Space, Place and Territory: A Critical Review on Spatialities
Abstract
Space, place and territory are concepts that lie at the core of geography and urban planning, environmental studies and sociology. Although space, place and territory are indeed polysemic and polemic, they have particular characteristics that distinguish them from each other. They are interdependent but not interchangeable, and the differences between them explain how we simultaneously perceive, conceive and design multiple spatialities. After drawing the conceptual framework of space, place and territory, the book initially explores how we sense space in the most visceral ways, and how the overlay of meanings attached to the sensorial characteristics of space change the way we perceive it - smell, spatial experiences using electroence phalography, and the changing meaning of darkness are discussed. The book continues exploring cartographic mapping not as a final outcome, but rather as an epistemological tool, an instrument of inquiry. It follows on how particular ideas of space, place and territory are embedded in specific urban proposals, from Brasília to the Berlin Wall, airports and infiltration of digital technologies in our daily life. The book concludes by focusing on spatial practices that challenge the status quo of how we perceive and understand urban spaces, from famous artists to anonymous interventions by traceurs and hackers of urban technologies. Combining space, place and territory as distinctive but interdependent concepts into an epistemological matrix may help us to understand contemporary phenomena and live them critically.
... As economias criativas e culturais são abordadas do ponto de vista territorial, uma vez que ocorrem em territórios como bairros, 25 cidades e países. O território é uma porção de espaço onde entidades e fluxos, ou objetos e ações, estão impregnados de valores que refletem a cultura de uma pessoa ou grupo (DUARTE, 2017). Diante disso, os estudos sobre empreendedorismo têm se conectado com territórios como bairros, cidades e países buscando compreender como eles se desenvolvem e se tornam locais de crescimento econômico e industrial, centros de inovação e criatividade, arena para profissionais criativos e para minorias (NEVES; DAVEL, 2021). ...
... Uma característica importante do território é que ele é constituído desde que haja um sistema de valores compartilhados por aqueles ocupando essa parte do espaço. É este sistema de valores que determina filtros culturais e a forma como as entidades e fluxos devem ser organizados para marcar esta parte do espaço de uma maneira particular (DUARTE, 2017). No caso do Ilê, a existência desse sistema de valores compartilhado foi fundamental para que o empreendimento obtivesse sucesso. ...
Este caso para ensino proporciona uma aprendizagem voltada para: (a) entender a importância da relação entre empreendedorismo e território, (b) conhecer e discutir a experiência identitária como perspectiva territorial significativa para pensar o empreendedorismo e (c) identificar e discutir como a territorialidade pode ser promissora no desenvolvimento do empreendedorismo no campo das artes e da cultura. O caso consiste na experiência de um estudante de administração que estuda o empreendedorismo cultural e elege o Bloco Afro Ilê Aiyê. Assim, conversa com várias pessoas estratégicas da organização para compreender o que torna o Ilê Aiyê uma organização inovadora do ponto de vista da cultura. A cada diálogo, conhecemos melhor as inovações culturais do bloco, sobretudo as relações entre empreendedorismo, cultura, experiência, identidade e territorialidade no Ilê Aiyê.
... In his review of space, place and territory, Duarte (2017) situates territory at the intersection of space and place. While keeping Harvey's (2009) and Elden (2013) conception of territory as an apparatus of Nation-State to assume power and control over space, he does add a significative relational dimension to it. ...
... While keeping Harvey's (2009) and Elden (2013) conception of territory as an apparatus of Nation-State to assume power and control over space, he does add a significative relational dimension to it. Duarte (2017) states that within the technology of power called territory, there is a whole symbolic layer imposed through symbols, rituals, language and morals. These elements of the symbolic layer are shared and accepted by those who called the territory their homeland. ...
Territory is a central concept of geography to address issues of spatiality. We will survey how English and French geographies have constructed the notion of territory. Then we question how its pairing with tourism intersect alterity and mobility with fixity with the aim of unpacking its theoretical implications. Finally, we expose that tourism is a recoding of territories through an economy of signs that challenge the traditional way of looking at development through a production economy.
... De forma sintética, o espaço é o fator comum entre o lugar e o território, sem que haja organização hierárquica entre eles (Duarte, 2017). O lugar, por sua vez, assume o caráter de uma determinada localidade e expressa aspectos identitários de uma determinada sociedade, o que pode refletir em sentido de pertencimento (Lemos e Firmino, 2015). ...
... O lugar, por sua vez, assume o caráter de uma determinada localidade e expressa aspectos identitários de uma determinada sociedade, o que pode refletir em sentido de pertencimento (Lemos e Firmino, 2015). O território incorpora as características comuns ao espaço e ao lugar, com a diferença de que se mostra como conceito para fazer a gestão de uma determinada porção do espaço, que tende a ter fronteiras e elementos identitários usados para demarcar geográfica e simbolicamente relações entre pessoas e lugares (Duarte, 2017;Grimm et al., 2018). ...
As cidades têm procurado se posicionar como, por exemplo, espaços urbanos culturais, criativos, inteligentes, globais em relação a suas funções macro, o que tem refletido no design e na implementação de suas políticas públicas para ajustar seus microespaços em relação a tais conceitos. Entretanto, há relativamente pouca atenção para compreender e avaliar como tais microespaços formadores da própria cidade se estruturam e como se desenvolvem ao longo do tempo. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar, a partir das percepções dos usuários, as mudanças no espaço urbano aberto representado pelo trecho peatonal da Rua XV de Novembro, em Curitiba, em diferentes momentos históricos. Metodologicamente, a avaliação é quantitativa e centrada em atributos vivenciados in loco e a partir de imagens fotográficas de momentos pretéritos de tal paisagem, utilizando-se uma amostra de 216 usuários, coeficiente de confiança de 95% e precisão absoluta de 4%. Os resultados mostram que a presença intensiva de pessoas transitando no espaço público foi percebida como indicador de insegurança, de problemas de limpeza do local e de dificuldade para a mobilidade de pessoas com limitações físicas. A conclusão é que estão emergindo novas possibilidades de produção e reprodução de espaços públicos urbanos abertos, em razão de mudanças de comportamentos e percepções ao longo do tempo reflexas de novos meios de interação e de mudanças nas dinâmicas sociais. Palavras-chave: Espaços públicos urbanos abertos, políticas públicas, intervenções urbanas, percepção. Abstract Cities have sought to position themselves as, for example, urban cultural spaces, creative, intelligent, and global in relation to their macrofunctions, which has reflected in the design and implementation of their public policies to adjust their microspaces in relation to such concepts. However, there is relatively little attention to understand and evaluate how such microsystems, which form the city itself, are structured and developed over time. The purpose of this article is to evaluate, based on users' perceptions, the changes in the open urban space represented by the pedestrian section of Rua XV de Novembro, in Curitiba, at
... ...an important characteristic of territory [...] is that it is constituted provided that there is a system of values shared by those occupying that portion of space. It is this system of values that determines cultural filters, and the way entities and flow must be organized to mark this portion of space in a particular way (Duarte, 2017). ...
... Obviously, countries in post-conflict situations are not the only ones to suffer from a lack of social cohesion or from the deterioration of public spaces: Pelling (2003) demonstrates such effects in the Rust Belt in the United States for instance, which has resulted from the slow erosion of the local economic base. But the specific circumstances of countries that have undergone an armed conflict demand more urgent and momentous action in order to counteract social disintegration and strengthen social links, based on shared values (Duarte, 2017), as a starting-point for fruitful public policies and to avoid relapsing into conflicts. The uses and functions of green spaces in post-conflict contexts in Latin America have not been a focus of research, as evidenced in a revision of scientific literature of the past 20 years about the various forms of social participation that promote social cohesion in green spaces (Fors, Molin, Murphy, y van den Bosch, 2015): it returned 2,940 relevant articles which testify to a growing interest as well as a great diversity of research topics. ...
Space" traditionally relates to physical location, and "place" to a sociocultural perception of space, while "territory" usually refers to the governance context of space, with policy implications. However, these terms have increasingly become intertwined when it comes to the relationships between socio-cultural values, social cohesion and governance. Public spaces, especially urban green spaces, are outstanding contributors to social cohesion in any society. Nonetheless, their potential in post-conflict societies has been largely overlooked so far. Through a literature review and through the observation of the use of green spaces in different societies in their post-conflict periods , this article aims to assess the potential for these components of the urban territory to foster peace and sustainability. This requires appropriate policies, with special relevance to the new socio-political context in Colombia following the implementation of the Peace agreements.
... También se deben señalar aproximaciones que distinguen entre espacio, lugar y territorio. Un ejemplo de ello es Duarte (2017), que más allá de las definiciones para cada palabra, también concuerda en que se produce socialmente y que descansa en valores colectivamente compartidos. ...
Se revisa la categoría territorio, considerando aportes clave y dialogando con la obra de Orlando Fals Borda. Se lo considera una construcción social y por lo tanto sentipensados por colectivos. Se ofrece una definición de trabajo y se discuten varios casos, a partir de distintas fuentes y para diferentes países. Se examinan, por ejemplo, comunidades que se conciben como territorio, la superposición de varios territorios bajo distintos sentipensares, la ceguera ontológica, y la penetración de la Modernidad en las concepciones tradicionales. Se alerta sobre la reterritorialización que es funcional a los extractivismos, que avanza con intensidad y ritmos vertiginosos, como ilustra la situación en la Amazonia. Se reconocen los límites del concepto pero se defiende su empleo para promover territorialidades enraizadas en las circunstancias latinoamericanas que se comprometen en defender la vida.
The concept of territory is reviewed, considering key contributions in conversations with Orlando Fals Borda's ideas. It is considered a social construction and therefore felt and thought by groups. A working definition is offered and several cases are discussed, in different countries and from various sources. These include communities that are conceived as territory, the superposition of several territories under different thinking-feelings, the notion of ontological blindness, and the penetration of Modernity into traditional conceptions. The review warns about the reterritorialization that is functional to extractivisms, which is going forward with intensity and dizzying rhythms, as in the Amazon region. The limits of the concept are recognized but is supported, considering that is useful and necessary to promote territorialities rooted in Latin American circumstances that are committed to defending life.
... Para una revisión profunda de estos conceptos véaseDuarte (2017). ...
This article’s main objective is to show how the socioeconomic strata have been formed and how they are distributed in the city of Aguascalientes by comparing information from the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. It is based on the hypothesis that during this period there is a trend towards social and spatial inequality that manifests itself in a greater segregation of the socioeconomic strata in the territory of the city. A methodology focused on the characteristics of the dwellings is used and a spatial analysis is carried out on two demographic-territorial scales: basic geostatistical areas (AGEB) and urban blocks. For this, the article aims to operationalize the concept of the social division of space through the statistical technique of cluster analysis to obtain six social strata. Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of social space is retaken, based on the different forms acquired and transformed by the different types of people’s capital, which generates a class model. The georeferencing of the strata through maps allows us to identify their spatial distribution in the city during the years of study and thus observe the trend of a greater social and physical separation in the city of Aguascalientes.
... Bau membentuk pengalaman kita terhadap suatu tempat dan memengaruhi keputusan kita untuk mengunjungi atau menghindari lokasi tertentu di dalam kota (Xiao et al. 2021). Bau bervariasi secara geografis, sesuai dengan tempat tinggal, alam dan iklim, menunjukkan ciri-ciri tempat yang berbeda (Aragon et al. 2011); (Duarte 2017). ...
Kawasan sekitar stasiun seringkali menjadi titik fokus studi tentang smellscape, fenomena kompleks yang melibatkan persepsi dan pengalaman manusia terhadap berbagai aroma dalam lingkungan mereka. Dalam penelitian ini, menganalisis karakteristik smellscape di kawasan Stasiun Tugu Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi karakteristik smellscape di Kawasan Stasiun Tugu Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan smellwalk (Berjalan dengan bau) dan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dari analisis data, bahwa jenis bau yang paling dominan meliputi bau makanan, emisi karbon, dan bau sintetis. Faktor - faktor seperti aktivitas komersial, lalu lintas kendaraan, penggunaan bahan kimia, kepadatan penduduk, dan kondisi lingkungan menjadi penentu utama dalam pembentukan smellscape di lokasi ini. Temuan kami memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang kompleksitas smellscape urban di Kawasan Stasiun Tugu Yogyakarta dan memberikan landasan untuk pengembangan strategi manajemen lingkungan yang lebih efektif.
... Place (P) not only refers to an absolute location on the map but is also associated with the geographies of everyday life and identity. The difference to territory is that place, as the material locale of social life, is defined by individual or collective meaningfulness and affective values (Duarte, 2017). In terms of spatial action and effects, place-making by states and other actors assigns a purpose to a location by employing specific imaginaries, terminologies and practices rooted in modern or traditional values (Hultman & Hall, 2012). ...
This paper advances the study of metagovernance by examining its spatial horizons in the empirical case of tourism development. Drawing upon Jessop et al.’s (2008) TPSNE framework on territory, place, scale, network and environment for a longitudinal qualitative analysis, the article traces the evolution of tourism metagovernance in northernmost Finland and Sweden over the past 150 years. The shifts from pre-Fordism over welfare state Fordism to the competition state manifest themselves in tourism metagovernance through distinct socio-spatial relationships between the state, tourism stakeholders and society at large. Applying the TPSNE framework provides crucial explanatory insights into processes and drivers of change and continuity in tourism’s sectoral development as part of wider societal and political transformations.
... The use of the term "scholarly space" in the preceding paragraph mirrors the use of this term in postmodern theory (Duarte, 2017;Foucault & Rabinow, 1982), especially as it has been applied to personal identity in both SoTL (Simmons et al., 2013) and the scholarship of educational development (Little & Green, 2012). In this usage, practitioners are invited to locate their own positionality, most often in contrast to historical academic disciplines. ...
From the big tent foundations that are a rich part of SoTL's story, this essay posits the desirability of creating transdisciplinary space(s) focused on the study of SoTL and what it might look like if the perspectives and approaches from SoTL scholars, educational developers, and higher education scholars converged on a shared research agenda or agendas.
... Black 2003) that commonly consider 'floating' transport networks. By 'floating networks' we mean networks that are not effectively anchored to places, a place being defined as a piece of space plus its human, social, economic and political attributes and values (Duarte 2017). Simply said, investigations based on the graph theory mainly consider wild/disembodied spaces and neglect characterised/valued places. ...
... Any reflection on spatiality must start with acknowledging space as the key concept or baseline (Duarte, 2017: 3) of any other concept within the same semantic field. Its complexity is clear: it can be studied from several perspectives, such as geography, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, sociology, literature, urban planning, architecture and the arts. ...
... We follow an understanding of place commonly used in human geography and political ecology not as a fixed physical entity, but rather as the set of experiences and meanings connected to a geographical site (Duarte, 2017). Correspondingly, place identity describes the ways that people interpret it and distinguish it from other places -for instance by emphasizing the specificities of its nature, culture, or through lifestyles (Peng et al., 2020). ...
Despite increasing calls for the development of a circular economy, extractive industries are gaining renewed relevance in Europe. The European Commission's plan to expand domestic sourcing of lithium to scale up the production and use of electric vehicles has been met with social resistance from affected communities who mobilize to protect their livelihoods, and nature. The growing conflicts emerging around global battery supply chains highlight the importance of examining justice-related concerns around current decarbonization strategies. This article takes a political ecology approach that combines the concepts of place and anticipation to examine negotiations around a proposed lithium mine in the Barroso region in northern Portugal. Drawing on 27 qualitative semi-structured interviews and ethnographic research in August 2021, we explore how local residents engage in the politics of anticipation around the mine. The study has two main findings: (1) While local supporters hope to benefit from the project economically, opponents expect it to undermine agricultural traditions, counteract plans for expanding tourism services, and as known from mining areas in the past, drive displacement and rural injustices. (2) As opponents feel restricted in their ability to participate in decision-making around the project, they act upon the future through defensive resistance, connecting across multiple scales and drawing on place-based symbols to mark differences from dominant ideas on extractive development. The study suggests that local activists' experiences of being disregarded in their concerns and demands indicate that plans to expand resource extraction in the name of the green economy are giving rise to new sacrifice zones.
... De acuerdo con Daponte y Palmiero (2020:174) ocurre una situación semejante en la zona norte de Chile. Así, las implicaciones del territorio, entendido como el espacio físico o simbólico apropiado por un grupo humano, cuyo proceso de significación se encuentra delimitado por factores externos a quienes lo habitan (Giménez 2001;Vergara 2010;Duarte 2017), nos instan a replantear los modos en los cuales la etnomusicología chilena se ha aproximado al estudio de las músicas locales. La relación entre la música y el espacio que sus cultores habitan, es fundamental para debatir los conocimientos actuales acerca de las prácticas musicales de las primeras naciones. ...
The Williche is an indigenous subgroup that is part of the larger Mapuche community, which inhabits the southern part of Chile in the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos. This article provides an account of how these communities have been described in chronicles and academic studies. The aim is to identify how specific imaginaries constitute the socio-cultural basis on which we currently understand music in the Williche territory. On the one hand, our discussion shows that there is a lack of specificity in the information contained in the chronicles. On the other hand, recent studies depict several musical traits particular to the Williche, which differ significantly from some musical features ascribed to the Mapuche communities located around Temuco. This point has been central to our discussion, as we have observed that knowledge about Mapuche music has historically been homogenized on the basis of the characteristics of these communities.
... Seeing space beyond a territory (Duarte, 2017;Faludi, 2019;Massey, 2005;Painter, 2010), it is our intention to open a discussion on the interconnection between policy, politics, and polity in the contemporary era, with a focus on contributing to the European scholarly debate on spatial development. ...
After almost two decades of life, the EJSD has come to an important shift in its organisation. This piece is the expression of the editorial team’s wish to guide the readers through the changes that have occurred, both in the journal’s editorial structure and in its technical arrangement. At the same time, it is an occasion to highlight the ideas upon which the new direction are founded.
... Il réfère donc à l'espace physique (Smith, 2008 (Belhedi, 1993 ;Massey 1994 (2017), soulignent bien le fait que l'espace géographique n'est pas synonyme de territoire, mais bien de l'usage du territoire (used territory) : « used territory is both the result of the historical process and the material and social basis of new human actions » (p.952). Ainsi, ces deux conceptions montrent que l'espace est le fruit de l'organisation et de l'utilisation d'objet qui reposent sur une logique qui est similaire à une dynamique historique et ou une continuité de l'espace est garantie (Duarte, 2017). ...
Within the field of criminology, the ecological perspective argues for an implicit notion of spatiality, one which reduces the physical environment to nothing more than a basic geographical site, thereby excluding the power relationships, as well as the social and cultural dynamics, or values- and meaning-based dynamics, conveyed therein. As such, this study investigates the importance of geographical space in criminology. By employing the concept of liminality, defined as a symbolic space-time, this thesis also specifically studies the role space plays in the (re)production of both illegalisms and playful deviance, their respective regulation, as well as in the production of knowledge. In order to shed light on the liminality concept, this thesis draws on a five-and-a-half-month-long ethnography, carried out in two Costa Rican beach towns. It also illustrates how the tourism industry’s neoliberal practices produce a liminal space that caters to quests for the exoticism, and especially the hedonism and authenticity, sought by tourists seeking to escape the confines of their everyday lives. While a segment of the scientific literature views liminality as a space where everyday norms are suspended, this thesis instead suggests that tourists adhere to norms already present in such spaces, ones specifically based on an aggressive form of hedonism, which in turn result in “out of the ordinary” alcohol and drug consumption, as well as sexuality, on the part of tourists. In adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this study initially employs cultural geography’s notion of space. This conception of space, which employs an idealist-materialist dialectic, also allows for the adoption of an analytical perspective based on the concept of uneven development. It also makes it possible to understand not only why certain places, regions, and countries are recognized as being so-called liminal spaces, but also how the practices of a capitalist economy push them to rely on an image of liminality in order to survive and operate within the market economy. In additionally taking inspiration from social anthropology, this thesis views the touristic experience as a rite of passage, while also proposing that tourists are subjected to a symbolic device, which leads them to perform a site-specific tourist identity. This performance, given concrete form by the consumption of transgressions, results in the (re)production of the liminal space. The thesis also shows that this symbolic device is a regulating mechanism in regard to conducts, but additionally to bodies. Lastly, the thesis illustrates the ways in which the research field is also a liminality for researchers, one which affects them, as well as the knowledge produced therein.
... The second theoretical approach understands urban space as a set of overlapping layers of information which form additional mental spaces on top of the physical substratum of cities (Duarte, 2017). In this sense, urban space is understood beyond the mere presence of buildings and streets, but also their impact on the urban system at both tangible -e.g. ...
This paper presents a digital online tool and interaction process that supplies algorithmic analysis and predictive simulation for early-stage urban design proposals within the framework of public competitions. Specifically, the system supports the decision-making of two user groups: 1) planners in the process of developing urban designs proposals and 2) competition juries in evaluating those proposals. The system provides instant assessment of the design solutions' environmental and spatial impact regarding selected target criteria such as noise propagation or pedestrian accessibility. Enabling the easy testing of functional programs and the identification of feasible trade-offs between multiple design targets, the system supports rapid design iterations as well as the objective evaluation of proposals. Applied for the first time within an innovative tender format for a new residential and business district in Hamburg, Germany, the new toolset paves the way towards a more holistic and interactive form of sustainable urban design.
... La literatura sobre la identidad, especialmente aquella externa a la disciplina urbanística, hace referencia a términos como placeidentity, en español "identidad espacial", evidenciando cierta intercambiabilidad en los conceptos de "lugar-place" y "espacio-space". En este contexto y en línea con Duarte (2017), entendemos "espacio" como el sustrato abstracto sobre el que se encuentran "lugar" y "territorio". El primero de ellos es construido como efecto de la percepción cognitiva del sujeto, y el segundo participa activamente de valores aplicables a los grupos sociales que se relacionan con/en él. ...
Este trabajo propone un acercamiento al estudio de la producción de identidad y sentimiento de apropiación espacial en determinados entornos urbanos. Identidad y apropiación son estudiados desde el análisis de hitos y topónimos, utilizando para ello big data desde Foursquare, red social en la cual los usuarios publican sus visitas a lugares. Se analizan varios crecimientos urbanos de la reciente burbuja inmobiliaria en el Área Metropolitana de Madrid (1990-2012), sospechosos de falta de identidad por la reciente y rápida urbanización, así como por posibles mecanismos de simplificación del tejido urbano. El análisis valora diferentes tipos de crecimiento, revelando una correspondencia entre la tipología morfológica de los desarrollos y el tipo de lugares que constituyen hitos en ellas, así como con la aparición de topónimos, destacando ciertos lugares como elementos potenciales generadores de identidad social urbana.
... Its importance has become greater with the emergence of the concept of nation-state, but also with the redrawing of territorial boundaries after the World War II and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Finally, the social, political and economic transformations generated by the rise of globalization rooted this concept (Duarte 2017). Territory is a Space that went through a process of territoriality, a relational system between man, society, space and time (Bailly and Beguin 2001). ...
It is surprising that only now leisure studies are starting to look at the importance of the physical environment (i.e. natural and built environments). Recently, an increasing number of research studies were conducted on leisure and space but most, if not all, were unidirectional, meaning that they only observed the influence of place on leisure. Consequently, research regarding the impact of leisure on place has been scarce. Specifically, this paper presents the concept of place and how it is understood in the field of geography. Using Stebbins’s Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP), this paper: (1) examines how leisure can be a generator of place, (2) illustrates Stebbins’s SLP and the three types of leisure it contains, and (3) demonstrates how serious leisure has the ability to generate place and culture.
... Its outputs can be instructive to peacebuilders on the ground, whereby formulations of space and power based on memories, hopes, desires, and claims can help inform responses and pre-empt potential peace-crumbling conflicts in the event of voluntary repatriation. As an approach anchored in anthropology and geography, ethnographic mapping is founded on concepts of great interest to the peacebuilding community, such as: 'space' as geographic orientation within and between sites of social activity (Harvey 2005;Jiménez 2003;Massey 1993); 'place' as meaning, emotion, experience, and attachment to space (Agnew 1987;Cresswell 2004Cresswell , 2006Cresswell , 2009Entrikin 1991Entrikin , 1997Low 2009Low , 2014Low , 2017Packwood 2001); 'territory' as the distribution and negotiation of space through power (Appadurai 1996;Duarte 2017;Munn 1996;Vaccaro, Dawson and Zanotti 2014); and 'landscape' as the ever-changing character of interactions between people and their natural environment (Cosgrove 1998;Hirsch 1995;Howard 2011;Sauer 1925). 3 In the analysis of data generated through ethnographic mapping, these conceptual tools have a great interpretive capacity to describe refugees' perceptions and experience of power dynamics, how geographic space is negotiated, and potential pathways towards the reconciliation of conflicting identities. ...
When violent conflict flares up, forced migration often follows. Ethnographic data shows that forced migrants remain attached to their places of origin and often express a desire to return once conflict has abated, be it after weeks, months, or years. Conversely, peacebuilders in the homeland have not effectively integrated displaced persons within their strategic programming. This is cause for concern considering the literature connecting the collapse of fragile peace to 'refugee spoilers.' There is a critical gap in peacebuilders' commitment to understanding refugees' needs and claims, and the implications these pose on peace stability following repatriation. This article argues that ethnography of refugees still living in exile can generate rich datasets useful to the development of peacebuilding programming. More than this, it proposes a methodology-ethnographic mapping-that can collect both spatial (maps) and narrative (descriptions) information in tandem and across cultural groups living in refugee camps.
... While we can presume that scholars and consultants following COO and PB literatures have the best of intentions, we encounter profound power asymmetry at work in their research, as the ones "rendering the map" may have different interests than those affected by the rewriting of places (Duarte, 2017;Harvey, 2001). That being said, it seems that perhaps we now all increasingly not only read, speak, and write in the language of markets, but also perform the subversion exerted upon us in ways not immediately appreciable to us, even over the course of producing scholarly texts. ...
In the period that has become known as late capitalism, processes of commercialization are continuously taking on new forms. These tendencies enact an influence on how people understand themselves, the social relations they engage in, and the world around them. Geographical knowledge is no exception and has become increasingly shrouded in the language, symbolism, and tropes of marketing. Following the work of Judith Butler, we explore how these tendencies have profound implications on our self-construal, making discursive "implacement" an expedient factor in the marketization of identity. Further, we examine how two interrelated marketing discourses deal with places as commercial entities: the country-of-origin effect and place branding. In their commercial vernacular, they provide salient examples of subtle yet inescapable effects on the understanding of self-construal. In presenting this sensitizing diagnostic, we hope to further advance issues of stakeholdership as it pertains to the place-world and to offer new trajectories of critical inquiry into the commercial relevance of place.
... Although most research discusses the universality of legibility [5][6][7], other work suggests that legibility relies on individual experience, meaning that each person has a unique understanding of space that originates from his or her socio-cultural associations [39] or personal lived experience [8,9]. However, as clarified in The Image of the City [1]; p7) substantial agreement among occupants exhibits consensus, which interests designers who aspire to model an environment that will be used by many people. ...
Legibility is the extent to which space can be easily recognized. Evaluating legibility is particularly desirable in indoor spaces, since it has a large impact on human behavior and the efficiency of space utilization. However, indoor space legibility has only been studied through survey and trivial simulations and lacks scalable quantitative measurement. We utilized a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN), which is structurally similar to a human perception system, to model legibility in indoor spaces. To implement the modellling of legibility for any indoor space, we designed an end-to-end processing pipeline from indoor data retrieving to model training to spatial legibility analysis. Although the model performed very well (98% accuracy) overall, there are still discrepancies in model's recognizing confidence among different spaces, reflecting legibility differences. To prove the validity of the pipeline, we deployed a survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk, collecting 4015 samples. Meanwhile, we also conducted an identical survey, collecting 570 samples, on occupants in the station. The human samples showed a similar behavior pattern and mechanism as the DCNN models. Further, we used model results to visually explain legibility differences resulting from architectural program, building age, building style, as well as identify visual clusterings of spaces.
... Although most research discusses the universality of legibility ( Weisman, 1981;Herzog et al, 2003;Soltani et al, 2016 ), other works suggest that legibility relies on individual experience, meaning that each person has a unique understanding that originates from his or her socio-cultural associations ( Gulick, 1963 ) or personal living experiences ( Yadav, 1987;Duarte, 2017 ). ...
Legibility is the extent to which a space can be easily recognized. Evaluating legibility is particularly desirable in indoor spaces, since it has a large impact on human behavior and the efficiency of space utilization. However, indoor space legibility has only been studied through survey and trivial simulations and lacks reliable quantitative measurement. We utilized a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN), which is structurally similar to a human perception system, to model legibility in indoor spaces. To implement the modeling of legibility for any indoor spaces, we designed an end-to-end processing pipeline from indoor data retrieving to model training to spatial legibility analysis. Although the model performed very well (98% top-1 accuracy) overall, there are still discrepancies in accuracy among different spaces, reflecting legibility differences. To prove the validity of the pipeline, we deployed a survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk, collecting 4,015 samples. The human samples showed a similar behavior pattern and mechanism as the DCNN models. Further, we used model results to visually explain legibility in different architectural programs, building age, building style, visual clusterings of spaces and visual explanations for building age and architectural functions.
... Although most research discusses the universality of legibility ( Weisman, 1981;Herzog et al, 2003;Soltani et al, 2016 ), other works suggest that legibility relies on individual experience, meaning that each person has a unique understanding that originates from his or her socio-cultural associations ( Gulick, 1963 ) or personal living experiences ( Yadav, 1987;Duarte, 2017 ). ...
Legibility is the extent to which a space can be easily recognized. Evaluating legibility is particularly desirable in indoor spaces, since it has a large impact on human behavior and the efficiency of space utilization. However, indoor space legibility has only been studied through survey and trivial simulations and lacks reliable quantitative measurement. We utilized a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN), which is structurally similar to a human perception system, to model legibility in indoor spaces. To implement the modeling of legibility for any indoor spaces, we designed an end-to-end processing pipeline from indoor data retrieving to model training to spatial legibility analysis. Although the model performed very well (98% top-1 accuracy) overall, there are still discrepancies in accuracy among different spaces, reflecting legibility differences. To prove the validity of the pipeline, we deployed a survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk, collecting 4,015 samples. The human samples showed a similar behavior pattern and mechanism as the DCNN models. Further, we used model results to visually explain legibility in different architectural programs, building age, building style, visual clusterings of spaces and visual explanations for building age and architectural functions.
... Smells vary geographically, responding to the residence, nature and climate, showing distinct features of places (Porteous, 1985(Porteous, /2006Duarte, 2017). Smells also reflect social and cultural characteristics of communities and places (Classen, Howes, & Synnott, 1994;el Khoury, 2006). ...
Smellscape has increasingly attracted attentions across disciplines. However, little research provides a model to help understand the perceptual qualities of smellscapes. This paper, taking pleasantness as a perceptual quality dimension, aimed to explore indicators influencing people's pleasantness of smellscapes in a selected case. People's natural speaking language was used as resources to understand their perceptions. Grounded Theory was used as a methodological approach in this study in a selected case. Nineteen participants were recruited for smell walking with semi-structured interviews. Overall, nine indicators emerged from participants' descriptions which contribute to their smellscape pleasantness: cleanliness, preference, appropriateness, naturalness, freshness, familiarity, calmness, intensity and purity. Meanwhile, four types of pleasantness were found according to dominant indicators: preference dominated, healthiness dominated, memories and habituation dominated and context dominated. A perceptual model has been developed based on the indicators which can be used to classify smellscapes through their dominant perceptual features and evaluate smellscape qualities based on pleasantness.
This study aims to present the concept of topography as a multi-layered entity and an
active given of the architectural design process. Different from the discussions on
topography in architecture which reduce topography to its mere physical characteristics,
this study’s theoretical framework redefines topography in figural and spatial layers and
discusses how they are interpreted in the architectural design practice. To further
investigate the insights in the theoretical framework, the case study method is
instrumentalized via spatial analysis of the Seattle Central Library. The spatial analysis
of the library involves figure ground map and public use diversity and access maps.
Accordingly, the diagrammatic representation, the site plan and site section of the project
are redrawn in the urban scale of 1:1000 and the building scale of 1:200. Consequently,
the design of the Seattle Central Library presented hybrid spaces that are nurtured from
connections to the spatial and figural layers of topography. The manipulation of the
building envelope, the continuity of the ground floor line and programmatic flexibility of
the library’s spaces were critical elements to integrate to the urban topography to create interstitial situations in connection to both figural and spatial layers.
Demands for the revitalization of indigenous languages have sparked creative endeavors among young Chilean artists across generations. Notably, the Mapuche language has undergone a recovery process, becoming a significant element in popular music in southern Chile. This paper delves into the literary aspects of the musical discourse presented by Natural Es Estylo, specifically through an analysis of their song "Melipulli" performed in collaboration with Mapuche rapper Luanko. To achieve this objective, a rigorous content analysis was conducted utilizing specialized software. Additionally, documentary and ethnographic sources were meticulously triangulated with the lyrics of "Melipulli." The findings reveal that the revitalization of the Mapuche language is intricately linked to decolonizing strategies. Moreover, it serves as a powerful discourse of resistance, challenging hegemonic narratives surrounding the history of the Mapuche people.
Considering the implementation of new forms of strategic management in organizations and the development of competencies, training in the area of cultural heritage has become a priority in the CIM (Inter-municipal Communities). The SMART methodologies and Start Up tools allow creating a commitment to the organization in a holistic vision, which is essential for local development. The 19 municipalities of the Douro region, part of the territorial structure of Intermunicipalities Community (CIMDOURO) have invested in the training of their employees with the aim of equipping them for the new technological realities in the strategic management of cultural projects. This training is based on simplification of processes and improvement of procedures, using digital platforms. The e-learning training took place from January to June 2023. Through online training, our goal is to identify the needs of organizations, particularly municipalities, and their territorial identities, developing strategies for managing cultural projects and creating their own action plans. Currently, employees of various municipalities have the task of developing action plans to study or explore new locations or create networks based on the cultural heritage of these places, promoting sustainability and diversity. This study aims to identify what strategic management of cultural projects is and the need for various territories to use different types of action plans to improve their performance. The case study is limited to the training of employees in the 19 municipalities of the Douro region. The case study was limited to the training of employees in the 19 municipalities of the Douro region. To achieve this objective, a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 16 employees was directly involved, representing various municipalities working in the field of heritage and culture.
El patrimonio cultural es un activo del desarrollo sostenible, razón por la cual la UNESCO propuso un enfoque inclusivo para abordarlo, cimentado en la creación de políticas públicas orientadas a incentivar el sentido de pertenencia para que sea reconocido como símbolo de identidad. Fundándose en lo anterior, el artículo analiza la relación patrimonio cultural e identidad en los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT) de Bogotá del periodo 2000-2019, focalizando la atención en el centro histórico. Metodológicamente, el análisis se sustenta en una investigación documental, basada en fuentes primarias y secundarias, dirigida a determinar cómo se concibió en dichos planes la identidad en clave patrimonial, cómo se implementó esa concepción y cuáles fueron sus consecuencias. Los resultados obtenidos se contrastaron con una encuesta realizada a ciudadanos colombianos para conocer su sentido de pertenencia frente al patrimonio cultural del centro histórico. La investigación demuestra que los POT establecieron que lo patrimonial debía ser protegido, conservado y difundido para crear sentido de pertenencia entre los capitalinos. No obstante, la materialización de este precepto en el centro histórico se afincó en proyectos de renovación/revitalización urbana que, en vez de generar identidad, fomentaron procesos de gentrificación, de desarraigo y de expulsión de la población.
The dynamics of settler colonialism are intriguing areas of enquiry with contesting geo-political variables to consider. The objective of this article is to address the complexity of settlers and the settler landscapes in the occupied territories of Israel through a literary analysis of the novel The Hilltop written by the Israeli author Assaf Gavron. The novel brings into life the chaotic aura that surrounds the settler landscapes, and through this article we attempt to deconstruct the complexity of settler lives by analyzing the territorial behaviors of the settlers as portrayed in the novel. The fictional landscape of The Hilltop is closely read to understand the interplay of space, territory, and power as advanced by Foucault, Gold, and Duarte to explore the diversity of human behaviors in terms of their political, religious, economic, and emotional engagement with the surroundings. We also examine the significance of the fictionalized accounts of territorialized social groups, such as the Jewish Israeli settlers for re-imagining their social image against the representations in dominant political and media discourses.
This paper draws on feminist geographies of space, proposing a feminist critical spatial practice approach to study social movement organizing. Inspired by the work of Jane Rendell, a feminist theorist and architectural historian, we propose embodiment, materiality, affectivity, and alterity as co‐constitutive of feminist organizing. Specifically, we prioritize the intertwining of space and body in resisting extractivism to analyze visual artifacts produced by artists/activists who have joined the anti‐extractivist struggle against mining in Northern Greece, Chalkidiki area. In particular, we focus on how bodies transgress and reconstitute space by affecting its materiality during artistic performances. We argue that the protesting (moving and ensounded) body enacts affective solidarities and invites collective action against exploitative neoliberal regimes. Finally, the article brings together body‐land territory and territorial‐community feminism literature to enrich our understanding of spatial practices of resistance against neoliberal extractivist regimes while highlighting the role of emotions and affect as a means of mobilizing for action and maintaining momentum.
What are the economic, social and institutional mechanisms that make it possible for peripheral areas to regain centrality? To address this issue, the paper takes stock of the current scientific debate on peripheries. Our reasoning is based on a general assumption according to which simple geographic features do not determine per se socio-spatial divisions. Peripheral areas are not natural. By contrast, they are the outcomes of more or less intentional processes that imply hierarchical and power relationships, unequal allocation of economic resources, and reliance upon relational patterns and social norms. Therefore, it is essential to observe how and if multidimensional socio-economic changes may occur within peripheral areas, deconstructing their marginality. In this regard, this paper highlights four main endogenous mechanisms upon which a demarginalization process may rely: 1) transformation in the features of the local institutional make-up; 2) emergence of collective actions and ‘self-governance’ processes at the local level; 3) renovation of elite groups; and 4) establishing economic renewal and innovation.
Este artículo muestra cómo se han conformado los estratos socioeconómicos y cómo se distribuyen en la ciudad de Aguascalientes, comparando información de los años 1990, 2000 y 2010. Se parte de la hipótesis de que durante este periodo ha habido una tendencia a la desigualdad social y espacial, que se manifiesta en mayor segregación de los estratos socioeconómicos en la ciudad. Se utiliza una metodología centrada en las características de las viviendas y se realiza un análisis espacial en dos escalas demográfico-territoriales: áreas geoestadísticas básicas (AGEB) y manzanas urbanas. Para ello, el artículo pretende operacionalizar el concepto de división social del espacio mediante la técnica estadística de análisis de clúster para obtener seis estratos sociales. Se retoma el concepto de espacio social de Pierre Bourdieu, basado en las distintas formas que adquiere y transformado por los diferentes tipos de capital de las personas, lo que genera un modelo de clases. La georreferenciación de los estratos en mapas permite identificar su distribución espacial en la ciudad durante los años de estudio y de esta manera observar la tendencia a una mayor separación social y física en la ciudad.
This study argues that the long-standing difficulties in addressing educational disadvantage point to the need to change the analytical categories used and takes territoriality as an analytical lens to explore how students perceive their place in the world. The study presents the results of a qualitative study investigating how 222 14–19-year-old vocational education students in Italy, France and Greece perceive a scenario of possibility. The results from reflexive cartographies and elicitation interviews show that a significant percentage of students with similar socio-economic characteristics have difficulty imagining and narrating scenarios about their possible future selves, and that there are similar themes and patterns in all three countries. The article argues that the above findings reveal hidden forms of vulnerability that impact on students’ academic trajectories and concludes by pointing out the analytical value and policy implications of the above findings in discussing educational disadvantage.
Drawing on the literature within feminist geopolitics and debates on territoriality, this paper looks at a case of local fishers living near the construction of a new US military installation on Okinawa Island, Japan. In doing so, it proposes a territorial approach to bring into focus lived experiences as an important site of enquiry, integrating Sack’s and Raffestin’s conceptualizations of territoriality both as a strategy of control over bounded spaces and as outcomes of social relations in the particular environment. As it looks at the case of the fishers, this article argues that the territorial lens is useful to critically examine the working and implications of the dominant territorial logic while considering multiplicity of territorial and social relations. With this territorial approach as a critical lens, the study ultimately contributes to the scholarly endeavour to better understand the relationship between space and society while exploring different scales and forms of governance in examining issues deriving from geopolitical entanglements and the drawing of boundaries.
Onitsha is a city in southeastern Nigeria driven by an urban market phenomenon. It is currently the third largest urban area in Africa, trailing behind Cairo and Lagos, respectively. The constructions of spatialities, and under the notion of terra nullius and extreme otherness in post-colonial Africa, worsened the challenges of rapid and uncontrolled urban growth. The paper provides insights on how the successive political events on the African continent shaped the manifestations of contemporary spatialities and potential pathways to reverse the trend. A review of planning approaches in Nigeria was conducted, starting from colonial cantonments to current epoch of extreme uncertainty, and through the lens of Onitsha markets spatialities. The markets in Onitsha reveal emergent forms of spatialities in response to the extreme otherness and uncertainty in the city. The paper presents arguments on the need to rethink the current architecture, urban design, and planning practices and pedagogies beyond alterity, while embracing the complexity of post-colonial urban Africa. It also provides an opportunity for developing alternative theorizing, tools and frameworks towards equitable and livable urban futures.
In this book, Maggie Popkin offers an in-depth investigation of souvenirs, a type of ancient Roman object that has been understudied and that is unfamiliar to many people. Souvenirs commemorated places, people, and spectacles in the Roman Empire. Straddling the spheres of religion, spectacle, leisure, and politics, they serve as a unique resource for exploring the experiences, interests, imaginations, and aspirations of a broad range of people - beyond elite, metropolitan men - who lived in the Roman world. Popkin shows how souvenirs generated and shaped memory and knowledge, as well as constructed imagined cultural affinities across the empire's heterogeneous population. At the same time, souvenirs strengthened local identities, but excluded certain groups from the social participation that souvenirs made available to so many others. Featuring a full illustration program of 137 color and black and white images, Popkin's book demonstrates the critical role that souvenirs played in shaping how Romans perceived and conceptualized their world, and their relationships to the empire that shaped it.
The article examines the aspects of myth, perceived as an existential, reality-based narrative and a means of semantic expression, which are associated with architectural theory and the expression of the architectural environment. The question about the role myths play in the process of adding meaning to a public space is raised. The article also addresses the importance of place recognition and the social and psychological need it creates to encode symbols in the architectural environment. Specific cases of myth coding are discussed and features of their expression are distinguished.
The European Commission proposed the community-led local development (CLLD) approach as a specific tool for place-based local development, offering a unique chance for an integrative use of European Structural and Investment Funds on a sub-regional level. But in Finland, as in most countries of the EU, the adoption of CLLD has so far been limited. Providing an insight into the rationales and the ways of reconfiguring the ‘original’ CLLD concept in Finland, this paper contributes to debates concerning a place-based approach to local development in the context of the European Union’s Cohesion Policy. It particularly addresses the persistent questions of what is gained and what is lost through adjusting a top-down policy instrument to diverse national and local situations? Despite its emphasis on a multi-scalar and cooperative application, the Finnish approach is by design mono-funded, remaining administratively and geographically distinct, and thus cannot serve as a truly integrated local development tool as envisioned by the EU. However, across governance scales and cross-cutting networks, processes of learning and policy negotiation have taken place, which are crucial in the creation of ‘place-based’ variants of the ‘European’ place-based approach.
This paper, which is the introduction to this special issue on ‘Spaces of Organised Crime’, aims to analyse the nexus between organised crime groups and territories. Such groups are able to exploit resources that circulate within territorial contexts in which they are embedded. They also operate concretely as entities that can take part to the transformation of spaces into places . Accordingly, we will lay out an analytical model about the processes through which organised crime groups contribute to create and shape territories . We show how these processes link with the main types of organised crime groups on a differentiated basis. In the last section of this introduction, we present the papers included in the special issue and the logic connecting them to one another.
Perception of space is a multifaceted process, where humans may direct their behaviour within the environment through the influence of sensory stimuli, cognitive processing and subjective evaluation. Yet in streets, perceptual studies commonly focus on the physical structure of the environment while undermining the psychological and subjective components that shape the environmental perception. This paper has adopted a perceptual-cognitive approach to construct a multisensory perceptual social and physical model. It addresses visual, auditory, haptic, and olfactory stimuli as well as pedestrians’ preference score to extract main components of the street perception. Critical review of the literature, the expert’s validation, a pilot study, and the exploratory factor analysis are thoroughly used in this study. Factor analysis extracted eight components associated with perception, including Sociability, Mobility, Convenience, Contentment, Urbanization, Pollution, Safety, and Nature. The results exhibit and discuss the latent correlations between street attributes and perception.
El presente trabajo reúne los principales aportes de los estudios visuales al estudio de la cartografía, así como sus relaciones con la cartografía crítica y los estudios coloniales. A partir de una crítica al método harliano, se destacan las posibilidades de emplear una metodología híbrida en el estudio de estos documentos, que incorpore sus aspectos visuales y textuales. Mediante el análisis de un plano de la gobernación del Paraguay de mediados del siglo XVII, se busca hacer una aproximación a estos documentos que pueda dar cuenta no solo de su contenido textual o visual, sino del régimen de visibilidad colonial del que formaron parte y del lugar que este régimen asignó a grupos indígenas y no indígenas.
The following work presents several trans-disciplinary resources for understanding cities beyond just their physical form and spatial processes. The conceptualization of cities from a top-down, modern and post- modern approach to the form-function duality lacks multiple dimensions, which need to be studied in order to gain a proper understanding of how contemporary urban societies perform nowadays. Instead, this work considers settlements as a set of an infinite number of individual perceptions and experiences, which construct overlapping layers of hidden and intangible information that shape cities as complex systems.
Social relations that are moving progressively to the virtual realm are becoming major factors in decision- making and location choices by citizens. This definition of a city’s hidden image is developed through the study of data retrieved from online servers. To do so, this work focuses on spatial and temporal activity patterns, values of certain places and their quantitative weight within the urban fabric, the distribution and nature of places, the observation of people’s perception of certain places through the representation of activities captured by pictures posted online, or several other theoretical and methodological approaches under the umbrella of crowd-sourced data in the city.
See full text: http://hdl.handle.net/10045/108227
Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has made possible the expansion the mapping to previously unmapped areas, thanks to technological advancements such as Web 2.0 and satellite imagery. However, more than a technical feature, VGI has brought to light the political aspects of cartography, when multiple stakeholders have access to mapping tools. This is the case of the collaborative mapping strategies used to map North Korea, one of the most, if not the most, closed countries in the world in terms of diplomatic relations, tourism and its economy. OpenStreetMap (OSM) enables “armchair mappers” to map opaque territories in which local governments control citizens’ access to the internet. In this paper, we discuss the following questions: Who is mapping North Korea in OSM? Which tools and methods do contributors use to gain access to information about the country and to represent it? What are the motivations behind this mapping endeavor? We analyze technical aspects of OSM data for North Korea and structured correspondence exchanged with 889 contributors. We argue that crowdsourced efforts can make good the dearth of knowledge resulting from the physical, cultural and political barriers associated with uncharted territories and that, although the motivations for such efforts vary greatly, they all have their origin in a sense of empathy and the power technology has to penetrate geopolitical barriers.
Geographies of Journalism connects theoretical and practical discussions of the role of geotechnologies, social media, and boots-on-the-ground journalism in a digital age to underline the complications and challenges that place-making in the press brings to institutions and ideologies. By introducing and applying approaches to geography, cultural resistance, and power as it relates to discussions of space and place, this book takes a critical look at how online news media shapes perceptions of locales. Through verisimilitude, storytelling methods, and journalistic evidence shaped by sources and news processes, the press play a critical role in how audiences shape interpretations of social conditions "here" and "there", and place responsibility for socio-political issues that appear in everyday life. Issues of proximity, place, territory, news myth, placemaking, and power align in this book of innovative and new assessments of journalism in the digital age. This is a valuable resource for scholars across the fields of human geography, journalism, and mass media. © 2019 Robert E. Gutsche, Jr. and Kristy Hess. All rights reserved.
This paper explores the symbiotic relationship between place and identity. On one hand, it asks what role place plays in the formation of identity. On the other hand, it asks how place itself is invested with meaning by actors. This theoretical concept of “place-identity” is analyzed through the case of volunteer lifeboaters in the Republic of Ireland, to illustrate how place itself is socially constructed so as to acquire a range of social meanings which interact in a recursive relationship with identity over time. The particularity of dangerous maritime places is shown to shape identity, while those places are shown to be bound up with a mosaic of other factors (such as history, family, and community) which make them meaningful. The paper theorizes a more social, temporal, and dynamic relationship between place and identity than is offered by extant literature and offers refinements to the concept of place-identity.
With increased global discussion about the natural environment, an understanding of culturally different meanings of environment is needed for local participatory environmental management as well as cross-national cooperation. In the present report, by using Landscape Image Sketching Technique (LIST), the culturally different landscape perceptions were analyzed between Japan and Germany.
The sketches of representatively beautiful scene in common with the regions were obtained through interviews with 197 respondents living in the four forest regions; namely, Rheinhardswald and North-Schwarzwald in Germany and West-Waga and Yoshino in Japan.
As results, landscape image sketches showed diverse variety in each research site, but different characteristics between Germany and Japan suggested the fundamental difference in the ways of seeing the landscape through cultural framework. The most remarkable research finding was counterintuitive and involved the opposite direction of their line of sight. It suggested different relationships between the subjects’ home community and natural surroundings. In addition, the great variation of Japanese results implied Japanese challenges with landscape planning with citizens’ participation.
On August 13, 1961, under the cover of darkness, East German authorities sealed the border between East and West Berlin using a hastily constructed barbed wire fence. Over the next twenty-eight years, the Berlin Wall served as an ever-present and seemingly permanent physical and psychological divider in this capital city, and between East and West during the Cold War. Similarly, stark polarities arose in nearly every aspect of public and private life, perhaps nowhere more apparent than in the built environment. In Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin, Emily Pugh provides an original comparative analysis of selected works of architecture and urban planning in East and West Berlin during the "Wall era," to reveal the importance of these structures to the formation of political, cultural, and social identities. Pugh uncovers the roles played by organizations such as the Foundation for Prussian Cultural Heritage in West Germany and the East German Building Academy in conveying the preferred political narrative of their respective states through constructed spaces. She also provides an overview of architectural works prior to the Wall era, to show the precursors for design aesthetics in Berlin at large, and also considers projects in the post-Wall period, to demonstrate the ongoing effects of the Cold War. Pugh examines representations of architectural works in exhibits, film, journals, magazines, newspapers, and other media, and discusses the effectiveness of planners’ attempts to ‘win the hearts and minds’ of the public. Ideas of home, belonging, community, and nationalism were common underlying themes on both sides of the wall, and instrumental to the construction of cultural and physical landscapes. Overall, Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin offers a compelling case study of a divided city poised at the precipice between the world’s most dominant political and ideological forces, and the effort expended by each side to sway the tide of public opinion through the built environment.
Lighting and illuminated displays shape our relations to urban environments and to one another at night and increasingly during the day by transforming what Kevin Lynch referred to as the "image of the city" (1964). Today, the wide-spread availability of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) in combination with embedded, miniaturized computation offers different ways of designing ambient infrastructures. In this dissertation, I explore these alternatives by exploiting the programmable and responsive capabilities of LED-based, low-resolution systems. In short, I examine the alternative aesthetic and communications opportunities afforded by a new generation of lighting and display technologies in the city. I investigate the origins of lighting and displays to illustrate how they have evolved through a complex interleaving of the social and the material. This grounding leads me to develop three design explorations that focus on programmability, addressability, responsiveness, mobility and ad-hoc control. The first of these explorations, Urban Pixels, presents a wireless network of individual, autonomous physical pixels that can be deployed on any surface in the city. The second, Light Bodies, reconnects with the history of lights-on-people like lanterns that travel through the city with their users. The third, Augmented-reality (AR) Street Light, provides a layer of programmability for existing infrastructural networks. Together the historical perspective and design interventions lead to a framework of what I call "liberated pixels", a new generation of lighting and display technologies. Liberated pixels can be placed flexibly within any context and recruited in different situations for aesthetic and ambient information purposes. This vision captures the contingent and emergent nature of "sociomaterial assemblages" (Suchman 2007) to chart holistic technical, aesthetic, and social directions for future infrastructures of "imageability" (Lynch 1964) in the city.
This book frames a contextual appreciation of Henri Lefebvre’s idea that space is a social product. The book explicitly confronts both the philosophical and the empirical foundations of Lefebvre’s oeuvre, especially his direct involvement in the fields of urban development, planning, and architecture. Countering the prevailing view, which reduces Lefebvre’s theory of space to a projection of his philosophical positions, the book argues that Lefebvre’s work grew out of his concrete, empirical engagement with everyday practices of dwelling in postwar France and his exchanges with architects and planners. The book focuses on the interaction between architecture, urbanism, sociology, and philosophy that occurred in France in the 1960s and 1970s, which was marked by a shift in the processes of urbanization at all scales, from the neighborhood to the global level. Lefebvre’s thinking was central to this encounter, which informed both his theory of space and the concept of urbanization becoming global. The book offers a deeper and clearer understanding of Lefebvre’s thought and its implications for the present day. At a time when cities are increasingly important to our political, spatial, and architectural world, this reassessment proposes a new empirical, and practical, interpretation of Lefebvre’s ideas on urbanism.
Attempts to provide the historical background and the context in which to understand Islamic politics today, describes the roles of Islam in modern Muslim politics, and analyzes the major obstacles and issues which attend the establishment of those states and societies which are oriented towards Islam. Uses five case studies (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Egypt and Iran) to exemplify the spectrum of modern Muslim political development which range from the secular to the self-styled Islamic state. Also includes an analysis of two Islamic organizations, the Muslim Brotherhood and the Jamaat-i-Islami.-from Author Turkey Saudi Arabia Pakistan Eygpt Iran Muslim political development Dept. Religious Stud., Coll. Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA.
The term avant-garde feels outdated. In the not too distant past, after its deconstructive examination, the avant-garde was pronounced dead. By burying the avant-garde we ‘liberated’ ourselves from the risky task of proposing a new transformative agenda for today and new visionary projects for tomorrow. Without reverting to reactionary nostalgia for its simple recuperation, and expecting from it new agendas and methodologies, we must bring the avant-garde back to life.By calling it ‘transformative’, this Manifest points to an important facet of the avant-garde's contemporary function: its proactive attitude and role in intelligent, critical, post-contestational and post-deconstructive engagement. This is not a call for action. It is not a manifesto for the future. It is a Manifest of the Present. It is a statement of evidence. It is a supportive recognition of the active existence the avant-garde today.
Parkour is a new sport based on athletically and artistically overcoming urban obstacles. In this paper, I argue that the real world practices of parkour are dialectically intertwined with the virtual worlds made possible by information and communication technologies. My analysis of parkour underscores how globalized ideas and images available through the Internet and other media can be put into practice within specific locales. Practitioners of parkour, therefore, engage their immediate, physical world at the same time that they draw upon an imagination enabled by their on‐screen lives. As such, urban researchers need to consider the ways that virtual worlds can change and enhance how individuals understand and utilize the material spaces of the city.
This article engages debates on emotional geography and non-representational theory by considering fear as a distinctly mobile engagement with our environment. Parkour, or freerunning, has exploded into public consciousness through commercial media representations and films. It is depicted as a spectacular urban sport that either can or cannot be done. Through ethnographic research with groups of parkour practitioners I consider what has been excluded from these representations: the emotions involved in trying, experimenting, and gradually learning to be in places differently. In parkour places are ‘done’ or mobilised in tentative, unsure, ungainly and unfinished ways which can be characterised by a kind of play with architecture. I argue that this play is contingent upon an array of fears, which, rather than being entirely negative, are an important way in which practitioners engage with place. Here fears can manifest differently, not only restricting mobility, but in some cases encouraging imaginative and playful forms of movement.
The Image of the City was published over 20 years ago, and it is still listed in bibliographies.1 It is time to wonder what it led to. The research was done by a small group with no training in the methods they used, and no literature to guide them. Several motives led them to the study: 1. An interest in the possible connection between psychology and the urban environment, at a time when most psychologists—at least, those in the field of perception—preferred controlled experiments in the laboratory to the wandering variables of the complicated, real environment. We hoped to tempt some of them out into the light of day. 2. Fascination with the aesthetics of the city landscape, at a time when most U.S. planners shied away from the subject, because it was “a matter of taste” and had a low priority. 3. Persistent wonder about how to evaluate a city, as architects do so automatically when presented with a building design. Shown a city plan, planners would look for technical flaws, estimate quantities, or analyze trends, as if they were contractors about to bid on the job. We hoped to think about what a city should be, and we were looking for possibilities of designing directly at that scale. 4. Hope of influencing planners to pay more attention to those who live in a place—to the actual human experience of a city, and how it should affect city policy.
What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller? To answer these questions, Mr. Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, formulates a new criterion—imageability—and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities. The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form. The architect, the planner, and certainly the city dweller will all want to read this book.
For 28 years, from 13 August 1961 through 9 November 1989, the city of Berlin was divided by a wall. The borderline was the symbol for the Cold War and the political partition between East and West – but it was also an element of the urban structure: Berliners in the two parts of the city had to live with it and to define themselves in relation to it. After the fall of the wall and its destruction in the euphoric mood of re-unification, a huge inner-urban wasteland became the symbol for the need of a new politics of memory: the missing Berlin Wall became an urban icon.
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