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Etiology of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Watery Spot in Tabasco, Mexico

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Abstract

A disease of the roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) of unknown etiology epidemically appeared in Tabasco, Mexico, during 2008-2009 with more than 70% incidence. The diseased plants were characterized by circular and irregularly shaped, light brown colored spots on leaves, necrotic lesions with water-like appearance extended to the entire leaf blade and petiole. The leaf spots initiated from the lower leaves and advanced to higher foliage, resulting in full defoliation and yield losses. Through postulates from Koch, the colony's morphology and DNA sequencing, it was concluded that the causal agent corresponds to the fungus Pilidiella diplodiella fungus (syn. Phoma diplodiella). This is the first report of P. diplodiella causing a disease in roselle, that in the present study has been referred to as watery spot due to the water-like appearance in one of its stages of development.
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Correa Sánchez, Elizabeth; Fredy Ortiz García, Carlos; Torres de la Cruz, Magdiel;
Bautista Muñoz, Consuelo del Carmen; Rivera Cruz, María del Carmen; Lagunes
Espinoza, Luz del Carmen; Hernández Salgado, José Hilario
Etiología de la Mancha Acuosa de la Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa) en Tabasco, México
Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, vol. 29, núm. 2, 2011, pp. 165-167
Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C.
Ciudad Obregón, México
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Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C.
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Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto
Etiología de la Mancha Acuosa de la Jamaica (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) en Tabasco, México
Etiology of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Watery Spot in Tabasco,
Mexico
Elizabeth Correa Sánchez, Carlos Fredy Ortiz García, Magdiel Torres de la Cruz, Consuelo del
Carmen Bautista Muñoz, María del Carmen Rivera Cruz, Luz del Carmen Lagunes Espinoza,
Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco, km 3.5 Carr. Cárdenas-Huimanguillo, H. Cárdenas, Tab.,
CP 86500, México; José Hilario Hernández Salgado, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, km
125.5 Carr. México-Puebla, Col. La Libertad, Cholula, Pue., CP 72130, México. Correspondencia:
cfortizg@gmail.com
Correa SE, Ortiz GCF, Torres de la CM, Bautista MCC,
Rivera CMC, Lagunes ELC y Hernández SJH. 2011.
Etiología de la mancha acuosa de la jamaica (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) en Tabasco, México. Revista Mexicana de
Fitopatología 29:165-167.
Resumen. Una enfermedad de la jamaica (Hibiscus
sab dar iff a) de e tioloa descon oci da aparec ió
epidémicamente en Tabasco, México, durante 2008 y 2009
con incidencia superior al 70%. La plantas enfermas se
caracterizaron por manchas foliares circulares e irregulares
color marrón claro, avance de la necrosis con apariencia
acuosa a toda la lámina foliar y peciolo. Las manchas
foliares iniciaban en las hojas inferiores avanzando a las
hojas superiores, provocando defoliación total con la
consecuente pérdida en productividad. Mediante postulados
de Koch, morfología de la colonia y secuenciación de ADN,
se determinó que el agente causal corresponde al hongo
Pilidiella diplodiella (sin. Phoma diplodiella). Este es el
primer reporte de P. diplodiella causando enfermedad en el
cultivo de jamaica, que en el presente estudio se la ha
denominado 'mancha acuosa' debido a la apariencia acuosa
en una de sus etapas de desarrollo.
Palabras claves adicionales: Pilidiella diplodiella, Phoma
diplodiella, jamaica.
Abstract. A disease of the roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) of
unknown etiology epidemically appeared in Tabasco,
Mexico, during 2008-2009 with more than 70% incidence.
The diseased plants were characterized by circular and
irregularly shaped, light brown colored spots on leaves,
necrotic lesions with water-like appearance extended to the
entire leaf blade and petiole. The leaf spots initiated from the
lower leaves and advanced to higher foliage, resulting in full
defoliation and yield losses. Through postulates from Koch,
the colony's morphology and DNA sequencing, it was
concluded that the causal agent corresponds to the fungus
Pilidiella diplodiella fungus (syn. Phoma diplodiella). This
is the first report of P. diplodiella causing a disease in roselle,
that in the present study has been referred to as watery spot
due to the water-like appearance in one of its stages of
development.
Additional key words: Pilidiella diplodiella, Phoma
diplodiella, roselle.
La jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (Malvaceas) es un arbusto
anual, cuyo centro de origen se ubica en los países tropicales
de Asia. En México, H. sabdariffa fue introducida por los
españoles durante la colonización y ha alcanzado un notable
progreso debido a la diversidad de su uso en la alimentación
humana y animal, propiedades medicinales, así como su
utilización en la industria cosmética y en la elaboración de
colorantes (Ahmed, 2007). Se cultiva principalmente en los
Estados de Colima, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Puebla y Guerrero.
En Tabasco, este cultivo está tomando relevante importancia
al ser introducido como una opción agrícola sustentable.
Sin embargo, en el 2008 se presentó una enfermedad de
etiología desconocida en el Municipio de Cárdenas,
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (Malvaceae) is an annual or
perennial herb or woody-based subshrub, whose center of
origin is located in the tropical countries of Asia. In Mexico,
H. sabdariffa was introduced by the Spanish during the
colonial period and has achieved a remarkable progress due
to the diversity of its use in human and animal nutrition,
medicinal properties, use in the cosmetic industry, and in the
preparation of dyes (Ahmed, 2007). It is grown mainly in the
states of Colima, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla and Guerrero.
In Tabasco, this crop is taking significant importance
resulting in its introduction as a sustainable agricultural
option. However, in 2008, a disease of unknown etiology
was discovered in the town of Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico,
with an incidence greater than 70%. The plants diseases
were characterized by circular and irregular shaped, light
brown colored, spots on leaves and the presence of necrotic
lesions with water-like appearance along the entire leaf
blade. As the necrosis progressed, light brown colored
concentric rings of a soft consistency were shown, as well as
small dark brown colored bodies, grouped and protruding
(Recibido: Diciembre 04, 2010 Aceptado: Abril 15, 2011)
REVISTA MEXICANA DE FITOPATOLOGÍA/165
Tabasco, México, con una incidencia superior al 70%. Las
plantas enfermas se caracterizan por manchas foliares
circulares e irregulares color marrón claro, presencia de
necrosis con apariencia acuosa a toda la lámina foliar.
Conforme avanzaba la necrosis, se muestran anillos
concéntricos marrón claro de consistencia suave, así como
pequeños cuerpos de color marrón oscuro agrupados que
sobresalen la cutícula de la hoja. La necrosis alcanza el
peciolo provocando el secado de la hoja. Las manchas
foliares inician en las hojas inferiores y avanzan a las hojas
superiores, provocando defoliación total. Después de la
defoliación, la necrosis continúa a las ramas sobre las cuales
se presentaban pequeños cuerpos de color marrón oscuro y
concluye con la muerte de las plantas en etapa de
producción. Estos síntomas no corresponden a los descritos
para hongos que causan manchado de cálices en H.
sabdariffa en México (Hernández-Morales, comunicación
personal); por esta razón, la presente investigación tuvo
como objetivo determinar el agente involucrado en la
'mancha acuosa' de la jamaica en Tabasco, México.
Mediante postulados de Koch, morfología de la
colonia y secuenciación de ADN se determinó el agente
causal. Las hojas de las plantas inoculadas reprodujeron los
síntomas de la enfermedad 36 h después de la inoculación
por heridas. Los aislamientos obtenidos a partir de hojas
sintomáticas produjeron, en medio PDA, colonias color
blanquecino a grisáceo sobre la superficie y color miel al
reverso de la caja Petri. Después de siete días se cubrió
completamente la superficie de la caja e inició la producción
de p icn idios, ini cia lme nte hialinos los cua les
posteriormente se tornaron color marrón oscuro. Los
picnidios fueron de forma globosa a subglobosa con ostiolos
circulares centrales con medidas de 200 a 300 µm de largo,
lisos, inicialmente hialinos, tornándose posteriormente café
oscuro, con una masa oscura de conidios centrales.
Conidióforos densos, delgados, simples o ramificados.
Conidios hialinos cuando son inmaduros, llegando a ser
marrón claro, inequilaterales, lisos, elipsoidales, rectos a
ligeramente curvados, de 10-16.2 x 5-7 µm. Las
características encontradas coinciden con lo descrito por
Barnett y Hunter (1998) para el género Phoma. La
amplificación y secuenciación del gen ITS DNAr fue
realizada empleando los iniciadores universales ITS1-5'
TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 3', e ITS4-5' TCC TCC
GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3'. La secuencia obtenida, respecto
a las secuencias de especies depositadas en el Banco de
Genes del National Center for Biotechnology Information
(NCBI), obtuvo un 99% de similitud con Pilidiella
diplodiella con número de acceso Ay339331. De acuerdo
con Van Niekerk et al. (2004), P. diplodiella es sinónimo de
Phoma diplodiella, Coniothyrium diplodiella y Coniella
diplodiella. Se ha reportado en Vitis vinifera, Rosa sp.,
Anogeisus latifolia, Geranium sp., en la India (Singh y
Sinch, 1966), y Pisum sativum en Australia (Sheemali,
1973). En América, P. diplodiella se reportó como Phoma
diplodiella en 1887 en el suroeste de Missouri (Ponti et al.,
2003) y en Citrus aurantifolia en México (McGuire y
Grandall, 1967). Se concluye que el agente causal
corresponde al hongo Pilidiella diplodiella, por lo que este
the cuticle of the leaf. When the necrosis reaches the petiole,
it causes the drying of the leaf. The leaf spots begin on the
lower leaves and advance towards the upper foliage, causing
total defoliation. After defoliation, necrosis continues to the
branches on which small, dark brown bodies were present
and conclude with the death of the plants in the production
stage. These symptoms do not correspond to those described
for fungi that cause H. sabdariffa calix spots in Mexico
(Hernández-Morales, personal communication); for this
reason, this research sought to identify the agent involved in
the watery spot of roselle in Tabasco, Mexico.
Through Koch's postulates, colony morphology and
DNA sequencing the causal agent was identified. The leaves
of inoculated plants reproduced symptoms of the disease 36
h after inoculation on wounds. The isolates obtained from
symptomatic leaves produced, in PDA medium, white to
grayish colored colonies on the surface and honey-colored
on the back of the Petri dish. After seven days, the surface of
the dish was completely covered and the production of
pycnidia started, initially hyaline which later became dark
brown colored. The pycnidia were globose to subglobose
shaped with circular central ostioles measuring from 200 to
300 µm long, smooth, initially hyaline, later turning dark
brown, with a dark mass of central conidia. Dense, thin,
simple or branched conidiophores. Hyaline conidia when
immature, reaching a light brown color, inequilateral,
smooth, ellipsoidal, straight to lightly curved, from 10-16.2
x 5-7 µm. The characteristics found are consistent with those
described by Barnett and Hunter (1998) for the Phoma
genus. The amplification and sequencing of the ITS DNAr
gene was performed using the universal primers ITS1-5'
TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 3', and ITS4-5' TCC
TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3'. The obtained sequence,
according to the sequences of species deposited in the
National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI)
GenBank, obtained a 99% similarity with Pilidiella
diplodiella with accession number Ay339331. According to
Van Nekerk et al. (2004), P. diplodiella is a synonym for
Phoma diplodiella, Coniothyrium diplodiella and Coniella
diplodiella. It has been reported in Vitis vinifera, Rosa sp.,
Anogeisus latifolia, Geranium sp., in India (Singh and
Sinch, 1966), and in Pisum sativum in Australia (Sheemali,
1973). In America, P. diplodiella was reported as Phoma
diplodiella in 1887 in Southeast Missouri (Ponti et al., 2003)
and in Citrus aurantifolia in Mexico (McGuire and
Grandall, 1967). It is concluded that the causal agent
corresponds to the fungi Pilidiella diplodiella therefore this
work is the first report of the pathogen as a causal agent of a
disease in a roselle crop, which in the present study has been
named ‘watery spot’ due to the watery appearance during
one of its stages of development.
LITERATURA CITADA
Ahmed MM. 2007. The effect of feeding rosella (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.) seed on broiler chick's performance.
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2:21-23.
166/VOLUMEN 29, NÚMERO 2, 2011
Singh DP and Sinch RS. 1966. Occurrence of Coniella
diplodiella (Speg.) Petrak and Sydow on Geranium sp.
Science and Culture 32:504.
Sheemali PG. 1973. A new disease of Artabotrys
hexapetalous. Indian Phytopathology 26:605-607.
Van Niekerk JM, Groenewald JZ, Verkley GJM, Fourie PH,
Wingfield MJ and Crous PW. 2004. Systematic
reappraisal of Coniella and Pilidiella, with specific
reference to species occurring on Eucalyptus and Vitis in
south Africa. The British Mycological Society,
Mycological Research 108:283-303.
trabajo es el primer reporte del patógeno como agente causal
de una enfermedad en el cultivo de jamaica, que en el
presente estudio se la ha denominado 'mancha acuosa'
debido a que los tejidos invadidos presentan esta apariencia
en unas de sus etapas de desarrollo.
Barnett HL and Hunter BB. 1998. Illustrated Genera of
I m p erfe c t F u n gi. 4 th ed i ti on. A m er ica n
Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul, Minnesota,
USA. 218p.
McGuire Jr JU and Crandall BS. 1967. Survey of insect
pests and plant diseases of selected food crops of Mexico,
Central America and Panama. International Agricultural
Development Service. USDA, AID, Washington, D.C.,
USA, 157p.
Ponti I, Pollini A and Laffi F. 2003. Vite. Third edition
Verona,.Italia. 178p.
REVISTA MEXICANA DE FITOPATOLOGÍA/167
... Sin embargo, la enfermedad "manchado y tizón del cáliz" (MCJ) es considerada una de las más severas, con una afectación del 60% de la superficie, causando pérdidas cercanas al 80% de la producción (Cesavegro, 2018). En la etiología de la enfermedad, Correa et al. (2011), determinaron que el manchado acuoso del follaje de jamaica en el estado de Tabasco, México fue inducido por Pilidiella diplodiella (sin. Phoma diplodiella). ...
Article
Full-text available
p> Background : Roselle calyx spot (MCJ) causes losses of 80% of the yield of this crop. Objective : To know the geographical distribution of the leaf and calyx disease of the roselle in the producing localities and municipalities of the state of Guerrero. Methodology : The recognition area included the Costa Chica region (Ayutla de los Libres, Tecoanapa, San Marcos and Acapulco de Juárez), Costa Grande (Atoyac de Álvarez and Coyuca de Benítez) and the North region (Copalillo). The delimitation of the commercial plots considered a distance> 10 km, for a sampling in five of golds, evaluating the incidence and severity of MCJ. The information was integrated into a database of geographic information systems and the spatial pattern was analyzed. The variables were analyzed in random blocks, with five repetitions, under the procedure with proc rank and an analysis of variance proc glm, the separation of means was used by the Tukey-Kramer procedure and Spearman's linear correlation coefficients were calculated. Results : The disease has a differential geographical distribution, the highest incidence (> 75%) in calyx occurred in the municipalities of Tecoanapa and Ayutla, however, its presence in the leaves can increase the incidence in calyx in Acapulco, San Marcos, Copalillo and Coyuca de Benítez. The highest severity index was presented in Tecoanapa with 2.87, showing differences with Ayutla, Acapulco and San Marcos with 2.24, 2.06 and 1.04 respectively (p <0.05). Atoyac and Copalillo only had leaf spots and Coyuca de Benítez the disease was not detected. The Tecoanapa and Coneja genotypes had leaf and calyx spotting values of 2.85 and 2.17 respectively, with significant differences with the Criollo, Jersey and Sudan genotypes with low values of 1.59, 0.75 and 0.31 respectively (p <0.05); Jersey and Sudan showed symptoms only on leaves. The plantations at altitudes of 19-100 m had severity values with 2.38, followed by> 100 m with 2.09 and 0-18 m with 0.93 (p <0.05). The severity of the MCJ was correlated with the altitude, genotypes and producing municipalities. Implications : The disease distribution maps made it possible to identify municipalities with higher risk, genotypes and altitudes with higher and lower incidence and severity of MCJ. Conclusions : The study shows that the MCJ in Guerrero is influenced by the genotypes and altitudes of the sowing areas, which causes a diverse incidence and severity of the disease among producing municipalities.</p
... Sin embargo, la enfermedad "manchado y tizón del cáliz" (MCJ) es considerada una de las más severas, con una afectación del 60% de la superficie, causando pérdidas cercanas al 80% de la producción (Cesavegro, 2018). En la etiología de la enfermedad, Correa et al. (2011), determinaron que el manchado acuoso del follaje de jamaica en el estado de Tabasco, México fue inducido por Pilidiella diplodiella (sin. Phoma diplodiella). ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Roselle calyx spot (MCJ) causes losses of 80% of the yield of this crop. Objective: To know the geographical distribution of the leaf and calyx disease of the roselle in the producing localities and municipalities of the state of Guerrero. Methodology: The recognition area included the Costa Chica region (Ayutla de los Libres, Tecoanapa, San Marcos and Acapulco de Juárez), Costa Grande (Atoyac de Álvarez and Coyuca de Benítez) and the North region (Copalillo). The delimitation of the commercial plots considered a distance> 10 km, for a sampling in five of golds, evaluating the incidence and severity of MCJ. The information was integrated into a database of geographic information systems and the spatial pattern was analyzed. The variables were analyzed in random blocks, with five repetitions, under the procedure with proc rank and an analysis of variance proc glm, the separation of means was used by the Tukey-Kramer procedure and Spearman's linear correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: The disease has a differential geographical distribution, the highest incidence (> 75%) in calyx occurred in the municipalities of Tecoanapa and Ayutla, however, its presence in the leaves can increase the incidence in calyx in Acapulco, San Marcos, Copalillo and Coyuca de Benítez. The highest severity index was presented in Tecoanapa with 2.87, showing differences with Ayutla, Acapulco and San Marcos with 2.24, 2.06 and 1.04 respectively (p <0.05). Atoyac and Copalillo only had leaf spots and Coyuca de Benítez the disease was not detected. The Tecoanapa and Coneja genotypes had leaf and calyx spotting values of 2.85 and 2.17 respectively, with significant differences with the Criollo, Jersey and Sudan genotypes with low values of 1.59, 0.75 and 0.31 respectively (p <0.05); Jersey and Sudan showed symptoms only on leaves. The plantations at altitudes of 19-100 m had severity values with 2.38, followed by> 100 m with 2.09 and 0-18 m with 0.93 (p <0.05). The severity of the MCJ was correlated with the altitude, genotypes and producing municipalities. Implications: The disease distribution maps made it possible to identify municipalities with higher risk, genotypes and altitudes with higher and lower incidence and severity of MCJ. Conclusions: The study shows that the MCJ in Guerrero is influenced by the genotypes and altitudes of the sowing areas, which causes a diverse incidence and severity of the disease among producing municipalities.
Article
The effect of feeding rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed on broiler chicks at dietary levels up to 22.5% were studied over a6 weeks period.Day old unsexed commercial broiler chicks (Hypro) were used...Four experimental diets containing graded levels of rosella seed (0.0,7.5,15.0 and 22.5) using maize,groundnut and sesame meal were formulated.Chicks were randomly distributed into four groups of 30 chicks each in completely randomized design.Each group was further subdivided into (3) replicates of 10 birds.Feed intake,body weight and body weight gain were recorded weekly. Results obtained showed a decrease in feed intake weight gain and feed conversion with the increase of Roselle seed in the diets and no effect on the mortality rate of chick.
Article
The genus Pilidiella, including its teleomorphs in Schizoparme, has a cosmopolitan distribution and is associated with disease symptoms on many plants. In the past, conidial pigmentation has been used as a character to separate Pilidiella (hyaline to pale brown conidia) from Coniella (dark brown conidia). In recent years, however, the two genera have been regarded as synonymous, the older name Coniella having priority. To address the generic question, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2), 5.8S gene, large subunit (LSU) and elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EF 1-alpha) were analysed to compare the type species of Pilidiella and Coniella. All three gene regions supported the separation of Coniella from Pilidiella, with the majority of taxa residing in Pilidiella. Pilidiella is characterised by having species with hyaline to pale brown conidia (avg. length:width > 1.5), in contrast to the dark brown conidia of Coniella (avg. length:width < or = 1.5). Pilidiella diplodiella, which is a pathogen associated with white rot of grapevines, was shown to be an older name for C. petrakii. To delineate species in the P. diplodiella species complex, isolates were also compared based on histone (H3) gene sequences. Analyses derived from these sequence data separated P. diplodiella from a newly described species, P. diplodiopsis. The new species P. eucalyptorum sp. nov. is proposed for isolates formerly treated as C. fragariae and associated with leaf spots of Eucalyptus spp. This species clustered basal to Pilidiella, and may represent yet a third genus within this complex. Pilidiella destruens sp. nov. is newly described as anamorph of Schizoparme destruens, which is associated with twig dieback of Eucalyptus spp. in Hawaii. A key based on morphological characteristics is provided to separate the taxa treated in this study.
A new disease of Artabotrys hexapetalous
  • P G Sheemali
Sheemali PG. 1973. A new disease of Artabotrys hexapetalous. Indian Phytopathology 26:605-607.
Occurrence of Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Petrak and Sydow on Geranium sp
  • Singh
  • R S Sinch
Singh DP and Sinch RS. 1966. Occurrence of Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Petrak and Sydow on Geranium sp. Science and Culture 32:504.
Illustrated Genera of I
  • Barnett Hl
  • B B Hunter
Barnett HL and Hunter BB. 1998. Illustrated Genera of I m p e r f e c t F u n g i. 4 t h e d i t i o n. A m e r i c a n Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 218p.
Survey of insect pests and plant diseases of selected food crops of Mexico, Central America and Panama. International Agricultural Development Service
  • J U Mcguire
  • B S Crandall
McGuire Jr JU and Crandall BS. 1967. Survey of insect pests and plant diseases of selected food crops of Mexico, Central America and Panama. International Agricultural Development Service. USDA, AID, Washington, D.C., USA, 157p.