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Abstract
To study port competition and cooperation in bulk and container business, we discuss the port competition, the port cooperation of cost allocation and cost sharing business cooperation. Under Cournot game scheme, we discuss the congestion cost and receive quantities and profits. Our study shows that the port enterprise achieve higher throughput only competition without cooperation. Under the stable market demand the throughput increases and the price will decrease in accordance with a certain condition. Port quantity is higher in cost sharing than the cost allocation.
... Bulk ports handle a variety of raw materials, including coal, crude oil, petroleum products, iron ore, and grain, which are essential for socio-economic development and industrial processes. Unlike container ports, bulk ports face unique challenges due to the nature of the cargo they handle; bulk materials like coal, grain, and minerals necessitate specialized handling equipment and extensive storage facilities, leading to more complex and space-intensive operations [44]. Additionally, bulk cargo handling can generate dust and spillage, posing environmental and health concerns that require stringent controls. ...
This study examines the role of bulk cargo ports in improving supply chain efficiency within the Bohai Rim port cluster in China, addressing a gap in the research that has primarily focused on container ports. By analyzing 13 ports in the cluster through the shiftrate model and network analysis, this research aims to understand their adaptation to changing trade patterns and economic conditions. The Bohai Rim is a key hub for four major bulk cargo types—grain, coal, oil, and ore—each with distinct growth rates and trade networks. This research classifies the ports into four tiers based on their operational capabilities and market influence. Key findings reveal that the cargo transport network has shifted from a tri-power structure (Dalian, Tianjin–Tangshan, Qingdao–Rizhao port groups) to a dual-core pattern, now led by Tangshan and Qingdao Ports. Qingdao Port, with its advanced technologies and international orientation, has become a central player in global dry bulk transport. This shift reflects the changing dynamics of regional trade, with Qingdao’s port technologies and global connectivity positioning it as a leader in the industry. This study provides valuable insights for port authorities, helping them understand the evolution of port systems and enhance the efficiency of neighboring ports.
... Dong constructs a competitive service pricing model for ports based on the key influencing factors, focusing on the comparison of Bergwald's competitive and compensatory pricing strategies and their profitability differences, and conducts a multifactor sensitivity analysis [9] . Guo et al. compared prices and profits for ports that operate both bulk and containerized cargoes, using the methodology of the Gounod game, taking into account the cost of congestion [10] . Yang et al. utilize the Hotelling model in game theory to analyze the impact of service pricing on port market share and revenue [11] . ...
With the rapid development of networking and digitization, the data generated by various industries has shown exponential growth. The seaport industry is the fundamental industry to support the operation of the national economy, and undertakes the vast majority of China's foreign trade, materials, and coal transport along the sea. In response to some of China's major seaports of container handling charges for different extent of the upward event. In this paper, by researching the main seaports of China's coastal ports, we have obtained the level of container handling charge, and operating cost of container section. Meanwhile, this paper combines the reform history of China's port container charging policy and the comparison of domestic and foreign charging levels to discover the cost structure of the container handling charges. It establishes the benchmark for the optimization of the container handling charges. Utilizing data analysis related to production and operations, this paper proposes an optimization method of container handling charges based on the cost analysis of container port companies with macro and micro coupling and puts forward effective suggestions on this basis. This paper suggests the establishment of a mechanism for regulating container handling charges. It also proposes a mechanism for monitoring and regular announcement of container costs.
... Liu, et al. [21] focused on different coalition strategies among two ports, a shipping company, a railway operator, and the Panama Canal operator. Guo, et al. [22] studied port competition and cooperation in bulk and container business in neighboring ports. Liu and Lim [23] showed that the largest container ports in the United States are the most technical and scale efficient. ...
Facing with increasing competition, many ports are taking innovative approaches to improve productivity and profits. Among a variety of methods, introducing external terminal operators (ETOs) while the port acts as a landlord to collect “rents” from those operators for conducting terminal activities inside the port is regarded as an effective way and is commonly observed in practices. This paper analyzes the decisions of two competing ports about whether to introduce their respective ETOs using a three-stage non-cooperative game model when there already exists a port’s self-operation terminal operator (STO). At the first stage, the two ports simultaneously decide whether to introduce an ETO. If a port decided to introduce an ETO, at the second stage, it will further decide the unit fee to charge from the ETO. At the third stage, the two ports and the introduced ETO(s) simultaneously decide their respective profit-maximizing output levels. The findings indicate the equilibrium is both ports will introduce their respective ETOs, but when the ports and ETOs are substitutable in the sense of having the same level of productivity, the equilibrium solution is only one port should introduce an ETO. And simulation results show that even if one of ETOs is inefficient this still hold true.
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