.o. was found significant when compared to diazepam, (2mg/kg). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids and polyphenols therefore specific methods are used to extract the total alkaloids and polyphenols fractions from the plant material and methanol extract. Polyphenol fraction at the dose of 50 mg/kg, p.o. showed significant anti-anxiety activity.
... The plant possesses several classes of phytoconstituents. The main classes are terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarines, quinones, carotenoids and volatile oil besides amounts of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids [36]. ...
... The C. officinalis flower heads extract contains several classes of chemical compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarin, volatile oil, amino acids and carotenoids as reported in previous studies [30,36,41]. Table 1 shows the structure of some chemical compounds belonging to each class ( Fig. 1). ...
The present study provides a new application of the ethanolic extract of Calendula officinalis flower heads as a green inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in acidic media. This corrosion inhibition activity was detected by using various methods including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, open-circuit potential (OCP) and weight loss. A concentration of 500 ppm of this extract protects efficiently mild steel by 94.88% from corrosion in 1 M HCl solution. This good anticorrosive mixture is mainly due to the presence of double bonds and hetero atoms in the components of this extract which were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Langmuir isotherm model is the most acceptable one to describe the extract adsorption on the surface of mild steel alloy. This adsorption is physical due to the decrease in inhibition percentage by rising temperature. The activation energy was increased as the extract concentration increased. According to the obtained polarization results, this extract works as mixed type corrosion inhibitor. The obtained EIS data confirms the inhibition behavior of this extract due to the elevation in the calculated values of the charge transfer resistance after addition of the extract to the corrosive medium. Finally, the inhibition effect of this flower extract was supported by the results of the morphology and composition analysis of the adsorbed film on the mild steel surface after immersion in the inhibited acidic solution. These results were obtained using FTIR, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
In aqueous solution of 0.5M H2SO4, the Annona Squamosa extract was systematically analyzed to ensure its inhibition mechanism by using potentiodynamics polarization, the weight loss method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and its inhibitory effect on mild steel corrosion. For mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution, its inhibition efficiency increases and decreases with an increase in its concentration and temperature, respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization analyses revealed that the Annona Squamosa behaves as a cathodic inhibitor. In presence of Annona Squamosa extract in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution, an increase in the activation energy of corrosion leads to a decrease in the rate of mild steel corrosion. On mild steel surfaces, the adsorption behaviour of the extract conformed to the Temkin isotherm, Langmuir isotherm and Arrhenius equation. The EIS results were correlated with the polarization findings. According to atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the inhibition of mild steel corrosion proceeds through the adsorption of the extract on the mild steel surface.
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