Content uploaded by Simona Marchesini
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Simona Marchesini on Jun 21, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
ARCHAEOLINGUA
Edited by
ERZSÉBET JEREM and WOLFGANG MEID
Series Minor
38
BUDAPEST 2016
CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS
IN IRON AGE EUROPE
Edited by
IAN ARMIT, HRVOJE POTREBICA, MATIJA ČREŠNAR,
PHILIP MASON and LINDSEY BÜSTER
Front Cover
Digital image showing detail of face of female fi gure on the Vače situla
(produced by Adrian Evans and Rachael Kershaw, and reproduced
courtesy and copyright of the National Museum of Slovenia
/Bradford Visualisation/ENTRANS).
Back Cover
Lidar image showing the Iron Age hillfort of Poštela near Maribor in Slovenia,
and its surrounding landscape (prepared by Dimitrij Mlekuž, and reproduced
courtesy of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia).
ISBN 978-963-9911-83-3
HU-ISSN 1216-6847
© by the Authors and Archaeolingua Foundation
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, digitised, photo copying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
2016
ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY
H-1250 Budapest, Úri u. 49.
Desktop editing and layout by Rita Kovács
Printed by Prime Rate Kft.
Contents
IAN ARMIT – HRVOJE POTREBICA – MATIJA ČREŠNAR –
PHILIP MASON – LINDSEY BÜSTER
Introduction: cultural encounters and the ENTRANS Project .................. 7
THE ENTRANS PROJECT: CURRENT DIRECTIONS
LINDSEY BÜSTER – IAN ARMIT – ADRIAN EVANS –
RACHAEL KERSHAW
Developing the 3D imaging of Iron Age art in the ENTRANS Project ... 23
HRVOJE POTREBICA – JANJA MAVROVIĆ MOKOS
Encounters on borders of worlds:
the Kaptol Group in the Early Iron Age communication network ........... 39
IGOR MEDARIĆ – BRANKO MUŠIČ – MATIJA ČREŠNAR
Tracing fl at cremation graves using integrated
advanced processing of magnetometry data ............................................ 67
PHILIP MASON – DIMITRIJ MLEKUŽ
Negotiating space in the Early Iron Age landscape of
south-eastern Slovenia: the case of Veliki Vinji vrh ................................ 95
REBECCA NICHOLLS – JO BUCKBERRY
Death and the body: using osteological methods to investigate
the later prehistoric funerary archaeology of Slovenia and Croatia ...... 121
REBECCA NICHOLLS – HANNAH KOON
The use of stable light isotopes as a method of exploring the homogeneity
and heterogeneity of diet in Late Bronze Age
and Early Iron Age Temperate Europe: a preliminary study ................. 145
CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES
ALEXIS GORGUES
Trade in a liminal zone: commercial encounter and transformation
in the Iron Age north-west Mediterranean ............................................. 167
ANA DELGADO HERVÁS – MERITXELL FERRER
Feeding an emporion: gastronomies and
identities in Empúries, north Catalonia (5th century BC) ....................... 211
LOUP BERNARD
From the farm to the hillfort:
what happens to a Celt when a Greek settles at his door? ..................... 235
FABIO SACCOCCIO
The Venetic-Etruscan-Celtic encounters
in the Po River lowlands (north-eastern Italy) ....................................... 247
SIMONA MARCHESINI – ROSA RONCADOR
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine Region during
the Second Iron Age: multidisciplinary research ................................... 267
AUREL RUSTOIU – SÁNDOR BERECKI
Cultural encounters and fl uid identities
in the eastern Carpathian Basin in the 4th-3rd centuries BC ................... 285
SVETLANA SHARAPOVA
It is traced on bone: social identity in bioarchaeological research
of Iron Age populations of the Trans-Urals and western Siberia ........... 305
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age: multidisciplinary research
SIMONA MARCHESINI* – ROSA RONCADOR*
Abstract
Recent archaeological research in the central-eastern Alpine region reveals a Celtic
presence during the Iron Age. La Tène type weapons, ornaments and artistic products
found in the ‘Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture’ indicate the complex web of contacts established
between the Celts and the local population, the Raeti. Nevertheless, it is unclear
as to what kind of relationship these objects refer: cultural infl uence, movement of
people, commercial exchange, gifts among élites, intermarriage (see TECCHIATI 1999;
MARZATICO 2001; STÖLLNER 2010; RONCADOR 2011; MARCHESINI 2013; RONCADOR in
press). These objects have been found in sanctuaries, such as Campi Neri (Sanzeno), but
also in settlements, such as Tesero Sottopedonda and necropolises, such as Settequerce
and Vadena. Thanks to recent linguistic discoveries and to the revision of all Rhaetic
inscriptions, the linguistic trace of the Celtic presence in this region during the Second
Iron Age was confi rmed. Linguistically integrated Celtic gods, and personal names in
Tesero, Cles, Campi Neri and Vadena, allow for the identifi cation of a deeper, resident
presence of Celts among the Raeti. Multidisciplinary research provides a more detailed
understanding of this complex historical scenario and allows us to outline cultural
identities and their interactions.
Keywords: Celts, Raetians, La Tène, material culture, Celtic language, people interactions
Introduction
The presence of objects from different areas in a defi ned region can be due to
manifold reasons and motivations, as often focused on in the archaeological,
anthropological and linguistic literature (see for example archaeological
contributions by TECCHIATI 1999 and STÖLLNER 2010; the anthropological and
linguistic literature has been recently summarised by MARCHESINI 2007). In the
present case, an attempt has been made to combine archaeological and linguistic
evidence, in order to examine the kinds of interactions taking place between Raeti
and Celts in the north-eastern Alpine region during the Late Iron Age (Second Iron
Age). We have collected data from between the 5th century BC and the Roman
period. Comparison between the two kinds of evidence, together with the results
* Alteritas, Verona. E-mail: s.marchesini@progettoalteritas.org
268 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
of recent linguistic discoveries about the Raetic language, has provided a deeper
insight into the relations between these two peoples. After a short description
of the historical and geographical framework, the archaeological data will be
presented, followed by the epigraphic/linguistic elements.
Historical, archaeological and linguistic outline:
an interdisciplinary overview
Historical framework
According to Greek and Roman authors, the Raeti occupied the central Alpine
region during the Second Iron Age (Fig. 1) (MARZATICO 2001; 2014b). This
‘ethnos’ (mentioned in the inscription from the Arthemision in Ephesus) is
archeologically represented by the so-called Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture, identifi ed
by researchers during the seventies and named after the two main settlements:
Sanzeno in the Non Valley (Trentino, Italy) and Fritzens in the Inn Valley
(Austria). This culture is characterised by particular ceramics and metallic
products and by the typical form of houses (the so-called ‘casa retica’), as well as
by the diffusion of inscriptions written in a local, Raetic alphabet (MARCHESINI
2013). The identifi cation of continuity from the previous Luco/Laugen-Meluno/
Melaun Culture of the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age to the Fritzens-Sanzeno
Culture supports the idea of a local origin for the Raetic people (MARZATICO
2014a). According to ancient authors, the Raeti were sometimes considered to be
Celts (such as by Ptolemy, III, 1 or Pompeius Trogus, apud Justin, XX, 5) whilst
at other times, they were considered to be Etruscans (as by Livy, V, 33 or Pliny
the Elder, N.H. III, 133).
Archaeological framework
The Celtic origin of the Raeti has been posited by many local and foreign schol-
ars since the end of the 19th century, a period characterised by great refl ection on
Celtic culture. This atmosphere was refl ected in the Convegno Internazionale di
Antropologia e Archeologia, which took place in Bologna in 1871. During this
conference, Gabriel de Mortillet underlined the similarities that existed between
the objects found in the Marne region (France) and those recovered during
excavations in the Etruscan city of Marzabotto. Weapons and ornaments that
269
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
were found in this important centre in the Po Valley were interpreted as traces/
refl ections of the historical migrations of Celts, mentioned in the written sources
(DE MORTILLET 1871). From this point onwards and in later contributions, scholars
from Trentino and from other European countries tried to outline the nature of the
human presence in the central-eastern Alpine region during the Second Iron Age.
Study (Fig. 2) (RONCADOR 2011; 2014; in press) of the indicators of contact
between Celts and Raeti (i.e. La Tène artefacts or those that imitate La Tène
models such as belt-hooks, swords, sword sheaths, shields, helmets, lances,
brooches, other metal artefacts, glass bracelets and pottery) has permitted
defi nition of the chronology of these relationships in respect of their intensity,
Fig. 1. Localisation of Raeti and of the area of spread of the Fritzens-Sanzeno
material culture in northern Italy (from MARZATICO 2014a, 14).
270 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
if not of their nature. It is not yet clear whether these objects refl ect commercial
contacts, intermarriage, gifts among elites, or even a mixture of all these factors.
For these reasons the authors have chosen to compare the archaeological and
linguistic data, in order to more closely examine the relations between these two
peoples.
Linguistic framework
Linguistic investigation has revealed a Celtic presence in the Raetic region,
emerging from two different types of information: the borrowing of Celtic
Fig. 2. Archaeological sites of Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture (central-eastern Alpine region)
with La Tène or La Tène style objects. Blue circles represent the sites quoted in the
paper (re-elaboration from ©Institut für Geographie und Landeskunde.
Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck).
271
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
religious/cult elements and the presence of integrated, originally Celtic
names. Onomastic sciences can often be a tool for social investigation: socio-
linguistically speaking, borrowed proper names can not only refl ect trends,
as is the case in modern times, but also social changes, such as migration and
integration. Onomastic fashion can reveal signifi cant interaction between peoples
in a period and a region characterised by fragmentation, as was the Raetic case.
Integrated borrowed names, i.e. names that are not only phonologically adapted,
but also morphologically integrated into the new language, reveal a deep degree
of integration, as demonstrated in the following cases.
Case studies
A number of case studies will be presented here. These are three contexts of
the Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture, which have yielded La Tène objects in conjunc-
tion with linguistic evidence for a Celtic component – a cemetery, a settlement
and a sacred place – which together refl ect the main aspects of everyday Raetic
life. The case of the name of a Celtic divinity in a Raetic magic inscription from
Tesero Sottopedonda in the Fiemme Valley (Trentino) is also presented as a sig-
nifi cant witness to intercultural relations.
The necropolis of Vadena/Pfatten Stadlhof (Bolzano/Bozen)
Archaeological data
The cemetery of Vadena/Pfatten Stadlhof has been studied since the second half
of the 19th century. Two-hundred-and-twenty cremation graves have been dis-
covered so far, but research is still in progress. They are characterised by a pit
covered with pebbles and stone slabs. The graves range in date from the Bronze
Age to the Late Roman period. La Tène objects have only been found in a group
of seven inhumations, excavated in 1928 by Ettore Ghislanzoni, Soprintendente
alle Antichità delle Venezie. The La Tène component of these tombs, such as
swords, lances, helmets, bronze and iron brooches, dated to the 4th century and the
beginning of the 3rd century BC (Fig. 3A). These objects were often intentionally
damaged, as is often the case in La Tène necropolises. The presence of La Tène
type weaponry (that is otherwise absent from earlier and more recent burials), the
difference in burial rite (probable inhumation instead of incineration), and the
absence or low number of local ceramics in the graves, could refl ect the presence
272 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
Fig. 3. La Tène or La Tène style objects from Vadena/Pfatten Stadlhof (A);
Sanzeno (B); Cles Campi Neri (C).
273
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
of foreign people, most probably Celtic warriors, within this Raetic community
(GHISLANZONI 1940; ALBERTI 2007).
Linguistic data
An inscription from a tomb with a porphyry stele (MARCHESINI 2014b, 289;
Fig. 4 = MLR 289) discovered in 1853 in the aforementioned Vadena/Pfatten
Stadlhof necropolis, and now kept in the Ferdinandeum Museum in Innsbruck,
has been interpreted in the past, or rather misinterpreted, within a Celto-Etruscan
framework by commentators (CONWAY et al. 2000; DE BERNARDO STEMPEL
2009, 175). As a result of recent insights into the Raetic language (DE SIMONE
– MARCHESINI 2013; MARCHESINI 2013; 2014a; 2014b) and its classifi cation
within the newly outlined “Tirrenico Comune” linguistic family (comprising
Etruscan, the language of the Isle of Lemnos and the Raetic language), it is now
possible to understand the type and quality of Celtic elements in this Raetic text.
The inscription is dated to between approximately the 4th and 3rd century BC and
can be read as 1pnake:vitamu|2la↑em. After a verb of unknown meaning (pnake)
expressed in the past tense, the name Vitamu represents the Raetic form of a
Celtic name, i.e. the superlative in –ṃ o , of a base *windo-, with the meaning of
“white”, “fair”, “noble”. The name has been integrated into the local language,
which had no /o/ sound (phoneme/grapheme) and did not possess a voiced dental
/d/.
Fig. 4. Porphyry stele from the necropolis of Vadena/Pfatten Stadlhof (Bolzano) with
Raetic inscription mentioning Vitamu (4th–3rd century BC)
(from MANCINI 1975, Tav. XXXVI b, c).
274 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
The settlement of Sanzeno
Archaeological data
Sanzeno is located in the northern part of the Val di Non (Trentino, Italy) on
a limestone plateau, bounded to the north-west and to the south by two small
streams. As such, the settlement was established on a naturally defended location.
Since the second half of the 19th century this site has produced large numbers of
archaeological fi nds, which were initially recovered by peasants and were later
sold to antiquarians, to tourists and to regional and foreign museums. The fi rst
systematic excavations were carried out between 1927 and 1928. They continued
in the 1950s and, more recently, from the 1990s to the present day. Sections of
walls, the remains of domestic dwellings and workshops have been found (MAR-
ZATICO 1999; RONCADOR 2009).
Recent excavations have resulted in a better understanding of the development
of the site and the different occupation levels. The fi rst phase is characterised by an
apparent lack of unitary planning in the layout of the houses within the settlement
(6th–5th century BC). This is followed by the second phase, characterised by a
‘proto urban’ settlement, which began in the 4th century BC. Metallurgical
production and imports from the Mediterranean world, as well as from Central
Europe, increased in this phase (MARZATICO 1999).
Many La Tène objects have been found in in Sanzeno, which are dated to
between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC (Fig. 3B). These include weapons (swords,
sword scabbards, shield fi ttings, helmets and spearheads – NOTHDURFTER 1979),
ornaments (brooches and bracelets – ADAM 1996), artistic products (the so-called
disco di Sanzeno) and parts of a carnyx – a type of horn, with an animal-shaped
head, used by the Celts during battles to terrify the enemies. The rarity and
importance of this object led, in 2008, to the launching of an international research
project focused on the experimental reconstruction of the carnyx (RONCADOR
2009; RONCADOR – MELINI 2010; RONCADOR 2014; BELLINTANI et al. in press;
PICCARDO et al. in press).
Linguistic data
A bronze statuette of a warrior was found in Sanzeno in 1846 (Fig. 5A–D). Its
base bears a Raetic inscription: laturusi pianus apanin (SCHUMACHER 1992,
SZ-6; CONWAY et al. 2000, 197; MARCHESINI 2014a, 135 = MLR 160). A prob-
able meaning of the text could be: “[that is] the apanin of Pianu for Latur”, as
275
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
the -si dative in Latur-u-si and the -s genitive in Pianu-s suggest, whilst apanin
seems to be expressed in a casus absolutus (nominative/accusative, coinciding
in this language). The name Pianu is attested three times in the Raetic area (the
other two examples were found in Cles and Campi Neri, see below and Fig. 6),
and once more in the form Piana in the Celtic area of northern Italy, on the stele
from Brisino (near Stresa, Lake Maggiore, and dated into the 2nd century BC).
It has been suggested on several occasions (MORANDI 2004, 275; MATASOVIĆ
2009, s.v.; DE BERNARDO STEMPEL 2014, 96) that this name has a basis in Celtic
etymology (*Bivanos < *Bíwo-no-s “alive”).
The cult place of Cles, Campi Neri
Archaeological data
From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, a large amount of archaeological
material from different periods has been found in the large archaeological area
of Campi Neri, which is located above the modern settlement of Cles in the Val
di Non, Trentino (CIURLETTI et al. 2004; ENDRIZZI et al. 2009). The place-name
itself derives from the black colour of the soil, which is caused by the presence of
AB
CD
Fig. 5. Details (A-D) of the inscription on the bronze statuette of a warrior
(so-called ‘Marte’), Sanzeno (Trento) with a Raetic inscription mentioning the name
Pianu (5th century BC) (©Uffi cio beni archeologici, Soprintendenza per i beni culturali,
Provincia autonoma di Trento).
276 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
burnt bone and charcoal, mixed with other burned artefacts and plant material, as
is usually the case at these ritual sites, which are known as Brandopferplätze. An
area of 2700m2 was excavated between 1999 and 2007. The site reveals complex
structures of walls, paths, small stone circles and pits, which were re-used for
several thousand years, from the Copper Age into the Roman period.
La Tène weapons and ornaments (Fig. 3C) were found in association with
Fritzens-Sanzeno material in a large pit (24m²), dated to between the 5th and 2nd
century BC, in the south-eastern part of the area. Archaeologists have interpreted
the area as a non-structured votive deposit or a collection of more ancient objects,
deposited during reorganisation of the sacred area in the Roman period.
Linguistic data
A small bronze bar (Fig. 7) was discovered during the excavations conducted
by the Archaeological Offi ce of Trento (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici
della Provincia autonoma di Trento) between 1999 and 2007 on the site of Campi
Fig. 6. Small bronze of a fi gure on horseback from Cles, Campi Neri,
with an inscription mentioning the name Pianu (mid-6th–5th century BC;
from MARCHESINI 2014a, 136 = MLR 29).
277
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
Fig. 7. Small bronze cylindrical rod from Cles, Campi Neri (Trento) with a Raetic inscription mentioning the names Esumne and
Pianu (mid-6th–5th century BC) (©Uffi cio beni archeologici, Soprintendenza per i beni culturali, Provincia autonoma di Trento).
278 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
Neri, Cles (MARCHESINI 2014a = MLR 30). The small bronze bar comes from a
ritual deposit, which comprised animal bone and other metal votive objects, as is
usual in Alpine open sanctuaries called ‘Brandopferplätze’. A small gold ring was
inserted onto the rod, probably at the time of deposition (Fig. 7).
The inscription nu↑nuale upiku pianus esumnesi, is a votive text, which is
shown by the typical Raetic verbal name upiku (“given”, “offered”, or something
similar). The name of the dedicator/supplicant (Pianu), as well as the name
of the recipient (compounded by a name and a -nu (male surname): esumnesi
nu↑nuale, both in pertinentive/dative case) are included in the short text. It is
worth noting that one or, more probably,
two names in this text are of Celtic origin.
The original form of the name Esumne is
well-attested in many forms (for instance as
Exobnos, Exobna, Ex-omnus, Ex-omniacus)
in the ancient Celtic speaking/writing area
(Gallia or northern Italy) up to the Roman
period and has a Celtic etymology: “fearless”
(see for example Gallic ehoft, middle Breton
ehaffn “fearless”, ancient Irish essamain).
The name Esumne, with the internal /o/
replaced by the /u/ sound and the end case
treated as -e, reveals a phonological as well
as a morphological adaptation of a foreign
name to the Raetic language. For the name
Pianu, which has a Celtic etymology as well,
see the discussion above.
A third kind of evidence: Raetic
language revealing Celtic religion
An inscribed horn with a Raetic inscription
(Fig. 8) was found in a settlement area in the
Fig. 8. Inscribed bone from a Raetic house in
Tesero, Sottopedonda (TN) with the
name of Tarani (4th–3rd century BC)
(from MARCHESINI 2012, 187).
279
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
Fiemme Valley (Trentino) by Tesero Sottopendonda. It dates to the Late Iron
Age (4th–3rd century BC) and reveals a magic, ritual text, with a local adaptation
of the name of the Celtic thunder god Taranis (MARCHESINI 2012 = MLR 275).
The name of the god is repeated twice in alternate lines, as it would be in a litany.
On further analysis of the form of the divine name, it is possible to state that it
is morphologically integrated into the Raetic language, not simply borrowed. It
is the name of a foreign divinity used for a local, private cult. A contextual clue,
such as the fi nd of more than 80 goat anklebones (the sign of the practice of astra-
galomanteia) in the same context, confi rms the interpretation of magic/religious
practice in connection with the Taranis text.
Conclusions
The archaeological data reveal chronologically heterogeneous distributions of La
Tène objects in the Raetic area in terms of their amount and quality. These com-
prise: a small number of high quality elite objects from the 5th century BC and
a large amount of more standardised objects. Most of the latter that imitate and
re-elaborate La Tène cultural traits are dated to the 4th century and especially to
the 3rd century BC. A new phase began in the 2nd century BC: at this time, the
central-eastern Alpine region participated in the so-called Gallo-Roman koine,
which was widespread in the territories of the Po Plain. It was a uniform cultural
situation, which lead to the formation of a commercially-oriented culture.
The archaeological record of La Tène objects in the Raetic area per sé could
be referred to as on or more possible interactions of peoples, as outlined at the
beginning of this paper. T aken together with the linguistic evidence that shows
the integration and adaptation of Celtic names into the Raetic language, they
reveal the possibility of a deep and structured integration of Celtic people into
this area between the 5th and the 4th century BC.
280 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
References
ADAM, A. M. 1996
Le fi bule di tipo Celtico nel Trentino. Patrimonio storico artistico del Trentino,
19. Trento, Temi.
ALBERTI, A. 2007
La necropoli protostorica di Vadena. Unpublished Dissertation in “Protostoria
Europea”, University of Rome.
BELLINTANI, P. – RONCADOR, R. – SILVESTRI, E. – ERVAS, A. –
PICCARDO, P. – MILLE, B. – MELINI, R. (in press)
Il progetto di ricerca sperimentale “Karnyx di Sanzeno”: stato dell’arte.
Atti del III Convegno Internazionale di Archeologia Sperimentale, Blera -
Civitella Cesi 8 – 10 Aprile 2011.
CIURLETTI, G. – DEGASPERI, N. – ENDRIZZI, L. 2004
I Campi Neri di Cles: un luogo di culto dalla protostoria alla tarda romanità.
Le ricerche in corso. In: de Vos, M. (ed.), Archeologia del territorio, Metodi
Materiali Prospettive. Medjerda e Adige: due territori a confronto. 453–466.
Trento, Dipartimento di Scienze Filologiche e Storiche, Università di Trento.
CONWAY, R. S. – WHATMOUGH, J. – JOHNSON, S. E. 1933
The Prae-Italic Dialects of Italy (3 Vols). Cambridge (MA), Cambridge
University Press.
DE BERNARDO STEMPEL, P. 2009
La ricostruzione del Celtico d’Italia sulla base dell’onomastica antica. In:
Poccetti, P. (ed.), L’onomastica dell’Italia antica. Aspetti linguistici, storici,
culturali, tipologici e classifi catory. 153–192. Roma, Collection de l’École
Française de Rome 413.
DE BERNARDO STEMPEL, P. 2014
Livelli di celticità linguistica nell’Italia settentrionale. In: Barral, P. –
Guillaumet, J.-P. – Roulière-Lambert, M.-J. – Saracino, M. – Vitali, D. (eds),
Les Celtes et le Nord de l’Italie: Premier et Second Âges du Fer / I Celti e
L’Italia del Nord: Prima e Seconda Età del Ferro, Actes du 36ème colloque
international de l’AFEAF, Vérone, 17-20 mai 2012. 89–102. Dijon, Revue
Archéologique de l’Est.
DE MORTILLET, G. 1871
Les Gaulois de Marzabotto dans l’Apennin. Revue Archéologique XXII,
288–290.
281
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
DE SIMONE, C. – MARCHESINI, S. (eds.) 2013
La lamina di Demlfeld. Mediterranea, Suppl. 8. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizo Serra
Editore.
ENDRIZZI, L. – DEGASPERI, N. – MARZATICO, F. 2009
Luoghi di culto nell’area retica. In: Cresci Marrone, G. – Tirelli, M. (eds.),
Altnoi. Il santuario altinate: strutture del sacro a confronto e i luoghi di culto
lungo la via Annia. Atti del Convegno, Venezia 4-6 dicembre 2006. 263–292.
Roma, Edizioni Quasar.
GHISLANZONI, E. 1940
Il sepolcreto di Vadena (Bolzano). Monumenti antichi della Reale Accademia
Nazionale dei Lincei 38, 319–534.
MANCINI, A. 1975
Iscrizioni retiche. Rivista di Epigrafi a Italica, Studi Etruschi XLIII, 249–306.
MARCHESINI, S. 2007
Prosopographia Etrusca. II.1. Studia. Gentium Mobilitas, Roma.
MARCHESINI, S. 2012
La ricezione di elementi cultuali allogeni in ambito celtico: Taranis in Val
di Fiemme (TN). In: Regoli, C. (ed.), Mode e Modelli. Fortuna e insuccesso
nella circolazione di cose e idee. 177–190. Offi cina Etruscologia 7, Roma.
MARCHESINI, S. 2013
Descrizione epigrafi ca della lamina. In: de Simone, C. – Marchesini, S. (eds),
La lamina di Demlfeld. 45–54. Mediterranea, Supplemento 8. Pisa–Roma,
Fabrizio Serra Editore.
MARCHESINI, S. 2014a
Nuove iscrizioni retiche da Cles e Sanzeno (Trento). In: Roncador, R. –
Nicolis F. (eds), Antichi popoli delle Alpi. Sviluppi culturali durante l’età
del Ferro nei territori alpini centro-orientali. Atti della giornata di studi
internazionale, Sanzeno 1st may 2010. 127–144. Provincia Autonoma di
Trento. Soprintendenza per i Beni architettonici e archeologici. Uffi cio Beni
Archeologici, Trento.
MARCHESINI, S. 2014b
Über die rätische Inschrift aus Pfatten/Vadena im Tiroler Landesmuseum
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck. Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch der Tiroler Landes-
museen 7, 202–217.
282 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
MARKEY, T. 2000
Rheto-Celtic pnake-vitamulate = *Ben(n)acos Windamolatos. General
Linguistics 37(1), 37–40.
MARZATICO, F. 1999
I Reti in Trentino: Il Gruppo Fritzens-Sanzeno. In: Ciurletti G. – Marzatico, F.
(eds), Die Räter/I Reti. ArcheoAlp 5. 467–504. Trento, Servizio Beni
Culturali/Uffi cio Beni Archeologici.
MARZATICO, F. 2001
La seconda età del Ferro. In: Lanzinger, M. – Marzatico F. – Pedrotti A. (eds),
Storia del Trentino. La preistoria e la protostoria, vol. I, 479–573. Bologna,
Il Mulino.
MARZATICO, F. 2014a
Il mondo retico tra Etruschi e Celti. In: Barral, P. – Guillaumet, J.-P. –
Roulière-Lambert, M.-J. – Saracino, M. – Vitali, D. (eds), Les Celtes et le
Nord de l’Italie: Premier et Second Âges du Fer (I Celti e L’Italia del Nord:
Prima e Seconda Età del Ferro). Actes du 36ème colloque international de
l’AFEAF, Vérone, 17–20 mai 2012. 189–210. Dijon, Revue Archéologique
de l’Est.
MARZATICO, F. 2014b
L’età del Ferro in area alpina centro orientale. Aspetti e problemi. In Roncador,
R. – Nicolis, F. (eds), Antichi popoli delle Alpi. Sviluppi culturali durante
l’età del Ferro nei territori alpini centro-orientali. Atti della giornata di studi
internazionale, Sanzeno 1st may 2010. 11–28. Trento, Soprintendenza per i
Beni architettonici e archeologici/Uffi cio Beni Archeologici.
MATASOVIĆ, R. 2009
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden – Boston, Brill.
MLR
Monumenta Linguae Raeticae, ed S. Marchesini in cooperation with
R. Roncador, Roma Scienze e Lettere 2015.
MORANDI, A. 2004
Epigrafi a e Lingua. In: Piana Agostinetti, P. (ed.), Celti d’Italia, Tomo II.
Roma, Spazio Tre.
NOTHDURFTER, J. 1979
Die Eisenfunde von Sanzeno im Nonsberg. Römisch-Germanische
Forschungen 38. Mainz, von Zabern.
283
Celts and Raetians in the central-eastern Alpine region
during the Second Iron Age
RIX, H. 1998
Rätisch und Etruskisch. Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der
Universität Innsbruck.
RONCADOR, R. 2009
La riscoperta del carnyx di Sanzeno (Val di Non, Trentino). Storia degli studi
e inquadramento culturale. In: Grunwald, S. – Koch, J. K. – Mölders, D. –
Sommer, U. – Wolfram, S. (eds), Festschrift für Sabine Rieckhoff zum 65.
Geburtstag. 547–555. Teil 2.
RONCADOR, R. 2011
Celti e Reti tra V e I sec. a.C. Oggetti tipo La Tène all’interno della cerchia
culturale Fritzens-Sanzeno (arco alpino centro-orientale). Unpublished PhD
Thesis, University of Bologna.
RONCADOR, R. 2014
Celti e Reti tra V e I sec. a.C: contesto culturale e progetto di ricerca “Karnyx
di Sanzeno”. In: Roncador, R. – Nicolis, F. (eds), Antichi popoli delle Alpi.
Sviluppi culturali durante l’età del Ferro nei territori alpini centro-orientali.
Atti della giornata di studi internazionale, Sanzeno 1st may 2010. 157–181.
Trento, Soprintendenza per i Beni architettonici e archeologici/Uffi cio Beni
Archeologici.
RONCADOR, R. in press
Celti e Reti. Interazioni tra popoli durante la seconda età del Ferro in ambito
alpino centro-orientale. Bologna, BraDypUS.
RONCADOR, R. – MELINI, R. 2010
Il karnyx di Sanzeno (Val di Non, Trentino): ritrovamento, indagini e
ricostruzione. In: Carrese, M. – Li Castro, E. – Martinelli, M. (eds), La
musica in Etruria. Atti del convegno internazionale di Tarquinia. 155–176.
Tarquinia, Commune di Tarquinia.
SCHUMACHER, S. 1992 (2004)
Rätische Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung,
Archaeolingua, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaften, Sonderheft
121. 2. (erweiterte Aufl age Innsbruck 2004). Innsbruck, Verlag des Instituts
für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
STÖLLNER, T. 2010
Mobilität und Kulturwandel im Frühlatènekreis – das Beispiel Frühlatène-
gürtelhaken. In: Jerem, E. – Schönfelder, M. – Wieland G. (eds), Nord-
Süd, Ost-West. Kontakte während der Eisenzeit in Europa. Akten der
284 Simona Marchesini – Rosa Roncador
Internationalen Tagungen der AG Eisenzeit in Hamburg und Sopron 2002.
277–319. Budapest, Archaeolingua.
TECCHIATI, U. 1999
L’esperienza dell’altro. Scambi e relazioni transculturali nella preistoria e
nella protostoria della regione alpina centrale. In: Cossetto, M. (ed.), Fare
Storia a Scuola, vol 2. Materiali di lavoro del gruppo di studio sulle fonti
della storia locale. 13–44. Bolzano/Bozen, Istituto Pedagogico in Lingua
Italiana.
