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A Comparison of Indoor Channel Properties in V and E Bands
Abstract
This paper presents wideband channel measurements in an office environment in the 62 GHz and 83 GHz
frequency bands. Measurements were performed with a VNA and the mechanical steering of directive antennas at both the transmitter and receiver side, allowing a double-directional angular characterization. A comparison of propagation characteristics such as the path loss, multipaths clusters’ dispersion properties in the delay and angular domains are provided.
Results show that similar propagation characteristics are attainable in the two bands considered.
... In addition to standardization activities, measurements and modeling for this scenario were performed in [25][26][27][28][29][30]. In [25], indoor measurements at 60 GHz bands were conducted, where the statistical characteristics of the time of arrival, AoA, and path loss were derived. ...
... In [26], indoor measurements were performed, and the Rician K-factor and path loss were derived. In [27], the angular spread, delay spread, and path loss were measured in the 60 GHz and 80 GHz bands. The characteristics of a measured cluster were reported in [28]. ...
... This mechanism is formally written as: # ∼ uniform(0°, 360°). (27) This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and content may change prior to final publication. ...
This study proposes a 3GPP-compatible channel generation framework for ultra-wideband and indoor shortrange communication realized by the fifth-generation (5G) new radio operating in the frequency range (FR) of 52.6-71.0 GHz. The addition of this band, coined “FR2-2”, to the 5G specification allows foreseeing the use cases of shorter-range communications with ultra-wide bandwidth. However, the current focus of the 3GPP channel model on longer-range communication hinders link-level simulations of this use case. To fill this void, we develop a channel generation framework compatible with the 3GPP channel model and applicable to the FR2-2 indoor short-range use case based on real channel measurements. We highlight that even with appropriate parameters for this use case, the 3GPP channel model does not necessarily reproduce similar characteristics of the measured channel impulse response (CIR) owing to the lack of uniformity of cluster angle of arrival (AoA) and power dispersion in intra-cluster subpaths. Based on this finding, an amendment is proposed, where cluster AoA is uniformly distributed, and the intra-cluster power dispersion term is introduced. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework for reproducing the real CIR characteristic by showcasing an agreement of root-mean-square delay and angular spreads with the measured CIR.
... In [20], [21], LSPs and parameter-based cluster parameters between 28 and 38 GHz were compared. [22] compared PL, parameter-based cluster dispersion, DS, and angular spread (AS) at 62 and 83.5 GHz. The authors also compared the PL and PADP in a classroom from 3 to 28 GHz [23] and AS and DS characteristics from 10 to 28 GHz in a large hall [24]. ...
... Moreover, they are all randomly generated in angle and delay domains in stochastic models, such as the 3GPP fast fading model [28] for the system evaluation. As frequency dependency analyses are needed, the statistical properties of parameter-based clusters, such as AS and DS, among different frequencies were also compared in [20], [21], [22]. ...
This paper presents the analysis of geometry-based
cluster frequency dependency at super high frequency (SHF)
bands, which are 3, 10 and 28 GHz. Firstly, multipath components
(MPCs) were extracted from the measured data by using
space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE)
algorithm. Then, geometry-based clusters were estimated by using
the enhanced scattering point-based KPowerMeans (SPKPM)
algorithm. Finally, the frequency dependencies of their scattering
intensities (SIs) were discussed with the assistance of physical
optics (PO). The analysis results showed that SPKPM could
also be applied to get reasonable scattering locations at multiple
frequencies in most cases. Additionally, reflection on a smooth
surface was the dominant mechanism of clusters where there
were no frequency dependence, whereas diffraction, scattering,
and shadowing were significant causes of frequency dependence.
Assuming that the line-of-sight (LOS) is obstructed, diffraction,
scattering, and shadowing accounted for 30-40 percent of the
whole channel in terms of power which was not negligible and
thus the channel was largely frequency dependent. The analysis
results are expected to provide crucial insights for multiplefrequency
channel modeling for the 5th generation (5G) wireless
system.
This paper presents the results of parameter measurements in two indoor environments for both line of sight (LoS) and non-line of sight (NLoS) scenarios at 25 GHz using multiple directional antennae at the transmitter and a single omnidirectional antenna at the receiver (MISO) with the custom-designed channel sounder developed at Durham University. The data are analysed to estimate the K-factor, path loss parameters and root mean square (RMS) delay spread for each scenario. The 50% and 90% values of the RMS delay spread values for a 20 dB threshold are presented for both scenarios.
This paper describes the calibration of the
Volcano
ray-tracing engine against channel measurements collected in an urban environment with a state-of-the-art 28-GHz directional channel sounder. A discrete set of rays, representing planar wavefronts propagating between the transmitter and receiver, were extracted from the measurements and characterized in path gain, delay, and 3D angle-of-arrival through super-resolution techniques, with average errors of only 1.2 dB, 0.55 ns, and 2.05° respectively. The extracted rays were then tracked over space as the receiver, mounted on a mobile rover equipped with military-grade GPS, traversed 66 m while amassing a total of 488 channel acquisitions. The tracked rays were then mapped to rays predicted from ray-tracing, originating through specular reflection or diffuse scattering from ambient objects. The mapping enabled object-specific calibration, namely calibrating distinct diffuse-scattering models for buildings, vehicles, and foliage. To our knowledge, this is the first effort to calibrate ray-tracing with object-specific diffuse scattering models against rays individually mapped in the path gain, delay, angle, and space domains. Results, in terms of calibrated ray-tracing parameters, fit-error statistics, and lessons learned, are included. Our chief finding was that, while most papers on millimeter-wave ray-tracing do not even consider diffuse scattering, it accounted for 20% of the total received power, whereas diffraction accounted for less than 1%.
This paper presents a benchmarking analysis of wideband channel characteristics in two indoor environments in the 59-65 GHz and 80.5-86.5 GHz bands. Measurements were carried out by performing mechanical steering of directive antennas at both the transmitter and receiver sides. Omnidirectional power delay profiles were obtained from directional measurements and multipath components are subsequently estimated. Comparison of large-scale parameters such as the path loss, the delay and angular spread is provided. Multipath clustering was investigated for both bands and environments, and wide band channel model parameters are provided. Based on measurement results, commonness between paths in different bands was analyzed, highlighting the presence of some well-identified paths plus frequency dependent ones. IEEE
This deliverable describes the extensive multi-frequency channel measurement and simulation campaigns conducted in the mmMAGIC project, covering mm-wave 5G propagation scenarios. The data is evaluated to characterize environment-specific propagation effects. Based on the findings, refined modelling approaches are developed and embedded in a geometry-based stochastic channel model (GSCM). The proposed mmMAGIC channel model incorporates mmwave specific features and major advancements concerning ground reflection and blockage effects, the support of large bandwidths and large antenna arrays, the provision of spatial consistency, and outdoor-to-indoor penetration loss modelling.
With the severe spectrum shortage in conventional cellular bands, millimeter
wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz have been attracting growing
attention as a possible candidate for next-generation micro- and picocellular
wireless networks. The mmW bands offer orders of magnitude greater spectrum
than current cellular allocations and enable very high-dimensional antenna
arrays for further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing. This paper
uses recent real-world measurements at 28 and 73 GHz in New York City to derive
detailed spatial statistical models of the channels and uses these models to
provide a realistic assessment of mmW micro- and picocellular networks in a
dense urban deployment. Statistical models are derived for key channel
parameters including the path loss, number of spatial clusters, angular
dispersion and blocking. It is found that, even in highly non-line-of-sight
environments, strong signals can be detected 100m to 200m from potential cell
sites, potentially with multiple clusters to support spatial multiplexing.
Moreover, a system simulation based on the models predicts that mmW systems
with cell radii of 100m can offer an order of magnitude increase in capacity
over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks with similar cell density.
An important parameter of MIMO channel models is the cluster root-mean-square (rms) directional spread. In this paper we determine this parameter in the azimuth-of-arrival/azimuth-of-departure (AoA/AoD) domain based on comprehensive indoor MIMO measurements at 5.2 GHz in a cluttered office environment. This is done in a four-step procedure: (i) the SAGE algorithm is used to extract propagation paths, (ii) clusters of estimated paths in the double-azimuth domain are defined, (iii) the estimated propagation paths are allocated to the clusters, (iv) the cluster directional spreads are estimated based solely on propagation paths within the clusters. We found that the spreads are different when seen from transmitter or receiver due to different propagation conditions resulting in AoD rms cluster spreads lying in the range from 2 to 9 degrees and AoA rms cluster spreads in the range from 2 to 7 degrees
Temporal-Angular channel sounding measurements of an indoor millimeter wave channel (60 GHz) is analyzed to determine whether ray arrivals at the receiver form clusters in the two-dimensional time-angle space. The channel behavior and cluster energy distribution for directional antennas (with various 3 dB beamwidths) at the transmitter are discussed. Geometric interpretation of the results is also provided.
Essential parameters of physical, propagation-based MIMO channel models are the fading statistics and the directional spread of multipath clusters. In this paper we determine these parameters in the azimuth-of-arrival/azimuth-of-departure (AoA/AoD) domain based on comprehensive indoor MIMO measurements at 5.2 GHz in a cluttered office environment using the SAGE algorithm for parameter estimation. Due to cluster identification in AoA/AoD-domain we found a greater number of clusters than those reported in previous publications. Regarding the fading statistics of clusters, so far not studied, strong (obstructed-)line-of-sight clusters show Rician fading, corresponding to few dominant propagation paths, whereas most clusters exhibit Rayleigh fading, corresponding to many paths with approximately equal powers and uncorrelated phases. Root-mean-square cluster azimuth spreads (CASs) were estimated with a novel method by appropriately restricting the support of the cluster azimuth distribution. We found that the estimated CASs are different when seen from transmitter or receiver, i.e. their ranges are from 2deg to 9deg and from 2deg to 7deg at the transmitter side and the receiver side, respectively
Explicit clustering in a statistical indoor propagation model is
found to have significant effects on the capacity of an array-to-array
link or matrix channel. Effects of antenna spacing, Poisson homogeneity,
block size, and transmit power allocation strategies are also considered
A wideband, fully polarimetric and directional radio channel sounding campaign conducted at 70 GHz is presented. Measurement site was chosen as an entrance hall, featuring femtocell size. Transmitter and receiver were placed according to an access-point scenario. Initial large-scale parameters like excess-delay, delay-spread and angular spread are derived for channel characterisation. It is not the paper's goal to describe a new channel model. The main focus is the identification of propagation effects and characteristics, which have to be considered in future modelling. It was found, that first more specular than diffuse components occur and second the channel is spatially sparse.
This paper presents 28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter- wave propagation
measurements performed in a typical office environment using a 400
Megachip-per-second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and highly
directional steerable 15 dBi (30 degrees beamwidth) and 20 dBi (15 degrees
beamwidth) horn antennas. Power delay profiles were acquired for 48
transmitter-receiver location combinations over distances ranging from 3.9 m to
45.9 m with maximum transmit powers of 24 dBm and 12.3 dBm at 28 GHz and 73
GHz, respectively. Directional and omnidirectional path loss models and RMS
delay spread statistics are presented for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight
environments for both co- and cross-polarized antenna configurations. The LOS
omnidirectional path loss exponents were 1.1 and 1.3 at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, and
2.7 and 3.2 in NLOS at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, respectively, for
vertically-polarized antennas. The mean directional RMS delay spreads were 18.4
ns and 13.3 ns, with maximum values of 193 ns and 288 ns at 28 GHz and 73 GHz,
respectively.
Millimeter-wave radios operating at unlicensed 60 GHz and licensed 70 GHz bands are attractive solutions to realize short-range backhaul links for flexible wireless network deployment. We present a measurement-based spatio-temporal statistical channel model for short-range millimeter-wave links in large office rooms, shopping mall, and station scenarios. Channel sounding in these scenarios at 60 and 70 GHz revealed that spatio-temporal channel characteristics of the two frequencies are similar, making it possible to use an identical channel model framework to cover the radio frequencies and scenarios. The sounding also revealed dominance of a line-of-sight and specular propagation paths over diffuse scattering because of weak reverberation of propagating energy in the scenarios. The main difference between 60 and 70 GHz channels lies in power levels of the specular propagation paths and diffuse scattering which affect their visibility over the noise level in the measurements, and the speed of power decay as the propagation delay increases. Having defined the channel model framework, a set of model parameters has been derived for each scenario at the two radio frequencies. After specifying the implementation recipe of the proposed channel model, channel model outputs are compared with the measurements to show validity of the channel model framework and implementation. Validity was demonstrated through objective parameters, i.e., pathloss and root-mean-square delay spread, which were not used as defining parameters of the channel model.
The millimeter wave band will be a key component in the next generation wireless communication system (5G), and a proper channel model is needed for developing the future 5G cellular technologies. This paper introduces a 28 GHz channel sounder based on automatically rotating horn antennas with time synchronization ability between the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX). We have developed a sounding method for synchronized measurement using the proposed channel sounder system which records time-stamping to measure the relative propagation time from the transmitter to receiver. The proposed approach allows us to generate an omni-like channel measurements by synthesizing all directional measurements, which have been verified by comparison with the measurements of omni-directional antennas. Subsequently, the omni-directional propagation measurement results are provided in an in-building environment similar to a small shopping mall. From the measurements, the clustering analysis has been done including its power distribution. This paper provides the first channel sounder and initial results to obtain the synthesized omni-directional results in millimeter wave 28 GHz band.
This paper presents a long range channel measurement system at 81-86 GHz frequency range along with initial channel characterization results. The measurement system enables channel measurements with link distances of several hundreds of meters. It utilizes a synthesizer sweeper and a frequency multiplier in the transmitter and the signal is measured in the receiver after a mixer with a vector network analyzer. As the long measurement distance requirement limits the usage of cables between the transmitter and receiver, only amplitude information is acquired from the channel. Instead, the phase information is acquired from the amplitude of the received signal using Hubert transformation. The channel measurements were performed in two different scenarios which were roof-to-street and street canyon measurement. The results reveal that 1) the measurement system operated well with link distances up to 685 m, 2) the repeatability of the measurement system is very good, and 3) according to the measurement results the line of sight component is dominant in the radio channel and the first multipath component at least 20 dB lower than the line of sight component.
Radio channel models for 60 GHz very-high-speed radio systems in hospital environments are presented. Two possible applications of those systems have been considered: real-time video streaming for angiography and ultrasonic imaging. Channel modeling was performed for delay domain multipath characteristics based on extensive radio channel measurement campaigns in angiography and ultrasonic inspection rooms. The measurement results revealed that the shapes of the power delay profiles in the angiography and ultrasonic imaging rooms were significantly different from that reported in the IEEE802.15 TG3c and IEEE802.11 TGad channel models. For this reason, novel model structures were developed to model radio channels in these hospital scenarios accurately. Statistical descriptions of the channel model parameters are given based on the measurements, and, finally, implementation guidelines of the channel models are provided. The channel model validation results show a good agreement of root-mean-square delay spread between channel model outputs and channel measurements. The channel model is useful for the performance evaluation of the wireless systems in hospital environments.
This article provides an introduction to a panel session at the 2009 International Microwave Symposium (IMS 2009) on enabling multi-gigabit per second (Gb/s) wireless communication links. Blasting beams of high-speed data through free space is not new. Terahertz spectrum near visible light has been used for ultrahigh-speed optical links for many years. Newly released millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands provide a similar potential but with different operating characteristics. Advances in manufacturing are yielding high-reliability, high-frequency mm-wave devices, faster digital field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) processors, and superfast analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters that enable higher frequency transceivers, faster modems, and more cost-effective radio architectures that need to be reliably realized. This panel session will explore the technologies being developed within the industry to enable this new field of communications. The strengths and weakness of each technology will be debated, and the viability of each to provide a compelling alternative to fiber will be determined. The panel will bring together leading device engineers with system providers to provide a complete overview of the state-of-the-art Gb/s communications and a road map for the future.
The results of indoor multipath propagation measurements using 10 ns, 1.5 GHz, radarlike pulses are presented for a medium-size office building. The observed channel was very slowly time varying, with the delay spread extending over a range up to about 200 ns and rms values of up to about 50 ns. The attenuation varied over a 60 dB dynamic range. A simple statistical multipath model of the indoor radio channel is also presented, which fits our measurements well, and more importantly, appears to be extendable to other buildings. With this model, the received signal rays arrive in clusters. The rays have independent uniform phases, and independent Rayleigh amplitudes with variances that decay exponentially with cluster and ray delays. The clusters, and the rays within the cluster, form Poisson arrival processes with different, but fixed, rates. The clusters are formed by the building superstructure, while the individual rays are formed by objects in the vicinities of the transmitter and the receiver.
We present analytical results relating to first- and second-moment
characterization of direction dispersion and spatial selectivity in the
radio channel as well as to the duality between these two effects.
Dispersion in direction can be characterized either by the direction
power spectrum or by a family of spatial Doppler power spectra at the
reception site. Two measures called the direction spread and the maximum
spatial Doppler spread are introduced which describe the extent of
channel dispersion in direction and in spatial Doppler frequency,
respectively. Both measures are analogous to the delay and Doppler
spreads, which are commonly employed to describe the extent of
dispersion in delay and Doppler frequency, respectively. The
relationships between the two approaches for characterizing spatial
dispersion and especially between the direction and maximum spatial
Doppler spreads are analytically established. The coherence distance at
a certain level summarizes certain features of space selectivity in the
radio channel which impact on the performance of communication systems.
Two uncertainty relations between the direction spread and the coherence
distance as well as between the maximum spatial Doppler spread and the
coherence distance express the duality between direction dispersion and
space selectivity. These relations are analogous to those established
previously between the delay spread and the coherence bandwidth and
between the Doppler spread and the coherence time. Examples relevant to
mobile communications in the case where the waves propagate only
horizontally illustrate the theoretical results. An application of these
results to the design of uniform linear antenna arrays is also discussed
The Random Cluster Model - A Stochastic MIMO Channel Model for Broadband Wireless Communication Systems of the 3rd Generation and Beyond
- N Czink
82-GHz Office Channel Measurements and Characterization
- A Bamba
- F Mani
- R D'errico
A Polarized Clustered Channel Model for Indoor Multiantenna Systems at 3.6 GHz
- F Quintin
- C Oestges
- F Horlin
- P De Doncker