Content uploaded by D. Prasath
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by D. Prasath on Jun 03, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
Shodh ChintanShodh Chintan
Shodh ChintanShodh Chintan
Shodh Chintan
VV
VV
Volume 9, 2017olume 9, 2017
olume 9, 2017olume 9, 2017
olume 9, 2017
TT
TT
Technological Changes and Innovations in Agriculture inechnological Changes and Innovations in Agriculture in
echnological Changes and Innovations in Agriculture inechnological Changes and Innovations in Agriculture in
echnological Changes and Innovations in Agriculture in
Enhancing FEnhancing F
Enhancing FEnhancing F
Enhancing Farar
arar
armermer
mermer
mer’s Income’s Income
’s Income’s Income
’s Income
Compiled and Edited by
H.P. Singh
A.R. Pathak
R.K. Tyagi
H.P. Sumangala
Sherry R. Jacob
Rajeev K. Singh
Lt. Amit Singh Memorial (ASM) Foundation
Dwarka, New Delhi
Spices from India have carved a unique identity
in commodity trade across the globe. Though India’s
role and relevance as the spice basket of the world
has been subjected to challenges from new areas of
spice cultivation, it still retains a place of prominence
in global spice trade. India is the single largest
producer and consumer of spices in the world
accounting for more than 40 per cent of the global
spice trade. The spice economy has played a decisive
role in shaping economic destiny of stakeholders
across the spice value chains. India exported 8.43
lakh tonnes of spices worth 162382 million INR
during 2015-16 with a share of more than 10 per
cent in the total agricultural exports from the country.
The area and production under spices have shown
robust growth during the last two decades. Since
the turn of the millennium, the area and output of
spices has increased by 33 and 102 per cent
respectively. With more than 80 per cent of the
primary spice cultivators operating small holdings,
the growth of this sector is critical for equitable and
inclusive growth of the agricultural sector. Apart from
the foreign exchange potential of spices through
export earnings, the latent potential for value
addition, potential for employment generation and
its role as an integral component in enhancing value
of output per unit area makes spices an important
component of the agricultural economy of the
country.
Ginger and turmeric belonging to the family
Zingiberaceae, are two annual spice crops
contributing to the national economy of India. Ginger
(Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is one of the oldest
known spices, esteemed for its aroma, pungency
Quality Seed Production in Ginger andQuality Seed Production in Ginger and
Quality Seed Production in Ginger andQuality Seed Production in Ginger and
Quality Seed Production in Ginger and
TT
TT
Turur
urur
urmeric: Present Status and Fmeric: Present Status and F
meric: Present Status and Fmeric: Present Status and F
meric: Present Status and Future Prospectsuture Prospects
uture Prospectsuture Prospects
uture Prospects
D. PRASATH1*, K. KANDIANNAN1, R. CHITRA2, V.A. MUHAMMED NISSAR1, J. SURESH*
AND K. NIRMAL BABU
1ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
*Email: dprasath@gmail.com
and medicinal properties. It is a tropical spice crop
adapted for cultivation even in regions of subtropical
climate. Being a shade loving crop with shallow root
system, it is suitable for intercropping in coconut
and arecanut gardens and in homesteads. Ginger is
grown mainly as a rainfed crop in Kerala. In North
Central India, it is grown as an irrigated crop. India
is the largest producer of ginger. The crop occupies
the largest area in Karnataka, followed by Assam,
Odhisa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Nagaland (DASD, 2016).
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an ancient and
sacred spice of India. The crop can be grown in
diverse tropical condition from mean sea level to
1500m above MSL and is adapted to different soil
types. India is the world’s largest producer of
turmeric. It is a major annual spice, grown as a
rainfed crop in Kerala adapted to the coconut based
cropping system. The crop occupies major share of
area in Telengana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka and West Bengal (DASD, 2016).
Over the years, India’s share in world spices
market has not appreciated much and its monopoly
as a supplier of spices is threatened by countries
like China, Brazil, Vietnam, Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey
and other African and Caribbean countries. India also
faces shortage of exportable surplus because of
increasing domestic demand. Sharp fluctuations in
the quantum and value of exports and in the unit
value realization have characterized the spices trade
in recent years.
Forecasted production level (Table 1) highlights
the targeted task to be achieved for major spice
Shodh Chintan. 9: 163-170, 2017
164 Shodh Chintan
crops. These estimates were made taking into
account the present level of production, export,
import, per capita consumption, expected level of
increase in export and population growth etc. There
is an urgent need to take stock of the present level
of production and export and prospects of increasing
the production with available technologies to meet
the future demand.
Table 1. Estimated production target for spices in India (Qty. = tons)
Year/Spices All Spices Ginger1Turmeric2
2011-12 4268221 500558 776905
2016-17 4810895 640934 897816
2021-22 5416858 819999 1037830
2026-27 6103366 1051128 1200210
Note: 1-With 60% import reduction; 2-With 80% import reduction;
Another factor that needs to be considered is
that in spices like black pepper majority of the vines
in households supply the requirement for the family
and only the surplus reach the market. Besides, the
consumption of spices within the country has raised
due the changing food pattern and other alternate
uses showing increased trend in per capita
consumption of spices. The Fig 1 depicts the
projections on the requirement of major spices and
the targeted productivity levels for attaining the
projected productions. For meeting the total demand,
the productivity should be increased to 0.49, 1.45,
9.4 and 6.9 t/ha in black pepper, cardamom, ginger
and turmeric, respectively by 2020 (Parthasarathy
et al., 2007; 2011).
Seed rSeed r
Seed rSeed r
Seed rhizome requirementhizome requirement
hizome requirementhizome requirement
hizome requirement
Presently ginger is cultivated in an area of 1.41
lakh ha with a production of 7.60 lakh tonnes.
Planting material required to cover this area is 2.32
lakh tonnes @ 2 t ha-1 seed rate. Area expansion
may be a little scope. If we take nominal rate 2%
expansion, the seed material required for the year
2025 is 3.1 lakh tonnes. Similarly, present turmeric
area is 1.84 lakh ha with a production of 8.30 lakh
tonnes. It is estimated that seed requirement at present
is 3.3 lakh tonnes and for the year 2025 it is 4.4 lakh
tonnes by considering 2 t ha-1 seed rate and assuming
2% area expansion. There Central Sector Schemes
like NHM, Mini-Missions and ICAR Schemes like
Seed Project are adequately support the planting
material production. Seed village can be established
by participatory seed production of these crops to
meet the quality planting material.
Table 2. State wise planting material requirement at present and at
year 2025
States Ginger Turmeric
Present 2025* Present 2025*
Andaman & Nicobar 738 993 92 124
Andhra Pradesh 4144 5577 124044 166947
Arunachal Pradesh 9556 12861 1000 1346
Assam 36196 48715 23748 31962
Bihar 1020 1373 6095 8203
Chhattisgarh 3043 4096 1500 2018
Gujarat 4280 5760 2203 2965
Himachal Pradesh 3462 4660 839 1129
Jammu & Kashmir 54 72 8 11
Karnataka 31780 42771 17836 24005
Kerala 20332 27364 6436 8662
Madhya Pradesh 10908 14681 1288 1733
Maharashtra 2396 3225 13535 18217
Manipur 4612 6207 692 931
Meghalaya 18120 24387 3400 4576
Mizoram 8331 11213 1328 1788
Nagaland 2410 3243 786 1058
Orissa 31168 41948 47888 64451
Rajasthan 260 350 212 285
Sikkim 12520 16850 1048 1410
Tamil Nadu 1088 1464 44640 60080
Tripura 2532 3408 2468 3322
Uttar Pradesh 1580 2126 2552 3435
Uttaranchal 3512 4727 1184 1594
West Bengal 18172 24457 24900 33512
Total 232213 312528 329722 443763
*Planting material requirement estimated for the present area at seed
rate of 2 t ha-1 and projection is by assuming 2.0% area expansion
every year.
Conventional Methods of SeedConventional Methods of Seed
Conventional Methods of SeedConventional Methods of Seed
Conventional Methods of Seed
ProductionProduction
ProductionProduction
Production
Ginger and turmeric is cultivated both under rainfed
in high rainfall areas and under irrigation at low
rainfall situation. There are different production
systems followed in India that depends on soil type,
slope, rainfall and management. Ridges and furrows,
beds and channels, raised beds are some of the
methods adopted for raising the crop. Seed rate
varies between 1.0 to 3.0 t ha-1. Seed size also vary
from mini-sett or micro rhizome of less than 5 g to
150 g. But an ideal size would be 25 to 50g. Depth
of planting is also varying and it is better to plant at
5cm depth. Being rhizomatous crops, earthing up
(hilling) is very much essential for better
development of rhizome. Normally two or three
earthing up is done and it may coincide with weeding
and fertilizer application. Mulching is yet another
165
Quality Seed Production in Ginger and Turmeric
important operation practiced under rainfed
production system. Mixed green leaf mulch @ 20
to 30 tonnes per ha found to give better yield. FYM
is also applied as a mulch. Traditionally weeding is
done by manually Each state in India has their own
set of recommended packages to suit the local
conditions. Crops are annual nature and inter or mixed
cropping is an integral part of the production. Ginger
and turmeric grown under shade of fruit and and
plantation crops. Around 25% shade is ideal. High
shade would reduce the yield. Mechanization is
possible in leveled land. Drip and sprinkler system
or fertigation techniques can be employed for
enhancing yield and saving resources.
Rhizomes are seed material have to be stored
during off-season for about 90 to 120 days between
harvest and subsequent planting. Seed storage is very
essential to maintain good seed health. The seed
rhizomes should be stored appropriately so that
rotting; shriveling, dehydration and sprouting are
avoided until the next season. Farmers adopt different
methods for storage. Storage losses can often be as
high as 10-50 per cent. Recovery of seed rhizomes
at planting was as high as 96 per cent by selecting
fully matured rhizomes for storage, dipping in a
solution of quinalphos 0.05% and Dithane M45 0.3%
for 30 min and drying under shade and storing in
pits (wherever bacterial wilt is a problem in ginger,
the seeds should be treated with streptocycline 200
ppm).
Maintaining a storage temperature of 22-25oC
make the growing buds fat and strong and
temperature higher than 28oC in the long run make
the buds thin and weak. If the storage humidity is
too low, rhizome epidermis may also loose water
and wrinkle and the sprouting speed and bud quality
may be affected. Pre-storage steeping of rhizomes
in Trichoderma hamatum or T. viride also showed
inhibition against Fusarium equiseti infection. Treated
rhizomes are placed in pits leaving 10-15 cm space
on the top, covered with wooden plank to have space
for aeration and plastered with cow dung. Covering
the seed material with a layer of Glycosmix
pentaphylla leaves is also beneficial. Zero energy
cool chamber (ZECC), is found ideal for storing fresh
ginger. The loss in weight of rhizomes was only
23% after storing for four months in this chamber,
while the ginger stored in open conditions was
shrunken in four months. The stored rhizomes are
examined monthly intervals and rotten rhizomes
removed to keep pathogen free.
Pest and diseases – DiagnosticsPest and diseases – Diagnostics
Pest and diseases – DiagnosticsPest and diseases – Diagnostics
Pest and diseases – Diagnostics
A number of insect and nematode pests have
been recorded on ginger and turmeric. Among them
shoot borer, rhizome scale and white grubs on ginger
and turmeric are serious insect pests. The major
nematode species include root knot nematode,
burrowing nematode, lesion nematode and reniform
nematode on ginger and turmeric. Excessive and
indiscriminate use of pesticides for the management
of these pests could result in pesticide residues in
the produce affecting human health and also causing
other ecological hazards. There has been a renewed
interest in developing environment–friendly crop
management schedules in these crops.
Being propagated through rhizomes, they are
naturally susceptible to several devastating soil borne
plant pathogens. Predominant among are the various
kind of rot diseases caused by Oomycetes pathogens
such as Phytophthora, and Pythium. Foliar diseases
caused by broad host range fungal pathogens such
as Colletotrichum and Phyllosticta are reported to
cause yield reduction in these crops. Other globally
significant diseases of economic important are
bacterial wilt in ginger and leaf blotch in turmeric.
Sporadic occurrence of diseases caused by
Rhizoctonia/Fusarium/ is reported in ginger and
turmeric. The pathogen that is rhizome borne in
nature plays an important role in the transmission of
the pathogen across the growing region. Among
them, Ralstonia solanacearum assumes significance
as the pathogen is reported to latently infect ginger
rhizomes and the apparently healthy rhizome are
responsible for the spread of the disease.
TT
TT
Transplantingransplanting
ransplantingransplanting
ransplanting
To overcome the disadvantages of conventional
planting system of seed rhizomes and to produce
good quality planting material with reduced cost,
rapid multiplication of ginger and turmeric through
single bud rhizome technology has been standardized
at ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research,
Kozhikode, Kerala and Horticulture College and
Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Ginger:Though transplanting in ginger is not
conventional, it is found profitable. A transplanting
technique in ginger by using single bud sprouts
(about 5 g) has been standardized to produce good
quality planting material with reduced cost. The yield
166 Shodh Chintan
level of ginger transplants is on-par with conventional
planting system. The technique involves raising
transplants from single sprout seed rhizomes in the
pro-tray and planted in the field after 30-40 days.
The advantages of this technology are production
of healthy planting materials and reduction in seed
rhizome quantity and eventually reduced cost on
seeds (Prasath et al., 2014).
TT
TT
Technologyechnology
echnologyechnology
echnology
•Select healthy ginger rhizomes for seed pur-
pose
•Treat the selected rhizomes with mancozeb
(0.3%) and quinalphos (0.075%) for 30 min
and store in well ventilated place
•One month before planting, the seed rhizomes
are cut into single buds with small piece of
rhizomes weighing 4-6 g.
•Treat the single bud sprouts (mancozeb 0.3%)
for 30 min before planting
•Fill the pro-trays (98 well) with nursery me-
dium containing partially decomposed coir pith
and vermicompost (75:25), enriched with
PGPR/Trichoderma 10g/kg of mixture
•Plant the ginger bud sprouts in pro-trays
•Maintain the pro-trays under shade net house
•Adopt need based irrigation with rose cane or
by using suitable sprinklers
•Seedlings will be ready within 30-40 days for
transplanting
TT
TT
Turur
urur
urmericmeric
mericmeric
meric
Single bud rhizome of turmeric has been used
as planting material as an cost effective technology
of turmeric planting. In this method, single bud
rhizome is utilized to produce transplant in protray.
This one month old transplant is used as planting
material for turmeric cultivation (Shylaja et al. 2016).
Advantages in single bud rhizome method of
planting
•Less requirement of planting material – 0.750
tonnes per ha.
•Reduces cost of production ( less quantity of
seed rhizome)
•Crop establishment is good (98-100 per cent)
•Early rhizome development (starts from three
months after planting)
•Production of quality planting material
•The transplants may be planted in raised beds
as well as ridges and furrows
Fig. 1: Transplanting technology in ginger
167
Quality Seed Production in Ginger and Turmeric
•Extended period of planting is possible.
•The yield of fresh rhizome may be increased
upto 25% compared to average yield.
Based on the advantages of single bud rhizome,
it can be selected as planting material in turmeric
cultivation. This technique can be explained as
below.
Rapid multiplication of turRapid multiplication of tur
Rapid multiplication of turRapid multiplication of tur
Rapid multiplication of turmeric usingmeric using
meric usingmeric using
meric using
single bud rsingle bud r
single bud rsingle bud r
single bud rhizomehizome
hizomehizome
hizome
Curing of seed rhizomes (1 – 1½ months after harvest)
↓
Seed rhizome treatment (Carbendazim @ 2 g/l +
Quinolphos @ 2 ml/l)
↓
Rhizomes are cut into small pieces with single bud (5 to 7
grams)
↓
Curing of single bud rhizome pieces on palm mat (one
inch)
↓
Covering the single bud rhizome with cocopeat (0.5%
humic acid treated)
↓
Sprinkling of water on bed (four days)
↓
Sowing of sprouted single bud rhizome in protray
(Cocopeat (100g) + Pseudomonasfluorescens (5g))
↓
Covering the protrays with polythene sheet (seven days)
↓
Observation of sprouting of buds
↓
Regular watering of protrays kept under 50% shade
↓
After emergence of a leaf, spraying of humic acid (0.5 %)
↓
Seedlings are ready for transplanting (30 - 35 days)
Advanced methods of seed productionAdvanced methods of seed production
Advanced methods of seed productionAdvanced methods of seed production
Advanced methods of seed production
HydroponicsHydroponics
HydroponicsHydroponics
Hydroponics
The soil-borne disease and nematode problems
are high in ginger production. Aeroponic cultivation
of ginger can provide high-quality rhizomes that are
free from pesticides and nematodes and produced
in mild-winter greenhouses. The hydroponic system
produced more yield and better quality rhizomes.
Hydroponics can be an alternative horticultural
system for crops susceptible to soil-borne diseases.
The uniform growing environment in a controlled
greenhouse may produce crops with more consistent
levels of secondary metabolites, which is of concern
to the phytopharmaceutical industry. Unfortunately,
there are few hydroponic or aeroponic production
systems suitable for rhizome crops. Most hydroponic
systems are designed for crops that produce fruit
or leaf products and have fibrous root systems and
a predictable crown size at the soil line. Rhizome-
producing crops have special requirements, in that
the horizontal growth habit of the rhizome needs
room to expand and produce vertical shoots and
secondary roots as needed, uninhibited by physical
barriers.
Most commercial hydroponic systems utilize an
aggregate growing medium, such as perlite or
rockwool, contained in a plastic wrap or bag and
are drip irrigated with a fertilizer solution. These
systems provide sufficient aeration for the roots
while physically supporting the plants. Non-
aggregate systems, such as Nutrient Film Technique
Fig. 2: Rapid multiplication of turmeric using single bud rhizome
168 Shodh Chintan
(NFT), Deep Flow or Ebb-Flood systems, are also
popular commercially, but tend to minimize root
growth and are dependent on a rigid plastic structure
to support the plant at the crown. Aeroponics is
another type of non-aggregate hydroponics, where
the roots of the plants are suspended in an enclosed
chamber and sprayed periodically with a fertilizer
solution by means of a timer and pumps. Aeroponics
offers several advantages over other hydroponic
systems, particularly for root crops. The roots are
easily accessible for monitoring, sampling, and
harvesting. Without the buffering capacity of a solid
or aggregate growing medium, the air/liquid medium
of aeroponics permits precise control of the nutrient
solution mineral composition and temperature.
Finally, the common use of A-frame growing
structures in aeroponics permits twice the growing
area surface in the same size greenhouse, potentially
doubling the economic yield for a grower. However,
all aeroponic systems previously described in the
literature require a rigid structure at the crown of
the plant to support the plants while their roots are
suspended in the fertilizer spray. This rigid support
would restrict the horizontal growth habit of the
rhizome. A new aeroponic system was needed to
accommodate the horizontal nature and growth habit
of a rhizomatous crop.
Preliminary observations in South Florida
showed that costs of production were lower under
hydroponic system due to reduced maintance
associated with diseases, insect and weed control.
Hayden et al., (2004) in Arizona also tried soil less
aeroponic cultivation of ginger to get high-quality
rhizomes that are free from pesticides and nematodes
in mild-winter greenhouses. The unique aeroponic
growing units incorporated a “rhizome
compartment” separated and elevated above an
aeroponic spray chamber. Plants received bottom
heat on perlite medium has showed accelerated
growth and faster maturity. A noncirculating
hydroponic Method was used at Hawaii to produce
diseases free ginger seed production (Hepperly et
al., 2003).
Advantages of greenhouse productionAdvantages of greenhouse production
Advantages of greenhouse productionAdvantages of greenhouse production
Advantages of greenhouse production
•A “clean start” is ensured by using clean seed
rhizomes planted in a wilt-free greenhouse
using a wiltfree commercial growing medium.
•Seed-pieces are of high quality because the
rhizomes are selected from second-generation
plants of tissue- culture origin, which allows
for elimination of the offtype rhizomes that
may be produced from first-generation tissue-
cultured plants.
•Control over growing conditions is assured
when the growing area is secured and pro-
tected from weather throughout the growing
season, reducing the potential for accidental
introduction of the disease.
•Production is “unitized,” in that each grow-
bag is a production unit, allowing for quick
removal from the area of a plant suspected of
being contaminated.
•Materials and supplies are readily available.
•Wilt-free seed-pieces can be regenerated year
after year.
•The facility and production system can be
cleaned and disinfected for each growing sea-
son, eliminating the need to search for and
prepare new land yearly.
•The value of investment in a greenhouse and
benches can be depreciated through years of
operation, and the yearly costs for heavy equip-
ment for field preparation are eliminated.
•Grow-bags are topped with light-weight me-
dium as the plants grow to simulate the hilling
cultivation done in the field, eliminating the po-
tential for root injury as an entry point for the
disease.
•Use of light-weight planting medium provides
for easy hilling, harvest, and cleaning; the me-
dium is also readily removed and washed off,
which is laboursaving and results in an excel-
lent, clean appearance of the marketable rhi-
zomes.
•High yields
•The product is of high quality and free of bac-
terial wilt disease
The disadvantages of this systemare (i) initial
capital investment can be high for greenhouse or
shelter structures, plastic composite benches, an
irrigation system, pots, and clean potting medium;
(ii) A reliable source of clean water is needed,
preferably a piped-in “county” water source, (iii)
The availability of wilt-free starters is currently
limited, and (iv) Strict sanitation practices are needed
169
Quality Seed Production in Ginger and Turmeric
to maintain greenhouse sanitation to prevent
introduction of diseases.
Tissue cultureTissue culture
Tissue cultureTissue culture
Tissue culture
The cell and tissue culture techniques have
immense advantage in this vegetatively propagated
crop, mainly since the conventional breeding
programs are hampered due to poor flowering, lack
of fertility and natural seed set. It is propagated
vegetatively through rhizome. The germplasm
collections in clonal repositories are also seriously
affected by fungal diseases. Moreover since
pathogenic fungi, bacteria or viruses are readily
transmitted through traditional practices, it was
deemed important to develop in vitro propagation
techniques and to make available for commercial use
the pathogen free germplasm. Protocols for
micropropagation, callusing, plantlet regeneration,
meristem cultureandmicrorhizome induction are
optimized. The main advantage of in vitro methods
are that it helps in isolating disease free plants from
elite varieties and also helps in inducing variability
leading to high yielding, high quality and disease
resistant lines.
MicrorMicror
MicrorMicror
Microrhizomeshizomes
hizomeshizomes
hizomes
The low efficiency of vegetative propagation,
susceptibility of rhizomes used for vegetative
propagation to diseases and degeneration of rhizomes
on long term storage coupled with poor flowering
and seed set has affected ginger cultivation and
breeding. These can all be easily overcome through
the microrhizome technology. Microrhizomes
resemble the normal rhizomes in all respect, except
for their small size. The microrhizomes consist of 2
to 4 nodes and 1 to 6 buds. They also have the
aromatic flavour of ginger and they resemble the
normal rhizome in anatomical features in the presence
of well-developed oil cells, fibres, and starch grains
were observed. The microrhizome derived plants
have more tillers but the plant height is smaller. In
vitro formed rhizomes are genetically more stable
compared to micropropagated plants. Seed rhizome
weight was 2-8 g as against 20-30 g in case of
conventionally propagated plants. Microrhizome gave
very high recovery thogh lesser yield per bed.
Microrhizome also was genetically stable. This
coupled with its disease free nature will make
microrhizomes an ideal source of planting material
suitable for germplasm exchange, transportation and
conservation (Nirmal Babu et al., 2005). It is
paradoxical that inspite of the best protocols
available, the use of microrhizomes as a commercial
method of seed production has not been reported.
The perfected technique needs undergo
commercialization to reduce cost of production.
Seed villageSeed village
Seed villageSeed village
Seed village
Quality seed rhizomes are the key input for
realizing potential productivity in ginger and turmeric.
There is vast scope to produce and distribute quality
seed rhizomess in these corps for which seed village
concept is a noval and highly practical approach and
needs to be promoted to facilitate production and
timely distribution of quality seeds of desired varieties
at village level. In this context, the concept of seed
village which advocates village self-sufficiency in
production and distribution of quality seeds is getting
momentum.
ConceptConcept
ConceptConcept
Concept
•Organizing seed production in cluster (or)
compact area
•Replacing existing local varieties with new high
yielding varieties.
•Increasing the seed production
•To meet the local demand, timely supply and
reasonable cost
•Self sufficiency and self reliance of the village
•Increasing the seed replacement rate
FeaturesFeatures
FeaturesFeatures
Features
•Seed is available at the door steps of farmers
at an appropriate time
•Seed availability at affordable cost even lesser
than market price
•Increased confidence among the farmers about
the quality because of known source of pro-
duction
•Producer and consumer are mutually benefited
•Facilitates fast spread of new cultivars of dif-
ferent kinds
170 Shodh Chintan
ConclusionConclusion
ConclusionConclusion
Conclusion
The productivity of ginger and turmeric is
around 20-40 t/ha which depends on several factors
predominantly the cultivar in use, prevailing biotic
and abiotic stress, and geographical location.
However, much higher productivity has been realized
in a few countries and can be achieved world wide.
Conventional propagation methods of rhizomes being
slow due to a dormancy period, a rapid method of
multiplication is needed especially for newly
developed high yielding varieties, which are available
in small quantities. Production of pathogen free seed
rhizome by microrhizome technology can be
capitalized to ensure healthy crop. These sporadic
research attempts on hydrophonics and green house
disease free seed production systems need to be
consolidated and focused to produce healthy seeds
of ginger and turmeric. The conventional seed
rhizome production system can be strengthened
further through seed village concept for quality seed
production.
ReferencesReferences
ReferencesReferences
References
DASD.2016. Spices statistics at a glance 2016, Directorate of
Arecanut and Spices Development, Kozhikode,
Kerala, p. 156.
Hayden, A. L., Brigham, L. A. and Giacomelli, G. A. 2004.
Aeroponic cultivation of ginger (Zingiber
officinale) rhizomes. Acta Hort., 659: 397-402.
Hepperly, P., Zee, F. T., Kai, R. M., Arakawa, C. N., Meisne,r
M., Kraky, B., Hamamoto, K. M., and Sato, D.
2004. Producing bacterial wilt-free ginger in
greenhouse culture. Extension Service Bulletins.
P.6. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Available
online http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/
pdf/scm-8.pdf (Accessed on 29-2-2008).
Nirmal Babu, K., Samsudeen, K., Minoo, D., Geetha, S. Pillai
and Ravindran, P.N. 2005. Tissue culture and Bio-
technology of Ginger, pp. 181- 210. In PN
Ravindran and K Nirmal Babu (eds). Ginger –The
genus Zingiber, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
Parthasarathy, V. A., Srinivasan, V., Kumar, A and Bhat A I.
2007. Vision 2025 – IISR Perspective Plan. Indian
Institute of Spices Research, Calicut (Available
online http://www.spices.res.in/downloads/
vision2025.pdf).
Parthasarathy, V. A., Srinivasan, V., Nair, R. R., John Zachariah,
T., Kumar, A. and Prasath D. 2011.Ginger: Botany
and Horticulture. Horticulture Reviews. In Press.
Prasath, D., Kandiannan, K., Srinivasan, V. and Anandaraj, M.
2014. Standardization of Single-sprout Transplant-
ing Technique in Ginger 6th Indian Horticulture
Congress, 6-9, November 2014, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu.
Shylaja, M.R., Prasath, D. and Suresh, J. 2016. Production of
quality planting material in vegetatively propa-
gated annual spice crops – ginger and turmeric. In:
Advances in planting material production tech-
nology in spices, Proceedings – National seminar
on planting material production in spices, Direc-
torate of Arecanut and Spices Development,
Kozhikode, Kerala, pp 25-14.
