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Tamizaje fitoquímico de tres especies del desierto del Sahara Occidental
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ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial sensibility of steroids and steroidal glycosides are being studied widely. The in vitro susceptibilities of the
steroidal glycosides were tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas putida using the disc diffusion method. These steroidal glycosides were identified as alpinoside C (1)
[kidjolanin3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl
-(1→4)-β-D-cymaro-pyranoside]; Ghalakoside (2) [cardiac glycoside] and pentandroside A (3) [(22S,25S)-16,22,26-
trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one-16-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-xylopyranoside], which were isolated from Oxystelma
esculentum var. alpine; Pergularia tomentosa and Tribulus pentandrus, respectively. Almost all of the selected compounds
produced significant antibacterial potentialities against all tested microorganisms and the data were compared to the standard
antibiotics. All compounds exhibited remarkable susceptibilities against Gram negative (S. marcescens) and Gram positive (B.
cereus). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of compounds ranged from 10 to 50 μg/disc.
Two new triterpenes of the taraxasterol skeleton are isolated for the first time form Pergularia tomentosa L. of Algerian origin. The new compounds were named pergularine A (7) and pergularine B (8). In addition, eight known compounds were isolated from the plant including oleic acid, (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid, α-amyrin, 3-acetyltaraxasterol, 3-taraxasterol, 16α-hydroxytaraxasterol-3-acetate, 3-epi-micromeric acid, and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid glucoside. All known compounds are isolated for the first time from P. tomentosa L.
The title compound (systematic name: 1,2-dimethyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-ol), C12H17NO2, is a major alkaloid isolated from Hammada scoparia leaves. It belongs to the isoquinoline family and it was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic techniques. The absolute configuration could not be reliably determined. An intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond is present in the crystal structure.
Continuing our investigations on plants belonging to the Asclepiadaceae family, three new cardenolide glycosides, 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylcalactin (1), 12-dehydroxyghalakinoside (2), and 6'-dehydroxyghalakinoside (3), along with the known ghalakinoside (4) and calactin (5), were isolated from the roots of Pergularia tomentosa. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments as well as ESIMS analysis. The isolated cardenolides caused apoptotic cell death of Kaposi's sarcoma cells.
Five phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids namely tylophorine, tylophorinidine, pergularinine, desoxypergularinine and an unidentified base (M+ 409) have been isolated from the roots of Pergularia pallida plants.
For a long time Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) has traditionally been used as a herbal plant. It is known to contain various biological activities. Previously, a crude ethanol extract from RVS was reported to have antioxidant effects, and antiproliferative activities, on human cancer cell lines. In this report, we prepared a highly purified ethanol extract from RVS, which did not contain the urushiol derivatives, named REEE-1 (hus thanol luted xtract-1), to investigate the mechanisms of the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals using mouse thymocytes. The results from the deoxyribose, DNA nicking, and glucose/glucose oxidase enzyme assays showed that REEE-1 contained a strong scavenging activity of oxygen free radicals, especially of hydroxyl radicals. However, interestingly, REEE-1 also showed cytotoxicity against the thymocytes, although the effect was variable, depending on the concentrations and times of treatment. The REEE-1-mediated cytotoxicity against thymocytes, which has been used as one of the well-characterized models for apoptosis studies, was verified to be apoptotic. This was proven by the following: the appearance of DNA laddering, increases in DNA fragmentation, low fluorescence intensity in the nuclei after propidium iodide staining, and positive Annexin V staining of the cells. These results suggested that REEE-1 had both antioxidative activity and cytotoxicity against the thymocytes, although the effect of the cytotoxicity was variable, depending on the dose and time of the treatment.
A new lupane type triterpene, 3β,20,25-trihydroxy lupane, was isolated from the petrol extract of the leaves of Rhus taitensis together with the known compounds 3,20-dihydroxylupane, 20-hydroxylupane-3-one, 20,28-dihydroxylupane-3-one, 3,16-dihydroxy lup-20(29)-ene and 28-hydroxy-β-amyrone. Their structures were determined by means of spectral methods.
Sumac is the common name for a genus (Rhus) with >250 individual species of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae. These plants are globally distributed in temperate and tropical regions and can grow on marginal lands, making them strong candidates for renewable bioproduct sources. Despite the extensive historical use of some members of Rhus spp. for tannins and other commercial phenolics, little is known about the non-phenolic components of extracts and essentials oils. The current review highlights opportunities available to extend these limited prior studies to other sumac species, and for obtaining value-added compounds to complement already established phenolic extractions in these commercial plant species. To date, a number of individual aldehydes, fatty acids, long chain alcohols, terpenes and terpenoids, and waxes of commercial or bioactive potential in essential oils and non-polar extractables from selected members of the Rhus genera have been identified. Additional studies are needed to broaden the phytochemical database from other sumac species, and to better quantify the potential yields of these valuable compounds from the plants under natural and agriculturally managed conditions.
The leaves ofRhus coriaria contain about 15–20% polyphenolic compounds. These are mostly hydrolysable tannins, with a central glucose unit, to which
several gallic acid rests are bound depsidically. 5 to 10% of the total polyphenolic fraction however, consists of condensed
tannins or flavonoids. This work studies the identity and the liquid chromatographic behaviour of these flavonoids. The presence
of the dimeric flavonoids agathisflavone, amenthoflavone and hinokiflavone is proved. A new dimeric flavanoid (Sumaflavone)
is tentatively identified.
The present study deals with the phytochemical examination of therapeutic importance of Pergularia daemia , an important medicinal plant. Medicinal plants are as source of great economic value in the Indian subcontinent and continue to provide valuable therapeutic agents. This study involves the preliminary phytochemical screening, the separation and identification of compounds were present in crude extract of P. daemia leaves by TLC, HPLC and HPTLC. Further, FTIR analysis of the crude extract has been studied. Qualitative analysis of the methanolic extract prepared from P. daemia leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrates and proteins. A preliminary survey of the scan of the methanolic extract of P. daemia evidenced the presence of multiple components in the extract. The results obtained after qualitative analysis confirmed by spectral analysis. It shows the presence of two major peaks observed in the HPTLC, HPLC and IR spectrum and exhibited the presence of two principle components in the methanolic extract of the leaves. The results suggested that the phytochemical properties of the leaves for curing various ailments. The plant P. daemia is an important source of various types of compounds with diverse chemical structures as well as pharmacological activities.
In search for compounds able to reduce cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR), we studied effects of Hammada scoparia extracts on leukemic cells adherent or in suspension. We show that H. scoparia flavonoidic fraction and its compound rutin induce apoptosis specifically in adherent leukemic cells and abolish CAM-DR. Importantly, rutin inhibited survival of adherent leukemic progenitors (CD34(+)38(-)123(+)) but spared normal progenitors (CD34(+)38(-)). The pro-apoptotic effects of rutin were correlated with a decrease of active GSK3β and inhibitors of GSK3β reproduced rutin-induced cytotoxicity. This study uncovers the potential of H. scoparia flavonoids and rutin to overcome CAM-DR in acute myeloid leukemia.
Two alkaloids (N-methylisosalsoline and carnegine) had been previously described from the aerial parts of Hammada articulata ssp. scoparia. A thorough study of this plant material has now led to the isolation of eight minor alkaloids and one flavonoid. The alkaloids include four isoquinolines (isosalsoline, salsolidine, dehydrosalsolidine and isosalsolidine), one isoquinolone (N-methylcorydaldine), tryptamine, N-omega-methyltryptamine and one beta-carboline (tetrahydroharman). The flavonoid has been identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-robinobioside. The structures have been elucidated on the basis of spectral data, mainly mass spectrometry (D-IC) and 1H NMR.
The effects of phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) from Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae) on the activities of cellular signaling molecules that mediate inflammatory responses in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were investigated. At various concentrations of PRF significantly inhibited NO, PGE(2) and TNF-alpha production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The PRF also significantly inhibited iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a key role for the inducible expression of genes mediating proinflammatory effects and here, we show that PRF can inhibit the induction of NF-kappaB activity. The PRF effectively inhibited the iNOS and COX-2 protein expression through suppression of phospho-JNK1/2 activation. Study using PDA HPLC has found that the PRF contains several low molecular compounds (i.e. p-coumaric acid, fustin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, sulfuretin, butein, kaempferol). Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of PRF might result from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., NO, PGE(2) and TNF-alpha) by suppression of such signaling pathways as NF-kappaB and JNK1/2.
In vitro Antibacterial and Morphological Effects of the Urushiol Component of the Sap of the Korean lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera Stokes) on Helicobacter pylori
- KT Suk
- HS Kim
- MY Kim
- JW Kim
- Y Uh
- IH Jam