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Single hop selection based forwarding in WDFAD-DBR for under water wireless sensor networks
Abstract
The design of routing protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) holds many challenges, due to long propagation, high mobility, limited bandwidth and multi path routing. As a consequence of the occurrence of the void hole, and uneven distribution of nodes in the network, the selection of next forwarding in one hop or even two hops may result in failure of forwarding in indigenous sparse deployment region. In order to reduce the probability of occurrence of void hole this protocol presents Single Hop Selection based Forwarding WDFAD-DBR (SHSF-WDFAD-DBR), which selects at least two optimal forwarder nodes in the communication range to reduce the probability of occurrence of void hole and it also avoids the backward transmissions. In addition the mechanism of forwarding area division and neighbor node prediction mechanism is proposed to reduce the energy consumption caused by duplicate packets and neighbor request. Finally the simulations are conducted to verify the efficiency and legitimacy of SHSF-WDFAD-DBR with respect to Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and energy tax.
Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much research attention from both academia and industry, in order to explore the vast underwater environment. UWSNs have peculiar characteristics; that is, they have large propagation delay, high error rate, low bandwidth, and limited energy. Therefore, designing network/routing protocols for UWSNs is very challenging. Also, in UWSNs, improving the energy efficiency is one of the most important issues since the replacement of the batteries of underwater sensor nodes is very expensive due to the unpleasant underwater environment. In this paper, we therefore propose an energy efficient routing protocol, named (energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol) EEDBR for UWSNs. EEDBR utilizes the depth of sensor nodes for forwarding data packets. Furthermore, the residual energy of sensor nodes is also taken into account in order to improve the network lifetime. Based on the comprehensive simulation using NS2, we observe that EEDBR contributes to the performance improvements in terms of the network lifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay. A previous version of this paper was accepted in AST-2011 conference.
In this paper, we tackle one fundamental problem in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs): robust, scalable and energy efficient
routing. UWSNs are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high
latency, node float mobility (resulting in high network dynamics), high error probability, and 3-dimensional space. These
new features bring many challenges to the network protocol design of UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol,
called vector-based forwarding (VBF), to provide robust, scalable and energy efficient routing. VBF is essentially a position-based
routing approach: nodes close to the “vector” from the source to the destination will forward the message. In this way, only
a small fraction of the nodes are involved in routing. VBF also adopts a localized and distributed self-adaptation algorithm
which allows nodes to weigh the benefit of forwarding packets and thus reduce energy consumption by discarding the low benefit
packets. Through simulation experiments, we show the promising performance of VBF.
This paper investigates a fundamental networking problem in underwater sensor networks: robust and energy-efficient routing. We present an adaptive location-based routing protocol, called hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding (HH-VBF). It uses the notion of a "routing vector" (a vector from the source to the sink) acting as the axis of the "routing pipe", similar to the vector based forward (VBF) routing in the work of P. Xie, J.-H. Cui and L. Lao (VBF: Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks. Technical report, UCONN CSE Technical Report: UbiNet-TR05-03 (BECAT/CSE-TR-05-6), Feb. 2005). Unlike the original VBF approach, however, HH-VBF suggests the use of a routing vector for each individual forwarder in the network, instead of a single network-wide source-to-sink routing vector. By the creation of the hop-by-hop vectors, HH-VBF can overcome two major problems in VBF: (1) too small data delivery ratio for sparse networks; (2) too sensitive to "routing pipe" radius threshold. We conduct simulations to evaluate HH-VBF, and the results show that HH-VBF yields much better performance than VBF in sparse networks. In addition, HH-VBF is less sensitive to the routing pipe radius threshold. Furthermore, we also analyze the behavior of HH-VBF and show that assuming proper redundancy and feedback techniques, HH-VBF can facilitate the avoidance of any "void" areas in the network.
In this paper, we propose a reliable and energy-efficient routing algorithm for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). We first use a sphere energy depletion model to analyze the energy consumption of nodes in UWSNs. We then extend the model by considering the node mobility in UWSNs. Our analysis is in accordance with the common view that although water flows might cause the underwater environment more dynamic, this instability can actually improve energy-efficiency. However, the nodes closer to the sink still tend to die early, causing network partition around the sink. Accordingly, we propose a Reliable and Energy BAlanced Routing algorithm (REBAR). We explore the tradeoff between packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency. We design an adaptive scheme for setting data propagation range in order to balance the energy consumption throughout the network. Multi-path routing is used to provide redundancy. We further extend REBAR to deal with possible routing voids in the network which could be common in UWSNs. Simulation results show that our protocol outperforms existing VBF-based approaches in terms of reliability and network lifetime.
Energy optimized Path Unaware Layered Routing Protocol (E-PULRP) for dense 3D Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is proposed and analysed in this paper. In the proposed E-PULRP, sensor nodes report events to a stationary sink node using on the fly routing. E-PULRP consists of a layering phase and communication phase. In the layering phase, a layering structure is presented wherein nodes occupy different layers in the form of concentric shells, around a sink node. The layer widths and transmission energy of nodes in each layer are chosen taking into consideration the probability of successful packet transmission and minimization of overall energy expenditure in packet transmission. During the communication phase, we propose a method to select intermediate relay nodes on the fly, for delivering packets from the source node to sink node. We develop a mathematical framework to analyse the energy optimization achieved by E-PULRP. We further obtain expressions for throughput, delay and derive performance bounds for node densities and packet forwarding probabilities, for given traffic conditions. A comparison is made between the results obtained based on simulations and analytical expressions. The energy efficiency is also demonstrated in comparison with existing routing protocol for underwater sensor networks.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) provide a solution for monitoring those unstable environments which is considered frightening for human presence. These networks are mostly formed by acoustic sensor nodes and surface sinks called buoys that are connected to any onshore control centre. The reliable delivery of sensed data to the surface sink is a challenging task as compared to forwarding the collected data to the control centre. Acoustic channel characteristics create many problems like, low available bandwidth, large propagation delays and high error probability that restrict the efficiency of UWSNs. Beside these, availability of limited resources and continuous node movements are major threats for the reliable data deliveries. With these constraints, it is a difficult task to design a protocol which has the ability to maximize the reliability of these networks. In this paper we provide a reliability model in order to insure the reliable data deliveries to the surface sinks. For this, we proposed two hop acknowledgment (2H-ACK) reliability model, where two copies of the same data packet are maintained in the network without extra burden on the available resources. Simulation results show that 2H-ACK can achieve better delivery ratios as compare to traditional hop-by-hop acknowledgment reliability without additional resource consumption.
The design of routing protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) poses many challenges due to long propagation, high mobility, limited bandwidth, multi-path and Doppler effect. Because of the void-hole caused by the uneven distribution of nodes and sparse deployment, the selection of next hop forwarding nodes only based on the state of current node may result in the failure of forwarding in the local sparse region. In order to reduce the probability of encountering void holes in the sparse networks, in this paper we present weighting depth and forwarding area division DBR routing protocol, called WDFAD-DBR. The novelties of WDFAD-DBR lie in: firstly, next forwarding nodes are selected according to the weighting sum of depth difference of two hops, which considers not only the current depth but also the depth of expected next hop. In this way, the probability of meeting void holes is effectively reduced. Secondly, the mechanisms for forwarding area division and neighbor node prediction are designed to reduce the energy consumption caused by duplicated packets and neighbors' requests, respectively. Thirdly, we make theoretical analyses on routing performance in case of considering channel contending with respect to delivery ratio, energy consumption and average end-to-end delay. Finally we conduct extensive simulations using NS-3 simulator to verify the effectiveness and validity of WDFAD-DBR.
Providing better communication in UWSNs and maximize the communication performance is challenging issue due to volatile characteristics of underwater environment. Radio signal cannot properly propagate in underwater, so there is need, such type of acoustic modem technology that can supports better data rates and reliable underwater wireless communications. Further, nodes mobility, 3-D spaces brings some critical challenges for the researcher to design new routing protocol for UWSNs, to handle the issues like high end to end delays, Propagation delay, as well as power constraints of the sensor nodes. Many routing algorithms have been proposed in last two decades and some of them provide better solution to handle such type of issues. In this paper, we proposed a novel routing protocol called Layer by layer Angle Based Flooding (L2-ABF.), to address the problem node swaying issue, end-to-end delays, and node energy consumption. In L2-ABF, every node can calculate its flooding angle to forward data packet to the next upper layer toward the surface sinks without using any explicit configuration and location information. The simulation results show that L2-ABF has some advantages over some existing flooding base techniques and can easily manage quick routing changes where node movements are frequent.
The design of routing protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) poses many challenges due to the intrinsic
properties of underwater environments. In this paper we present DUCS (Distributed Underwater Clustering Scheme), a new GPS-free
routing protocol that does not use flooding techniques, minimizes the proactive routing message exchange and uses data aggregation
to eliminate redundant information. Besides, DUCS assumes random node mobility and compensates the high propagation delays
of the underwater medium using a continually adjusted timing advance combined with guard time values to minimize data loss.
The theoretical and simulation studies carried out demonstrate its effectiveness.
KeywordsAcoustic communications–Routing–Energy efficiency–Underwater networking
Unlike terrestrial sensor networks, underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have different characteristics such as a long propagation delay, a narrow bandwidth and high packet loss. Hence, existing path setup-based routing protocols proposed for terrestrial sensor networks are not applicable in the underwater environment. For example, they take much time when establishing a path between source and destination nodes due to the long propagation delay. In addition, the path establishment requires much overhead of control messages. Moreover, the dynamic and high packet loss degrades reliability, which invokes more retransmissions. Even though exiting routing protocols such as VBF were proposed to improve the reliability, they did not take into account the link quality. That is, there is no guarantee that packets reach the sink safely especially when a link is error-prone. In this paper, we therefore propose a directional flooding-based routing protocol, called DFR. Basically, DFR relies on a packet flooding technique to increase the reliability. However, the number of nodes which flood a packet is controlled in order to prevent a packet from flooding over the whole network and the nodes to forward the packet are decided according to the link quality. In addition, DFR also addresses a well-known void problem by allowing at least one node to participate in forwarding a packet. Our simulation study using ns-2 proves that DFR is more suitable for UWSNs especially when links are prone to packet loss.
A SEA Swarm (Sensor Equipped Aquatic Swarm) is a sensor "cloud" that drifts with water currents and enables 4D (space and time) monitoring of local underwater events such as contaminants, marine life and intruders. The swarm is escorted at the surface by drifting sonobuoys that collect the data from underwater sensors via acoustic modems and report it in real-time via radio to a monitoring center. The goal of this study is to design an efficient anycast routing algorithm for reliable underwater sensor event reporting to any one of the surface sonobuoys. Major challenges are the ocean current and the limited resources (bandwidth and energy). In this paper, we address these challenges and propose HydroCast, a hydraulic pressure based anycast routing protocol that exploits the measured pressure levels to route data to surface buoys. The paper makes the following contributions: a novel opportunistic routing mechanism to select the subset of forwarders that maximizes greedy progress yet limiting co-channel interference; and an efficient underwater "dead end" recovery method that outperforms recently proposed approaches. The proposed routing protocols are validated via extensive simulations.
Providing scalable and ecient routing services in underwater sensor net- works (UWSNs) is very challenging due to the unique characteristics of UWSNs. Firstly, UWSNs often employ acoustic channels for communications because radio signals do not work well in water. Compared with radio-frequency channels, acous- tic channels feature much lower bandwidths and several orders of magnitudes longer propagation delays. Secondly, UWSNs usually have very dynamic topology as sen- sors move passively with water currents. Some routing protocols have been proposed to address the challenging problem in UWSNs. However, most of them assume that the full-dimensional location information of all sensor nodes in a network is known in prior through a localization process, which is yet another challenging issue to be solved in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing (DBR) protocol. DBR does not require full-dimensional location information of sensor nodes. Instead, it needs only local depth information, which can be easily obtained with an inex- pensive depth sensor that can be equipped in every underwater sensor node. A key advantage of our protocol is that it can handle network dynamics eciently with- out the assistance of a localization service. Moreover, our routing protocol can take advantage of a multiple-sink underwater sensor network architecture without intro- ducing extra cost. We conduct extensive simulations. The results show that DBR can achieve very high packet delivery ratios (at least 95%) for dense networks with only small communication cost.
Hop-by-hop dynamic addressing based (H2-DAB) routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks
- M Ayaz
- A Abdullah
Ayaz, M. and Abdullah, A., 2009, December. Hop-by-hop dynamic addressing based (H2-DAB) routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. In Information and Multimedia Technology, 2009. ICIMT'09. International Conference on (pp. 436-441). IEEE.