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STUDIES ON PARAMPHISTOMIASIS IN RUMINANTS

Authors:
  • Kafrelsheikh University Egypt

Abstract

This study was carried out through one year from January 2008 to December 2008 at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to determine some epidemiological and clinical features concerning paramphistomiasis in ruminants. Moreover, different treatment trails were conducted to evaluate their efficacy. Out of 944 examined animals (316 cattle 218 buffalos and 410 sheep), eggs of paramphistomes were detected in 260 (27.43%), the prevalence rate was 38.92%, 41.74% and 10.98% among cattle, buffaloes and sheep respectively. Geographically, the disease was distributed variably among different areas of Kafr ElSheikh. Concerning the sex predisposition, the prevalence of the disease was significantly higher (p<0.05) in females (41.61%) than males (27.45%). The prevalence of paramphistomiasis was differed significantly among different age groups and different seasons. Clinically, mild infected animals were apparently normal; the moderate and severely infected animals developed diarrhea, emaciation, submandibular edema, rough coat and decreased milk yield in variable degrees correlated to the faecal egg count. Paramphistomes species which detected were Paramphistomum cervi, Carmyerius gregarious, and Cotylophoron cotylophorum. Histopathological changes in infected animals were in the form of mononuclear cell infiltration in the sub mucosa of the ruminal papillae, necrosis and degeneration in the gland of the duodenum. It was observed that oxyclozamide was 97.9% effective against mature paramphistomes whereas niclosamide failed to cure completely any of the infected animals.
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
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Kafrelsheikh, Vet. Med. J., 3
rd
Sci. Congress. 10-12 May 2009, pp. (116-136)
STUDIES ON PARAMPHISTOMIASIS IN RUMINANTS
Magdy H. Al-Gaabary, Salama A. Osman and Amera G.M. El-Tonoby
Department Of Animal Medicine, Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine,
Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out through one year from January 2008 to
December 2008 at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to determine some
epidemiological and clinical features concerning paramphistomiasis
in ruminants. Moreover, different treatment trails were conducted to
evaluate their efficacy. Out of 944 examined animals (316 cattle 218
buffalos and 410 sheep), eggs of paramphistomes were detected in
260 (27.43%), the prevalence rate was 38.92%, 41.74% and 10.98%
among cattle, buffaloes and sheep respectively. Geographically, the
disease was distributed variably among different areas of Kafr El-
Sheikh. Concerning the sex predisposition, the prevalence of the
disease was significantly higher (p<0.05) in females (41.61%) than
males (27.45%). The prevalence of paramphistomiasis was differed
significantly among different age groups and different seasons.
Clinically, mild infected animals were apparently normal; the moderate
and severely infected animals developed diarrhea, emaciation,
submandibular edema, rough coat and decreased milk yield in
variable degrees correlated to the faecal egg count. Paramphistomes
species which detected were Paramphistomum cervi, Carmyerius
gregarious, and Cotylophoron cotylophorum. Histopathological changes
in infected animals were in the form of mononuclear cell infiltration in
the sub mucosa of the ruminal papillae, necrosis and degeneration in
the gland of the duodenum. It was observed that oxyclozamide was
97.9% effective against mature paramphistomes whereas niclosamide
failed to cure completely any of the infected animals.
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
117
INTRODUCTION
Helminthiasis is one of the most important groups of parasitic diseases
in several countries. Among these infections, paramphistomes are the
most common and pathogenic (Manna et al., 1994).
Paramphistomiasis is caused by digenetic flukes belong to the family
Paramphistomidae. Adult paramphistomes are the main parasites in the
rumen and reticulum of sheep, goats, cattle and water buffaloes. Light
infection dose not cause serious damage to the animals, but massive
number of immature paramphistomes can migrate through the intestinal
tract causing acute parasitic gastroenteritis with high morbidity and
mortality rates, particularly in young animals (Hanna et al., 1988). Mature
Paramphistomes are also responsible for ruminitis, irregular rumination,
unthriftiness, loss of body condition, decrease in milk production and
reduction of fertility (Zinsstag et al., 1997).
Paramphistomiasis is distributed all over the world, but its highest
prevalence has been reported in tropical and subtropical regions, particu-
larly in Africa, Asia, Australia, Eastern Europe and Russia (Sey et al.,
1997).
Diagnosis of paramphistomiasis is mainly based on faecal examina-
tion (Hanna et al., 1988). While early diagnosis of such trematode is so
difficult where, the egg output is not present in faeces until the fluke
reach the maturity (Hafeez et al., 2006).
To control paramphistomes infection in livestock a variety of
anthelmintics as resorantel and rafoxanide (Soulsby, 1982), thiophonate
and albendazole (Mahapatra et al., 1990) triclobendazole (Galdhar et
al., 2002), niclozamide (Reddy and Hafeez, 1986) have been used with
varying results. But the literature on the efficacy of oxyclozanide against
paramphistomiasis is meager except a few (Prasad and Bharti 2001).
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
118
Economic losses caused by Paramphistomes infection has not been
estimated, but may be greater than those caused by many other parasites
(Hanna et al., 1988).
So, the aim of the present work was directed to study some epidem-
iological features and clinico-pathological aspects associated with Para-
mphistomiasis in cattle, buffaloes and sheep in addition to evaluate some
trials for treatment of naturally infected animals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals:
A total of 944 animals (316 cattle, 218 buffaloes and 410 sheep) of
different ages and sex belong to Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate were used
in this study. These animals were subjected to clinical, epidemiological
and parasitological investigation against paramphistomiasis during the
period from January, 2008 to December 2008.
Faecal samples:
Individual faecal sample was collected directly from the rectum of
each animal. Each sample was labeled and transported as soon as possible
to the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Medicine,
Kafrelsheikh University for macroscopic and microscopic examination.
Samples for histopathological examinations:
At Kafr El-Sheikh abattoir, Rumens, reticulums and duodenums
showed gross lesions from paramphistomes infected animals were collected
and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution.
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
119
Collection of the flukes:
Rumens and reticulums of 220 animals (172 buffaloes, 43 cattle, 5
sheep) freshly slaughtered in Kafrelsheikh abattoir were examined for
the presence of the ruminal flukes. The collected flukes were transported
to the laboratory in plastic container provided with physiological saline.
The collected flukes were washed several times in tap water to remove
the debris and ruminal content according to Asanji (1990) then prepared
for identification. The flukes were examined under microscope for
identification according the key of Yamaguti (1958).
Epidemiological investigation:
Prevalence rate, age and sex susceptibility relationships as well as
the seasonality of paramphistomiasis were estimated according to Martin
(1987).
Clinical examination:
All animals under study were subjected to clinical examination
according to Kelly (1984).
Parasitological examination:
Faecal examination, total egg counts and identification of the reco-
vered flukes were carried out according to Yamaguti (1958) and Soulsby
(1982).
Histopathological examination:
The specimens for histopathological examination were embedded
in paraffin wax. Five microns thick paraffin section were prepared and
stained with haematoxylene and Eosin (H & E) then examined microsco-
pically according to Drurag and Wallington (1980).
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
120
Treatment trails:
Seventy three animals (22 cattle, 23 buffaloes and 28 sheep) of 2-6
years naturally infected with paramphistomes were used for treatment
trials. Mixed infection with other parasites was excluded. These animals
were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 48 animals
(15 sheep, 17 cows and 16 buffaloes) which treated using oxyclozanide
(zanil) (Shering plough veterinaire) at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body
weight. The second group consisted of 25 animals (13 sheep, 4 buffaloes
and 8 cattle) which treated using niclosamide (Adwia) at dose 100 mg/kg
body weight. Faecal egg counts were estimated on day zero treatment
and then at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post treatment. The efficacy of the drug
was evaluated on the basis of faecal egg count.
Statistical analysis:
The obtained data had been analyzed statistically using chi-square
and student t-test according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Paramphistomiasis has been a neglected trematode infectious disease;
recently, it emerged as an important cause of productivity loss (Anuracp-
reeda et al., 2008).
Total prevalence which recorded in this study was 27.43%. Table
(1) revealed that the prevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in
cattle and buffaloes than that of sheep, whereas the variation was not
significant between cattle and buffaloes. This variation of the disease
prevalence among different species may be attributed to the host
specificity in addition to the rate of exposure where, cattle and buffaloes
were exposed similarly compared to a little exposure of sheep. Lower
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
121
rates were recorded by Agosti et al. (1980) who recorded 16.9%
cumulative incidence and Kozakiewicz (1980) who recorded 3.06%
prevalence from 1971-1973 and 17.29% from 1976-1978.
Regarding to the prevalence rate in cattle, it was 38.92%. Similar rates
were recorded by Bouvry and Rau (1984) who recorded 34% prevalence
rate. Lower prevalence was recorded by Vartic et al. (1982) who recorded
3% prevalence rate; Juyal et al. (2003) who recorded 4.46% prevalence
rate; Dube et al. (2004) who recorded 25.41% prevalence rate and Haridy
et al. (2006) who recorded 7.3% prevalence rate of paramphistomiasis.
Higher rates were recorded by Manna et al. (1994); Dube et al. (2004)
and Stripalwit et al. (2007) who recorded 56.5%, 80% and 78.38% prev-
alence rates respectively.
Regarding to the prevalence of the disease among examined buffaloes,
the prevalence was 41.74%. Higher rates were recorded by Luc and
Thang (1999) and Ameni et al. (2001) who recorded 72.7% and 75%
prevalence rates respectively. Lower rates were recorded by El-Refaii
(1993); Manna et al. (1994); Juyal et al. (2003); Haridy et al. (2006)
and Khan et al. (2006) who recorded 9%, 27.4%, 6.59%, 10% and
28.33% prevalence rate respectively.
The prevalence of the disease among sheep was 10.98%. Similar
rate was recorded by Vartic et al. (1982) who recorded 9-11% prevalence
rate. Higher prevalence were recorded by Manna et al. (1994) and
Wang et al. (2006) who recorded 55.9% and 48.8% prevalence rates
respectively. Lower rates were recorded by Moghoddar and Khanitapeh
(2003) and Haridy et al. (2006) who recorded 1.09% and 4% prevalence
rates respectively.
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
122
As shown in Table (2), the prevalence of the disease was differed
among different areas of Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate where higher
prevalence was recorded in El-Riade (61.76%) and Biala (53.65%)
compared to zero% in Baltim, this variation among different area might
be related to the environmental conditions which facilate the presence
and propagation of the intermediate host (Al-Gaabary and Nasr, 1997).
Climatic changes (Rangel-Ruiz et al., 2003) and husbandry practices
(Wang et al., 2006).
Concerning the sex predispoition of paramphistomiasis, significant
(P < 0.05) increase was recorded in female (41.61%) than males
(27.45%) in livestock (Table 3). Similar observations were reported
previously by Asanji et al. (1989) and Galdhar and Roy (2005) who
recorded that the prevalence of paramphistomiasis was generally higher
in females than males. On the contrary, Sevimi et al. (2005); kumari and
Hafeez (2005) and Khan et al. (2006) recorded that the prevalence of
paramphistomiasis in males was higher than that in females. The higher
prevalence in females may be attributed to stress factors (parturition and
lactation) to which the females were exposed.
Concerning the disease prevalence among examined cattle and buffaloes
in relation to their ages, the prevalence of paramphistomiasis was zero % in
cattle less than one year, 51.6% in cattle from 1-2 year, 44.55% in cattle from
2-4 year and 53.48% in cattle more than 4 year. Whereas the prevalence rates
in buffaloes were 6.25% in age group less than 1 year, 45.71% in age group 1-
2 year, 53.33% in age group 2-4 years and 55% in buffaloes more than 4 years
(Table 4). Similar result were previously reported by Agosti et al. (1980)
who recorded that all cases of paramphistomiasis were observed in adult
cattle whereas no cases were reported in calves; Ferre et al. (1997) who
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
123
recorded that the risk of paramphistomiasis infestation was increased
with increasing the animal age; Amer et al. (2002) who recorded that the
incidence of paramphistomiasis in cattle over 2½ years was 46.77%
while it was 28.9% in cattle under year and Galdhar and Roy (2005)
who recorded 1.25% prevalence in animal above 6 years followed by
calves of one year (4.34%). On the other hand, Sobih and Hassan (1992)
recorded 2.9% and zero % prevalence rates in cattle and buffaloes in
yearling animals and 1.7% and zero % in animal over 3 year and Khan et
al. (2006) who recorded that the disease was prevalent in younger
buffaloes below two year compared to older buffaloes more than two
year. The lower rate of infection in young animals may be attributed to
the little chance of exposure as well as the long prepatent period of the
paramphistomes species with subsequent absence of the diagnostic eggs.
Concerning the disease prevalence in relation to different seasons,
the prevalence was statistically (P < 0.05) differ among different seasons.
The disease was higher in spring (50.81%), followed by autumn
(36.03%) then winter (34.48%) and lastly summer (34.12%) (Table 5).
Similar findings were previously recorded by Pal and Qayyum (1993)
who recorded highest paramphistomes infection rate during winter
(84.18%) followed by autumn (41.76%) then spring (37.25%) and finally
in summer (32.86%) and Wang et al. (2006) who recorded that summer
showed the peak season for paramphistomes infection in sheep. This
variation among different studies might be related to environmental
conditions which facilitate the presence of the intermediate host (Al-
Gaabary and Nasr, 1997) climatic and geographical parameters which
affect the hatchability of paramphistomes eggs (Dutta et al., 1995 and
Hirani et al., 1999).
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
124
The clinical findings which recorded in this study were greatly
related to the degree of infestation; mildly infected ones showed no
clinical signs while moderately and severely infected animals showed
emaciation, diarrhoea, pale mucous membrane, submandibular oedema
and decreased milk yield. These signs may be attributed to the damage
and necrosis of gastro intestinal mucosa which results from direct effect
of the parasite which lead to impairment of digestion and absorption
resulting in production loss. Submanidublar oedema which observed may
be attributed to hypoproteinemia which resulted due to leakage of protein
through the damaged mucous membrane of the duodenum. Decreased
milk yield is due to decrease of volatile fatty acids (Amer et al., 2002).
Similar signs were observed previously by Hanna et al. (1988) who
recorded that light paramphistomiasis infection did not cause serious
damage to the animal and Amer et al. (2002) who recorded that pale
mucous membrane, weakness, weight loss, decreased milk yield in
paramphistomes infected animals.
Paramphistomes species that identified in this study were Paramph-
istomum cervi, Carmyerius gregarious and Cotylophoron cotylophorum
(Figures 1 a, b and c). Paramphistomum cervi and Cotylophoron cotylop-
horum were recovered from cattle, buffaloes and sheep, while, Carmyerius
gregarious was recovered only from buffaloes. Nearly similar finding
was reported previously by El-Seify et al. (1999) who detected Carmyerius
gregarious and Cotylophoron cotylophorum in slaughtered cattle and
buffaloes at Kafr EL-Sheikh abattoir.
The pathological findings that associated with paramphistomiasis
were occurred as a result of suckling the reticulum and rumen mucosa by
their acetabulum (Figures 1 d). leading to slightly hardened areas devoid
of ruminal papillae in addition to atrophy of ruminal papillae, necrosis
and erosion of ruminal mucous membrane (Figures 1 e and f). Similar
observations were recorded by Vartic et al. (1982), Khan et al. (1994)
and Dube et al.(2004).
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
125
Histopathological changes of paramphistomiasis infected animals
were in the form of mononuclear cell infiltration in submucosa of ruminal
papillae. The lesions of the duodenum were in the form of necrosis and
degeneration of glands replaced with infiltration of inflammatory cells
due to invasion of immature paramphistomes species inside the duodenum
tissue (Figures 2 a, b, c and d). Similar histopathological findings were
reported by Singh et al. (1984) who recorded macrophages and lymphocyte
infiltrations in the duodenum tissue and mononuclear infiltration in the
ruminal mucosa and Rolfe et al. (1994) who recorded eosinophils, mast
cells and leukocytic infiltration.
Chemicals still the main available tool for controlling different par-
asitic diseases (Campbell and Benz, 1984). A variety of anthelmintics
e.g resorantel and rafoxanide (Soulsby, 1982), thiophanate and albendazole
(Mahapatra et al., 1990), triclabendazole (Galdhar et al., 2002) were
used for control of paramphistomiasis with variable results.
In this study, the efficacy of oxyclozanide and niclosamide were
evaluated in treatment of paramphistomiasis in naturally infected animals. It
was observed that oxyclozanide was 97.9% effective whereas niclosamide
fail to cure completely any of the infected animals (Table 6). However,
niclosamide was diminished the faecal egg count in previous studies,
oxyclozanide gave 72.61% efficacy (Rapic, 1980); 99.9% to 100% efficacy
against adult paramphistomes and 98.1% efficacy against immature para-
mphistomes (Rolfe and Boray, 1987); 100% efficacy against paramphis-
tomes (El-Seify et al., 1999) and 90.6% efficacy (Roy et al., 2004).
Finally, it can be concluded that, Paramphistomiasis is an endemic
disease affecting ruminants at Kafr El-Sheikh. The prevalence rate was
varied with species, age, sex, season and locality. The clinical reaction of
the disease is greatly correlated to the faecal egg count. The adult flukes
result in significance changes in blood picture of the affected animals.
The adult flukes result in macroscopic and microscopica histopathological
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
126
changes which reflect and determine the clinical picture of the disease.
The recovered spp. Of paramphistomes were Paramphistomum cervi,
Carmyerius gregarious, and Cotylophoron cotylophorum. Oxyclozanide
provide high efficiency 97.9% in treatment of paramphistomasis.
Acknowledgement:
Authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr. Mahmoud
El-Seify Professor and head of parasitology department and Dr. Mohamed
S. Ahmed lecturer of Pathology, Fac. of Vet. Med. Kafrelsheikh University
for their help during conducting parasitological and histopathological
aspects of this work.
Table (1): Prevalence of paramphistomiasis in livestock.
Animal species
Number of examined animals
Number of infected animals
Morbidity rate
Cattle
Buffaloes
Sheep
316
218
410
123
92
45
38.92% a
41.74% a
10.98% b
Total 944 260 27.43%
Numbers within the same column with different superscripts are significantly different from each others at P < 0.05.
Table (2): Distribution of paramphistomiasis among different areas at Kafr El-
Sheikh Governorate.
Total examined animal
Area
No. examined animal
No. infected animal Morbidity Rate
Kafr El-Sheikh
Desouk
El-Riade
Kalleen
Billa
Fowa
Mitobos
El-Hamoul
Balteem
Sidi-Salem
501
62
34
29
41
20
55
51
25
126
103
19
21
12
22
7
22
9
Zero
45
20.55%
30.64%
61.76%
41.37%
53.65%
35%
40%
17.64%
Zero %
35.71%
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
127
Table (3): Prevalence of paramphistomiasis among cattle and buffaloes in rela-
tion to sex in livestock.
Sex No. of examined animals
No of infected animals Morbidity rate
Male 51 14 27.45%
Female 483 201 41.61%*
* Significant at P < 0.05
Table (4): Prevalence of paramphistomiasis among cattle and buffaloes in rela-
tion to animal age.
Cattle Buffaloes Total
Age
Examined
animal
Infected
animal
Morbidity
rate
Examined
animal
Infected
animal
Morbidity
rate
Examined
animal
Infected
animal
Morbidity
rate
<1 year
1-2 year
2-4 year
> 4 year
67
62
101
86
Zero
32
45
46
Zero%
51.6%
44.55%
53.48%
48
35
75
60
3
16
40
33
6.25%
45.71%
53.33%
55%
115
97
176
146
3
48
85
79
2.60%
49.48%
48.29%
54.10%
Table (5): Prevalence of paramphistomiasis among cattle and buffaloes in rela-
tion to seasonal variation.
Cattle Buffaloes Total
Age
Examined
animal
Infected
animal
Morbidity
rate
Examined
animal
Infected
animal
Morbidity
rate
Examined
animal
Infected
animal
Morbidity
rate
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
21
103
102
90
4
48
44
27
19%
46.6%
43.13%
30%
8
80
109
21
6
45
28
13
75%*
56.25%
25.68%
61.90%
29
183
211
111
10
93
72
40
34.48%
50.81%
34.12%
36.03%
* Significant of P < 0.05
Table (6): Efficacy of oxyclozanide and niclosamide in infected animals.
Parasitological cure
Treated group
1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week
Niclosamide N = 25 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Oxyclozanide N = 48 47 97.9%
47 97.9%
47 97.9%
47 97.9%
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
128
(A) (B) (C)
(D) (E)
Fig. (1):
(a) Carmyerius gregarious. (b) Cotylophoron cotylophorum
(c) Paramphistomum cervi (d) Attachment of paramphistomum
spp. with rumen mucosa
(e) Different degrees of rumen infestations
with paramphistomum spp
(f) Rumen heavily infected with
Carmyerius gregarious
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
129
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
(E)
Fig. (2): - Degenerative changes in the duodenal glands with inflammatory cell
infiltration (a) X 100 and (b) X200
- Rumen papillae showing mononuclear cell infiltration in the sub
mucosa (c) X 200 and (d) X 400.
Studies On Paramphistomiasis In Ruminants. Magdy H. Al-Gaabary et al.,
130
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paa@À@áßìnîÐߊbjÛa@æa‡í‡i@òib–⁄a@óÜÇ@pbaŠ†
         
      /  
           
       2008   2008   
       .  944  )314  218
410  (      260     27.43
%   38.92 % 41.74 10.98      
              
          .      
41.73 %   27.45   .         
 2.59 %     49.48 %       
48.86 %    24    53.79 %     
 .               )43
(%   )32.25 (%  )31 (%      
)3.32 .(%           
Paramphistomum cervi, Cotylophoron cotylophorum Carmyerius gregarious . 
           
              
        .      
    .          
      .         
      97.9 %        
 .
... Paramphistomiasis is distinguished by sporadic outbreaks of acute parasitic gastroenteritis with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in young stock (Horak, 1971). Paramphistomosis is found all over the world, but it is most common in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, and Eastern Europe (Chauhan et al., 2015;Debbra et al., 2018;Osman, 2017). The disease is caused by a digenean trematode parasite of the genus Paramphistomum. ...
... The parasitic disease, Paramphistomosis is one of the important serious diseases in buffalo farming which causes heavy economic losses to the livestock industry annually in many countries (Osman, 2017;Syed Shabih and D, 2006). The most common and serious parasitic diseases of buffaloes in Nepal under the sedentary management system are fascioliasis, paramphistomosis, and ascariasis in calves (Joship and Mahato, 2013). ...
... A group researchers did a prevalence study at Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt Governorate to determine the epidemiological and clinical features concerning paramphistomiasis in ruminants and found 38.92% and 41.74% prevalence rate in cattle and buffalo respectively (Osman et al., 2017). They observed that the result was significantly (p< 0.05) associated with the sex and age of the animals. ...
Article
Full-text available
Paramphistomosis is one of the most commonly described serious gastrointestinal parasitic infections in buffaloes, is distributed all over the world, especially tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. This disease causes considerable economic losses to the farmers. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Paramphistomum in buffaloes of Siddharthanagar municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal. This cross-sectional study was carried out during July 2021 to September 2021. A total of 244 fecal samples were examined using direct smear method and simple sedimentation method as described by Soulsby. Prevalence association with sex, breed, age, feeding method, deworming status and interval were analyzed using SPSS version_ 25 at 5% significance and 95% confidence level. Overall 31.56% prevalence recorded. Prevalence according to age, deworming status and deworming interval wise was recorded statistically significant (p < .05). Age wise prevalence was 10%, 21.74%, 33.85% and 45.83% in buffaloes of less than one year, 1-2-year, 2-4 year and more than 4 years respectively. Sex wise a greater number of females (33.85%) were found positive than males (22.45%) but the relation was statistically non-significant (p > .05). Breed and feeding method wise prevalence was observed non-significant (p > .05). The study suggested that there is high prevalence of Paramphistomosis in buffaloes of Siddharthanagar municipality, Rupandehi. Non-dewormed, occasionally dewormed and productive buffaloes are found more susceptible than the young and calves.
... Paramphistomiasis is distinguished by sporadic outbreaks of acute parasitic gastroenteritis with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in young stock (Horak, 1971). Paramphistomosis is found all over the world, but it is most common in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, and Eastern Europe (Chauhan et al., 2015;Debbra et al., 2018;Osman, 2017). The disease is caused by a digenean trematode parasite of the genus Paramphistomum. ...
... The parasitic disease, Paramphistomosis is one of the important serious diseases in buffalo farming which causes heavy economic losses to the livestock industry annually in many countries (Osman, 2017;Syed Shabih and D, 2006). The most common and serious parasitic diseases of buffaloes in Nepal under the sedentary management system are fascioliasis, paramphistomosis, and ascariasis in calves (Joship and Mahato, 2013). ...
... A group researchers did a prevalence study at Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt Governorate to determine the epidemiological and clinical features concerning paramphistomiasis in ruminants and found 38.92% and 41.74% prevalence rate in cattle and buffalo respectively (Osman et al., 2017). They observed that the result was significantly (p< 0.05) associated with the sex and age of the animals. ...
Article
Full-text available
Paramphistomosis is one of the most commonly described serious gastrointestinal parasitic infections in buffaloes, is distributed all over the world, especially tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. This disease causes considerable economic losses to the farmers. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Paramphistomum in buffaloes of Siddharthanagar municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal. This cross-sectional study was carried out during July 2021 to September 2021. A total of 244 fecal samples were examined using direct smear method and simple sedimentation method as described by Soulsby. Prevalence association with sex, breed, age, feeding method, deworming status and interval were analyzed using SPSS version_ 25 at 5% significance and 95% confidence level. Overall 31.56% prevalence recorded. Prevalence according to age, deworming status and deworming interval wise was recorded statistically significant (p < .05). Age wise prevalence was 10%, 21.74%, 33.85% and 45.83% in buffaloes of less than one year, 1-2-year, 2-4 year and more than 4 years respectively. Sex wise a greater number of females (33.85%) were found positive than males (22.45%) but the relation was statistically non-significant (p > .05). Breed and feeding method wise prevalence was observed non-significant (p > .05). The study suggested that there is high prevalence of Paramphistomosis in buffaloes of Siddharthanagar municipality, Rupandehi. Non-dewormed, occasionally dewormed and productive buffaloes are found more susceptible than the young and calves.
... Bovine parasitic flatworm infections also have important veterinary impacts. The consequences of Schistosoma bovis-as well as other parasitic flatworms such as those from the Paramphistomum genus -can be quite severe on the animal, including: mortality, extreme morbidity and organ damage, emaciation, reduced milk yields and other production issues, and greater susceptibility to other pathogens (McCauley et al., 1983;Al-Gaabary et al., 2009;Alemneh et al., 2015). ...
... While it is plausible that many of these factors pose similar risks to bovines, this has not yet been tested. Given that bovine parasitic flatworm infections are known to lead to significant morbidity and economic losses, and contribute substantially to human infection risk (McCauley et al., 1983;Al-Gaabary et al., 2009;Alemneh et al., 2015), studies aimed at assessing potential predictors of S. japonicum infection in bovines are of paramount importance. ...
Article
In China, bovines are believed to be the most common animal source of human schistosomiasis infections, though little is known about what factors promote bovine infections. The current body of literature features inconsistent, and sometimes contradictory results, and to date, few studies have looked beyond physical characteristics to identify the broader environmental conditions that predict bovine schistosomiasis. Because schistosomiasis is a sanitation-related, water-borne disease transmitted by many animals, we hypothesized that several environmental factors – such as the lack of improved sanitation systems, or participation in agricultural production that is water-intensive – could promote schistosomiasis infection in bovines. Using data collected as part of a repeat cross-sectional study conducted in rural villages in Sichuan, China from 2007 to 2016, we used a Random Forests, machine learning approach to identify the best physical and environmental predictors of bovine Schistosoma japonicum infection. Candidate predictors included: (i) physical/biological characteristics of bovines, (ii) human sources of environmental schistosomes, (iii) socio-economic indicators, (iv) animal reservoirs, and (v) agricultural practices. The density of bovines in a village and agricultural practices such as the area of rice and dry summer crops planted, and the use of night soil as an agricultural fertilizer, were among the top predictors of bovine S. japonicum infection in all collection years. Additionally, human infection prevalence, pig ownership and bovine age were found to be strong predictors of bovine infection in at least 1 year. Our findings highlight that presumptively treating bovines in villages with high bovine density or human infection prevalence may help to interrupt transmission. Furthermore, village-level predictors were stronger predictors of bovine infection than household-level predictors, suggesting future investigations may need to apply a broad ecological lens to identify potential underlying sources of persistent transmission.
... Of 384 selected animals, the overall prevalence of Paramphistomum was 40.6%, which is in line with the findings of Sintayehu and Mekonnen (2012) and Turuna and Adugna (2019) in Ethiopia and Al-Gaabary et al. (2009) in Egypt, who reported prevalence rates of 41.5%, 40.1%, and 38.92%, respectively. However, the current study found a higher rate of infection than studies conducted in Turkey, Ethiopia, and Germany by Ozdal et al. (2010), Tagesse et al. (2014), andForstmaier et al. (2021), who reported lower rates of 8.95% and 6.7%, respectively. ...
Article
Background: Bovine paramphistomosis is one of cattle’s most important parasitic diseases, causing mortality and economic losses in various parts of Ethiopia. Objectives: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Fedis District from April 2019 to October 2020 to determine the prevalence of Paramphistomum and its associated factors in cattle killed at Boko slaughterhouse. Methods: A total of 384 slaughtered cattle were selected by systematic random sampling. Then, a post-mortem examination of the rumen and reticulum was conducted to check the presence or absence of adult Paramphistomum. The parasite was examined macroscopically and microscopically to study the morphology of adult flukes. Results: Of 384 examined cattle, Paramphistomum was found in 156(40.6%). Of the 156 positive samples, 52.34%, 33.06%, and 14.6% were infected with Paramphistomum clavula, Paramphistomum cervi, and mixed infection, respectively. In this study, the highest infection rate was recorded in the wet season. Among assessed factors, body condition and origin of animals had significant correlations (P<0.05) with infection. Conclusion: This finding indicated the highest infection of Paramphistomum was recorded in cattle. Therefore, the farmers should practice mass deworming of animals using selected anthelmintic therapy for flukes.
... Apart from India (Swarnkar and Singh 2012, Pavan Kumar et al. 2014, Vohra et al. 2016, Jaiswal et al. 2018, the disease has been reported from Pakistan (Farooq et al. 2012), Bangladesh (Hossain et al. 2015), Thailand (Sangvaranond et al. 2010) and Malaysia (Tan et al. 2017). This parasitic infection is responsible for economic losses through morbidity, mortality, reduced meat and milk production, reproductive disorders and expenditure on the purchase of anthelmintic (Mogdy et al. 2009). Production loss occurs since the parasite is responsible for lower nutrition conversion (Horak 1971). ...
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This communication reports an outbreak of immature paramphistomiosis in Andaman local goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) along with report of mortality and gross as well as histopathological changes. During the month of September, 2021 there was report of 38.57% mortality in goats which was investigated in depth. Outbreak occurred at South Andaman district where goats were reared under semi intensive managerial system and allowed to graze in the morning in surrounding marshy land. The affected animals showed the symptoms of immature amphistomiasis; it was further confirmed on necropsy and identification of causative organism as Paramphistomum cervi based on its typical morphological features. Histopathological examination showed damaged structure of rumen with typical degenerative changes and initiation of necrotic changes of cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. We report the outbreak of immature amphistomiasis for the first time from Andaman and Nicobar archipelago along with the causative agent.
... Immature parasites are predominant in dorsal and ventral sacs of rumen of buffaloes, sheep and goats (Verma et al, 1989). Incidence of amphistomosis in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat has been reported in different states of India from time to time (Chhabra et al 1972;Chhabra and Gill, 1975;Gupta et al., 1978;Panda &Misra, 1980;Varma et al, 1989;Manna et al 1994;Saheb &Hafeez, 1995 andMagdy et al. 2009). The rate of paramphistomosis incidence was recorded to be highest in buffaloes 5.42% followed by cattle, sheep and goats in Punjab (Hassan et al, 2005). ...
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Paramphistomosis is one of the major parasitic diseases causing heavy economic losses to livestock production. Diagnosis of disease in early stage is very important for minimizing the losses through effective treatment. The conventional methods of diagnosis such as detection of eggs in faeces by sedimentation and floatation techniques have limitations while modern serology based tests like enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay requires well equipped laboratory. The immature and adult Paramphistomumepiclitum were collected from rumen of slaughtered goat and buffaloes in slaughterhouses fromBareilly, Delhi, Dehradun and Ludhiana. Collected parasites were thoroughly washed in normal saline and processed separately for antigen preparation. Parasites were homogenized in 0.1M PBS pH=7.4, sonicated in Soniprep-150 for 8 min (4 cycles of 2 min each) and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 15 min at 4C. The supernatant obtained was filtered through 0.22m Millex–GV filter (Millipore, France) and stored in small aliquots of 0.5 ml each at -20C to be used as somatic antigen for ELISA test. Sera were collected at monthly interval from rabbits immunized by somatic P. epiclitum antigen for determining the titre variation with time and for Dot-ELISAtests. Indirect Dot-ELISA was standardized using antigen concentration ranging from 5μg/μl – 10ng/μl and goat anti-rabbit HRPO conjugate dilutions. P. epiclitum antigen was used for coating nitro cellulose membrane (NCM) pad on combs for DotELISA and kept overnight at 4˚C. The combs were then incubated in 3% lactogen in PBS, pH=7.4, at 37˚C for 1 hr for blocking the non-specific antigen binding sites. Subsequently, the combs were incubated in rabbit anti-P. epiclitum sera in dilution range 1:50 – 1: 90000 at 37˚C for 1 hr followed by three washings in PBS of 2 min each. The combs were then incubated in goat anti-rabbit HRPO conjugate at 37˚C for 1 hr again followed by 4 washings in PBS of 2 min each. The combs were then incubated in substrate 3, 3'- Diamino-benzidine hydrochloride (5 mg/10 ml PBS + 10μl 0.06% H O ) for 2 2 5- 15 min. Development of dark brown spot indicated positive reaction after using various control. The optimum antigen concentration was found to be 100ng/μl and optimum conjugate dilution was found to be 1:500. Anti-sera collected from rabbits at the interval of 30 and 60 days showed a maximum titre of 1:40,000. The experimentally infected sheep sera were taken at weekly interval from four sheep, which were examined against adult somatic P. epiclitum antigen following concentrations 50-75 ng/µl and conjugate dilution 1:500 to 1:1000 and sera dilution at 1:600 and 1:800. Sheep sera showed reaction after 2 weeks post infection. A total of 200 sera samples were examined by indirect Dot-ELISA. Overall percent positive incidence rate was recorded to be 33 percent. The highest percent positivity (38.66%) was found in buffaloes followed by 31.7% in sheep, 26.66% in cattle and 25% in goats. In the present study, a rapid and simple test (Dot-ELISA) was developed for the diagnosis of paramphistomosis. The findings are helpful for detection of paramphistomum antibodies in naturally infected animals and can be used under field conditions.
... Indeed, Al-Gabaary et al. [10] reported similar clinical signs in buffaloes, cattle and sheep, without specifying the animal species. ...
Article
Purpose: This study was carried out to determine the paramphistome species parasitizing water buffaloes (WBs) grazing in the Kızılırmak Delta in Samsun Province, Turkey, and the intermediate hosts of the parasites. Methods: Between August 2016 and July 2018, abattoirs in Samsun Province were visited weekly and 139 slaughtered WBs were examined for paramphistome species. In the same period, 550 snails (300 Galba truncatula, 200 Physella (Physa) acuta and 50 Planorbis planorbis) were collected from pastures grazed by WBs during monthly sampling in the spring and autumn. Adult parasites were identified through the use of histological and molecular methods and larval stages were identified with a molecular method. Results: Forty-five of the 139 WBs (32.4%) were infected with species of the family Paramphistomidae and a total of 4761 (mean 105.8) parasites were collected from them. The genera Paramphistomum and Calicophoron were distinguished from each other by examining the development status of the pars musculosa and the degree of lobulation of the testes in histological sections. Calicophoron daubneyi was present in all the infected animals and Paramphistomum cervi in only 3 of the same animals. There were larval forms in only 19 of the specimens identified as G. truncatula. Calicophoron daubneyi was molecularly diagnosed in 12 of the 19 infected G. truncatula and this result was confirmed by PCR and PCR-RFLP. Calicophoron daubneyi was also identified molecularly as being present in all 45 infected adult WBs and as developmental stages in 12 of 300 (4%) intermediate hosts, G. truncatula. The DNA sequences from the adult parasites in the definitive hosts and larval forms in intermediate hosts were allocated the codes MH939278 and MH939279, respectively, in GenBank. Conclusion: For the first time in Turkey, C. daubneyi was identified molecularly and its intermediate host was identified as G. truncatula. Calicophoron daubneyi was identified as the overwhelmingly dominant paramphistome species in WBs in the Kızılırmak Delta, with P. cervi found in mixed infections in only three animals.
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Amphistomiasis, a neglected trematode infection of ruminants, has recently come up as an important reason for economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine amphistomiasis and associated risk factors such as: age, gender, breed, season, water source, pastureland and grazing system. Between January 2016 and 2017, a total of 1,000 faecal samples and 1,000 rumens of cattle were collected from slaughterhouse of Zabol, Iran ante‐mortem and post‐mortem, respectively, and examined. The overall prevalence was 34.6% and 19.5% in terms of amphistome adults and eggs respectively. The identified amphistome species and their prevalence were Paramphistomumcervi (13.3%), Cotylophoroncotylophorum (19.5%), Gastrothylaxcrumenifer (5.9%) and Carmyeriusspatiosus (2.7%). The correlation between prevalence and season, age, breed, water source, pastureland and grazing system was significant (p < .0001). The presented information about the prevalence of amphistomes of cattle and individual and management risk factors can be used to design appropriate control measures.
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Amphistomes are snail-borne trematodes infect rumens and reticulums causing acute and chronic diseases in cattle and buffaloes. The economic losses caused by Amphistomes resulted from drop in milk and meat yield in addition to mortalities. Eighty four serum samples (50 from cattle and 34 from buffaloes, 30 from amphistomes infected and 54 from amphistomes free cattle and buffaloes) collected from Giza and Garbia governourates, Egypt. The collected Amphistomes were morphologically and histologically classified. The identified worms of Paramphistomum and Carmyerius were used for the preparation of somatic antigens separately. The collected 84 serum sample were tested twice by indirect ELISA, firstly with Paramphistomum somatic antigen and secondly with Carmyerius somatic antigen. The antigenic profiles of adult Paramphistomum spp somatic antigen and Carmyerius gergaerius somatic antigen were analysed by (SDS-PAGE). Four male Rabbit were used for the preparation of hyper-immune serum against Paramphistomum and Carmyerius somatic antigens. Nine serum samples (two rabbit hyper immune sera; one for Paramphistomum and the another for Carmyerius , 3 serum sample from Paramphistomum infected cattle and 3 serum samples from Carmyerius infected cattle and one serum sample from non-infected cattle as negative control) were blotted and tested twice at the same time on the nitrocellulose membrane by Western blotting techniques., firstly by using Paramphistomum somatic antigen and secondly with Carmyerius antigen. The results of both ELISA and Western blotting were statistically analysed. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for ELISA and Western blotting were (74% and 100%),(82.4% and 33.3%) and (79.76% and77.78%) respectively. The antigenic profile of adult Paramphistomum somatic antigen showed 14 distinct protein bands of protein molecular weights ranging from11.5 to 174 KDa. While Carmyerius somatic antigen showed 13 distinct protein bands ranging from 11.5 to 166KDa. One distinct immunogenic band at 63 KDa was found to react with all sera from infected cattle and buffaloes with Paramphistomum somatic antigen while the same serum samples gave one distinct immunogenic band at 71 KDa with Carmyerius somatic antigen. It is concluded that ELISA is more reliable test for early diagnosis of amphistomiasis. There is a strong cross immune reaction between Paramphistomum and Carmyerius.
Article
From October 1989 to December 1994, a longitudinal study on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes was done on 1000 N'Dama cattle in 20 private herds in Gambia. Each herd was divided into two groups with an even distribution of age and sex. One group received a single anthelmintic treatment of Fenbendazole, Panacur Hoechst Veterinär GmbH, 7.5 mg kg−1 BW in October 1989, whereas the other group served as an untreated control. In July 1990, the herds were subdivided into two different treatment schemes. In the herds of the first scheme the treated animals (Treatment group I) were treated once (in August), whereas in the herds of the second scheme the treated animals (Treatment group II) were treated twice (in July and September). The same treatment schedule was used in the subsequent rainy sensons until December 1994. One group in every herd served as control (Treatment group 0) and received no anthelmintic treatment throughout the study.
Article
The prevalence of helminths in adult sheep was investigated in Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China between January 1999 and September 2003. A total of 326 adult sheep representing local breeds (Xingjiang Fine Wool Sheep, Dongbei Fine Wool Sheep) as well as introduced breeds (Merino and Charollais) from representative geographical locations in Heilongjiang Province were slaughtered and examined for the presence of helminths. The worms were examined, counted and identified to species according to existing keys and descriptions. A total of 26 helminth species were found representing 2 phyla, 3 classes, 13 families and 20 genera. All sheep were infected by more than one helminth species. Oesophagostomum columbianum, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the most common nematode species, and Paramphistomum cervi, Orientobilharzia turkestanica and Fasciola hepatica were the most common trematode species, whereas the infection of adult sheep with cestodes was uncommon. The results of the present investigation provide relevant "base-line" data for Heilongjiang Province, China, for assessing the effectiveness of future control strategies against helminth infections in sheep.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among cattle and buffaloes in Ismailia governorate
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Sobih, M.A. and Hassan, M.G. (1992). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among cattle and buffaloes in Ismailia governorate. Zag. Vet. J., 20(2): 299-310.
High annealing temperature random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of three paramphistome flukes from Thiland
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Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among cattle and buffaloes in Ismailia governorate
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