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Sprint Interval Training Improves Aerobic and Anaerobic Power in Trained Female Futsal Players

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Abstract

Background: Various sprint interval training (SIT) programs have been used with athletes from a wide range of sports to evaluate its effects on physiological and performance adaptations. However, information regarding the effect of a short period of SIT on physiological adaptations of trained female futsal players is limited. Objective: This study evaluated the influence of sport specific SIT on anaerobic power and aerobic power in trained female futsal players. Method: Several aspects of V̇O2max and Wingate-based power were measured after SIT program performed for 4 weeks. Following pre-test, 16 trained female futsal players (V̇O2max = 41.21 ± 3.35 ml.kg-1.min-1) were randomized to either an intense exercise training consisting of sets of 5×40 meter maximum sprint efforts interspersed by a 10-second rest between sprints (3,4,5,6 sets/session from 1st to 4th week respectively with 3 minutes of recovery between sets), performed two sessions a week over 4 weeks (n=8) or a usual training control group (n=8). Results: Significant (except as shown) improvements (p < 0.05) after SIT were seen in: V̇O2max (5.8%), vV̇O2max (6%), V̇O2/HR (6.5%), peak power output (PPO) (7.6%), and mean power output (MPO) (14.9%), but no significant change was found in Heart rate at V̇O2max. Also, no significant enhancement in mentioned variables was found in the CON group. Conclusion: Present results indicate 4 weeks of sprint interval training program with low volume is associated with improvements in V̇O2max, vV̇O2max, V̇O2/HR, PPO, and MPO in trained female futsal players.
fa International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science
ISSN 2202-946X
Vol. 5 No. 2; April 2017
Australian International Academic Centre, Australia
Sprint Interval Training Improves Aerobic and Anaerobic
Power in Trained Female Futsal Players
Fatemeh Beyranvand (Corresponding author)
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd Branch, Borujerd, Iran
E-mail: Fatima.Beyranvand@gmail.com
Received: 11-03- 2017 Accepted: 28-04- 2017 Published: 30-04- 2017
doi:10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.5n.2p.43 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.5n.2p.43
Abstract
Background: Various sprint interval training (SIT) programs have been used with athletes from a wide range of sports
to evaluate its effects on physiological and performance adaptations. However, information regarding the effect of a
short period of SIT on physiological adaptations of trained female futsal players is limited. Objective: This study
evaluated the influence of sport specific SIT on anaerobic power and aerobic power in trained female futsal players.
Method: Several aspects of V
O2max and Wingate-based power were measured after SIT program performed for 4 weeks.
Following pre-test, 16 trained female futsal players (V
O2max = 41.21 ± 3.35 ml.kg-1.min-1) were randomized to either
an intense exercise training consisting of sets of 5×40 meter maximum sprint efforts interspersed by a 10-second rest
between sprints (3,4,5,6 sets/session from 1st to 4th week respectively with 3 minutes of recovery between sets),
performed two sessions a week over 4 weeks (n=8) or a usual training control group (n=8). Results: Significant (except
as shown) improvements (p < 0.05) after SIT were seen in: V
O2max (5.8%), vV
O2max (6%), V
O2/HR (6.5%), peak power
output (PPO) (7.6%), and mean power output (MPO) (14.9%), but no significant change was found in Heart rate at
V
O2max. Also, no significant enhancement in mentioned variables was found in the CON group. Conclusion: Present
results indicate 4 weeks of sprint interval training program with low volume is associated with improvements in V
O2max,
vV
O2max, V
O2/HR, PPO, and MPO in trained female futsal players.
Keywords: V
O2max, anaerobic power, conditioning, running, training technique
1. Introduction
Performing high-intensity “sprint”-type interval training (SIT) have been shown to improve variables associated with
physiological function and performance over several weeks (Burgomaster et al., 2005). The direction and magnitude of
these adaptations in different variables depend on intensity and sprint frequency, recovery time between efforts, as well
as duration of sprints (Burgomaster et al., 2005; Gist et al., 2014). Coaches try to enhance the training effectiveness
through modification of the intensity and duration of both the recovery phases and training. This optimization is based
on the specific sport in which the participant competes (Sheykhlouvand et al., 2016). Sprint interval training, in a
variety of forms, has been used with cyclists, swimmers, runners, and rowers to examine the effects on physiological
and hematological adaptations (Driller et al., 2009). However, information regarding the effect of a short period of SIT
on physiological adaptations of trained female futsal players is limited. Futsal is a ball sport with two teams of five
players. One of players is the goalkeeper and other 4 players act as outfield players). Each futsal team has 7 substitutes
(a goalkeeper and six outfield players). During the official match unlimited substitutions can be made. This indoor
soccer is played on a 40 × 20 m indoor hall with 3 × 2 m goals. The competition time is 2 periods of 20 minutes, and the
timer is stopped for some events (Alvarez et al., 2009). Although anaerobic energy production is the predominant
energy system for highly intense activities with repeated efforts over short durations, aerobic power is key component
for short-term recovery intervals during the match (Karahan, 2012). In another study Barbaro-Alvarez et at (2008) in a
competition analysis through monitoring of heart rate revealed that futsal is an intense intermittent sport with important
demands on the anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Games of small-sided (mainly 5 vs. 5) recently has been indicated as a
valid type of training to enhance aerobic fitness in football. Thus, it could be concluded that trained futsal players may have a
well-developed aerobic capacity as a secondary to training and match participation (Alvarez et al., 2009). Hence, it is of
practical interest for coaches to simultaneously improve these capacities in their athletes (Alvarez et al., 2009; Oliveira
et al., 2013). Moreover, futsal players most of the times need to be at peak performance for matches several times over a
yearly training period and require a training program to get fitness in a short period. As lack of time is a universally
cited barrier for performing some specific conditioning programs during heavy and prolonged schedule of competition
among futsal players, the time-efficient dimension of SIT might have significant application for them to achieve
competitive fitness in short time frame (Gist et al., 2014). Like the nature of SIT, futsal players require to perform
relatively intensive activities and more sprints during a match (Oliveira et al., 2013). Hence, running-based SIT might
be a sport-specific prescription for futsal to improve anaerobic power and cardiorespiratory fitness (Alvarez et al., 2009;
Oliveira et al., 2013). Accordingly, the purpose of our study was to determine whether 4 weeks of SIT would improve
Flourishing Creativity & Literacy
IJKSS 5 (2):43-47, 2017 44
selected aerobic and anaerobic performance indices in trained female futsal players. It was hypothesized that running-
based SIT would provide sufficient stimulus to enhance aerobic and anaerobic performance adaptations.
2. Method
2.1 Participant
Sixteen trained female futsal players (age = 29.6 ± 2.1 years; height = 166.5 ± 6.1 cm; body mass = 57.4 ± 9.3 kg; BMI
= 21.4 ± 1.1 kg·m-2; training experience = 6 ± 3 years) volunteered to take part in the experiment. Before the
participation, the experimental protocols and probable risks were cleared fully to the participants written informed
consent was received. Participants were randomly divided to an SIT group or control (CON) group using G*Power
software (version 3.1.9.2) (α level = 0.05 and effect size = 0.08). Research Ethic Boards of Islamic Azad University of
Borujerd approved this study, and the study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki.
2.1 Procedures
2.1.1 The multi-stage 20-m shuttle run fitness test (20mMSFT).
This test was developed by Léger and Lambert (1982) and it has been used as a valid method for determination of
V
O2max. It involved running between two lines set 20 m apart at a pace dictated by a recording emitting tones at
appropriate intervals. Velocity was 8.5 km·h-1 for the first minute, which increased by 0.5 km·h-1 every minute
thereafter (Paradisis et al., 2014). Achieved score by the subject was the number of 20-m shuttles completed prior to the
subject either volitional withdrawn from the test, or fail to be within 3m of the end lines on two consecutive tones. Heart
rates were continuously recorded throughout the test (Polar, Electro Oy, Finland). vV
O2max (the minimal speed at which
the participant was running when V
O2max revealed) was assessed according to Paradisis et al. (2014).
2.1.2 Anaerobic power.
Peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) were assessed by a 30-second all-out effort (Wingate test) on
a cycle ergometer (894E, Monark, Sweden) against a resistance of 0.075 kg·kg-1 body weight (MacDougall et al.,
1998). The participants tried to get optimal comfort and pedaling efficiency. Participants reached maximum pedaling
speed against the ergometer’s inertial resistance over 2 seconds before the load was added and the electronic revolution
counter was activated. Pedaling as fast as possible during the 30-second test, participants were verbally encouraged.
Using a data-acquisition system, the 5 second PPO, and 30 second MPO were subsequently calculated (Farzad et al.,
2011).
2.1.3 Training program.
Training for both groups commenced ~48 hours after the last baseline measurements. The training program is presented
in Table 1.
Table 1. Training program for each group (N = 8 for each group)
Days of week
SIT group
CON group
Monday
Futsal training
Futsal training
Tuesday
Sprint interval training (MO)
Weight training (EV)
Weight training
Wednesday
Futsal training
Futsal training
Thursday
Sprint interval training (MO)
Futsal training (EV)
Futsal training
Friday
Rest
Rest
Saturday
Weight training
Weight training
Sunday
Sprint interval training (MO)
Futsal training (EV)
Futsal training
MO = morning (10 a.m.); EV = evening (4 p.m.).
Both groups performed the same futsal training sessions including technique drills and tactic practice 4 times a week. In
addition, both groups participated in 2 sessions of weight lifting training per week in 3 sets of 8 repetitions at 70% × 1
repetition maximum (movements including back squat, bench press, leg extension, bicep curl, and leg curl). The SIT
group followed a running-based SIT program in addition to this training. Including sets of 5 40-m (futsal play area
length) all-out efforts with a 10-second rest between sprints, this program was performed in 3 sessions a week. During
initial week, 3 sets were completed, with a rest of 3-minutes between sets. One set was added in each subsequent week
with the 3-minute recovert between each set. Each SIT session was started with a 10-minute warm-up and continued by
sets (36) of 5 × 40-m all-out sprints with 3 minutes of rest between sets and then followed by a 10-minute cool-down
period.
IJKSS 5 (2):43-47, 2017 45
2.2 Statistical Analysis
All results are reported as mean ± SD. A two-factor mixed ANOVA, with the between factor “group” (training, control)
and repeated factor trial” (pre-training, post-training) was used to analyze of aerobic and anaerobic power data.
Significant main effects or interactions were subsequently analyzed using a Tukey’s post-hoc test. Level of alpha for
statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
3. Results
3.1 Aerobic Power
After the 4-week training period, the change in V
O2max in SIT group was significantly greater compared with the change
in CON group (p = 0.04). V
O2max was significantly increased by 5.8% in SIT group (p = 0.01) compared with pre-
training, but no significant changes took place in CON group (p = 0.1) (Table 2).
Table 2. Pre-training vs. post-training values for aerobic capacity
Variables
P value
P value
V
O2max (ml.kg-1.min-1)
41.67 (2.6) 44.08 (2.4) *†
0.01
0.10
vV
O2max (km.h-1)
13.4 (0.4) 14.2 (0.3) *
0.02
0.60
V
O2/HR (ml.b.min-1)
13.6 (1.2) 14.5 (1.1) *†
0.03
0.20
HR@V
O2max (b.min-1)
179.7 (6.2) 181.6 (5.9)
0.20
0.60
Data are means (±S.D.). Maximum oxygen uptake (V
O2max), running speed at V
O2max (vV
O2max), heart rate at V
O2max
(HR@V
O2max), and O2 pulse (V
O2/HR).
* Significantly greater than pre-training value (p < 0.05).
† Significantly different change compared with control group (p < 0.05).
There was a near-significant difference between changes in vV
O2max in SIT and CON groups (p = 0.06). vV
O2max was
significantly enhanced from pre- to post-training by 6.0% in SIT group (p = 0.02), but not in CON group (p = 0.6)
(Table 2). The change in V
O2/HR in the SIT group was significantly greater compared to the change in CON group (p
= 0.01). V
O2/HR significantly increased in the SIT group by 6.5% (p = 0.03) compared with pre-training, but no
significant changes were seen in the CON group (p = 0.2) (Table 2). SIT and CON did not significantly change
HR@V
O2max over time (p = 0.2 and p = 0.6, respectively) (Table 2). No pre-training difference was occurred between
groups for aforementioned variables.
3.1 Anaerobic Power
After the 4-week training period, the change in PPO in SIT group was significantly greater compared with the change in
CON group (p = 0.01). PPO was significantly increased by 7.6% in SIT group from pre- to post-training (Pre-training:
480.3 ± 33.8 vs. Post-training: 516.9 ± 44.8 W, p = 0.02), but no significant changes were observed in CON group from
pre- to post-training (Pre-training: 489.2 ± 50.3 vs. Post-training: 500.7 ± 33.7 W, p = 0.3) (Figure 1).
There was a significant difference between changes in MPO in SIT and CON groups (p = 0.02). MPO was significantly
enhanced from pre-training to post-training by 14.9% in SIT group (Pre-training: 383.7 ± 41.8 vs. Post-training: 440.9 ±
34.6 W, p = 0.01), but not in CON group (Pre-training: 396.5 ± 46.8 vs. Post-training: 415.3 ± 38.5 W, p = 0.1) (Figure
1).
No pre-training difference was observed between groups for aforementioned variables.
Figure 1. Effect of 4 weeks of SIT or CON on PPO and MPO. Circles indicate individual percentage change from
baseline and horizontal bars indicate mean group percentage change from baseline. n = 8 for SIT and n = 8 for CON. †
Significantly different change compared to CON group (p < 0.05).
IJKSS 5 (2):43-47, 2017 46
4. Discussion
The present study demonstrates that 4 weeks of low-volume, sprint interval training is a practical and time-efficient
strategy to improve sport-specific physiological variables in trained female futsal players. SIT significantly improved
V
O2max, vV
O2max, V
O/HR, PPO, and MPO from pre- to post-training. Also, the percentage improvements in these
variables (except vV
O2max) were all significantly greater following SIT when compared with CON. V
O2max is one of the
primary determinants of aerobic endurance performance (Sheykhlouvand et al., 2016). In line with our hypothesis, our
participants revealed significantly higher relative V
O2max compared with pre-training. Our findings support Rowan et al.
(2012) who reported increases in V
O2max after 5 weeks of running SIT (5 × 30 seconds all-out, 4.5 min recovery, twice a
week) in female soccer players. In another study on trained individuals, Laursen et al. (2002) have demonstrated
significant improvement in V
O2max after 4 weeks of cycling SIT (12 × 30 seconds at 175% PPO, 4.5 min recovery). The
enhancement of V
O2max following SIT could be caused by both oxygen use by active tissues (i.e., increases in
capillarization, local enzymatic adaptations, and mitochondrial density/volume) and oxygen delivery (i.e., increases in
SV as higher V
O2/HR recorded in our study) adaptations (Driller et al., 2009). Because, previous studies indicated a
significant relationship between SV and V
O/HR (Laffite et al., 2003), we can probably assume that the grater V
O2max in
the SIT group may in part be due to an increased SV. This supports previous researches (Farzad et al., 2011; Astorino et
al., 2012) showing that SIT performed with different protocols improved V
O2/HR over 3-4 weeks. On the other hand, it
has been shown that sprint interval training improves enzyme activities of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism (Rodas et
al., 2000; Burgomaster et al., 2005). A limitation of the present study was no muscle biopsies were taken to directly
determine muscle oxidative capacity. Collectively, along with aforementioned studies, our findings support the theory
of Driller et al. (2009) who noted that the improvement of V
O2max following intense interval training may be attributed
to both peripheral and central adaptations.
vV
O2max significantly increased following 4 weeks of SIT. These findings are in agreement with previous research
reporting an enhancement in vV
O2max (3 to 10%) after intense interval training in subjects of varying aerobic capacities
(Esfarjani et al., 2007; Smith et al., 1999). Neural adaptations (Creer et al.,2004) and improvements in running economy
(Esfarjani et al., 2007) may be responsible for the improvement in vV
O2max. The training in our experiment resulted in
a significant increase in PPO and MPO. These results support previous studies (Burgomaster et al., 2005; Gibala et al.,
2006) reporting an improvement in peak and mean anaerobic power following SIT (47 all-out 30-second Wingate
trials with 4 minutes of recovery 3 sessions per week). Stangier et al. (2016) demonstrated that improving peak and
mean power is necessary to enhance the kinetic energy at the start of a race. Over short distances, futsal players show
considerable variations in speed. Thus, high power outputs and a well-developed anaerobic glycolytic energy system are
important factors required to respond to changes in race pace during match. Increased proportion of muscle buffering
capacity (Laursen et al., 2002b), muscle phosphocreatine concentration (Farzad et al., 2011), and adaptation in
recruitment or activation of motor units (Van Cutsem et al., 1998) are possible explanations for our findings. A
limitation of the present study could be the SIT group completed more training time than the CON group. Although
training duration was not the same between groups, “duration” of very low-volume SIT program in a 4-week period
(only ~25 minutes of very intense exercise) was unlikely large enough to affect such physiological changes alone.
Hence, it is likely that other factors related to the nature of SIT (intensity, frequency, and duration of sprint efforts as
well as the recovery time between each effort) contributed to the magnitude of these changes rather than the extra
training time (~80-160 sec SIT/session) of SIT group compared with the CON group.
5. Conclusion
The present study showed that a 4-week sprint interval training program with improved V
O2max, vV
O2max, V
O/HR,
PPO, and MPO in trained female futsal players. Therefore, This SIT protocol could be considered as specific training
programs to improve aerobic performance and anaerobic power in female futsal players under the conditions of the
present study. As such training programs have a very low volume and high intensity, futsal players and their coaches
can use this type of training prescriptions when they have to acquire several physical peaks over a yearly period,
especially when the target is to enhance performance in a short period.
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... Previous studies have reported improvements in OBLA using 8 weeks of muscular endurance training with 1 minute of rest between sets of exercise ( Lantis et al., 2017). However, improvements in OBLA and aerobic power following HIIT and Sprint Interval Training (SIT) have been seen in as little as 4 to 8 sessions over 2 to 4 weeks (Beyranvand, 2017;Burgomaster, Heigenhauser, & Gibala, 2006;Burgomaster, Hughes, Heigenhauser, Bradwell, & Gibala, 2005;Jakeman, Adamson, & Babraj, 2012;Laursen, Shing, Peake, Coombes, & Jenkins, 2005;B. Rønnestad, Hansen, & Ellefsen, 2014;Talanian, Galloway, Heigenhauser, Bonen, & Spriet, 2007). ...
... Also, the goal of the study was to examine the adaptations of the additional resistance training to the current aerobic training of the participants. A similar experimental design was utilized by Hickson et al. (1988) and recently by Karsten et al. (2016), Lantis et al. (2017) (2017 where all strength training was performed under the supervision of the researchers while all aerobic training was performed independently outside the lab when evaluating the potential for simultaneous strength and endurance training to improve endurance performance Hickson, Dvorak, Gorostiaga, Kurowski, & Foster, 1988;Karsten et al., 2016;Lantis et al., 2017). The current study is not without limitations. ...
... Although a similar lactate response was observed a similar time course in adaptations for improved lactate kinetics was not observed. Previous research utilizing HIIT and SIT have shown improvements in lactate kinetics and aerobic power in as few as 4 to 8 sessions (Beyranvand, 2017;Burgomaster et al., 2006;Burgomaster et al., 2005;Jakeman et al., 2012;Laursen et al., 2005;B. Rønnestad et al., 2014;Talanian et al., 2007). ...
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Background: Previous investigations have shown that muscular endurance resistance training (MERT) is conducive in improving the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). However, the metabolic response and time course for adaption is still unclear. Objective: The aims of the current study were to evaluate and track the metabolic response to an individual session of MERT as well as to assess performance adaptations of supplementing an aerobic exercise training program with four weeks of MERT. Methods: Seventeen aerobically active men were randomly assigned to either the experimental (EX) or control group (CON), 9 EX and 8 CON. Baseline measures included a graded exercise test (GXT) and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing for leg press (LP), leg curl (LC), and leg extension (LE). CON continued their regular aerobic activity while the EX supplemented their regular aerobic exercise with 4 weeks of MERT. Results: No significant group differences were observed for all pre-training variables. Following four weeks of training no significant differences in cardiorespiratory or metabolic variables were observed for either group. However, significant improvements in LC and LE 1-RM were observed in EX compared to CON. Substantial accumulations in blood lactate were observed following each MERT session. Conclusion: Four weeks of MERT did not improve cardiorespiratory or metabolic variables, but did significantly improve LC and LE. MERT was also observed to induce a blood lactate response similar to that of HIIT. These findings suggest greater than four weeks is need to see metabolic adaptations conducive for improved aerobic performance using MERT.
... Selanjutnya menurut (Beyranvand, 2017) Power adalah salah satu unsur kondisi fisik yang dibutuhkan untuk hampir semua cabang olahraga termasuk didalamnya permainan futsal. Hal ini dapat dipahami karena daya ledak (power) tersebut mengandung unsur gerak eksplosif, sedangkan gerakan ini dibutuhkan dalam aktivitas olahraga berprestasi. ...
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil Kontribusi power Otot tungkai Terhadap Ketepatan smash UKM Bola Voli UBBG. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan diskriptif korelasional Jenis penelitian ini kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini 15 orang atlet dan sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 15 atlet yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data Pengujian Hipotesis 1 antara kontribusi power otot lengan (X) terhadap Ketepatan smash (Y), diketahui bahwa nilai t hitung 3,038 t tabel 1,69. Artinya ada hubungan antara pengaruh power otot lengan terhadap Ketepatan smash . Sementara pengaruh power otot lengan memiliki 24,80% hubungan terhadap Ketepatan smash bola voli dan sisanya 75,20% dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lainnya. Maka dapat disimpulkan hipotesis 1 diterima karena berpengaruh positif dan signifikan.
... Both HIIT and MIIT were applied in 9 studies. It was observed that the result of most of the studies shown significant in aerobic and anaerobic capacity due to HIIT, namely W. (2011) [69] , Czuba M. (2013) [70] , Cathal J. (2013) [36] , Chittibabu B. (2014) [13] , Ouerghi N. (2014) [71] , Jabbour G. (2015) [72] , Belegisanin B. (2017) [16] , Beyranvand F. (2017) [73] , Arazi H. et al. (2017) [74] . Further, it was shown that HIIT is more superior and beneficial than MIIT. ...
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Increasing the level of physical fitness for competition is the primary goal of any conditioning program for wrestlers. Wrestlers often need to peak for competitions several times over an annual training cycle. Additionally, the scheduling of these competitions does not always match an ideal periodization plan and may require a modified training program to achieve a high level of competitive fitness in a short-time frame. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of sprint-interval training (SIT) program, on selected aerobic and anaerobic performance indices, and hormonal and hematological adaptations, when added to the traditional Iranian training of wrestlers in their preseason phase. Fifteen trained wrestlers were assigned to either an experimental (EXP) or a control (CON) group. Both groups followed a traditional preparation phase consisting of learning and drilling technique, live wrestling and weight training for 4 weeks. In addition, the EXP group performed a running-based SIT protocol. The SIT consisted of 6 35-m sprints at maximum effort with a 10-second recovery between each sprint. The SIT protocol was performed in 2 sessions per week, for the 4 weeks of the study. Before and after the 4-week training program, pre and posttesting was performed on each subject on the following: a graded exercise test (GXT) to determine VO(2)max, the velocity associated with V(2)max (νVO(2)max), maximal ventilation, and peak oxygen pulse; a time to exhaustion test (T(max)) at their νVO(2)max; and 4 successive Wingate tests with a 4-minute recovery between each trial for the determination of peak and mean power output (PPO, MPO). Resting blood samples were also collected at the beginning of each pre and posttesting period, before and after the 4-week training program. The EXP group showed significant improvements in VO(2)max (+5.4%), peak oxygen pulse (+7.7%) and T(max) (+32.2%) compared with pretesting. The EXP group produced significant increases in PPO and MPO during the Wingate testing compared with pretesting (p < 0.05). After the 4-week training program, total testosterone and the total testosterone/cortisol ratio increased significantly in the EXP group, whereas cortisol tended to decrease (p = 0.06). The current findings indicate that the addition of an SIT program with short recovery can improve both aerobic and anaerobic performances in trained wrestlers during the preseason phase. The hormonal changes seen suggest training-induced anabolic adaptations.
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Objective: Winter weather conditions restrict regular sport-specific endurance training in inline speed skating. As a result this study was designed to compare the effects of cycling and running training programs on inline speed skaters´ endurance performance. Methods: Sixteen (8 male, 8 female) high level athletes (mean ± SD 24 ± 8 yrs) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (running, cycling). Both groups trained twice a week for 8 weeks, one group on a treadmill and the other on a cycle ergometer. Training intensity and duration was individually calculated (maximal fat oxidation: ∼52% of VO2 peak: 500 kcal/session). Before and after the training intervention all athletes performed an incremental specific (inline speed skating) and one non-specific (cycling or running) step test according to the group affiliation. In addition to blood lactate concentration, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilatory equivalent (VO2E/VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate were measured. Results: The specific post-test revealed significantly increased absolute VO2 peak values (2.9 ± 0.4, 3.4 ± 0.7, p=0.01) as well as submaximal VO2 values (p≤0.01). VE/VO2 and RER significantly decreased at maximal (46.6 ± 6.6, 38.5 ± 3.4, p=0.005; 1.1 ± 0.03, 1.0 ± 0.04, p=0.001) and submaximal intensities (p≤0.04). None of the analysis revealed a significant group effect (p≥0.15). Conclusions: The results indicate that both cycling vs. running exercise at ∼52% of VO2 peak had a positive effect on the athletes´ endurance performance. The increased submaximal VO2 values indicate a reduction in athletes´ inline speed skating technique. Therefore athletes would benefit from a focus on technique training in the subsequent period.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-wk individualized training program using V-max as the exercise intensity and utilizing between 60 and 75% of a subject's T-max as the exercise duration, Methods: Five male, middle-distance, trained subjects with the following characteristics (mean +/- SD): age, 22.8 +/- 4.5 yr; height, 181 +/- 4.7 cm; weight, 74.1 +/- 3.2 kg; skinfolds based on five areas. 35.9 +/- 3.9; and (V) over dot O-2max 61.5 +/- 6.1 mL O-2.kg.min(-1) volunteered to participate in this study. Before the training program, the subjects completed a 3000-m time trial, and three each of (V) over dot O-2max/V-max and T-max tests. Subjects then completed a 4-wk training program on the treadmill and were then retested on the (V) over dot O-2max/V-max and T-max tests. Results: Pretraining versus posttraining results showed significant (P < 0.05) increases in average V-max (20.5 km.h(-1) vs 21.3 km.h(-1) posttraining), T-max (225.5 s vs 300.9 s posttraining), and (V) over dot O-2max (61.5 mL O-2 kg.min(-1) vs 64.5 mt O-2.kg.min(-1)). The 3000-m time trial decreased significantly from a pretraining value of 616.6 s to a posttraining value of 599.6 s (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that by utilizing between 60 and 75% of T-max as an exercise duration and using V-max as an exercise intensity that these two parameters can be extremely valuable in the prescription of exercise programs for athletes.