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Microphone Sensors for In-Vehicle Applications

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This document illustrates the fundamental physics working principle, construction of Microphone Sensors those are extensively used in the different stages of automotive manufacturing industry and also for the in vehicle applications. In this paper the all necessary information regarding Microphone sensor, like signal conditioning, hardware interfacing and Array signal processing will be explained, which are required to complete understanding of its application.
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Microphones integrated on a seat belt are an interesting alternative to conventional sensor positions used for hands-free telephony or speech dialog systems in automobile environments. In the setup presented in this contribution, the seat belt consists of three microphones which usually lay around the shoulder and chest of a sitting passenger. The main benefit of belt microphones is the small distance from the talker's mouth to the sensor. As a consequence, an improved signal quality in terms of a better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to other sensor positions, e.g., at the rear view mirror, the steering wheel, or the center console, can be achieved. However, the belt microphone arrangement varies considerably due to movements of the passenger and depends on the size of the passenger. Furthermore, additional noise sources arise for seat belt microphones: they can easily be touched, e.g., by clothes, or might be in the path of an air-stream from the automotive ventilation system. This contribution presents several robust signal enhancement algorithms designed for belt microphones in multi-seat scenarios. The belt microphone with the highest SNR (usually closest to the speaker's mouth) is selected for speech signal enhancement. Further improvements can be achieved if all belt microphone signals are combined to a single output signal. The proposed signal enhancement system for belt microphones includes a robust echo cancelation scheme, three different microphone combining approaches, a sophisticated noise estimation scheme to track stationary as well as non-stationary noise, and a speech mixer to combine the signals from each seat belt to a single channel output in a multi-seat scenario.
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This report presents a tutorial of fundamental array processing and beamforming theory relevant to microphone array speech processing. A microphone array consists of multiple microphones placed at different spatial locations. Built upon a knowledge of sound propagation principles, the multiple inputs can be manipulated to enhance or attenuate signals emanating from particular directions. In this way, microphone arrays provide a means of enhancing a desired signal in the presence of corrupting noise sources. Moreover, this enhancement is based purely on knowledge of the source location, and so microphone array techniques are applicable to a wide variety of noise types. Microphone arrays have great potential in practical applications of speech processing, due to their ability to provide both noise robustness and hands-free signal acquisition. This report has been extracted from my PhD thesis, and can be referenced as : I..A. McCowan. "Robust Speech Recognition using Microphone Arrays," PhD Thesis, Queensland Uni- versity of Technology, Australia, 2001. For a more in-depth discussion of key microphone processing techniques, the interested reader is refered to M. Brandstein and D. Ward (Eds). "Microphone Arrays", Springer, 2001.
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