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JCBPS; Section D; February 2017 – April 2017, Vol. 7, No. 2; 307-317. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929
Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
Available online atwww.jcbsc.org
Section D: Environmental Sciences
CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article
307
J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D, February 2017 – April 2017, Vol. 7, No. 2; 307-317.
The Impact of Yucca (Yucca Elephantipes Regel) on the
Amount of Indoor CO2 Depending on Temperature
Hakan SEVIK1, Mehmet CETIN2, Kerim GUNEY3, Nur BELKAYALI2
1 Kastamonu University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of Environmental
Engineering, Kuzeykent, 37150, Kastamonu/TURKEY, 0366 280 2921
2 Kastamonu University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of Landscape
Architecture, Kuzeykent, 37150, Kastamonu/TURKEY, 0366 280 29 20
3 Kastamonu University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Engineering, Kuzeykent, 37150,
Kastamonu/TURKEY
Received: 11 April 2017; Revised: 20 April 2017; Accepted: 26 April 2017
Abstract: Today; at least 80% of human life passes in closed areas and the indoor air
quality directly affects the health and performances of human beings. Especially when
CO2 raises above a certain level, it causes to various disorders such as headache,
dizziness, fatigue, concentration disorders, throat and nose irritations, nasal flow, cough
and ocular flow. The most important factor affecting the indoor CO2 amount is the
metabolic activities of the living. The amount of CO2 increasing with respiration
decreases with photosynthesis. Therefore; plants could be used in indoors for the purpose
of decreasing the CO2 amount. However; because there is no sufficient information in
this issue, the plants cannot be efficiently and consciously used in the issue of decreasing
the CO2 amount in indoors.it has been aimed to determine the change of the impact of
yucca (Yucca elephantipes Regel) which is one of the plants most frequently used as an
indoor decoration plant on the indoor CO2 amount depending on temperature. As a result
of the study; it has been determined that the respiration made by yucca in dark
environment is at an insignificant level depending on temperature. However; it has also
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been determined that it shows the highest impact in the temperatures 23-24 °C, its speed
of photosynthesis at 30 °C is lower than that of 20 °C but higher than that of 15 °C in the
environment in which there is light.
Key words: Yucca; Yucca elephantipes Regel; CO2; Air quality
INTRODUCTION
The rapid change process experienced in the world causes to the destruction of nature, pollution of air,
water and soil and the distortion of ecological balance1-3. In addition; industrializing world has forced
people to live in closed areas and today, at least 80% of human life has started to pass in closed areas4-5.
The amount of CO2 rapidly changes as a result of the metabolic activities of human beings in indoors in
which the majority of human life passes and the increasing CO2 amount directly affects the health and
performances of human beings. Fatigue, absence of perception and state of sleep occur as a result of the
increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. CO2 causes to various complaints giving
rise to performance losses and whose reasons cannot be easily determined. When CO2 amount in the
environment increases above 1000 ppm; headache, dizziness, fatigue, absence of concentration and odor
disorders occur; when it increases above 1500 ppm, throat and nose irritation, nasal flow, cough and
ocular flows occur6. However; the conducted studies show that indoor CO2 amount is far beyond these
levels and also, it exceeds 4000 ppm at schools and 3000 ppm in exam halls 4,7.
The most efficient way to decrease the indoor CO2 amount is the ventilation of the environment.
However; the environment cannot be ventilated for a long time for the purpose of not decreasing the heat
of the environment in winter in which especially the CO2 amount is an important problem; and this
situation causes to significant decrease in the quality of the air due to the increase in CO2 amount5
Another factor affecting indoor CO2 amount is the plants grown indoors. Plants are used for the purpose
of photosynthesizing the carbon dioxide in the environment and they give oxygen to the environment8-9
However; photosynthesis is dependent on the factors such as light and temperature in the environment
and when the necessary conditions do not occur, plants aspirate, take oxygen from the environment and
give carbon dioxide to the environment.
Therefore; it is necessary to determine the impact of the plants on the indoor air quality in accordance
with the conditions of the environment. One of these most important conditions is temperature.
Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the photosynthesis speed of the plants and
therefore, the impact level on the CO2 amount in the environment. For this reason; the use of plants in an
efficient way for the purpose of increasing the indoor air quality is possible only with the determination of
plant-temperature relation and growing the plants in convenient temperature degrees. In this study; it has
been aimed to determine and formulize the impact of yucca being one of most preferred indoor plants of
the world as a decoration plant on the CO2 amount depending on temperature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Material: The study has been carried out on yucca (Yucca elephantipes Regel) frequently used as indoor
decoration plant. The genus Yucca (Agavaceae) contains about 35–40 species, which are mainly
distributed in Central and Northern America. Many of them as ornamental plants are commonly
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cultivated in the tropical gardens of the World. Yucca extracts are used not only to feed livestock and
poultry to improve their growth and productivity, but also to reduce ammonia and odors in poultry excreta
on farms10. Yucca is one of the most preferred species as an indoor decoration plant11.
Method: The study has been carried out in a plant growing cabinet having no air exchange with the
outdoor, whose light and temperature conditions could be determined, whose internal volume is known
and which is independent from the outdoor. A measurement device that could transfer the data of the
plant to the computer by conducting CO2, temperature and humidity measurements regularly together
with the plant has been installed in the plant growing cabinet.
The brand of the plant growing cabinet in which the ambient conditions could be formed is “Jaiotech GC
300”. Because the study is based on the principle of absolute impermeability, the air impermeability has
been tested within the cabinet, a glass cabinet has been placed and “Extech Desktop Indoor Air Quality
CO2 Datalogger” measurement device has been placed inside this cabinet. Afterwards; the plant has been
placed in the cabinet and the CO2 amount has been adjusted as 2.000 ppm ± 10%.
The plants prepared for the measurements have been placed in the cabinet and the measurement order of
the cabinet has been adjusted as follows:
• 12 hours at 15 °C temperature and 20.000 lux light,
• 12 hours at 15 °C temperature dark environment,
• 12 hours at 20 °C temperature and 20.000 lux light,
• 12 hours at 20 °C temperature and dark environment,
• 12 hours at 25 °C temperature and 20.000 lux light,
• 12 hours at 25 °C temperature dark environment,
• 12 hours at 30 °C temperature and 20.000 lux light,
• 12 hours at 30 °C temperature dark environment,
• 12 hours at 35 °C temperature and 20.000 lux light,
• 12 hours at 35 °C temperature dark environment,
The device has been adjusted as explained above as the operation system, the plant has been placed in the
cabinet inside the device, the measurement device (after such an adjustment that it will conduct
measurement once per 5 minutes and it will save the data) which is in the same environment with the
plant has been operated and the cabinet has been closed in a way that it will not get any air.
After the completion of the measurement process, the data have been transferred to computer
environment and the net volume of the cabinet (by subtracting the pot volume and stem volume of the
plant from the cabinet volume) has been calculated. Each plant has remained in the cabinet for 5 days
after placement in the cabinet, the device has been operated in the adjustment expressed above during this
period, CO2 measurement device has conducted measurements per 5 minutes and after that, the data have
been transferred to computer and evaluated.
The performances of the plants at the end of 1 hour have been taken into consideration in the assessment
of the data. The data have been collected by calculating the difference between the CO2 value at the
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beginning and CO2 value at the end of 1 hour. The data have been standardized after the attainment of the
data for the purpose of being able to determine how much leaf surface could affect 1 m3 air at what ratio.
For instance; while calculating a plant that decreases the CO2 amount by 157 ppm within 1 hour and that
has leaf surface of 0,245 m2 cabinet whose net volume is 0,486 m3 (after subtracting the pot volume); the
calculation has been made as “the plant with the leaf surface of 0,486 m2 decreases the CO2 amount of
the area with 1 m3 volume by 157 ppm within 1 hour”.
As a result of the study; correlation and regression analyses have been conducted on the data with the help
of SPSS 17.0 package program for the purpose of determining the change of the impact of the plant on
CO2 amount depending on temperature in dark and bright environments and the results have been
assessed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Regression analysis has been conducted with the help of SPSS package program for the purpose of
determining the impact of yucca plant on CO2 amount in 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C temperatures in dark
environment and the results are given in Table 1.
Table 1: The results of the correlation analysis showing the impact of yucca plant on CO2 amount in dark
environment depending on temperature
Equation
Model Summary
Parameter Estimates
R2
F
df1
df2
Sig.
Constant
b1
b2
b3
Quadratic
,292
50,931
2
247
,000
-123,101
13,499
-,273
Cubic
,286
49,540
2
247
,000
-72,734
6,907
,000
-,004
When the results of Table 1 are examined; R2 value has been calculated as 0,292 according to Quadratic
analysis results regarding the change of the impact of Yucca plant in dark environment on CO2 amount
depending on temperature and R2 value has been calculated as 0,286 according to cubic analysis results.
R2 value in here expresses the correlation coefficient and it changes between 0 and -1 or +1 and it
determines the direction of the correlation. According to the attained value here, there is a positive and
low relation between the temperature in dark environment and the change in CO2 amount regarding yucca
plant.
As a result of the conducted analysis, the graphics showing the relation between the temperature in dark
environment and CO2 amount in yucca plant is given in Figure 1.
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Figure 1: The impact of yucca plant on CO2 amount depending on temperature in dark environment
Regression analysis has been conducted with the help of SPSS package program for the purpose of
determining the impact of yucca plant on CO2 amount in depending on temperature in the environment
with 20.000 lux light and the results are given in Table 2.
Table 2: The amount of yucca plant in bright environment on CO2 amount depending on temperature
Equation
Model Summary
Parameter Estimates
R2
F
df1
df2
Sig.
Constant
b1
b2
b3
Quadratic
,251
41,306
2
247
,000
462,329
-48,111
,996
Cubic
,224
35,639
2
247
,000
258,863
-22,740
,000
,012
When the results of Table 2 are examined; R2 value has been calculated as 0,251 according to Quadratic
analysis results regarding the change of the impact of Yucca plant in bright environment on CO2 amount
depending on temperature and R2 value has been calculated as 0,224 according to cubic analysis results.
According to the calculated R2 value, it could be said that there is a positive and low relation between the
temperature in bright environment and the change in CO2 amount in yucca plant as it is in dark
environment. As a result of the conducted analysis, the graphic showing the relation between the
temperature in dark environment and the change in CO2 amount in spatiphilium plant is given in Figure 2.
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Figure 2: The impact of yucca plant on CO2 amount depending on temperature in bright environment
The results of the study show that yucca plant affects the CO2 amount in the environment in different
levels depending on temperature; in other words, the speed of photosynthesis changes depending on
temperature. When Figure 2 is examined, it could be seen that the impact of yucca on CO2 amount in the
environment draws a reverse bell-shaped curve and it is utmost in 20-25°C temperatures.
The results of the study show that the impact of yucca on CO2 amount increases depending on
temperature, it goes up the highest level at 20-25°C and afterwards, it starts to decrease depending on the
increasing temperature, namely it draws a bell-shaped curve. Kacar et al.12 express that the impact of
temperature on photosynthesis in the leaves of the plants generally show a curve, the speed of
photosynthesis increases until a certain temperature and it rapidly decreases after a certain temperature
degree. This situation has also been stated by many researchers13.
However; the degree of temperature necessary for the speed of photosynthesis at highest level shows
changes depending on the plant species. Akman and Guney14 specify that the temperatures 20-35 °C are
the optimum values for photosynthesis and the positive impact of temperature on photosynthesis could
continue up to 30 °C. Sevik et al.15 specifies that the impact of the plants on CO2 amount increases
together with the increasing temperature; and the impact of the plants on CO2 amount starts to decrease
after around 25 °C in Ficus, Dieffenbachia and Spatiphilium and after 20 °C in Yucca. It has been
detected that Ficus is significantly efficient on CO2 amount at 35 °C temperature, this impact remains
limited in Spatiphilium and Yucca and the plant starts to inhale at 35 °C in Dieffenbachia15. The
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temperature and light demands of the species may show significant differences. For instance; Acarturk 16
expresses that Yucca is a tough species and it requires full sunlight, Spatiphilium does not like direct
sunlight, but it likes light, Ficus does not like direct sunlight and it demands minimum 15-18°C. Yucel17
expresses that Dieffenbachia should be grown in semi-shadow and hot areas which do not get direct
sunlight, Spatiphilium should be grown in semi-shadow and hot areas and Yucca should be grown in hot
areas and places with abundant sunlight. Dieffenbachia is a plant which could even grow in dark shadow,
therefore, whose light demand is too little, which does not like direct sunlight and which could grow
better in semi-shadow or indirectly lighted places. It grows well at 20-25 °C in summer and in
temperatures which do not go down18 below 15 °C.
Cetin and Sevik19 state that Codiaeum variegatum, Ficus elastica and Yucca massengena could make
photosynthesis even in time intervals in which the amount of light is little during the day and decrease the
CO2 amount, Sinningia speciosa and Ocimum basilicum either increase or do not significantly change the
CO2 amount in the environment under the same light conditions. This situation shows that different plants
give different reactions under the same ambient conditions. This situation could be likened to the
reactions given by the plants against water or frost stress. In the studies determining the reactions of
different species against water stress or frost stress; it has been determined that some plants are
significantly damaged under the same stress level and some plants go on their lives with almost no impact
20-22. Therefore; it is normal for some species to reach the highest photosynthesis speed under different
temperature levels.
Plants are the source of life for the living world; they carry out many ecological functions and shape the
life in the environments they exist. In the place they grow, plants reduce air pollution, reduce noise,
increase aesthetic value, have a positive psychological effect, provide energy conservation, prevent
erosion, reduce wind speed and hold the soil with their roots, thus preventing washing away of the soil
with rainfalls and streams, and protect wildlife and hunting resources. Open-green areas with plantation
are important activity areas for both adults and children19,23-25 .
Such advancement of the plants market made the researchers to be interested in various issues such as
defining the distribution areas of plants, protection of plants, cultivation of plants, resistance of plants to
stress factors, effects of water and water quality, various areas of use, genetic variability of plants, their
relationship with the environment, thus resulting in various studies on these issues9,26-30 .
It has been revealed by many studies that indoor decoration plants could be used for the purpose of
decreasing various indoor polluters31-36. However; the number of studies conducted to ensure the efficient
use of the plants for the purpose of increasing the indoor air quality is too little and the literature
information in this issue is too limited. Torpy et al.,37 have examined the potentials of the plants
Aglaonema commutatum, Aspidistra elatior, Castanospermum australe, Chamaedorea elegans, Dracaena
deremensis ‘compacta’, Dypsis lutescens, Ficus benjamina and Howea forsteriana for decreasing indoor
CO2 amount and as a result of the study, they have expressed that the plants have a wide variation
depending on light conditions. Similar results have also been revealed in other studies19.
However; the data which have just been attained are not in a sufficient level for the plants to be able to be
efficiently used in increasing the indoor air quality. For instance; there are not any studies conducted in
the issue of the different variety or forms of the plants. However; the studies conducted on the plants
show that different sub-species, variety, form and origins of the same species give different reactions to
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the same ambient conditions and they are affected from the stress factors in different ways38-39. Therefore;
it is possible for the sub-species, variety, form and origins of the same species to give different reactions
under different ambient conditions regarding the indoor plants. For this reason; this issue should be taken
into consideration and examined in the usage of the plants for the purpose of increasing the indoor air
quality.
In addition; it is known that the ambient conditions significantly affect the photosynthesis speed of the
plants and therefore, their impact on CO2 amount. So; the inclusion of the factors such as light, plant
dimensions, number of leaves etc. except for temperature is important in terms of determining which
plant is more efficient depending on the ambient conditions in the studies to be conducted in the future.
The studies in this issue should be varied and sustained.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This has been supported by The Scientific and Technological Reseach Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
working on projects with 114Y033 number. We sincerely thank to TUBITAK.
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* Corresponding author: Hakan Sevik,
Kastamonu University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of
Environmental Engineering, Kastamonu, Turkey Email: hsevik@kastamonu.edu.tr
On line publication Date: 26.04.2017
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