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Public Policy : An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis / W. Parsons.
Abstract
Obra que plantea por un lado, los fundamentos teóricos para la formulación, toma de decisiones, implementación y evaluación de las políticas públicas, y por otro, la aplicación de este instrumental teórico a algunos casos prácticos que se han implementado en México, Costa Rica, Argentina y Chile, donde el caso de México es abordado con mayor amplitud.
... Some authors question the possibility of constructing a single comprehensive theory to explain policy implementation per se (Goggin 1986;Ball 1993;Kyvik 2005). In words of Hill and Hupe (2009), "we see no case for a 'general theory of implementation'" (Hill & Hupe 2009, 83), a challenge deemed particularly "complex and uncertain" in relation to the "human service policies" (Parsons 1995). ...
... Within the hierarchical infrastructure of an education administration, a lion share of policy actors is situated at the micro level, i.e. across numerous school establishments as 'structured contexts' of policy action (O'Toole 2006, 267). This specific 'territorial dimension' (Parsons 1995) of education policy implementation presents itself as a 'web of decisions' (Easton 1953), taken across schools as 'micro-environments' and it is eventually leading to the aggregate education system results, a sum of school-level implementation practices. Research has shown, however, that there are significant differences between schools in regard to school-level responses to national policies, leading to uneven policy implementation results. ...
... It does often happen that education policies do not reach classrooms (Viennet and Pont 2017). Within this specific education system's 'governance delivery mix' (Parsons 1995), and looking at the territorially dispersed micro-level system units (schools), we are interested in shedding light on the role of school leaders in the policy implementation process. As Hess (2013) pointed out "schooling is a complex, highly personal endeavor, which means that what happens at the individual level […] is the most crucial factor in separating failure from success" (Hess 2013, 19). ...
In the field of education policy, ‘translating’ national policies into practice requires numerous synchronized interventions of a multiplicity of actors at different levels of education administration and its outer environment. Prompted by the lack of understanding about what may facilitate or hinder the policy success at school level and the role school leadership plays in this process, in this article we propose the use of an emerging conceptual framework organised around three analytical axes: a. contextualising the known factors affecting policy implementation within the education policy field, b. developing a typology of school leadership, and c. conceptualising an approach to explain the dynamic processes of exercising influence over the factors of policy implementation by the key school-level ‘agents’ of change – school leaders. Given the absence of a grand theory of (education) policy implementation, we argue that in designing a research framework for an empirical examination of a dynamic and multi-layered phenomenon of policy implementation from the perspective of school leaders researchers need to use a holistic approach while building on the legacy of the scholarly work from the multiple academic disciplines.
... Kebijakan publik tidak hanya sebatas keputusan yang diambil oleh para pembuat kebijakan, akan tetapi juga mencakup bagaimana kebijakan tersebut yang dirumuskan, diimplementasikan, dan dievaluasikan dalam lingkup sosial, politik, dan ekonomi. Menurut Parsons (1995), menjelaskan bahwa kebijakan publik dapat dipahami sebagai interaksi antara kekuatan sosial dan kelembagaan yang memengaruhi proses pengambilan keputusan dalam pemerintahan. Parsons (1995) ...
... Menurut Parsons (1995), menjelaskan bahwa kebijakan publik dapat dipahami sebagai interaksi antara kekuatan sosial dan kelembagaan yang memengaruhi proses pengambilan keputusan dalam pemerintahan. Parsons (1995) ...
... Secara terminologi, kebijakan publik memiliki definisi yang lebih kompleks. Menurut Parsons (1995), kebijakan publik adalah keputusan otoritatif yang diambil oleh pemerintah untuk menanggapi masalah yang tersedia. Kebijakan ini dirumuskan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat, baik dalam ranah ekonomi, sosial, maupun politik. ...
Buku "Kebijakan Publik (Kajian Konseptual Teori Dan Praktis)" menyajikan sebuah panduan komprehensif yang mengupas teori dan praktik terkati dengan kebijakan publik. Menyikapi perkembangan dunia yang terus berubah dengan berbagai aspek integarasi disiplin pengetahuan. Maka, buku ini menjadi sumber yang sangat sesuai bagi akademisi, peneliti dan praktisi kebijakan yang ingin memahami dinamika kebijakan dalam masyarakat modern.
Penyaian buku tidak terlepas dengan sumber rujukan konsep-konsep para ahli kebijakan dunia seperti konsep dari karya klasik W. Parsons (1995), sehingga, buku memberikan aspek penting dalam analisis kebijakan, mulai dari proses pembentukan kebijakan, implementasi, hingga evaluasi. Setiap bab dalam penulisan buku dirancang untuk memberikan wawasan teoritis yang didukung dengan contoh kasus yang menggambarkan penerapan kebijakan di lapangan.
Perubahan iklim yang menjadi salah satu tantangan global dan ketidaksetaraan sosial hingga peran teknologi dalam meningkatkan efektivitas kebijakan, dalam buku ini juga tidak terlepas turut memberikan pengetahuan tentang isu-isu kontemporer yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan.
Buku ini tidak hanya memberikan kerangka kerja teoritis, tetapi juga menawarkan rekomendasi praktis untuk menghadapi tantangan yang ada. Dengan bahasa yang jelas dan mudah dipahami, dengan demikian buku "Kebijakan Publik" ini hendakanya menjadi bacaan wajib bagi siapa saja yang ingin mendalami dunia kebijakan publik dan berkontribusi pada perumusan kebijakan yang lebih baik dan lebih responsif terhadap kebutuhan masyarakat. Melalui buku ini, pembaca diajak untuk melihat kebijakan publik sebagai suatu proses yang dinamis yang memerlukan pemikiran kritis dan inovatif.
... Ovaj pristup je posebno koristan za analizu i razumijevanje upravnih sistema u različitim društvenim i kulturnim kontekstima. Među ključnim predstavnicima ovog pristupa su sociolozi poput Parsonsa 12 , Mertona 13 i Levya 14 , te politolozi kao što su Almond 15 i Apter 16 , dok je Riggs bio jedan od glavnih zagovornika ovog pristupa u komparativnoj javnoj upravi. 17 ...
... 15 Gabriel A. Almond bio je američki politolog poznat po komparativnim studijama političkih sistema i analizi političkog razvoja. 16 David E. Apter (1924-2010) bio je profesor komparativnog političkog i društvenog razvoja, poznat po svojim istraživanjima razvoja nacija. 17 ...
Public administration is a dynamic discipline that has evolved throughout history under the influence of various scientific fields, primarily social sciences. Its roots trace back to ancient civilizations, and it has significantly developed over centuries. As a scientific discipline and a complex social phenomenon, public administration encompasses sociological, political, legal, organizational, and other characteristics. The emergence and functioning of public administration as a crucial state instrument for law enforcement and ensuring social stability have been significantly influenced by numerous scientific disciplines, particularly political science, law, sociology, economics, and psychology. These disciplines provided the initial impetus and later momentum for the development of specific public administration concepts. Key theoretical approaches to studying public administration emphasize the importance of organizational structures and functionality within social systems. Understanding the historical and theoretical foundations of administration is essential for addressing contemporary challenges and opportunities in public administration. The aim of this paper is to highlight the influences of some key social and technological disciplines on the development of public administration, focusing on understanding how historical changes have shaped modern practices.
... In addition, health policy analysis aids in gaining knowledge of previous policy malfunctions and achievements to inform future policies. 9 Notable researchers such as Parsons (1995) and Walt and Gilson (1994) have outlined the importance of policy analysis. 10,11 According to Walt and Gilson (1994), it is vital to health improvements. ...
... 9 Notable researchers such as Parsons (1995) and Walt and Gilson (1994) have outlined the importance of policy analysis. 10,11 According to Walt and Gilson (1994), it is vital to health improvements. In the past, policy analysis centred around the state. ...
Background: The changing drug situation in Ireland has led to the development of various drug policies. This paper aims to use Limerick City as a case study to examine approaches to policy development.
Methodology: The study is qualitative and uses a hybrid technique that combines document, content, and stake-holder analysis. Kingdon's multiple streams model underpins this study. In addition, guidelines for the systematicsearch for grey literature were adopted as the searchstrategy.
Results:
Problem Stream: Illicit drug use and its relatedproblems have changed. The increasing availability ofdrugs, increasing usage and changes in the types of drugs being used have led to increased drug‐related crimes,adverse health outcomes and elevated demand for treatment services. Local drug policies and initiatives emerge by recognising drug‐related problems in the region.
Policy Stream: The current national drug strategy 2017–2025 which informs action plans in Limerick is the first tofocus on a unified health approach. Some national policies have evolved to ensure that guidelines meet current service needs. However, these changes have occurred in some cases with no clear actions.
Political Stream: Statutory, voluntary and community stakeholders provide drug addiction and drug addiction‐related services, which have evolved rapidly since theirfirst introduction. The Mid‐West Regional Drug Task Force was identified as essential in coordinating stakeholders locally. One area for improvement is limited evidence of the voices of persons who take drugs included in service/policy development. This regional analysis also suggests that local implementation of policies concerning dual diagnosis and supervised injection facilities can be further expanded. Despite the challenges experienced by stakeholders in Limerick, a hands‐on approach has been adopted in the creation of strategies to tackle the drug problem.
Conclusion: The approaches to drug policy development have delivered continuous development of services. However, services remain underdeveloped in areas removed from the capital city of Dublin. Navigating the complex drug landscape reveals that inclusivity, adaptation, and ongoing research are critical components of successful and long‐lasting drug policies.
... Artırımcı kararlar ise temel kararlar ve bu kapsamda yapılan tarama bağlamında ele alınır (Etzioni, 1967: 389-390 İkinci aşama olarak, EBP'nin temel amacı olan EBSI altyapısının oluşturulması; normatif optimum model 14 ile açıklanabilir. Dror'un optimum modelinin politika yapımında teknokratik boyutu ve halkın oldukça sınırlı katılımı (Parsons, 1995) ile EBSI karar alma süreçleri uyuşmaktadır. EBSI altyapısının oluşturulma sürecinde, üye ülkeler politik ve teknik gruplardaki temsilcileri aracılığıyla etkin olsalar da kararlar ve uygulamalar daha çok teknik ve karmaşık olduğu için alt yapıyı oluşturan ve Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından işe alınan kişilerin/uzmanların tercihleri üzerinden ilerlemekte ve siyasi temsilcilerin rolü kısıtlı kalmaktadır. ...
... The second stage, the creation of the EBSI infrastructure, which is the primary goal of EBP, can be explained by the normative optimal model (Dror, 1964). The technocratic dimension in policy-making and the limited public participation (Parsons, 1995) align with EBSI decision-making processes. Although member countries are effective through their representatives in political and technical groups in the process of creating the EBSI infrastructure, decisions and implementations progress more through the preferences of individuals/experts hired by the European Commission due to the technical and complex nature of the infrastructure, and the role of political representatives remains limited. ...
ÖZET Kamu sektöründe blok zincirine ilişkin projelerin yaşama geçme ya da uygulama aşamasında sorunlar olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa’da devlet çapında en önemli ve daha önce örneği bulunmayan bir proje olan Avrupa Blok Zinciri Hizmet Altyapısı (EBSI) ele alınmıştır. EBSI, Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ile Norveç ve Lihtenşyan’ın dahil olduğu blok zinciri tabanlı sınır ötesi kamu yönetimi hizmet altyapısı kurmayı amaçlayan bir projedir. EBSI sürecini kamu politikası analizi perspektifinden ele alarak hangi süreçlerde tıkanma olduğu, bu tıkanmaların nedenleri ve sorun alanlarına yönelik üretilen cevapları tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nitel yöntem kullanılmış olup, doküman incelemesi ve saha gözlemlerinden yararlanılarak EBSI süreç analizi modeli ile incelenmiştir. EBSI teknik altyapısı ile proje uygulamalarını destekleyecek kapasiteye gelmiş olmakla beraber uygulama aşamasına geçilmemiştir. EBSI’nin uygulamaya geçmesinin önündeki temel zorluklar yönetişim yapısı, yasal/düzenleyici çerçeveler, kurumsal hazırlıklar, EBSI aktörler arası birlikte çalışabilirlik (işbirliği) ve uygulama araçlarının geliştirilme sürecinin devam etmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. EBSI politika geliştirme sürecinde karşılaşılan zorluklar yeni bir kurumsal yapının, Europeum EDIC (Avrupa Dijital Altyapı Konsorsiyumu) doğmasına neden olmuş ve bazı hukuksal düzenlemeleri beraberinde getirmiştir
... Writing over two decades after Lasswell, Wayne Parsons (1995) reaffirmed the inherently multi-disciplinary nature of public policy analysis. He described the field as "rich in different approaches, academic disciplines, models (heuristic and causal), metaphors, and maps" (p. ...
Although the multi-disciplinarity of public policy studies is often captured by the notion of "policy sciences," the most influential approaches, research designs, and dominant empirical outputs primarily emerge from the disciplines of political science and economics. This has relegated other policy sciences to the periphery of public policy discourse. This study examines the role of sociology-one of the most underappreciated yet promising disciplines in generating society-relevant and society-sensitive insights for evidence-based policy processes. Using a systematic review and interpretivism, the study explores how sociology engages with public policy analysis across four major arenas: conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and empirical. Findings indicate that sociological engagement in public policy analysis offers a broader perspective than other policy sciences, which often prioritize economic efficiency or technological innovation. Sociology accounts for historical contexts, social inequalities, and lived experiences, placing the human element at the center of policy discourse. Conceptually, the study highlights sociology's contributions through analytically influential tools such as public sociology and policy networks. Theoretically, it illustrates the relevance of major sociological perspectives-including functionalism, conflict theory, and feminism-in shaping public policy discourse. Methodologically, the study finds that sociological research designs, such as phenomenology, narrative research, and ethnography, provide the necessary nuance for structuring, designing, formulating, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and diffusing public policies in an increasingly globalized world. Empirically, two case studies-the influence of sociologists in developing responsible research and innovation policy for synthetic biology in the United Kingdom and the role of Prof. Chaitanya Mishra in advancing social welfare policies in Nepal-illustrate how sociological perspectives simultaneously challenge and complement dominant policy framings. The findings reaffirm that sociology should not be viewed merely as a peripheral policy science but as a pragmatic tool for fostering pro-society policies that address economic and technological imperatives while upholding social justice, equity, and long-term societal welfare.
... En 1973, donaciones de la Fundación Ford y de la corporación RAND otorgadas a siete programas en políticas públicas de importantes uni versidades dieron un impulso decisivo a la creación de programas independientes en este tema. La Fundación Ford decidió "eludir las escuelas tradicionales de administración pública y promover nue vos programas en políticas públicas -ya encaminados", lo que mostraba la convicción de que "una combinación de ciencias socia les puede ser diseñada para educar a la gente a analizar y gestionar problemas complejos" (Weimer, 2015:567) En México, gracias al trabajo de Luis F. Aguilar Villanueva (2000aVillanueva ( , 2000bVillanueva ( , 2000cVillanueva ( y 2000d, se tuvo acceso a la recopilación de varios au tores estadounidenses pioneros de los estudios de política públi ca, que hoy son clásicos de esta disciplina, tales como Simon (1957); Lindblom (1959Lindblom ( , 1979Lindblom ( y 1991; Lowi (1964); Dror (1971); Majone (1978); Bardach (1980Bardach ( y 1999; Sabatier y Mazmanian (1981); Behn (1986); Ascher (1986); Meny y Thoenig (1992); Sub irats (1989); Parsons (1995); Pressman y Wildavsky (1998), entre otros, en sus muy conocidas antologías. 2 De esta forma, el estudio de las políticas públicas se separó de los estudios de la administración pública como un nuevo enfoque. En su vertiente práctica, el estudio de esta disciplina ha hecho po si ble la inserción y la aplicación de métodos particulares para mejo rar determinados servicios de la gestión pública, incorporando a tales procedimientos la singularidad y la especificidad propia del sector público (González, s/f:107). ...
... Las políticas públicas El cuerpo teórico sobre políticas públicas (PP) es relativamente reciente. Parsons (1995) afirma que, en el decenio de los treinta del siglo pasado, H. Laswell (1951) integró un enfoque multidisciplinario, y en los cuarenta, influyó en la creación del primer think-tank 4 , la American Policy Commission, para provocar un acercamiento entre las PP y las ciencias sociales, lo que se logró en los cincuenta, cuando se intercambiaron perspectivas desde las áreas de la sociología, la administración social, la psicología, las ciencias políticas, la gestión administrativa y la economía. 5 Desde entonces, los aportes a esta área del conocimiento han sido constantes y variados, incluida una amplia gama de definiciones y caracterizaciones. ...
La internacionalización de la educación superior es una práctica que han buscado los países menos desarrollados con el objeto de aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrecen, al nivel global, la creciente interdependencia socioeconómica y el avance de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación para generar competencias y capacidades individuales, institucionales, nacionales e incluso, regionales que impulsen el desarrollo. Por otro lado, ante la escasez evidente de recursos, en esos países se tienen que implantar los programas sociales que ofrezcan los mejores resultados en beneficio de la sociedad, e implantarse correctamente, para su mejor aprovechamiento. En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados de una evaluación del programa Proyecta 100,000, que desde 2014 permitía a estudiantes de educación superior provenientes de zonas menos desarrolladas y grupos menos privilegiados de México, cursar estudios en Estados Unidos con el apoyo de los gobiernos de ambos países, el cual fue suspendido en 2018. La evaluación se hace con la ayuda de la metodología del marco lógico, que es una forma de evaluación y gestión de proyectos asociada con intervenciones realizadas en los proyectos de cooperación por los organismos que apoyan proyectos de desarrollo al nivel nacional e internacional, la cual permite determinar el grado en el que quienes implantan y operan los proyectos, siguen sus lineamientos a fin de alcanzar sus objetivos asignados. Los resultados de la evaluación sugieren que, en general, el Programa cumplía con los requisitos de eficiencia y eficacia que se esperaban de él, a decir por el análisis de su operación y de la normatividad que lo sujetaba, y presentaba un buen número de fortalezas en su desempeño. No obstante, se encontraron algunas debilidades y oportunidades que se podrían subsanar y aprovechar para lograr mayor impacto entre su población objetivo, incluido un mayor financiamiento y una reorientación hacia el intercambio de conocimientos especializados, y no solamente del idioma. Ello lleva a concluir que la suspensión del Programa no se puede atribuir a problemas de implantación, y que podría reanudarse una vez subsanadas sus debilidades.
... Breve panorama da literatura sobre ideias no campo de políticas públicas Até a década de 1980 as ideias eram pouco consideradas na análise de políticas públicas. A partir de então, uma série de abordagens foi se erigindo em contraponto às vertentes que privilegiavam a maximização dos interesses e a seleção racional de alternativas (Campbell, 2002;Faria, 2003;Parsons, 1995). Algumas das obras referenciais nessa virada rumo às ideias incluem Fischer e Forester (1993), que destacam o papel das linguagens, significados, retórica e valores na produção de políticas públicas; e Muller e Surel (2002), que apresentam três modelos que privilegiam os valores, as ideias e as representações. ...
Resumo O artigo examina quais ideias fundamentaram a adoção das ações afirmativas por universidades públicas brasileiras (federais e estaduais), no período entre 2001 e 2012, anteriormente à promulgação da “Lei Federal de Cotas” (BRASIL, 2012), e como essas ideias influenciaram distintas políticas de acesso ao ensino superior. A metodologia envolveu análise de conteúdo de documentos oficiais pertencentes a 54 universidades públicas (resoluções de conselhos superiores, atas de reuniões, editais públicos, dentre outros). Conclui-se que as ideias mais recorrentes referem-se a: justiça social, reparação histórica, diversidade e meritocracia. Também se constatou que o argumento da reparação histórica foi predominante para a delimitação do problema e sua inclusão na agenda das instituições, ao passo que a ideia de justiça social foi mais influente no desenho dos programas, tratando-se de um ideal abstrato que não se vincula, necessariamente, a um tipo específico de política de cotas.
... Carrillo (2014) comenta entonces que la evaluación de la operación responde a los cuestionamientos propuestos por Parsons (1995): 1) ¿Hasta qué punto está llegando el programa a la población objetivo? 2) ¿En qué medida el servicio que se presta a través del programa es consistente con su diseño? ...
Ante el aumento en los flujos de migración proveniente de Centroamérica con destino a América del Norte y los problemas que de ello se derivan, los gobiernos de México, El Salvador y Honduras decidieron atenuarla mediante el impulso del desarrollo en la región a través de la implantación de los programas sociales Jóvenes Construyendo el Futuro y Sembrando Vida en los dos países Centroamericanos. En este trabajo se reportan resultados de una evaluación de desempeño de esos programas realizado en 2022 con la aplicación de la Metodología del Marco Lógico, a partir de información de gabinete y de campo. Los resultados de la evaluación muestran que, aunque los programas evaluados no fueron diseñados con estricto apego a la Metodología del Marco Lógico, su reconstrucción permite identificar las áreas de oportunidad para su mejoramiento, pero también permite concluir que su operación cumple satisfactoriamente con los requisitos de esa metodología, de manera que, con algunos ajustes podrían continuarse y expandirse a otros países en caso necesario.
... Oleh karena itu, "publik" mengacu kepada populasi individu yang terlibat dalam urusan bersama atau kepentingan bersama. Parsons (1995) mendefinisikan istilah "publik" sebagai dimensi-dimensi aktivitas yang dipandang memerlukan regulasi atau diintervensi oleh pemerintah atau aturan sosial, atau setidaknya oleh tindakan bersama. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis optimasi pelayanan publik berbasis elektronik melalui aplikasi LAIKA di tingkat kelurahan di Kota Kendari. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan strategi survei. Lokasi penelitian mencakup lima kelurahan di Kota Kendari dengan populasi studi sebanyak 5.262 orang yang menggunakan aplikasi LAIKA pada tahun 2023. Dengan menggunakan Rumus Slovin, sampel sebanyak 378 unit dipilih secara acak. Variabel yang diteliti adalah tingkat optimasi pelayanan publik berbasis elektronik, yang diukur menggunakan delapan item dari konsep optimasi layanan digital. Analisis data dilakukan dengan statistik deskriptif. Temuan menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan dalam layanan publik di aplikasi LAIKA, namun masih terdapat ruang untuk perbaikan. Meskipun rata-rata skor indikator optimalisasi tinggi, variasi dalam persepsi pengguna terlihat dari standar deviasi dan varians yang bervariasi. Beberapa indikator memiliki nilai rata-rata terendah yang perlu diperbaiki lebih lanjut
... Introducción: los análisis de implementación de políticas y su uso en América Latina y Chile Cristian Leyton Navarro 1. La implementación de políticas públicas Los estudios de implementación han ganado relevancia y han aumentado considerablemente desde hace varias décadas, especialmente en el campo de análisis de políticas sociales. Esto, a raíz de que diversos autores han evidenciado que aquello diseñado no necesariamente es lo que ocurre en la realidad, enfatizando que las políticas son modificadas durante la implementación (Pressman y Wildavsky, 1973;Hargrove, 1975;Mazmanian & Sabatier, 1983;Parsons, 1995;Hill y Hupe, 2009; entre otros). Esta perspectiva ha conllevado la necesidad de analizar minuciosamente el proceso que se desarrolla en la implementación, para comprender por qué las políticas públicas no siempre alcanzan los resultados esperados, avanzar en la comprensión de sus «éxitos» y «fracasos», y superar la noción de caja negra dilucidando el conjunto de factores que juegan un rol pero que no logramos ver con claridad. ...
Este capítulo sitúa la discusión en torno a los estudios de implementación de políticas públicas, examinando las particularidades del contexto regional y nacional que requieren considerarse para una adecuada comprensión y utilización de las discusiones teóricas previas, y su incorporación en este tipo de análisis.
... Institutions could be taken as all types of formal organizations including public, private, non-governmental or non-profit organizations (Parsons, 2005). The line between community and institution here should be taken as a fuzzy boundary, subject to contextualization and modification over time. ...
The world in 2024 faces numerous interlinked crises, including climate change and water shortages, rising geopolitical tensions, and a new awareness of the risks of pandemics. These crises reverse decades of incremental development progress and humanity’s aspirations embodied in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, necessitating a more active and collaborative participation of development stakeholders. The magnitude of challenges points to the need for transformational approaches to releasing the potential of stakeholders, which requires building on and extending beyond current best practices in participation and capacity strengthening. What is most needed today is a balanced assessment of the complexity of human nature and a vision that recognizes the prosocial potential of people to harmonize the pursuit of personal interests with a willingness to contribute to social and collective development goals. Prosociality is a capacity that all stakeholders can strengthen—from individuals to institutions to communities (including different forms of social groupings). These stakeholders can become empowered as active protagonists of development, with the potential to work synergistically to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In order to work with these protagonists, it is important to view them systematically in terms of key characteristics such as their antecedent knowledge, values and culture, stance, agency, roles, relationships, and learning.
... The implementation process will only start when the goals and objectives have been set, the activity program has been structured, and the funds are ready and distributed to achieve the targets. In line with Van Meter & Van Horn (1975) study, policy implementation is an action taken by government and private organizations individually and in groups to achieve goals (Parsons, 1995;Wibawa, 1994). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the perception of poverty, necessitating rapid and urgent implementation of an affirmative policy. COVID-19 has significantly affected the economy, health, children's education, and employment rates. The Central Bureau of Statistics reported that the number of low-income families in Indonesia's urban and rural areas in 2020 was 26.42 million. This figure increased by 5.09 percent compared with 2019, which was 25.14 million. This issue is challenging to address because of budgetary constraints. Numerous policies have been implemented to mitigate poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic, but these efforts have not yielded significant results. This study aims to analyze the implementation of poverty alleviation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pekalongan Regency, Indonesia. This mixed-methodology study collected data through surveys with 150 respondents and in-depth interviews with ten low-income families, community leaders, and local government actors. These results indicate that poverty alleviation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic have not been fully implemented. Inhibiting factors include the accessibility of poverty programs and activities, the high number of impoverished individuals affected by COVID-19, and the diversion of local government funds to address COVID-19.
... En general, todo ello implica movilizar tanto recursos y actores como articular la negociación de intereses y opciones que pueden competir o cooptar. La literatura sobre políticas públicas tiene una fecunda tradición, especialmente en Estados Unidos, que la diseminó por el resto del mundo (Parsons, 1995;Lasswell, 1970;Lindblom, 2018;Howlett, 2014;Peter, 2018;Cairney, 2019;Dunn, 2015). Desde entonces, han ido emergiendo nuevas cuestiones que se han incorporado a la agenda pública, en sintonía con las preocupaciones sociales, siendo una de ellas las relacionadas con las políticas públicas de integridad y transparencia. ...
ntroduction: In recent decades, the management of institutional integrity has attracted significant interest in the context of questioning democratic institutions. The aim of this article is to characterize the public integrity policies implemented by 65 town councils with more than 5000 inhabitants in the Valencian Community.Methodology: This methodology used a survey of key local informants. Fieldwork was carried out between November 1, 2023, and March 31, 2024. Results: The survey incorporated items related to integrity and corruption management policies, reasons for implementation, problems encountered, and measures implemented based on the classification developed by Aldeguer et al. (2020). Discussion: The main motive for implementing ethics and integrity management systems in local administrations is legislation of a binding and coercive nature, with isomorphic tendencies that facilitate their execution.Conclusions: Habitat size constitutes a determining factor in the normalization, standardization, and institutionalization of the local integrity system
... Since and control that steers the whole process [45][46][47]. ...
The loss of biodiversity across the planet emerged as a global problem in the 1960s. The UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 addressed this issue with a declaration, the first international action plan and the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme. Since then, numerous institutional instruments have been adopted at the international level but biodiversity loss has continued unhalted worldwide. The conservation of biodiversity is a collective action problem that is affected by issues of governance. Multilateral environmental agreements are vital for biodiversity conservation but their implementation still remains a challenge. A better understanding of this process (with its enablers and hindrances in national and subnational contexts) is needed especially now that a new Global Biodiversity Framework has just been adopted. Theories about policy implementation have been numerous but there has been little dialogue across disciplines. Since the rich theoretical progress that has been made has a value for the practice, this article analyses the major analytical contributions about implementation to shed light on the journey that international institutions undertake after their adoption in global political arenas. With this focus, the articles not only want to contribute to analytical reflections on the flaws of the past, but also inform the implementation of the new Framework.
... Also the policy concept focuses attention on what is actually done as against what is proposed or intended, and it differentiates a policy from decision, which is choice among competing alternatives. (Parsons D. Wayne (1999), On the other hand Governance in simple terms means the process of decision. -making and its implementation in collective problem situations. ...
The study explained public policy as important tool for good governance. The emphasis is placed on what is public policies making process? As such public policy is well-defined as articulated by early philosophers, is a projected programe of goals, values, and practices. Also it is essential for the policy concept that there be a goal, objective, or purpose. Generally public policies is defined as plans in that they are general statements or understanding which guide or channel thinking in decision making. In this regard the research explained Public Policy Formulation Process that indicates stages, types of public policies, implementation, and evaluation of public policy. On the other hand the study consider governanceas the manner in which power is exercised in the management of country's economic and social resources for development. Furthermore, governance system as posted by early writers is also explained. At the same time the articulation include governance system and state nation, governance characteristics, and governance system in South Sudan. The study has considered, the discussion, analysis, and finding for the research data collected, in which all respondents has expressed their opinion about important of public policies in shaping good governance. Moreover the study has included the explanation of challenges facing governance system in South Sudan and suggested solutions, including recommendations for public policy implementation.
... Several frameworks for policy analysis in pluralist political systems have been developed, including Advocacy Coalition Framework, Punctuated Equilibrium Theory, and discursive approaches, to name a few (Peters and Zittoun 2016). However, their applicability to policy change in non-democratic contexts has been questioned (Howlett and Rarncsh 1995;Parsons 1995). Legislators in these contexts are often believed to "rubber-stamp" pieces of legislation proposed by the executive branch (Brancati 2014), making futile any attempts to apply theories inherently based on competition between policymakers. ...
This chapter introduces the foundational concepts of ethical leadership within public administration, emphasizing its critical role in fostering public trust and ensuring effective governance. It explores three principal ethical frameworks—deontological ethics, which focuses on adherence to rules and duties; utilitarian ethics, which considers the consequences of actions for the greater good; and virtue ethics, which emphasizes the character and moral virtues of individuals. By examining these frameworks, the chapter highlights how ethical role models in public service can embody these principles to navigate complex decision-making processes. The discussion underscores the importance of ethical conduct in public administration and sets the stage for subsequent chapters that delve deeper into the application of these ethical theories in real-world scenarios.
Estimating individualized treatment rules (ITRs) is crucial for tailoring interventions in precision medicine. Typical ITR estimation methods rely on conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) to guide treatment assignments. However, such methods overlook individual-level harm within covariate-specific subpopulations, potentially leading many individuals to experience worse outcomes under CATE-based ITRs. In this article, we aim to estimate ITRs that maximize the reward while ensuring that the harm rate induced by the ITR remains below a pre-specified threshold. We derive the explicit form of the optimal ITR, propose a plug-in estimator when both the CATE and harm rate are identifiable, and establish the large-sample properties of the proposed estimator. Given that the harm rate is generally unidentifiable due to its dependence on the joint distribution of potential outcomes, we further propose {three} strategies for estimating ITRs with a controllable harm rate under partial identification. By accounting for both reward and harm, our method offers a reliable solution for developing ITRs in high-stakes domains where harm is crucial. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in controlling harm rates. We apply the method to the Right Heart Catheterization dataset, assessing the potential reduction in harm rate compared to historical interventions.
This chapter introduces systematic thinking, a mental and verbal behavior about thinking and actions that gets one out of a problematic situation. The problem-solving toolkit introduced in this chapter rests on well-tested experiences to help reduce the human dignity gap systematically. Systematic problem-solving involves tools that facilitate achieving your objectives. The tools include (1) goal clarification, (2) observation skills, (3) a framework for analysis, and (4) operations of problem-solving. Systematic thinking for human dignity helps us identify opportunities for improvements. You must develop your observation, management, and critical thinking knowledge and skills to succeed. Gaining responsible citizenship and leadership is a lifelong maturing experience.
This chapter introduces a toolkit for systematic thinking for human dignity in healthy environments. Problem solving is largely about thinking oneself out of a challenging situation. In this book, a problem is defined as a discrepancy between goals related to human dignity and actual events. The toolkit introduced here draws from well-tested approaches and experiences using them to help reduce this discrepancy systematically, specifically, and effectively. Systematic thinking is practical and communicable. It is based on accumulated knowledge that is subject to evaluation and verification. Systematic thinking helps us identify human dignity problems in actual cases and find opportunities and options for improvements.
This research was conducted to analyze the implementation of the Government Agency Performance Accountability System (SAKIP) policy in the Aceh Regency Government. The problem of this research is the demand for bureaucratic reform that mandates all government agencies to achieve a minimum SAKIP implementation category of B or good, whereas the SAKIP implementation category of the Central Aceh Regency Government has not yet achieved a good score and is still in the CC category (less good). Additionally, the low accountability score of the Regency Government is accompanied by low results from the Integrity Assessment Survey (SPI), which is still in the vulnerable category, thereby impacting the high poverty rate in Central Aceh Regency and the failure to achieve regional macro indicators in improving community welfare. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with research instruments being documentation studies and interviews. The research results show that the four aspects that must be met in the implementation of the SAKIP policy in the Central Aceh Regency Government—namely policy accuracy, implementation accuracy, target accuracy, and environmental accuracy—are all inadequate. This is due to obstacles from interest factors, cultural factors, benefit principles, implementing apparatus factors, and budget factors, compounded by the lack of commitment from organizational leaders. The efforts made by the Aceh Tengah District Government to improve the implementation value of SAKIP include forming a district SAKIP team. The research recommendations suggest that the Aceh Tengah District Government should instruct regional apparatuses, within their authority, to formulate technical policies related to SAKIP, such as technical policies for performance planning, performance measurement, and performance reporting within the Aceh Tengah District Government. Additionally, they should enhance the quality of SAKIP implementation from the district government level to the regional apparatus in aspects of strategic planning, performance agreements, performance measurement, performance data management, performance reporting, as well as review and evaluation. They should set annual targets for improving SAKIP implementation by increasing coaching for the targeted regional apparatus to be ready to implement SAKIP more effectively at the district government level. Furthermore, they should improve public perception and community satisfaction by increasing the publication of all SAKIP documents through online media and providing online facilities for feedback and suggestions to enhance the district government's SAKIP. They should also improve the competence of implementing officials by conducting SAKIP-related training and increasing the budget for SAKIP socialization for all stakeholders, as well as conducting regular monitoring and evaluation of SAKIP based on the efforts made by all regional apparatuses.
O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é analisar a implementação do Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica – Alfabetização no Tempo Certo (PIP), colocado em prática pelo governo de Minas Gerais em 2007. Reconhecendo que é próprio do campo de estudos sobre implementação de políticas públicas compreender os fatores que contribuem para explicar os resultados alcançados por determinada política, esta dissertação visa exatamente a conhecer o impacto de diversas variáveis na explicação dos resultados alcançados pelo PIP. Destaca-se se tratar de uma política pública de gestão compartilhada pelo órgão central da Secretaria de Estado de Educação (SEE), pelas Superintendências Regionais de Ensino (SRE) - unidades regionais - e pelas escolas – unidades locais -. Uma vez que o foco de investigação recai sobre as unidades regionais, é objetivo saber em que medida as SRE contribuem para os resultados a que se chegou, bem como saber se tais resultados variam entre as SRE e quais características podem ser pensadas como as responsáveis por tais variações. Posto que as regionais tem por função não apenas seguir as orientações advindas do órgão central, mas também de coordenar a implementação do PIP nas escolas, recorreu-se a diversas abordagens teóricas para se chegar a um enquadramento analítico capaz de embasar as hipóteses, explicações e conclusões desenvolvidas nesse estudo.
A striking feature of this volume is that its unified title, Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries, belies an almost overwhelming breadth and depth of scientific perspective and detail concerning these topics. Although the various chapters do not fit neatly into a single typology, five of the most obvious analytical foci or frames for organizing the material are as follows:
Disease focus (diarrhea, respiratory, measles, tuberculosis, HIV, obesity).
Nutrient focus (vitamin A, zinc, iron, iodine, multiple micronutrients, undernutrition).
Special population groups (maternal, intra-uterine, perinatal, child, elderly).
Special contexts (urbanization, socioeconomic transitions).
Planning and policy development (evaluation, surveillance, economics of interventions).
Stunting adalah keadaan gagal tumbuh akibat defisiensi nutrisi mulai dari dalam kandungan sampai usia kurang 2 tahun. Angka stunting yang cukup tinggi juga terjadi di Kabupaten Agam, termasuk Nagari Balingka. Pemerintah Nagari Balingka kemudian menggerakkan program Gemarikan upaya mencegah dan menurunkan angka stunting tersebut. Kegiatan pelaksanaan program Gemarikan tersebut didukung oleh posyandu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis peran posyandu dalam upaya pencegahan stunting melalui program Gemarikan di Nagari Balingka serta menganalisis faktor pendorong dan penghambat peran posyandu dalam program Gemarikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif serta mengggunakan teknik wawancara terhadap narasumber yang ada di Nagari Balingka, penelusuran data secara online dan dokumentasi sebagai pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa peran posyandu dalam pelaksanaan program Gemarikan masih kurang konsisten karena komunikasi program tidak intens dan kurang komprehensif. Akibatnya, banyak dari ibu balita di Nagari Balingka yang masih kurang paham akan program tersebut. Sementara itu pada kegiatan wajib peran posyandu sudah berjalan baik karena dilaksanakan secara konsisten. Faktor pendorong pelaksanaan program Gemarikan adalah pola konsumsi ikan yang rendah di masyarakat di Nagari Balingka dan Faktor penghambatnya adalah kondisi sumber daya manusia ibu balita di Nagari Balingka yang rendah. Melihat kondisi tersebut maka saran yang tepat diberikan mengenai pola konsumsi ikan yang rendah di masyarakat adalah dengan memberikan dorongan pada posyandu untuk memberi pendidikan pada ibu balita minimal seminggu 2-3 kali, sementara itu hambatan mengenai kondisi sumber daya manusia yang rendah dapat diperbaiki dengan menciptakan kepatuhan peran ibu balita pada posyandu dan memberi sanksi pada ibu balita yang melanggar pelaksanaan program Gemarikan.
This research is about Risk-Based Electronically Integrated Business Licensing Service Policy Challenges by Using Online Single Submission (OSS) among MSMEs which aims to obtain licensing in Improving Good Governance at the One-Stop Integrated Service Investment Service in Sukabumi Regency. The method used in this analysis is a qualitative method using secondary data. The theory used as a reference is advocacy which consists of six steps, namely analysis, strategy, mobilization, action, evaluation, and sustainability. The results of the study show that advocacy for the use of risk-based OSS for MSMEs in the Sukabumi district has been going quite well according to PP No. 5 of 2021. However, there are still things that need to be optimized because of the obstacles encountered, including the lack of coordination and socialization between the agency and business actors, inadequate internet network in the hinterland, not all of them have computers or Android-based cell phones for can access OSS, central and regional policies are not yet fully integrated, server down occurs frequently, and OSS upgrades are still frequently carried out. Efforts that need to be made, namely by providing internet and computer facilities for business actors at the licensing service office, guiding business actors to obtain the necessary permits, conducting routine outreach to business actors who have difficulty getting access and do not understand digitization, always follow the updates on OSS developments, and so on.
Se trata de un estado del arte, no exhaustivo, a partir de una revisión de literatura sobre políticas públicas, su análisis e interpretación, contextualizadas en los cambios generados por la globalización, las transformaciones de la agencia estatal y el crecimiento de actores no estatales en el sistema internacional. Se tiene en cuenta lo relativo a los problemas perversos, que van en aumento, y las crisis que han tenido lugar en la presente centuria. Se complementa con el diseño y co-diseño de políticas, que adquiere mayor relevancia para comprender la importancia del objeto de estudio. El propósito es ofrecer un recuento de constructos y sus variables, identificación de los principales enfoques y tendencias en el diseño de políticas, al mismo tiempo que aportar bibliografía que sirva de referencia a quienes están interesados en el estudio de este campo. Esto porque el trabajo es parte de un proyecto de investigación sobre tendencias recientes en el diseño y co-diseño de políticas. Por ende, no llega a conclusiones o afirmaciones. En ese sentido es un documento de consulta para realizar análisis puntuales o generales sobre las políticas; y es un avance de un proyecto de investigación sobre Diseño de políticas públicas en contextos complejos: el caso de Costa Rica, adscrito a la Escuela de Administración Pública, Universidad de Costa Rica.
This study entitled ‘Free and Compulsory Education Policy Practice in Ruby Valley: An Analysis of Impacts and Inequalities’ aimed to explore free and compulsory education policy practices in Ruby Valley Municipality in Dhading District of Bagmati Province Nepal. In this study I sought to answer research questions on policy evolution, policy interpretation, negotiation and contestation in Ruby Valley that shaped localized meaning of policy. I have also considered the impact of the policy practice and how local government leadership have influenced the policy practice of free and compulsory education central in this research.
I employed blended policy ethnographies in which I engaged with the local communities using multiple strategies that varied at different stages of the research accommodating the contextual constraints of time, space, and resources. I started with virtual interaction with the local communities in Ruby Valley and in person participation in community interaction and events and observation sociocultural phenomena at the latter stage of the research.
I continued working on the theoretical framework of the study along with the progress of my study to capture the multifaceted influence different aspects as they unfolded during the study in the given complex social context including which includes multiple theoretical dimensions viz. the power structure, rent-seeking behaviour, street-level bureaucracy, survivalist priorities, discourse theory, and framing of issues that influenced the policy practices of free and compulsory education.
The findings of the study revealed that evolution of free and compulsory education is gradual and has stemmed from the initial forms of public education. I also found that the local community contribution has been instrumental in the vii
development of education institutions. However, as it reached the stage of free and compulsory education, there is increasing gaps between the local communities and schools, as a result some crucial issues of community ownership and management have emerged. The school community disconnect is consequence of the rent seeking behaviour among the authorities, and interest groups that seek to take use their influence in the education institutions for their personal and political interest rather than the wider community interest of quality free and compulsory education. The disconnect has not only detached the policy priorities from community needs but also hindered the local community capacity in policy participation and negotiation.
In addition, I found that the survival priorities and lack of access to information to the rights of the local communities have hindered their ability to contest weak policy implementation. Consequently, it has increased the vulnerabilities of the local communities and compelled them to tolerate illegalities in free and compulsory education policy practice and result into the misalignment between policy statement and policy action.
I conclude that the misalignment between the policy statement and policy action is not limited to the capacity gaps but to the school community disconnect and intentional misalignment between the interest of the local communities and local government authorities. The situation exposes how local communities who created the education systems are detached from the school institutions and left vulnerable by creating dual education systems based on their socioeconomic background. It exposes how weakly implemented free and compulsory education results in unequal implication to different groups of people in the community and creates accountability issues, symbolic violence and detachment from school systems with intergenerational equity issues.
Symbols are everywhere in politics. Yet, they tended to be overlooked in the study of public policy. This book shows how they play an important role in the policy process, in shaping citizens' representations thanks to their ability to combine meanings and to stimulate emotional reactions. We use crisis management as a lens through which we analyse this symbolic dimension, and we focus on two case studies (governmental responses to the Covid-19 crisis in Europe in 2020 and to terrorist attacks in France in 2015). We show how the symbolic enables leaders to claim legitimacy for themselves and their decisions, and foster feelings of reassurance, solidarity and belonging. All politicians use the symbolic, whether consciously or otherwise, but what they choose to do varies and is affected by timing, the existence of national repertoires of symbolic actions and the personas of leaders.
Public policy simply means governmental policy. The public policy can be generally defined as a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives. The important role of the public policy is to make India to lead a better life and to maintain the delivery of the goods and services in a significant manner. It is regarded as the mechanism for developing economic-social system, a procedure for determining the future and so on. There are divergent perspectives and issues of public policy have been available for the development of India. The relevant perspectives and issues can be utilized by the central government of India for its India’s development purpose and India can become a developed country by 2047 in the world.
Policy design gained popularity in the 1970s, thus proliferating extensive scholarly research within the field. This persistent trajectory is sustained by a significant emphasis on integrating diverse instruments within contemporary democratic and governance contexts. Despite the relevance of instrument mix, the integration of traditional, corporatist, and market-oriented policy instruments still needs to be explored in the African context, particularly in career management. This study addressed this gap by investigating the integration of these diverse paradigms through insights from the metaphysical foundations of governance models alongside the empirical data gathered from the stakeholders at the North West Province Departments of Cooperative Governance Traditional Affairs and Human Settlements. Findings revealed a divergence of policy design approaches, culminating in the misalignment of policy instruments in career management. This misalignment hampers the integration of employee development objectives with Public Service goals. Findings revealed that the underlying cause of this deficiency is the misalignment of NATO instruments. Therefore key stakeholders in both departments should realign policy instruments and enhance targeted capability building. The study contributes to public administration theory, policy design, career management, and integrative governance by prioritising the alignment of policy instruments, thereby bridging the gap between organisational and employee developmental goals. This collaborative approach reveals the potentiality of integrative governance in harmonising diverse policy instruments in public organisations. Keywords: Policy Design, Instrument Mixes, Career Management, Integrative Governance, Institutional, Atomistic, Fragmentation Ontologies.
This chapter examines the literature relating to the introduction of Sect. 26 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 in the context of a nascent code of police ethics, the late introduction onto the Bill of the offence of corrupt or improper practice which applies only to sworn police officers, and an exploration of the legal landscape as it impacts on corruption and policing. It also sets out the extrarationality associated with public policy introduction and why defining police corruption is harder than it might seem.
This chapter explores the psychology associated with the implementation of new ideas in the police service using police story telling data from my personal journals (van Hulst, M., & Tsoukas, H. (2021). Understanding extended narrative sensemaking: How police officers accomplish story work. Organization, 13,505,084,211,026,878.). It provides insights into the research question “what happened within the police service when the government created the offence of Corrupt or Improper Practice for police officers in Sect. 26 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015?”.
En ny græsrodsbevægelses skabelse af en politisk diskurs om borgerløn i Danmark i 1980’erne.
1990’ernes kamp om borgerløn som et element i den politiske dagsorden om velfærdssamfundets fornyelse
Public Policy operates at the borderline between practical concerns and academic research. This encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and updated source of reference in public policy research and practice. It covers terms, concepts, methods and theories of public policy and is fully international in its scope. More than 200 contributions of 300 internationally renowned experts from various countries provide a definitive access to the knowledge in the fields of public policy, public administration, public management and related fields. Students, scholars and practitioners will find reliable and up to date definitions and explanations of the key terms of public policy in a growing and diverging field.
Wages are a sensitive issue in industrial relations. In addition, the wage system is an important instrument in order to create a "healthy" wage system for the business world. So that the implementation of the distribution of wage incentives is of course dependent on the policies and capabilities of the company. Indonesia has just reformed the law regarding wages through the Job Creation Law in 2020. However, the substance of the Job Creation Law, especially in the employment cluster in the wage article, almost all results in losses to workers/workers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of the policies contained in the Job Creation Law to be able to assess the developments that have occurred in the implementation of the policy and see its effectiveness in the wage system in Indonesia and compare it with wages in Australia. This study uses a qualitative approach, using a literature review. The results of this study indicate that there is injustice which is the problem point in the wage provisions in the Job Creation Law. Comparison of wages in the Labor Law (in PP 78 of 2015) and the Ciptaker Law (in PP 36 of 2021) is found in several indicators, namely the Basis of Wage, Wage Calculation, Minimum Wage, Bonus, Wage Structure, and Severance. For a comparison between Australia and Indonesia, among others, Australia does not determine Regional MW but only determines National MW and Award MW. Meanwhile, Indonesia sets Regional MW that differ between regions by adjusting several factors, such as the level of economic density, speed of economic rotation, and technology adoption
O ciclo de políticas públicas possui diversas fases. Contudo, em saúde, as fases mais sensíveis e que geram mais questões jurídicas são as da formulação e implementação. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender a importância e as diferenças jurídicas associadas às fases de formulação e implementação das políticas públicas de saúde em Portugal estabelecendo-se, sempre que possível, um paralelismo com o Brasil. Como método, recorre-se à revisão da literatura e à análise dos diplomas legais que regem a saúde em Portugal. Numa primeira fase aborda-se a questão teórica do ciclo das políticas públicas, numa segunda fase a questão concreta das diferenças jurídicas entre as fases de formulação e implementação na área da saúde e numa terceira fase o paralelismo com a realidade da política de saúde do Brasil. Concluímos que o ciclo de políticas públicas é dinâmico. Ainda que as fases analisadas tenham especificidades, acabam por se complementar, embora a implementação dependa dos meios financeiros disponíveis no Ministério da Saúde. Deste modo, esta fase pode conduzir a um processo incompleto ainda que possua pressupostos bem formulados na lei.
Administration Public service innovation must have a welfare impact on bureaucrats and citizens. Welfare for bureaucrats purpose to increase discipline and comply with the principles and objectives of public service. The habit of bureaucrats requesting something for the sake of accelerating stimulus in service is an example of how it is not easy for citizens to get their rights in public services, thus distancing citizens from aspects of welfare. This research aims to describe, analyze, and interpret welfare in the delivery of public services in Banyuwangi Regency. Researchers use a qualitative approach based on constructive and participatory patterns. Primary data was obtained from interviews, and secondary data was obtained from literature studies and government policies that were relevant to the research topic. Data analysis utilizes the Atlas Ti 8.4.23 application, 2018. The results obtained in this study: (1) Receiving awards is not commensurate with people's comfort in public services; (2) The Banyuwangi Regency Government needs to establish a policy so that additional grants to the welfare of the freelance worker bureaucrat do not violate existing policies; (3) Prosperity for citizens can be realized if service is fast, precise, non-discriminatory, and not connected to brokers; (4) It is necessary to internalize and implement systems and ways of working services from the perspective of the new administrative paradigm and Pancasila ideology.
Objetivo: establecer relaciones entre información y toma de decisiones en torno a la planificación del desarrollo local, estudiando los usos de información en un proceso de planeación territorial en un área de Cali, Colombia. Métodos: se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y revisión documental. Se definieron 19 categorías de estudio mediante análisis deductivo e inductivo. Se realizó análisis horizontal y vertical de la información y se contrastaron fuentes y métodos. Se indagó sobre actores de las decisiones, tipos de información usada, tipos de uso, flujos y necesidades de información. Resultados: se identificaron valores subyacentes a la acción de los decisores, basados en sus percepciones. Se encontró que la información se considera como objeto que debe controlarse, que da poder. También se identificaron como determinantes de uso la información que desconoce necesidades comunitarias, el sentimiento de impotencia de las comunidades, la desconfianza en el proceso y en el gobierno y la visión sesgada de la planeación como asignación de dineros. Discusión: es pertinente establecer procesos de información que valoren, cualifiquen y complementen conocimientos comunitarios con mejoramiento de información institucional; que acerquen las comunidades al gobierno y a procesos políticos y que contribuyan al empoderamiento para una equitativa participación comunitaria en las decisiones de la planeación del desarrollo.
Berdasarkan data SDKI tahun 2017 Unmet Need di Provinsi DKI Jakarta sebesar 15,7%, angka tersebut masih di atas rata-rata nasional sebesar 10,6%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat masalah pengendalian penduduk di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Keluarga Berencana atau kebijakan KB dalam meningkatkan akses pelayanan KB, salah satunya melalui pelayanan KB gratis. Pelaksanaan mobilisasi layanan KB gratis sebagai upaya strategis Dinas PPAPP Provinsi DKI Jakarta dalam meningkatkan partisipasi Pasangan Usia Subur dalam KB sehingga diharapkan dapat menurunkan angka fertilitas total (TFR). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana implementasi kebijakan pengendalian kependudukan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta yang diatur dalam Peraturan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Nomor 43 Tahun 2017 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Keluarga Berencana (KB) dan untuk mengetahui hambatan-hambatan dalam pelaksanaannya. pelaksanaan kebijakan tersebut. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan kepada pejabat Kantor PPAPP selaku pengelola dan pelaksana kebijakan KB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi dari level manajemen dilakukan secara berkala melalui rapat koordinasi. Adanya dukungan regulasi untuk pelaksanaan program. Komitmen pengelola dan pelaksana dalam upaya pencapaian target peningkatan pengendalian penduduk. Kendala pada pelaksanaan program pengendalian kependudukan dapat mempengaruhi pelaksanaan menjadi kurang optimal.
Citizens and leaders must successfully influence and participate in processes of decision-making if we expect to advance human dignity and healthy ecologically functioning environments. The decision process—questions, standards, and pitfalls to avoid—can help you identify, create, and secure opportunities to advance human dignity in healthy environments. In other words, building skills in the decision process is key to becoming a responsible citizen or leader. Different goals or value demands (claim making) are expected in problem-solving groups in a democratic society. In these circumstances, there is no shortage of opportunities for you to help decision-make a sound process. As we lay out in this book, the decision process provides a stable frame of reference to organize and understand the interconnected activities of decision-making and draw attention to opportunities to make them more functional. The decision process can help you create or assess different decision-making processes, no matter how complex or seemingly chaotic. The worksheets below can help you attend to your role and work to improve your decisions.
This chapter further introduces a toolkit for systematic thinking for human dignity in healthy environments. Problem solving is largely about thinking oneself out of a challenging situation, where, in this book, a problem is a discrepancy between goals related to human dignity and actual events. The toolkit introduced here draws from well-tested approaches and experiences using them to help reduce this discrepancy systematically, specifically, and effectively. Systematic thinking is practical and communicable. It is based on accumulated knowledge that is subject to evaluation and verification. Systematic thinking helps us identify human dignity problems in actual cases and find opportunities and options for improvements.
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