Article

Lack of sleep and the development of leader-follower relationships over time

July 2017
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 141:57-73

DOI:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.04.003

Authors:

Cristiano L Guarana

Indiana University Bloomington

Christopher M. Barnes

National University of Singapore

Drawing from the sleep and emotion regulation model, and attribution theory, we argue that sleep can influence the quality of the relationship between leaders and their followers. Specifically, we examined the effects of lack of sleep on leader-follower relationship development at the beginning of their dyad tenure. We hypothesized that the negative effects of lack of sleep on relationships are mediated by hostility. Results based on 86 new dyads (first three days of their work relationship) showed support for our hypotheses (Study 1). Results based on 40 leaders and 120 followers over three months (five waves) also showed that lack of sleep influences perceptions of relationship quality via hostility for both leaders and followers (Study 2). Moreover, we found that the direct effects of follower lack of sleep affect leader perceptions of relationship quality in the first month of their dyad tenure but decreasingly so over time; the direct effects of a leader lack of sleep on follower perceptions of relationship quality did not vary based on dyad tenure. Results revealed that individuals are not aware of the impact of their own lack of sleep on other people’s perceptions of relationship quality, suggesting that leaders and followers may be damaging their relationship without realizing it.

İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Stratejileriyle Uyku Sağlığını Geliştirmek: Çalışan Esenliği Ve Örgütsel Başarı İçin Yeni Yaklaşımlar

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Volkan Aşkun

Çalışmada, uykunun çalışan sağlığı ve örgütsel performans açısından önemi vurgulanırken uykuya önem veren bir örgüt kültürün yaygınlaşması adına insan kaynakları yönetiminin (İKY) üstüne düşen görevlere dikkat çekilmektedir. Çalışma, çalışma ortamları, iş stresi ve işyeri standartları ile çalışanların uyku sağlığının kötü olması arasında genellikle göz ardı edilen bağlantıyı vurgulamaktadır. Sağlıksız uykunun daha geniş etkileri arasında daha yüksek kaza riski, sağlık harcamaları, devamsızlık ve iş performansı yer almaktadır. Çalışmada, bu sorunları ele almak için literatürden hareketle İKY stratejileri ve uygulamaları önerilmektedir. Bunlar arasında çalışma saatlerinin kontrol edilmesi, uyku dostu politikaların teşvik edilmesi, kişiselleştirilmiş uyku terapileri için yapay zekanın kullanılması ve uyku sağlığının örgütsel sağlıklı yaşam programlarına dahil edilmesi yer alıyor. Çalışma, ayrıca örgütlerin uykuyu bir tembellik ya da zayıflık belirtisi olarak görmemesi gerektiğini aksine çalışanların esenliğini ve örgütsel performansın önemli bir parçası olarak görülmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışanların uyku sağlığının iyileştirmesi adına önemli çıkarımlar adım adım gösterilmektedir. Bu çıkarımların hem yöneticilere ve hem de bu alanda çalışmayı düşünen araştırmacılara değerli içgörüler sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

How remote working increases the importance of positive leadership for employee vigor

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Marjolein Caniëls

Introduction Leadership is essential for creating a healthy and happy work environment for employees. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, working remotely from home has become prevalent for many employees, which challenges leaders to reach out to their followers even if these followers are not physically at work. Drawing on positive psychology theories, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between positive leadership and psychological energy (i.e., vigor), and particularly the extent in which this relationship is affected by whether employees are working from home, as well as the tenure of the leader-follower relationship. Methods A two-wave time-lagged study design is used with a sample of 186 followers. Results Findings indicate that the effect of positive leadership on followers’ vigor is especially strong when employees work from home, and even more so when leaders and followers have a long lasting work relationship. Discussion The study shows that positive leadership behaviors are positively related to employee vigor. Such positive leadership behaviors consist of praising follower’s individual performance, personally thanking followers, cheering them up, and helping them with specified tasks.

How do followership behaviors encourage job performance? A longitudinal study

Article

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Jan 2022
CURR PSYCHOL

Followers have often been reported as recipients in previous leadership studies and have usually been associated with negative connotations. Drawing from self-determination theory (SDT) and social exchange theory, we argued that followers can be proactive and that followership behaviors are positively related to leader–follower relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine how followership behaviors promote job performance in terms of perceived supervisor support (PSS) and dyad tenure. Data from a three-wave survey of 219 leader–follower dyads in high-tech manufacturing firms were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that active engagement (AE) and independent critical thinking (ICT) were positively related to PSS and that PSS mediated the relationship between followership behaviors and job performance. Additionally, dyad tenure positively moderated the relationship between AE and PSS but negatively moderated the relationship between ICT and PSS. This study revealed that followers’ support for leaders can encourage supervisor support, which may result in high job performance. Furthermore, considering the important roles of followers found in this study, leaders should endeavor to support and promote followership.

With a frown or a smile: How leader affective states spark the leader‐follower reciprocal exchange process

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Mar 2021
PERS PSYCHOL

Despite evidence that affect shapes perceptions of workplace relationships, the role of affect in the reciprocal exchange process of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is often overlooked. We argue that this is likely due to a continued focus on global assessments of LMX quality, rather than examination of the reciprocal, interlocked actions and reactions that take place daily between members of the dyad. A leader's affective state may indeed spark this reciprocal exchange process on a daily level and ultimately shape the state of the leader–follower relationship. In this study, we integrate LMX theory and emotions‐as‐social‐information (EASI) theory to examine how the leader's negative and positive affective states uniquely contribute to the reciprocal exchange process. In doing so, we advance understanding of the distinction of state LMX as well as the unique process for leader's negative affective state within the reciprocal exchange process. Using a 15‐day experience sampling methodology study of 76 leader–follower dyads, we find that a leader's positive and negative affective states transmit effects along the affective and inferential paths posited in EASI theory to influence follower performance on a daily basis. Interestingly, a leader's positive affective state is stronger along the affective path and a leader's negative affective state is stronger along the inferential path. We also find that leaders reciprocate the daily shift in follower performance with OCBI directed toward the follower. Finally, as expected, the reciprocal exchange process alters state LMX (leader rated).

Sleep Loss and the Socio-Emotional Brain

Article

Apr 2020
TRENDS COGN SCI

Are you feeling emotionally fragile, moody, unpredictable, even ungenerous to those around you? Here, we review how and why these phenomena can occur as a result of insufficient sleep. Sleep loss disrupts a broad spectrum of affective processes, from basic emotional operations (e.g., recognition, responsivity, expression), through to high-order, complex socio-emotional functioning (e.g., loneliness, helping behavior, abusive behavior, and charisma). Translational insights further emerge regarding the pervasive link between sleep disturbance and psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, depression, and suicidality. More generally, such findings raise concerns regarding society’s mental (ill)health and the prevalence of insufficient and disrupted sleep.

Sleep and Social Behavior in Organizations: Implications for Job Performance

Chapter

Dec 2019

Research on how sleep influences social behavior at work—particularly sleep’s impact on job performance—is growing, yet still in relatively early stages. This chapter provides an overview of existing research on sleep and job performance and proposes avenues for further examination. We focus specifically on sleep’s relationship to social aspects of performance including leadership, customer service performance (emotional labor and emotion performance), organizational citizenship behaviors, and counterproductive work behaviors. This chapter is organized into three sections: First, we define job performance and provide an overview of research on the direct effects of sleep on job performance components. Second, we discuss potential mediators and moderators of the sleep-job performance relationship. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps, chart directions for future research, and offer methodological suggestions. Overall, to effectively advance the body of knowledge on this topic, organizational behavior scholars should seek out and integrate relevant research and methods from other scientific disciplines, and, when possible, form multidisciplinary research teams.

Sleep and Social Impressions

Chapter

Dec 2019

The impression you form of someone depends on your attention, motivations, and previous experiences, as well as that person’s appearance and actions. In other words, social perception, or how we perceive others, is a two-way street involving the person perceiving and the person being perceived. As sleep may play a role in both of these processes, this chapter looks at the effects of sleep on how you perceive other people as well as how you are perceived by them. With topics ranging from first impressions and emotion recognition to stereotyping and trust, we provide an overview of the current literature on sleep and social impressions, and discuss possibilities and potential pitfalls of future research in this area.

The influence of sleep on job satisfaction: examining a serial mediation model of psychological capital and burnout

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Aug 2023

Introduction This study draws on the conservation of resources theory to investigate whether the loss of sleep can trigger the loss of additional resources that are necessary for work. Methods Using cross-sectional design of 322 call center employees working at a government-owned public bank in South Korea, we test the study hypotheses using regression and bootstrapping indirect effects analyses. Results The results of analyses show that insufficient sleep increases employee burnout and that psychological capital mediates this relationship. We also find that insufficient sleep decreases job satisfaction via a serial mediation model such that insufficient sleep reduces psychological capital, which in turn increases burnout, and ultimately results in lower job satisfaction. Discussion The findings reinforce the previous assessment that although sleep is a non-work factor, its impact spills over to the workplace. Theoretically, this study goes beyond direct effect to uncover the underlying or mediating mechanisms that account for the impact of the sleep-burnout relationship and the sleep-job satisfaction relationship. For managers, the results highlight the significance of sleep to employees’ overall health and well-being and thus underscore the need to foster a work culture that recognizes and prioritizes employee sleep needs.

Using Wearable Technology (Closed Loop Acoustic Stimulation) to Improve Sleep Quality and Work Outcomes

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Feb 2023

Drawing from the neuroscience literature and recent advancements in sleep technology, we examine how closed loop acoustic stimulation can improve employee sleep and subsequent work behaviors. Specifically, we hypothesize that because closed loop acoustic stimulation improves sleep quality, it enhances work engagement, task performance, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and lowers counterproductive workplace behavior. In a 4-week within-subjects field experiment, 81 employees wore headbands during sleep hours in active mode (with closed loop acoustic stimulation) or sham mode with the volume off (control condition). We found that the treatment condition was linked to higher work engagement, task performance, and OCB the next day (but not counterproductive workplace behavior). Additionally, we found that the headbands were more effective for younger employees. This study contributes to the literature on sleep and work by highlighting a cost-efficient intervention for improving sleep and sleep-related outcomes which do not rely on surmounting the difficulties entailed in increasing sleep duration, as well as age as a boundary condition limiting the effects.

Must It Be Lonely at the Top? Developing Leader Well-Being in Organizations

Article

Jan 2023
Adv Develop Hum Resour

The Problem Human resource development (HRD) scholars and practitioners have given considerable attention to the topic of employee well-being; however, scholarship on the well-being of leaders in organizations is fragmented and comparatively understudied. The Solution We conducted an integrative literature review of empirical research on factors that influence leader well-being to synthesize research across various disciplines and generate novel insights that could benefit HRD scholars and practitioners. The findings of this review revealed factors that influence leader well-being at five levels: intra-individual, individual, dyadic/group, organizational, and environmental. We mapped these factors onto a model with mediating mechanisms (i.e., constructive or destructive leader behaviors) and outcomes of leader well-being. Outcomes included short- and long-term psychological, physical, and social outcomes in the domains of work and life in general. The Stakeholders This article contains implications for leaders in organizations as well as HR and HRD professionals interested in cultivating leader well-being.

Sleep-deprived and emotionally exhausted: depleted resources as inhibitors of creativity at work

Article

Jun 2022
PERS REV

Purpose Within the theoretical frameworks of conservation of resources and job demands-resources (JD-R), the study aims to examine how sleep deficit could be negatively related to creativity at work by depleting critical resources of creativity. Design/methodology/approach The survey data were collected from 368 individuals nested in 40 teams at a call center. The authors conducted multilevel analysis to test the proposed hypotheses to account for the hierarchical nature of the data while simultaneously estimating the effect of predictors at different levels on individual-level outcomes and maintaining the predictors' level of analysis. Findings Through the data, the study presents how the depletion of resource, that is, emotional exhaustion, functions as a mediating mechanism that connects sleep deficit to creativity at work. Further, the study presents that higher job demands can worsen the negative effects of resource depletion on creativity at work because they further deplete resources needed for creative behaviors. Specifically, when sleep-deprived, those working in a high-task-interdependence climate are likely to experience emotional exhaustion more severely than do those in a low-task-interdependence climate. Also, the relationship between emotional exhaustion and creativity is more negative for managers than for non-managers because of managers' higher job demands. Practical implications By presenting sleep deficit-linked inhibitors of creativity at work, the authors highlight the importance of securing sufficient sleep and affective resources when designing jobs and HR practices in organizations. Originality/value This paper addresses the call for attention to examining the mechanisms through which sleep deficit affects employee creative behavior.

Sleep and Social Relationships in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review

Article

Jan 2021
SLEEP MED REV

Over the past decade, research linking sleep and social relationships has burgeoned. Researchers across the globe are trying to understand whether the quality and quantity of our social relationships matter for sleep, and vice versa. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, identifying over 200 relevant articles examining sleep and social relationships in healthy populations. Here, we summarize our findings by reviewing (1) links between sleep and broad social ties across the lifespan, and (2) links between sleep and specific social relationships identified in the literature search, including romantic relationships, family relationships, and work relationships. Taken together, the literature provides evidence that the quality and presence of social relationships, especially our closest relationships, play a role in how we sleep. Likewise, sleep appears to influence our social bonds. However, the majority of work is correlational, limiting conclusions about the directionality of these effects. We conclude by synthesizing the findings, considering the limitations of the present literature, and identifying key future directions for this emerging area of research.

“Fully Recharged” Evenings? The Effect of Evening Cyber Leisure on Next-Day Vitality and Performance Through Sleep Quantity and Quality, Bedtime Procrastination, and Psychological Detachment, and the Moderating Role of Mindfulness

Article

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Aligning with the recovery perspective, we propose a dual-path model to illustrate the effects of employees’ evening cyber leisure on next-day work outcomes, namely, psychological vitality and performance. We argue that evening cyber leisure has contradicting effects on next-day performance and vitality through its effects on bedtime procrastination and psychological detachment, and in turn, sleep quantity and sleep quality. We also propose that trait mindfulness acts as an important boundary condition of the indirect effects of evening cyber leisure. We used an experience sampling methodology to collect three surveys per day for 10 days from 155 R&D employees of a biotech company. Our findings suggest that cyber leisure has a negative indirect effect on sleep quantity and sleep quality via bedtime procrastination, and a positive indirect effect on sleep quantity and sleep quality via evening psychological detachment. Additionally, sleep quantity was positively associated with performance, and sleep quality was positively associated with psychological vitality. Lastly, as trait mindfulness increased, the negative impact of cyber leisure on bedtime procrastination was mitigated, and the positive impact of cyber leisure on psychological detachment was enhanced. Theoretical and practical implications specific to the use of cyber devices for workplace recovery are discussed.

Effects of Fatigue on Teams and Their Role in 24/7 Operations

Article

Sep 2019
SLEEP MED REV

In 24/7 operations, fatigue from extended work hours and shift work is ubiquitous. Fatigue is a significant threat to performance, productivity, safety, and well-being, and strategies for managing fatigue are an important area of research. At the level of individuals, the effects of fatigue on performance are relatively well understood, and countermeasures are widely available. At the level of organizations, the effects of fatigue are also relatively well understood, and organizational approaches to fatigue risk management are increasingly well documented. However, in most organizational settings, individuals work in teams, and teams are the building blocks of the organizational enterprise. Yet, little is known about the effects of fatigue on team functioning. Here we discuss the effects of fatigue at the levels of individuals, teams, and organizations, and how the consequences of fatigue cross these levels to impact overall productivity and safety. Furthermore, we describe the pivotal role of teams in understanding the adverse organizational effects of fatigue in 24/7 operations and argue that teams may be leveraged to mitigate these effects. Systematic investigation of the effects of fatigue on teams is a promising avenue toward advances in fatigue risk management and provide some ideas for how this may be approached.

State-of-the-science review of leader-follower dyads research

Article

Aug 2019
LEADERSHIP QUART

Despite its importance in multilevel research, the dyad level of analysis has been known as the most poorly understood level. Suggestions have been made recently in terms of levels alignment issues and methodologies to enhance the understanding of dyadic phenomena. Given recent remedies for dyads research and that the leader-follower dyad is generally considered the key dyad in organizations, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current state of leader-follower dyads research to assess what we know and how much we know about leader-follower dyads research conducted at the dyad level. Specifically, we summarized empirical studies that focused on leader-follower dyads that used data collected on the same variables from both dyadic partners. This review involved coding studies of these “pure” leader-follower dyads based on several dyadic theories (e.g., vertical dyad linkage, individualized leadership, leader-member exchange, leader-follower congruence) and multiple analytic methods (e.g., multilevel modeling, polynomial regression, WABA) that dealt with leader-follower dyads directly. Based on the results, this review generated a nomological network of constructs for understanding leader-follower dyads and to provide suggestions for future leader-follower dyads research.

The Impact of Morning Meditation and Sleep Quality on Affective and Health Outcomes in Healthcare Workers

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

Background: Health is a critical factor influencing key workplace outcomes, including job attitudes, behaviors, and performance. This study investigated the role of daily micro-breaks, specifically morning meditation practices, and positive affective experiences (i.e., positive affect) at work in predicting health-related outcomes, namely vitality and mental health. Using a non-experimental design, this study tested a moderated mediation model in which sleep quality moderates the relationship between morning meditation and positive affect, which, in turn, predicts end-of-the-day health-related outcomes. Methodology: Data were collected twice a day from 44 healthcare employees over five consecutive workdays using a daily survey approach. Key Results: Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that morning meditation was significantly associated with increased positive affect and improved health indicators at the end of the workday. Moreover, sleep quality moderated the relationship between morning meditation and positive affect, such that the conditional indirect effect of meditation on end-of-day mental health and vitality via positive affect was significant when sleep quality from the preceding night was poor. Conclusions: These findings underscore the interactive effect of prior-night sleep quality and morning meditation on affective and health-related outcomes by the end of the day. By identifying sleep quality as a key boundary condition, we contribute to a more nuanced understanding of when meditation is most beneficial. Our findings have significant implications for both research and practice, particularly in high-stress environments such as healthcare, where optimizing employee well-being is crucial for both individual and organizational performance.

Dynamic Approaches to Leader–Follower Relationships: The Road Less Taken?

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) is one of the most popular leadership research domains. Its unique focus on the dyad and the leader-follower relationship differentiates it from all other leadership approaches. Yet, its theorising has remained stagnant for the last thirty years, and very limited research has addressed its dynamic relational nature and how LMX relationships develop over time. There is also a striking misalignment between existing theoretical models that acknowledge the dynamic nature of the LMX relationship, and existing research that has predominantly treated it as a static phenomenon. We find very few longitudinal studies trying to capture LMX development over time. Most of these studies examined new dyads and the early stages of relationship development, thus, ignoring the possibility of relationship fluctuations and differential trajectories in later stages. In this chapter, we argue that we need to bring the concept of relationship back in LMX theory (and move away from the ‘exchange’ rhetoric), study its dynamic relational nature, and infuse new energy in the field via cross-fertilization with relationship science and close relationships literature.

Sleep and Leadership in a Military Context

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Aug 2024

Christopher K McClernon

Sleep can have a profound impact on leadership and overall mission effectiveness. This narrative review summarizes literature related to sleep and leadership, and demonstrates the importance of both leader and subordinate sleep. Evidence is provided for the general lack of sleep among military members, further demonstrating the relevance of this topic. Practical tools are then provided that may aid leaders in improving the sleep and effectiveness of their respective organizations.

Ethically treated yet closely monitored: Ethical leadership, leaders' close monitoring, employees' uncertainty, and employees' organizational citizenship behavior

Article

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Jan 2024
J ORGAN BEHAV

Drawing on uncertainty management theory, we propose that employees' uncertainty is a distinct key mechanism explaining the relationship between ethical leadership and employees' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We contend that ethical leadership, by promoting a work environment governed by moral principles, reduces employees' sense of uncertainty and thereby fosters their OCB. However, we suggest that leaders' close monitoring, which ethical leaders may utilize to be informed about employees' adherence to their moral standards, nullifies these positive implications of ethical leadership. To test these contentions, we conducted an online vignette study (Study 1) and a field study (Study 2). In Study 1, we found a significant and negative main effect of ethical leadership on employees' uncertainty, but this effect was negated when leaders' close monitoring was high. In Study 2, we replicated the findings—ethical leadership was negatively related to employees' uncertainty and this relationship became nonsignificant when leaders' close monitoring was high. In addition, uncertainty was negatively related to employees' OCB toward the organization (OCBO) but not their OCB toward individuals (OCBI). Consequently, uncertainty mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and OCBO, and this mediation was moderated by close monitoring. However, such mediation and moderated mediation did not occur for OCBI. Taken together, our research reveals that close monitoring is not a viable strategy to be implemented alongside ethical leadership for managing employees' uncertainty and fostering their OCB.

The Work-to-Home Crossover of Leadership Role Occupancy: Examining How Leadership Role Occupancy Influences Spouses’ Sleep Loss and Obesity

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Full-text available

Sep 2023

Drawing on resource-based theories of self-regulation and the spillover–crossover model, we investigated not only how leadership role occupancy may affect job occupants’ obesity but also how its influences may crossover to shape their spouses’ obesity. Adopting a programmatic approach with three-panel data sets from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, we found that leadership role occupancy was positively related to job demands, which in turn was positively related to job occupants’ loss of sleep and obesity. Moreover, the spillover–crossover influences of job demands were also revealed: incumbents’ job demands were also positively associated with spouses’ loss of sleep and obesity. Our research enriches the leadership research by offering a new spillover–crossover perspective to the consequences of leadership role occupancy and contributes to work–family research by highlighting the importance of holding a leadership position as an antecedent of the crossover effect of job demands on health outcomes.

Sleep and Military Leaders: Examining the Values, Beliefs, and Quality of Sleep and the Impact on Occupational Performance

Article

Mar 2023
Mil Med

Introduction: Sleep deprivation is rampant within the military population, and insufficient sleep can lead to physical and mental health problems impacting soldier's readiness and deployability. Past research has shown the importance of leadership's role in subordinates' sleep health. Understanding the values, beliefs, and quality of military leader sleep is essential to the development of effective interventions to optimize occupational performance and overall sleep health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the military leaders' values, beliefs, and sleep quality and the impact on occupational performance. The authors aimed to (1) identify military leaders' sleep quality and beliefs; (2) explore the relationship between military leaders' sleep quality, beliefs and attitudes about sleep, and impact on occupational performance; and (3) examine the value leaders place on sleep for themselves and subordinates in relation to occupational performance. Materials and methods: This observational, mixed-methods study design recruited a convenience sample of 109 Army active duty medical service members currently serving in a leadership role. Participants completed an electronic survey to include general demographic information and three self-report measures: the Pittsburgh Quality of Sleep Index, the Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep, and the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire. Eleven participants completed the semi-structured qualitative interview focusing on sleep values and the impacts on performance. Univariate and multivariate regressions were performed for statistical analysis of the quantitative survey data, whereas thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative interview data. This study was approved by the U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence Institutional Review Board. Results: Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated small-to-medium effect sizes (R2 = 0.355-0.559) for relationships between sleep quality, sleep beliefs, functional performance, and demographic variables. More specifically, military grade, position, use of alcohol, time in service, and gender were all found to contribute significantly to scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep Scale-16, and the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10 (P < .05). Qualitative data resulted in three primary themes: (1) Poor sleep degrades performance, (2) sleep is a top priority, and (3) leaders have a responsibility for subordinates' sleep health. Conclusions: This sample of military leaders was found to perceive themselves as poor-quality sleepers despite demonstrating more functional attitudes and beliefs about sleep and reporting normal-to-mild impairments in daily functioning as a result of daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, findings suggest that leaders' sleep quality and beliefs stand to be further improved, whereas their sleep values need to be consistently demonstrated to subordinates. With a clearer understanding of military leaders' values, beliefs, and sleep quality, future research could focus on implementing and developing holistically based and individualized sleep interventions intended to optimize performance and sleep health.

Being on the Same Page Matters: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Agreement

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Although leader-member exchange (LMX) theory offers a detailed account of leader-follower relationship building, the importance of LMX agreement as a theoretically meaningful relational phenomenon has received less attention. This has, in turn, limited scholarly understanding of its pivotal role in leader-follower relationships. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the substantive implications of LMX agreement for leader-follower relationships and to further understand which factors may influence its variation across samples. Results from the random-effects meta-regression analyses provided strong support for the moderating role of LMX agreement at the between-study level. Specifically, with higher levels of sample-level LMX agreement, the relationships between LMX and followers' task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors were stronger. Moreover, different national culture configurations (i.e., horizontal individualism versus vertical collectivism) and changes in relationship tenure were significantly associated with LMX agreement. We also examined a host of methodological factors, which generally had a very limited impact on the study findings. Overall, these meta-analytic findings suggest LMX agreement should be considered as a key relational contingency in LMX theory, as it can help unlock the full potential of high-quality leader-follower relationships. Moreover, as a substantively meaningful phenomenon, its variation across situations is intricately related to contextual influences. Based on our theoretical integration and empirical synthesis, we discuss the implications for LMX theory and identify important directions for the next stages of LMX research.

The relationship between sleep quality and occupational well-being in employees: The mediating role of occupational self-efficacy

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Objective This study aimed to examine the impact of sleep quality on occupational well-being in employees by primarily focusing on the mediating role of occupational self-efficacy. Methods A total of 487 junior staff completed a set of questionnaires comprised Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale, Occupational Self-efficacy Scale, and occupational well-being measurements. Results The results revealed that both sleep quality and occupational self-efficacy were significantly correlated with occupational well-being. The structural equation modeling analysis and the bootstrap test indicated that occupational self-efficacy partially mediated the effect of poor sleep quality on occupational well-being. Discussion These findings expand upon existing research on the relationship between sleep quality and well-being among occupational workers, shed light on the correlation of poor sleep quality with occupational well-being, and are valuable in promoting the occupational well-being of employees.

The Effect of Sleep on Workplace Interpersonal Conflict: The Mediating Role of Ego Depletion

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep and workplace interpersonal conflict and the role of ego depletion as the mediating mechanism. A survey was conducted daily for two weeks using an experience sampling method. A sample of 79 employees from the East Coast of China was collected. A multilevel regression analysis was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. Results indicated that higher sleep quantity was associated with lower daily ego depletion at noon and lower workplace interpersonal conflict. Moreover, ego depletion mediated the effects of sleep quantity on workplace interpersonal conflict. The findings identified the adverse effects of insufficient sleep on daily interpersonal interactions and provided a valuable perspective on workplace interpersonal conflict management. Furthermore, the study broadened the scope of antecedents that impact how employees experience daily workplace interpersonal conflict and assessed the mediating role of ego depletion in this relationship.

Circadian leadership: A review and integration of chronobiology and leadership

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022
J ORGAN BEHAV

A vast body of knowledge within the field of chronobiology highlights a broad array of important effects that circadian rhythms and chronotypes have on individual performance. Circadian rhythms are predictable fluctuations of energetic activation produced by an internal pacemaker, the circadian clock, that governs the daily functioning of the human body and mind. Chronotypes are individual differences in the setting of this biological clock that influence preferences for the optimal timing of daily periods of activity and rest. In this paper, we review the chronobiology literature as it applies to leadership research to advance a circadian leadership perspective that integrates circadian science with leadership science. We outline how a circadian perspective can help researchers to understand how time of day interacts with circadian processes to influence the effectiveness of task‐, relational‐, and change‐oriented leadership activities. Our circadian perspective also extends research on leader and follower individual differences by explaining the effects of chronotypes on leadership behaviors and outcomes. We develop propositions based on the most promising insights that have emerged from the literature review, advance ideas for future theory development and research, and discuss implications for leaders in practice.

Owls, Larks, or Investment Sharks? The Role of Circadian Process in Early-Stage Investment Decisions

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
J BUS VENTURING

Investors in early-stage companies want to detect and select high-potential opportunities to maximize their long-term returns. However, in this uncertain and risky investment context, company information is often opaque and decision-making timeframes are compressed. Although there is an abundance of prior work on how investors make structured decisions based on their experience and expertise, there is a very limited understanding of how time-based factors can sway investment decisions. The circadian process is the 24-hour sequence that serves as an individual’s internal timer influencing not only sleep cycles, but also attention and performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks. Understanding how the circadian process impacts early-stage investment holds implications for optimal investment decisions. We build on social cognitive theory and propose that investor-level factors (i.e., chronotypes) and environmental factors (time of the day) interact to influence the amount of information investors search for, and consequently, their investment decisions. We hypothesize and find that investors are influenced by the time of day they make early-stage investment decisions. Lark investors make better investment decisions in the morning, whereas owl investors make better decisions in the evening.

The Role of Change in the Relationships Between Leader-Member Exchange/Coworker Exchange and Newcomer Performance: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

This study examines whether and how the qualities of newcomers’ interpersonal relationships [i.e., leader-member exchange (LMX) and coworker exchange (CWX)] relate to their initial performance and how changes in the qualities of these relationships relate to the changes in performance. To test a latent growth model, we collected data from 230 newcomers at six time points over a 6-week period. The results showed that LMX quality is positively related to initial newcomer performance; however, changes in LMX quality are not statistically significantly related to changes in newcomer performance. In contrast, an increase in CWX quality is positively related to newcomer performance improvement, but the initial quality of CWX does not predict newcomer performance. Furthermore, newcomers’ psychological entitlement moderates the relationship between LMX quality and newcomer performance; newcomers’ conscientiousness moderates the relationship between increases in CWX quality and improvements in newcomer performance. The findings increase our understanding of the newcomer exchange relationship-performance link over time and suggest that future newcomer socialization research explore the initial level of and the changes in these relationships simultaneously.

A chronotype circadian model of charismatic leadership expressions and perceptions

Article

Feb 2021
LEADERSHIP QUART

We investigate the impact of the circadian process (24-h biological cycles that influence sleep/wake periods) and chronotypes (individual differences in the timing of those cycles) in charismatic leadership. We theorize that the expressions of charismatic signals by leaders, and the perceptions of those signals by followers are influenced by the circadian process. Moreover, considering that individuals vary in their sleep awake preferences (larks vs. owls), we argue that chronotype interacts with time of day to influence expressions and perceptions of charismatic leadership. In Study 1, we found that synchrony between leader chronotype and time of day affects expressions of charismatic leadership. In Study 2, we turned our attention to the followers' circadian process and found that synchrony between a follower's chronotype and time of day affects follower's perceptions of charismatic leadership. Our new model highlights how charismatic leadership can be driven by circadian process.

Association of Burnout, Professional Fulfillment, and Self-care Practices of Physician Leaders With Their Independently Rated Leadership Effectiveness

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Importance Although leadership behavior of physician supervisors is associated with the occupational well-being of the physicians they supervise, the factors associated with leadership behaviors are poorly understood. Objective To evaluate the associations between burnout, professional fulfillment, and self-care practices of physician leaders and their independently assessed leadership behavior scores. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study of physicians and physician leaders at Stanford University School of Medicine (n = 1924) was conducted from April 1 to May 13, 2019. The survey included assessments of professional fulfillment, self-valuation, sleep-related impairment, and burnout. Physicians also rated the leadership behaviors of their immediate physician supervisors using a standardized assessment. Leaders’ personal well-being metrics were paired with their leadership behavior scores as rated by the physicians they supervised. All assessment scores were converted to a standardized scale (range, 0-10). Data were analyzed from October 20, 2019, to March 10, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Association between leaders’ own well-being scores and their independently assessed leadership behavior. Results Of 1924 physicians invited to participate, 1285 (66.8%) returned surveys, including 67 of 117 physician leaders (57.3%). Among these respondents, 651 (50.7%) were women and 729 (56.7%) were 40 years or older. Among the 67 leaders, 57 (85.1%) had their leadership behaviors evaluated by at least 5 physicians (median, 11 [interquartile range, 9-15]) they supervised. Overall, 9.8% of the variation in leaders’ aggregate leadership behavior scores was associated with their own degree of burnout. In models adjusted for age and sex, each 1-point increase in burnout score of the leaders was associated with a 0.19-point decrement in leadership behavior score (β = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.35 to −0.03; P = .02), whereas each 1-point increase in their professional fulfillment and self-valuation scores was associated with a 0.13-point (β = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.01-0.26; P = .03) and 0.15-point (β = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29; P = .03) increase in leadership behavior score, respectively. Each 1-point increase in leaders’ sleep-related impairment was associated with a 0.15-point increment in sleep-related impairment among those they supervised (β = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29; P = .03). The associations between leaders’ well-being scores in other dimensions and the corresponding well-being measures of those they supervised were not significant. Conclusions and Relevance In this survey study, burnout, professional fulfillment, and self-care practices of physician leaders were associated with their independently assessed leadership effectiveness. Training, skill building, and support to improve leader well-being should be considered a dimension of leadership development rather than simply a dimension of self-care.

Why healthy sleep is good for business

Article

Jul 2019

People spend large portions of their lives working, often to the detriment of sleep. Businesses often ignore the importance of employee sleep despite evidence showing sleep health is crucial to positive employee outcomes. In this review we address the effect of sleep on employee health, performance, and workplace relationships. We examine the impact of work characteristics on employee sleep. Finally, we discuss opportunities for businesses to improve employee sleep to maximize success.

Setting the Clock on Dynamic Leader Behaviors: Empirical and Theoretical Extensions

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2019

Resetting the Clock on Dynamic Leader Behaviors: A Conceptual Integration and Agenda for Future Research

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Throughout its storied history, the leadership literature has predominantly treated leader behaviors as static and owing to stable antecedents like personality traits and organizational norms. In recent years however, this assumption has been challenged as researchers have acknowledged that leader behaviors are more dynamic than previously thought. To clarify and broaden this literature, we review and synthesize published works focused on dynamic leader behaviors. In so doing, we identify three distinct conceptualizations of time and change in the leader behavior literature: shift (i.e., discontinuous, unidirectional change), growth and decay (i.e., unidirectional evolution over time), and ebb and flow (i.e., fluid, potentially non-linear). We distill the conceptualization behind each of these approaches, and synthesize the conceptual and empirical content of the literature within each approach. In the process, we also highlight several challenges and opportunities for research in this area. Moreover, we propose a new, integrative temporal framework meant to not only provide a richer view of dynamism, but also guide future dynamic leader behavior research.

Insomnia: An Important Antecedent Impacting Entrepreneurs’ Health

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019

Insomnia (and sleep deprivation) has an important impact on multiple outcomes such as individuals’ cognitive abilities, decision-making, and affect. In this paper, drawing from sleep research, we focus on entrepreneurs’ insomnia–health relationship and test a serial mediation model that considers entrepreneurs’ insomnia as an important predictor of their poor health. More specifically, we hypothesize that insomnia heightens entrepreneurs’ stress, which leads to increased negative affect, which ultimately undermines their health conditions. Using a sample of 152 Iranian entrepreneurs, we found support for our hypotheses as our results suggest that insomnia has a positive (and detrimental) effect on poor health (via more stress and negative affect). Contrary to research calls focused on stress reduction as one performance improvement mechanism, our results suggest sleep quality as a more effective mechanism for entrepreneurs to reduce their stress and to improve their health. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.

Healthy High Performance: Unlocking Business Success Through Employee Wellbeing

Book

Feb 2025

Are principals really tireless? Conceptualizing the role of sleep in school leadership

Article

May 2024

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to highlight the impacts of psychological and biological health on the principalship, particularly as it relates to sleep. Job-related stress, heavy workloads, and unpredictable work schedules can impact principals’ mental health, diet, and consumptive behaviors, which can disrupt the much-needed restorative sleep for healthy cognition, physiological functioning, and efficacious leadership. We turn the field's attention towards the importance of quality sleep and how it impacts personal health and occupational performance. We provide a robust interdisciplinary review of literature on precursors and outcomes of poor sleep quality as it pertains to school leaders both personally and professionally. Empirical recommendations for improving sleep quality along with recommendations for preparation programs and the field of educational leadership are discussed.

Schlaf und soziales Verhalten in Organisationen: Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsleistung

Chapter

Mar 2024

Sleepy and grumpy go hand in hand for US Navy Sailors

Article

Feb 2024

Study Objectives The study explores how sleep, sleep-related practices and behaviors, in addition to various demographic and occupational characteristics, are related to overall mood of U.S. Navy sailors when they are underway. Methods Longitudinal assessment of U.S. Navy sailors performing their underway duties (N = 873, 79.2% males, median age 25 years). Participants completed standardized questionnaires, wore wrist-worn actigraphs, and completed daily activity logs. Results Sailors who reported worse Profile of Mood States (POMS) Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores had shorter sleep duration, worse sleep quality, and more episodes of split sleep. The group with worse mood also reported more symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness as well as more symptoms of insomnia. In addition to sleep results, sailors with worse mood also tended to be younger, more likely to use nicotine and tobacco products, and less likely to have an exercise routine when compared to sailors with better POMS scores. Finally, the group with worse POMS scores included more enlisted personnel, tended to work more hours per day, and were more likely to stand watch – especially on rotating watch schedules. Conclusions The results found significant associations between the sleep practices and mood of sailors aboard US Navy ships. Numerous other demographic and occupational factors were also strongly associated with mood.

McClernon et al (2024) - Sleepy and grumpy go hand in hand for US Navy Sailors

Article

Feb 2024

Study Objectives: The study explores how sleep, sleep-related practices and behaviors, in addition to various demographic and occupational characteristics, are related to overall mood of U.S. Navy sailors when they are underway. Methods: Longitudinal assessment of U.S. Navy sailors performing their underway duties (N = 873, 79.2% males, median age 25 years). Participants completed standardized questionnaires, wore wrist-worn actigraphs, and completed daily activity logs. Results: Sailors who reported worse Profile of Mood States (POMS) Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores had shorter sleep duration, worse sleep quality, and more episodes of split sleep. The group with worse mood also reported more symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness as well as more symptoms of insomnia. In addition to sleep results, sailors with worse mood also tended to be younger, more likely to use nicotine and tobacco products, and less likely to have an exercise routine when compared to sailors with better POMS scores. Finally, the group with worse POMS scores included more enlisted personnel, tended to work more hours per day, and were more likely to stand watch-especially on rotating watch schedules. Conclusions: The results found significant associations between the sleep practices and mood of sailors aboard US Navy ships. Numerous other demographic and occupational factors were also strongly associated with mood. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Management of Fatigue in Occupational Settings Collection.

Measurement type moderates the relationship between sleep and aggression: A meta-analytic investigation

Article

Jun 2023
AGGRESS VIOLENT BEH

The study of followers in leadership research: A systematic and critical review

Article

Jan 2023
LEADERSHIP QUART

A Circadian Theory of Paradoxical Leadership

Article

Apr 2022

Paradoxical leadership, the integration of leadership behaviors that are seemingly contradictory, but nevertheless interdependent, is becoming increasingly important in today’s complex and turbulent business environments. Despite evidence for the positive consequences of paradoxical leadership, little research has examined how and when leaders can effectively integrate or reconcile opposing leadership behaviors. Two of the most fundamental paradoxical challenges that leaders face include the need to integrate control and empowerment, as well as reconciling collective rules with followers’ individual needs. In this article, we advance a circadian theory of paradoxical leadership that outlines how leaders can combine episodic thinking with circadian principles to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between the opposing poles of these two leadership paradoxes. Our temporal framework explains how leaders can effectively structure paradoxical leadership episodes that leverage their own and their followers’ circadian processes within a broader framework of situation-driven leadership. In doing so, we contribute to future research by providing a novel circadian perspective on how paradoxical tensions in organizations can be reconciled within the constraints of situational demands.

When a Good Day Makes for a Good Night: Antecedents of Sleep and Morning States

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
J BUS PSYCHOL

Sleep is linked to critical outcomes in the work context including job attitudes, job performance, and health. This study examines daily positive behaviors (i.e., task accomplishment) and positive experiences (i.e., job satisfaction) at work as well as outside of work (i.e., psychological detachment from work in the evening) as positive antecedents of sleep quality. Specifically, the study tested a moderated mediation model in which job satisfaction and psychological detachment from work interact with daily task accomplishment to predict sleep quality and in turn positive affect and self-efficacy the following morning. Based on daily survey data over five consecutive workdays, results from multilevel structural equation modeling indicate that daily task accomplishment alone was neither significantly related to sleep quality nor positive affect or self-efficacy the following morning. However, sleep quality was positively and significantly linked to positive states the following morning. Furthermore, both job satisfaction and detachment from work moderated the association between daily task accomplishment and sleep quality. Specifically, the conditional indirect effects from task accomplishment to positive affect and self-efficacy via sleep quality were significant and positive when both daily job satisfaction and detachment from work were high, and when job satisfaction was low and detachment was high. The results point to the role of the interaction between positive experiences for sleep and next morning outcomes.

Unbalanced, Unfair, Unhappy, or Unable? Theoretical Integration of Multiple Processes Underlying the Leader Mistreatment-Employee CWB Relationship with Meta-Analytic Methods

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Although a litany of theoretical accounts exists to explain why mistreated employees engage in counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), little is known about whether these mechanisms are complementary or mutually exclusive, or the effect of context on their explanatory strength. To address these gaps, this meta-analytic investigation tests four theoretically-derived mechanisms simultaneously to explain the robust relationship between leader mistreatment and employee CWB: (1) a social exchange perspective, which argues that mistreated employees engage in negative reciprocal behaviors to counterbalance experienced mistreatment; (2) a justice perspective, whereby mistreated employees experience moral outrage and engage in retributive behaviors against the organization and its members; (3) a stressor-emotion perspective, which suggests that mistreated employees engage in CWBs to cope with their negative affect; and (4) a self-regulatory perspective, which proposes that mistreated employees are simply unable to inhibit undesirable behaviors. Moreover, we also examine whether the above model holds across cultures that vary on power distance. Our meta-analytic structural equation model demonstrated that all but the justice mechanism significantly mediated the relationship between leader mistreatment and employee CWBs, with negative affect emerging as the strongest explanatory mechanism in both high and low power distance cultures. Given these surprising results, as the stressor-emotion perspective is less frequently invoked in the literature, this paper highlights not only the importance of investigating multiple mechanisms together when examining the leader mistreatment-employee CWB relationship, but also the need to develop more nuanced theorizing about these mechanisms, particularly for negative affect.

Effects of Sleep, Exercise, and Leadership Support on Resilience in Frontline Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Article

Dec 2021

Objective: To evaluate the direct and interacting effects of personal and systemic factors that contribute to psychological distress among frontline healthcare workers (FHCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected using a hospital-wide, cross-sectional survey. A multivariable binary logistic regression and relative importance analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with screening positive for C19-distress. Results: A total of 1,005 (39.0%, 95%CI = 37.1-40.9%) out of 2,579 FHCWs met the pre-specified cutoff values for significant symptoms of C19-distress. Fewer sleep hours and lower perceptions of leadership support explained the majority of variance (19.4% relative variance explained [RVE]) in C19-distress, followed by team camaraderie (6.4% RVE), physical exercise (4.9% RVE), and engagement in hobbies (3.2% RVE). Conclusion: These results underscore the importance of restorative behaviors as potential targets to help decrease distress and promote resilience in FHCWs.

Aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn? Die Wirkung computervermittelter Kommunikation auf die Beziehung zur Führungskraft und das Organisationale Commitment im Kontext dezentraler Arbeit. Wirtschaftspsychologie, 23 (2), 23-33

Article

Jun 2021

Dezentrale Arbeitsformen verändern die Interaktion zwischen Organisationsmitgliedern grundlegend. Für Führungskräfte gilt es, die eingeschränkten Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten aktiv zu steuern, um das Organisationale Commitment der Mitarbeitenden aufrechtzuerhalten. Die Ergebnisse unserer Pfadanalyse mit Daten von 138 Arbeitnehmenden, die zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung plötzlich und dauerhaft außerhalb zentraler Unternehmensräumlichkeiten arbeiteten, zeigen die zentrale Bedeutung der Beziehung zwischen Führungskraft und Mitarbeitenden für die Aufrechterhaltung des Organisationalen Commitments. Weiterhin ließ sich feststellen, dass zur Ausbildung dieser Beziehung im Kontext einer vollständig dezentralen Arbeitsorganisation die wahrgenommene Präsenz der Führungskraft eine wesentliche Rolle spielt und diese durch eine häufige Kommunikation unter Verwendung reichhaltiger Medien begünstigt wird.

First Impression Effects in Organizational Psychology

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

The study of first impressions, which consistently demonstrate meaningful and surprisingly durable impacts on attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions, is pervasive across psychological disciplines. In this integrative conceptual review, we focus on first impressions within the organizational psychology literature, which have been explored across an impressive variety of topical domains (e.g., selection, socialization, leader-subordinate relationships, job performance, and teams) though largely in fragmented ways. Our review attempts to resolve major differences in how researchers have approached first impression effects to build consensus on what first impression effects are, how they occur, and how long they take to develop. In synthesizing this seemingly disparate body of research, we develop an integrative framework of first impression effects comprising four fundamental elements-cues, motives, processes, and outcomes-that must be considered both individually and collectively to understand first impression effects in organizational settings in their entirety. Using this framework, we take stock of the existing literature and identify important through lines, including the focus on displayer- or perceiver-centric effects and whether first impression effects are presumed to be biased or valid. Our fundamental elements framework can be used to systematically catalog and reconcile prior work, as well as develop stronger, more theoretically cohesive studies in the future. We outline major implications for theory and practice on first impressions in the workplace. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Wellness-Centered Leadership: Equipping Health Care Leaders to Cultivate Physician Well-Being and Professional Fulfillment

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020
ACAD MED

These are challenging times for physicians. Extensive changes in the practice environment have altered the nature of physician's interactions with patients and their role in the health care delivery system. Many physicians feel as if they are "cogs in the wheel" of austere corporations that care more about productivity and finances than compassion or quality. They often do not see how the strategy and plan of their organization align with the values of the profession. Despite their expertise, they frequently do not feel they have a voice or input in the operational plan of their work unit, department, or organization. At their core, the authors believe all of these factors represent leadership issues. Many models of leadership have been proposed, and there are a number of effective philosophies and approaches. Here, the authors propose a new integrative model of Wellness-Centered Leadership (WCL). WCL includes core skills and qualities from the foremost leadership philosophies along with evidence on the relationship between leadership and physician well-being and distills them into a single framework designed to cultivate leadership behaviors that promote engagement and professional fulfillment. The 3 elements of WCL are: care about people always, cultivate individual and team relationships, and inspire change. A summary of the mindset, behaviors, and outcomes of the elements of the WCL model is presented and the application of the elements for physician leaders is discussed. The authors believe that learning and developing the skills that advance these elements should be the aspiration of all health care leaders and a foundational focus of leadership development programs. If cultivated, the authors believe that WCL will empower individual and team performance to address the current problems faced by health care organizations as well as the iterative innovation needed to address challenges that may arise in the decades to come.

A meta‐analysis of sleep and work performance: An examination of moderators and mediators

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020
J ORGAN BEHAV

The present study utilizes meta‐analytic techniques to examine the literature on sleep and work performance. In line with previous meta‐analytic research, results indicate that sleep and work performance have a positive relationship. However, more importantly, results from moderator analyses reveal that the type of sleep measurement (sleep quantity and sleep quality), work performance measurement (task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive work behavior), analysis method (between‐person and within‐person), sleep report source (self‐report, other report, and objective), sleep recall window (day, week/month, and more than 1 month), and study setting (field and laboratory) differentially influence the strength of the sleep–work performance relationship. Furthermore, meta‐analytic SEM results indicate that certain mediators (affect, job attitudes, and cognitive resources) provide stronger explanations (i.e., stronger indirect effects) for the relationship between sleep and work performance, depending on the specific type of performance being examined. In general, results highlight the importance of construct operationalization and methodology decisions when conducting sleep–work performance research and provide greater insight into explanations for the relationship between sleep and work performance. Research implications, practical implications, potential limitations, and future directions are also discussed.

A meta-analysis of sleep and work performance

Article

Aug 2019

Positive and negative emotional tone convergence: An empirical examination of associations with leader and follower LMX

Article

Apr 2019
LEADERSHIP QUART

Despite a growing importance and understanding of emotions and affective processes in leadership, the specific role of positive and negative emotional tone in leader follower relationships, as perceived by both parties to the relationship, is less well understood. We draw upon the Emotions in Relationships Model (ERM) in adult relationship sciences to posit that convergence in positive and negative emotional tone in leader-follower relationships affects reciprocity based LMX as reported by both parties: leaders and followers. Our assertions, based on findings for matched dyadic reports of all constructs, are largely supported for convergence in positive emotional tone but not supported for convergence in negative emotional tone in LMX relationships. In addition, nuanced findings for leader rated LMX as well as negative emotional tone convergence emerged. Implications for future theory and research in LMX and emotions are discussed.

Leader-Member Exchange and Supervisor Career Mentoring as Complementary Constructs in Leadership Research

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1994

Affective Events and the Development of Leader-Member Exchange

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2017

We propose that consideration of affective events theory can enrich our understanding of leader-member exchange (LMX) development. Drawing from previous research, we argue that high-quality LMX relationships progress through three stages: role taking, role making, and role routinization. Affective events theory indicates that emotions are relevant at each of these three stages, although their influence is manifested in different ways and at different levels of analysis. During the initial role-taking stage, leaders' affective expressions serve as affective events influencing member emotions through the processes of emotional contagion and affective empathy, which determine the progress of further relationship development. Next, during the role-making stage, leaders and members are both sources of affective events, and they may gradually become affectively entrained such that their affective states tend to fluctuate in a common rhythm. This pattern of dyadic-level affect helps to build high-quality LMX relationships over time. Finally, during the role routinization stage, an LMX relationship has been formed but, we argue, could subsequently change based on member emotional responses to the distribution of LMX relationships within a workgroup (LMX differentiation).

Too Tired to Inspire or Be Inspired: Sleep Deprivation and Charismatic Leadership

Article

Full-text available

May 2016

We draw from theory on sleep and affect regulation to extend the emotional labor model of leadership. We examine both leader and follower sleep as important antecedents of attributions of charismatic leadership. In Study 1, we manipulate the sleep of leaders, and find that leader emotional labor in the form of deep acting (but not surface acting or authentically experienced positive affect) mediates the harmful effect of leader sleep deprivation on follower ratings of charismatic leadership. In Study 2, we manipulate the sleep of followers, and find that follower experienced positive affect mediates the harmful effect of follower sleep deprivation on follower ratings of charismatic leadership of the leader. Thus, both leader and follower sleep deprivation harm attributions of charismatic leadership, with the regulation and experience of affect as causal mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record

Misperception of Tiredness In Young Adults with Insomnia

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2016
J SLEEP RES

People with insomnia often exhibit interpretive biases to cues associated with their condition. This study examined whether individuals with insomnia display an interpretive bias, such that they misperceive facial attributes of tiredness in a disorder-consistent manner. The efficacy of providing feedback related to the accuracy of participants’ perception on later judgements of tiredness was further examined. Forty participants, 20 with DSM-5-defined insomnia disorder and 20 normal-sleepers, participated. The perception of one's own facial appearance of tiredness was assessed twice over two consecutive days using a visual task whereby participants indicated when a morphing image of their face represented their current level of tiredness. Visual and verbal feedback, related to participants’ degree of misperception, was provided on completion of Day 1 testing. Overall, individuals with insomnia perceived their own face as significantly more tired than a baseline neutral photograph was, whereas normal-sleepers perceived themselves as appearing more alert. This pattern of results was only apparent on Day 1. Although no group × day interaction was established, mean scores suggest an improvement in perception on Day 2 amongst individuals with insomnia only. These findings suggest that individuals with insomnia exhibit a misperception of their facial attributes of tiredness, interpreting them in a disorder-consistent manner. This finding adds to the body of literature on cognitive models of insomnia, demonstrating more general cognitive biases in the disorder. Further, the results provide suggestive evidence that this misperception may be reformed.

Leader-member exchange: Recent research findings and prospects for the future

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2011

This chapter reviews research in leader-member exchange theory since 2002. We briefly describe basic tenets of LMX theory and analyze recent research that has examined the context of LMX. To this purpose we look at LMX differentiation studies, cross-cultural studies that have tested LMX theory in non-western cultures, and studies that relate LMX theory to transformational and servant leadership theories. We conclude by noting shortcomings of current LMX research, such as a lack of multi-level studies, or studies incorporating organizational culture and social networks.

An Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1986

Bernard Weiner

In this chapter a theory of motivation and emotion developed from an attributional perspective is presented. Before undertaking this central task, it might be beneficial to review the progression of the book. In Chapter 1 it was suggested that causal attributions have been prevalent throughout history and in disparate cultures. Studies reviewed in Chapter 2 revealed a large number of causal ascriptions within motivational domains, and different ascriptions in disparate domains. Yet some attributions, particularly ability and effort in the achievement area, dominate causal thinking. To compare and contrast causes such as ability and effort, their common denominators or shared properties were identified. Three causal dimensions, examined in Chapter 3, are locus, stability, and controllability, with intentionality and globality as other possible causal properties. As documented in Chapter 4, the perceived stability of a cause influences the subjective probability of success following a previous success or failure; causes perceived as enduring increase the certainty that the prior outcome will be repeated in the future. And all the causal dimensions, as well as the outcome of an activity and specific causes, influence the emotions experienced after attainment or nonattainment of a goal. The affects linked to causal dimensions include pride (with locus), hopelessness and resignation (with stability), and anger, gratitude, guilt, pity, and shame (with controllability).

Generalizability of the Vertical Dyad Linkage Model of Leadership

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1980

Leader-Member Exchange Model of Leadership: A Critique and Further Development

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1986

Following a review of literature on the leader-member exchange model of leadership, the model's methodological and theoretical problems are discussed. First, it is argued that leader-member exchange is a multidimensional construct and should be measured accordingly. Second, it is noted that the leader-member exchange developmental process has not been fully explicated. In addressing these problems, a three dimensional conceptualization of the leader-member exchange construct is proposed and a model of the leader-member exchange developmental process is presented.

You Wouldn't Like Me When I'm Sleepy: Leader Sleep, Daily Abusive Supervision, and Work Unit Engagement

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

We examine daily leader sleep as an antecedent to daily abusive supervisory behavior and work unit engagement. Drawing from ego depletion theory, our theoretical extension includes a serial mediation model of nightly sleep quantity and quality as predictors of abusive supervision. We argue that poor nightly sleep influences leaders to enact daily abusive behaviors via ego depletion, and these abusive behaviors ultimately result in decreased daily subordinate unit work engagement. We test this model through an experience sampling study spread over ten work days with data from both supervisors and their subordinates. Our study supports the role of the indirect effects of sleep quality (but not sleep quantity) via leader ego depletion and daily abusive supervisor behavior on daily subordinate unit work engagement.

Sleepiness at Work: A Review and Framework of How the Physiology of Sleepiness Impacts the Workplace

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

Sleepiness, the biological drive to sleep, is an important construct for the organizational sciences. This physiological phenomenon has received very little attention in the organizational science literature in spite of the fact that it influences a wide variety of workplace behaviors. In this article, we develop a framework through which sleepiness can be fruitfully studied. We describe (a) what sleepiness is and how it can be differentiated conceptually from related concepts such as fatigue, (b) the physiological basis of sleepiness, (c) cognitive and affective mechanisms that transmit the effects of sleepiness, and (d) the behavioral manifestations of sleepiness in the workplace. We also describe (e) job demand characteristics that are antecedents of sleepiness and (f) individual differences that moderate the aforementioned relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Leader-member Exchange (LMX) and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

This paper reports a meta-analysis that examines the relation between Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) relationship quality and a multi-dimensional model of work performance (task, citizenship and counterproductive performance). The results show a positive relationship between LMX and task performance (146 samples, ρ= .30), citizenship performance (97 samples, ρ= .34) and negatively with counterproductive performance (19 samples, ρ= -.24). Of note, there was a positive relationship between LMX and objective task performance (20 samples, ρ = .24). Trust, motivation, empowerment and job satisfaction mediated the relationship between LMX and task and citizenship performance with trust in the leader having the largest effect. There was no difference due to LMX measurement instrument (e.g., LMX7, LMX-MDM). Overall, the relationship between LMX and performance was weaker when (i) measures were obtained from a different source or method and (ii) LMX was measured by the follower than the leader (with common source and method biased effects stronger for leader-rated LMX quality). Finally, there was evidence for LMX leading to task performance but not for reverse or reciprocal directions of effects. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are explored.

Relational Consequences of Personal Goal Pursuits

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2014

Individuals balance tasks necessary to fulfill personal goals and to maintain their interpersonal relationships. In the current studies, we examined the impact of personal goal pursuits on how individuals process and respond to events in their romantic relationships. In 5 experiments, we examined consequences of motivationally active personal goals for relationships. Results indicated that when individuals focused on pursuing a personal goal, they processed relationship information in an evaluatively polarized (Study 1), one-sided (Study 2) fashion. Relative to those deliberating about a personal goal, those focused on a personal goal reported less willingness to engage in some kinds of pro-relationship behaviors (Study 3) and were more likely to forego an opportunity to improve their relationship (Study 4). We attribute this pattern of findings to processing that shielded the personal goal from goal-irrelevant influence (Study 5). These findings provide a greater understanding of how pursuing a personal goal can undermine relationships.

A Multilevel Field Investigation of Emotional Labor, Affect, Work Withdrawal, and Gender

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2011

Using experience-sampling methodology, we examined within-individual relationships among emotional labor, negative and positive affective states, and work withdrawal, as well as the moderating role of gender. Fifty-eight bus drivers completed two daily surveys over a two-week period, producing 415 matched surveys. Results of hierarchical linear models revealed that affective states worsened when employees engaged in surface acting but improved when they engaged in deep acting. Surface acting was positively associated with work withdrawal, and state negative affect mediated this relationship. Results also revealed moderating effects of gender: the within-individual relationships were stronger for females than for males.

Working in our sleep

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2012

Christopher M. Barnes

A large body of sleep physiology research highlights a broad array of effects of sleep on human functioning. Until recently, this literature has been completely isolated from the organizational psychology literature. The purpose of this paper is to further extend the sleep literature into the organizational psychology literature, with a focus on self-regulation in the workplace. I summarize the sleep literature into a model of sleep self-regulation. Next, I highlight initial research in organizational psychology which has drawn from basic sleep physiology research. Following this, I generate new propositions linking sleep to work withdrawal, goal level, incivility, and defection in workplace social dilemmas. Finally, I close with a discussion of methods for conducting sleep research in organizational psychology, as well as some promising areas for future research.

A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Leader-Member Exchange Integrating the Past With an Eye Toward the Future

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2012

Although leader-member exchange (LMX) was identified in the literature nearly 40 years ago, a comprehensive empirical examination of its antecedents and consequences has not been conducted. The authors’ examination included 247 studies, containing 290 samples, and 21 antecedents and 16 consequences of LMX quality. Results indicated that while leader behaviors and perceptions, follower characteristics, interpersonal relationship characteristics, and contextual variables represent significant groups of LMX antecedents, leader variables explained the most variance in LMX quality. Moderator analyses revealed that the particular LMX scale, country of participants, and work setting studied did not produce meaningful influences on the relationships in the meta-analysis. However, power distance and individualism did moderate some of these relationships. To provide continuity with the LMX meta-analyses and conceptual reviews that have focused on LMX consequences, the authors tested a number of mediation models. The results demonstrated that LMX frequently plays a mediating role in the relationships where mediation could be tested.

Bidirectional Associations Between Sleep (Quality and Duration) and Psychosocial Functioning Across the University Years

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2013

Despite extensive research on sleep and psychosocial functioning, an important gap within the literature is the lack of inquiry into the direction of effects between these 2 constructs. The purpose of the present 3-year longitudinal study was to examine bidirectional associations between sleep (quality and duration) and 3 indices of psychosocial functioning (intrapersonal adjustment, friendship quality, and academic achievement). We also assessed the role of gender as a possible moderator of the patterns of results. Participants were 942 (71.5% female) emerging adults enrolled at a mid-sized university in southern Ontario, Canada, who ranged in age from 17 to 25 years (M = 19.01 years, SD = 0.90) at the first assessment. Students completed surveys in the winter term for 3 consecutive years, beginning in their first year of university. Survey measures included demographics, sleep quality and duration, intrapersonal adjustment (depressive symptoms, stress, and self-esteem), friendship quality, and academic achievement. Results of path analyses indicated a significant bidirectional association between sleep quality and intrapersonal adjustment. We also found evidence for unidirectional associations, such that better friendship quality and higher academic achievement predicted better sleep quality over time. Overall, psychosocial functioning was more strongly associated with sleep quality relative to sleep duration. Our findings highlight the importance of a longitudinal and holistic approach in understanding the link between sleep and psychosocial functioning among emerging adults at university. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Firms Reap What They Sow: The Effects of Shared Values and Perceived Organizational Justice on Customers’ Evaluations of Complaint Handling

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2003
J MARKETING

Employing elements of organizational theory and service recovery research, the authors examine how employees' perceptions of shared values and organizational justice can stimulate customer-directed extra-role behaviors when handling complaints. They also investigate how these extra-role behaviors affect customers' perceptions of justice, satisfaction, word of mouth, and purchase intent. The authors capture and match employee and customer perceptions regarding the relevant constructs following a complaint and recovery experience. The results indicate that employees' perceptions of shared values and organizational justice affect customer-directed extra-role behaviors. Furthermore, the authors find that extra-role behaviors have significant effects on customers' perceptions of justice and that these behaviors mediate the effects of shared values and organizational justice on customer justice perceptions. Their study reveals that customer ratings of justice affect the customer outcomes of satisfaction with recovery, overall firm satisfaction, purchase intent, and word of mouth. Finally, the authors show that customers' perceptions of justice mediate the effects that extra-role behaviors have on customer outcomes.

Developing New Rules for New Markets

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2000

John H. Roberts

This article examines emerging technologies and the markets that they create, reviewing ideas about how new rules might be developed for successful participation in them. The need to examine new markets is being driven by the convergence of information technology and telecommunications, increased channel turbulence caused by the Internet, the embodiment of information technology in new products, globalization, and the increasing concentration and interdependence of industries. New rules to succeed in these markets depend on (1) an understanding of the market and (2) an ability to take that understanding and exploit it into profitable, customer-focused action. This article looks at market calibration including the development of new stimuli, measures, and models. It then takes the results of that calibration to show how firms in the new millennium can focus marketing action not only on a welltargeted marketing mix that has historically been the focus of marketing in the 1900s but by developing, maintaining, and maximizing their installed customer base.

Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application

Book

Jun 2021

Generalizability of the Vertical Dyad Linkage Model of Leadership

Article

Sep 1980

Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis

Article

Jan 2006
J EDUC BEHAV STAT

The actor and observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior

Article

Jan 1971

The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research

Article

Jan 2000

Impact of Spouses’ Sleep Problems on Partners

Article

May 2004

Study Objectives: To analyze relationships between spouses' sleep problems and their partners' physical health, mental health, well-being, social involvement, and marital quality in a sample of older persons. Design: The Alameda County Study is a population-based longitudinal study focusing on behavioral factors associated with health and mortality. Setting: Participants completed questionnaires for the sixth wave of data collection (1999). Participants: 405 couples (810 husbands and wives aged 51 to 94 years). Measurements and Results: Participants were asked how often they had experienced difficulty falling asleep, waking up in the middle of the night, and waking up very early in the morning over the past month. Response sets ranged from "never" to "often." Scores were summed. Analyses included multivariate statistical models using generalized estimating equations to adjust for paired data as well as partner age, sex, chronic conditions, financial problems, and own sleep problems. Although partners' associations with negative outcomes were stronger for their own sleep problems, spouses' sleep problems were associated with partners' poor health, depressed mood, poor mental health, unhappiness, low optimism, feeling left out, not satisfied with relationships, and unhappy marriage, even after adjusting for the partners' sleep problems. We found no sex differences in associations between spouses' sleep problems and partners' outcomes. Conclusions: Although data are cross-sectional, findings suggest that spouses' sleep problems negatively impact partners' health and wellbeing. Our analyses emphasize the importance of treating sleep problems to promote the health and well-being of both affected individuals and their partners.

Building better theory: Time and the specification of when things happen

Article

Oct 2001

In any investigation of a causal relationship between an X and a Y, the time when X and Y are measured is crucial for determining whether X causes Y, as well as the true strength of that relationship. Using past research and a review of current research, we develop a set of XY configurations that describe the main ways that causal relationships are represented in theory and tested in research. We discuss the theoretical. methodological, and analytical issues pertaining to when we measure X and Y and discuss the implications of this analysis for constructing better organizational theories.

Organizational process in impression formation

Chapter

Jan 2014

Academy of Management Review, 11

Article

Mplus User’s Guide. Sixth Edition

Book

Jan 1998

Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach

Book

Jan 2013

Andrew F Hayes

Research in organizational behavior

Article

Jan 1987

Adult Romantic Attachment: Theoretical Developments, Emerging Controversies, and Unanswered Questions

Article

Jun 2000
REV GEN PSYCHOL

The authors review the theory of romantic, or pair-bond, attachment as it was originally formulated by C. Hazan and P. R. Shaver in 1987 and describe how it has evolved over more than a decade. In addition, they discuss 5 issues related to the theory that need further clarification: (a) the nature of attachment relationships, (b) the evolution and function of attachment in adulthood, (c) models of individual differences in attachment, (d) continuity and change in attachment security, and (e) the integration of attachment, sex, and caregiving. In discussing these issues, they provide leads for future research and outline a more complete theory of romantic attachment.

Salience and the cognitive mediation of attribution

Article

Dec 1979
J PERS SOC PSYCHOL

Conducted 2 studies of the impact of salience and informational factors on attribution and memory, with a total of 191 undergraduates and graduate students. In Exp I, manipulations of the amount of thought Ss gave to their attributions and of a delay before responding to attribution questions did not diminish the effect of salience on attribution; in fact, the delay increased the effect. In Exp II, recall of the stimulus material was shown to be influenced by salience and by covariation information (consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency) and to be related to attributions. These findings and theory and data from the literature on comprehension and representation of linguistic material in memory are used to argue that salience is not simply a process by which people make attributions without giving much thought to them. Instead, salience effects reflect the close relationships among the processes of comprehension, remembering, and attribution, and the fact that attributional processing can take place at the time of the encoding and storage of information, as well as at the time of its retrieval from memory. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Attributions in Marriage: Review and Critique

Article

Jan 1990

The prevailing behavioral account of marriage must be expanded to include covert processes. This article therefore examines the attributions or explanations that spouses make for marital events. A review indicates that dissatisfied spouses, compared with satisfied spouses, make attributions for the partner's behavior that cast it in a negative light. Experimental, clinical outcome, and longitudinal data suggest further that attributions may influence marital satisfaction. Rival hypotheses for these findings are examined. Because continued empirical development in this domain depends on conceptual progress, a framework is presented that integrates attributions, behavior, and marital satisfaction. This framework points to several topics that require systematic study, and specific hypotheses are offered for research on these topics. It is concluded that the promising start made toward understanding marital attributions holds considerable potential for enriching behavioral conceptions of marriage.

Building Sense out of Contextual Complexity: Functional Ambivalence and Leadership Processes

Article

Oct 2014

There is growing consensus among leadership scholars that followers can play a significant role in influencing their leaders’ interpretative processes. Leadership theory, however, has yet to explain how and when leaders and followers collaboratively build sense of organizational complexity to make decisions. In this article, we introduce the construct of functional ambivalence – a deliberative cognitive process that converges limited cognitive resources while mitigating submission to automatic responses – to explicate how complex contexts can trigger a functional cognitive state. We then develop a taxonomy of leader and follower ambivalence to explain how leader and follower ambivalence can trigger distinct interpretative processes. Taken together, we build toward a theory of functional ambivalence at the dyadic level that explains how leader-follower sense- building can facilitate contextual interpretation, and thus ultimately, improve organizational functioning.

A Social Interaction Model Of The Effects Of Emotion Regulation On Work Strain

Article

Jul 2005

STÉPHANE CÔTÉ

Current models of how emotion regulation impacts strain focus on intraindividual processes that operate within the mind and body of the person regulating the emotion. This article presents a social interaction model of how emotion regulation impacts strain based on interpersonal processes. In this model, explanations of how emotion regulation impacts strain are based on the receiver's response to the sender's emotion regulation and display, the form of emotion regulation, and the emotion being regulated.

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory

Chapter

Jan 1994

nature of anxiety and anger as emotional states and the procedures employed in their measurement are reviewed briefly / the measures of state and trait anxiety are discussed, and the development of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is described in some detail / examine conceptual ambiguities in the constructs of anger, hostility, and aggression, briefly evaluate a number of instruments developed to assess anger and hostility, and describe the construction and validation of the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS) / expression and control of anger are considered, and the development of the Anger Expression (AX) Scale and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) are described / concludes with a discussion of the utilization of anxiety and anger measures in treatment planning and evaluation

Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion

Article

Feb 1998

We examined the impact of surface-level (demographic) and deep-level (attitudinal) diversity on group social integration. As hypothesized, the length of time group members worked together weakened the effects of surface-level diversity and strengthened the effects of deep-level diversity as group members had the opportunity to engage in meaningful interactions.

Building sense out of situational complexity

Article

Jan 2014

There is growing consensus among scholars that the organizational environment has become increasingly complex, dynamic, and socially demanding. Leaders and followers navigate through a cognitive paradox where assessments of the situation can be at once cognitively overpowering and cognitively deceiving. In this article, we propose that complex situations can lead to ambivalence, a psychological state caused by contrasting evaluative orientations toward an object or situation. We propose that ambivalence can become a functional cognitive process that provides cognitive discomfort and fluidity for joint contextual interpretation when leaders and followers share ambivalent cognitive states. We develop a theoretical model of how this process unfolds, highlighting how and when situational complexity can trigger leader and follower ambivalence leading to distinct interpretative processes. Taken together, we explain how ambivalence can facilitate collaborative contextual interpretation within complex situations. In so doing, we advance the current understanding of ambivalence by explicating its role in creating functional leadership processes.

The Role of Sleep in Interpersonal Conflict: Do Sleepless Nights Mean Worse Fights?

Article

Feb 2013

This research examined the impact of a basic biological process-namely, sleep-on relationship conflict, specifically testing whether poor sleep influences the degree, nature, and resolution of conflict. In Study 1, a 14-day daily experience study, participants reported more conflict in their romantic relationships following poor nights of sleep. In Study 2, we brought couples into the laboratory to assess the dyadic effects of sleep on the nature and resolution of conflict. One partner's poor sleep was associated with a lower ratio of positive to negative affect (self-reported and observed), as well as decreased empathic accuracy for both partners during a conflict conversation. Conflict resolution occurred most when both partners were well rested. Effects were not explained by stress, anxiety, depression, lack of relationship satisfaction, or by partners being the source of poor sleep. Overall, these findings highlight a key factor that may breed conflict, thereby putting relationships at risk.

Success and Failure in Time-Limited Psychotherapy

Article

May 1980
ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT

Hans H. Strupp

• This article, based on data from the Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Research Project, is a detailed comparison of two patients (male college students with anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal) treated by a lay counselor in time-limited psychotherapy. One of the patients experienced noticeable therapeutic gains; the second was a therapeutic failure. Differences in process and outcome are shown to be due to the quality of the therapeutic interaction. The latter in turn, was importantly determined by the patient's character structure and the manner in which it enabled the patient to relate to the therapist. Fundamental differences exist between a trained and an untrained therapist's approach to psychotherapy. In these case histories, the lay counselor experienced difficulties with both patients in effectively confronting transference issues.

A Confirmatory Analysis of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale

Article

Aug 1982

The dyadic adjustment scale is critically evaluated by reconsidering the factor structure of the scale and its subscales using a maximum likelihood, confirmatory factor-analysis procedure. A new sample is studied three years later from the same geographical area. High reliability was confirmed for the overall scale. The four subscale factors appear robust and account for 94% of the covariance among the items, although subscale affiliations were not perfectly replicated in the confirmatory factor solution. The findings of the re-evaluation are encouraging, suggesting that confidence in the scale is warranted for subsequent users.

Changes in Attributions Over Time: The Ephemeral Fundamental Attribution Error

Article

Jun 1991
SOC COGNITION

Jerry M. Burger

Two experiments examined how attributions for another person's behavior change over time. Experiment 1 subjects who watched a persuasive speech tended to believe the speaker's real position on the issue was the one he advocated, even when told the speaker had no choice, thus replicating past research. However, this effect virtually disappeared when attributions were taken a week later. Experiment 2 subjects were randomly assigned to questioner and contestant roles for a quiz game. Contestants rated their general level of knowledgeability as less than their partners' when ratings were given immediately after the game, again replicating earlier findings. However, when attributions were given several days later, this effect also disappeared. Some of the variables and conditions that affect how attributions change over time are discussed.

The development of the LMX relationships after a newly appointed leader enters an organization

Article

Nov 2013

Hilpi Kangas

This study examines the development of the Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) relationships of a newly appointed leader. The aim of the study is twofold; first to shed light on the development process of LMX relationships when a new leader enters an organization; and second, to examine the effect of a managerial development intervention that was implemented. The study was executed as a longitudinal single-case study in which a leader and their subordinates were observed and interviewed over a period of approximately one year. The study’s contribution is first to reveal how several critical incidents occurring during the first year of the tenure of a new leader affected the relationships the leader formed. The second contribution is to show how the development intervention supported the leader and the development of the LMX relationships.

Misleading First Impressions: Different for Different Facial Images of the Same Person

Article

May 2014

Studies on first impressions from facial appearance have rapidly proliferated in the past decade. Almost all of these studies have relied on a single face image per target individual, and differences in impressions have been interpreted as originating in stable physiognomic differences between individuals. Here we show that images of the same individual can lead to different impressions, with within-individual image variance comparable to or exceeding between-individuals variance for a variety of social judgments (Experiment 1). We further show that preferences for images shift as a function of the context (e.g., selecting an image for online dating vs. a political campaign; Experiment 2), that preferences are predictably biased by the selection of the images (e.g., an image fitting a political campaign vs. a randomly selected image; Experiment 3), and that these biases are evident after extremely brief (40-ms) presentation of the images (Experiment 4). We discuss the implications of these findings for studies on the accuracy of first impressions.

Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep

Article

May 2014

Borrowing From Sleep to Pay Work and Family: Expanding Time-Based Conflict to the Broader Non-Work Domain

Article

Dec 2012

We extend cross‐domain research by examining sleep, a domain within the larger nonwork domain that competes for time with work and family domains. We draw from scarcity theory and research on slack resources to contend that, because people cannot increase the amount of time they have, they borrow time from sleep in order to spend more time working and with family. Utilizing a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of 10,741 participants, we find nonlinear and interactive effects of time spent working and time spent with family on sleep time, suggesting that the negative effects of work and family on sleep time are especially strong when demands for work and family are high. In an experience sampling field study of 122 working adults, we similarly find a nonlinear effect of work time on sleep time as well as an interaction between work time and family time in predicting time spent sleeping. Both studies indicate that as slack time resources become increasingly scarce, time spent working and time spent with family have increasingly powerful negative effects on time spent sleeping. Contrary to our expectations, we found no support for gender as a moderator of these effects.

Videotaped confessions: Is guilt in the eye of the camera?

Article

Dec 2001
ADV EXP SOC PSYCHOL

It is noted that in criminal trials, fact finders that include judges and jurors make decisions based on the evaluation of the evidence presented. The kind of evidence that possibly has the greatest impact on the decision making of these trial fact finders is a defendant's prior admission of guilt. The type of interrogation pressure used to induce an admission of guilt is one factor that can bias the evaluation of confession evidence. This chapter describes findings from a programmatic series of studies that demonstrate that confession evidence presented in a videotaped format, in certain instances, can introduce an undesirable bias in the evaluation of evidence by trial decision-makers. The chapter presents results from other experiments that examine the basic processing mechanisms underlying this bias and discusses the policy implications of the present research for the system of jurisprudence. The basis lies in the extensive scientific literature concerning how people go about attributing causality to the behaviors and events that they observe in their environment.

Professional Manual of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory

Article

Nov 1991

The Role, Function, and Contribution of Attribution Theory to Leadership: A Review

Article

Dec 2007
LEADERSHIP QUART

The purpose of this article is to review literature that has focused on the role of attributions in leadership processes and to explore and explain how the study of attributions does, and can, contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of leadership. The historical roots of attribution research are discussed, along with early attributional research in the leadership area. Two streams of attributional criticisms are addressed and recent attributional research relevant to leadership is reviewed. We argue and demonstrate that attributions account for significant proportions of the variance in leadership behaviors. We conclude with suggestions for including attributional perspectives in comprehensive models of leader behavior.

From Acts to Dispositions: The Attribution Process in Social Psychology

Article

Lack of sleep and the development of leader-follower relationships over time

Abstract

No full-text available

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