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A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 4 - Ethical issues in clinical and social applications of neuroscience

May 2017
Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 12(1)

DOI:10.1186/s13010-017-0043-y

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CC BY 4.0

Authors:

John Shook

Bowie State University

Martina Darragh

Georgetown University

James Giordano

Georgetown University

Background As a discipline, neuroethics addresses a range of questions and issues generated by basic neuroscientific research (inclusive of studies of putative neurobiological processes involved in moral and ethical cognition and behavior), and its use and meanings in the clinical and social spheres. Here, we present Part 4 of a four-part bibliography of the neuroethics literature focusing on clinical and social applications of neuroscience, to include: the treatment-enhancement discourse; issues arising in neurology, psychiatry, and pain care; neuroethics education and training; neuroethics and the law; neuroethics and policy and political issues; international neuroethics; and discourses addressing "trans-" and "post-" humanity. Methods To complete a systematic survey of the literature, 19 databases and 4 individual open-access journals were employed. Searches were conducted using the indexing language of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). A Python code was used to eliminate duplications in the final bibliography. Results When taken with Parts 1-3, this bibliography aims to provide a listing of international peerreviewed papers, books, and book chapters published from 2002 through 2016. While seeking to be as comprehensive as possible, it may be that some works were inadvertently and unintentionally not included. We therefore invite commentary from the field to afford completeness and contribute to this bibliography as a participatory work-in-progress.

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E D I T O R I A L Open Access

A four-part working bibliography of

neuroethics: Part 4 - Ethical issues in clinical

and social applications of neuroscience

Kira Becker

, John R. Shook

, Martina Darragh

and James Giordano

Abstract

Background: As a discipline, neuroethics addresses a range of questions and issues generated by basic

neuroscientific research (inclusive of studies of putative neurobiological processes involved in moral and ethical

cognition and behavior), and its use and meanings in the clinical and social spheres. Here, we present Part 4 of a

four-part bibliography of the neuroethics literature focusing on clinical and social applications of neuroscience, to

include: the treatment-enhancement discourse; issues arising in neurology, psychiatry, and pain care; neuroethics

education and training; neuroethics and the law; neuroethics and policy and political issues; international

neuroethics; and discourses addressing "trans-" and "post-" humanity.

Methods: To complete a systematic survey of the literature, 19 databases and 4 individual open-access journals

were employed. Searches were conducted using the indexing language of the U.S. National Library of Medicine

(NLM). A Python code was used to eliminate duplications in the final bibliography.

Results: When taken with Parts 1-3, this bibliography aims to provide a listing of international peerreviewed papers,

books, and book chapters published from 2002 through 2016. While seeking to be as comprehensive as possible, it

may be that some works were inadvertently and unintentionally not included. We therefore invite commentary

from the field to afford completeness and contribute to this bibliography as a participatory work-in-progress.

Keywords: Neuroethics, Neuroscience, Neurology, Psychiatry, Bibliography

Introduction

In A Theory of Justice, philosopher John Rawls proposed

that the ethico-legal structure of society is based those ways

that constructs of rightness or wrongness are applied to

any situation [1]. The citations in this fourth part of a bibli-

ography of neuroethics reflect works that focus upon the

social aspects of research and clinical advances in the brain

sciences. To be sure, neuroscience is not confined to the la-

boratory, as the demand for, and concomitant concerns

about “bench-to-bedside”translation are increasing. Ques-

tions about the use of neuroscientific approaches to define

normality; the meaning and relevance of what constitutes

(and who receives) treatment or enhancement; the ability

and validity of using neuroimaging to depict consciousness;

and the trajectory of human biology and society, each and

all arise from the interfluence of neuroscientific advance-

ment and social expectation(s) and anxieties. Addressing

these questions is, and will not be, simple or easy. As Illes

et al. have noted, “…frontier technology that is able to

touch on our personhood, especially in bioscience and in-

formation science, is shaping our future”[2].

The direction of brain science can, and arguably should

be guided by neuroethics. The neuroethics literature “…

seeks to give neuroscience what bioethics and the ethical,

legal and social implication (ELSI) programs provided for

the human genome project: a platform for scientists,

lawyers, philosophers, sociologists, other scholars and the

general public to interact and discuss the future of neuro-

science”[3]. In this way, the literature –and this bibliog-

raphy –provide a view to the discourse to date, and the

foundation upon which to build engagement at present

and in the future. To be sure, this future will ever more

involve, and affect the world stage, as brain science be-

comes an increasingly international enterprise. Viewed

* Correspondence: james.giordano@georgetown.edu

Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, and

Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center,

Washingotn, DC, USA

Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and

reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to

the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver

(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Becker et al. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine (2017) 12:1

DOI 10.1186/s13010-017-0043-y

from an international vantage point, neuroethics has the

potential to go beyond “…absolutism, cultural essential-

isms, and unrealistic ethical philosophies, [and] arrives at

a small set of principles about proper human flourishing

that are more culturally inclusive and cosmopolitan in

spirit…empowerment, non-obsolescence, self-creativity,

and citizenship”[4].

The inclusion of “citizenship”is important, because both

professionals (in the natural, physical, life and social

sciences, medicine, and government) and various publics

“…must have the power —defined by quality of know-

ledge and ease of access —to help shape that future”.…It

is in this spirit that a consistent goal of this bibliographic

series is to invite ongoing professional and public partici-

pation in contributing to its further development, and in

so doing bolstering the informational groundwork upon

which the future of neuroscience can stand.

The following bibliographies provide neuroethics’

literature on the clinical and social implications of

neurological advances from 2002–2016. The bibliographies

cover a range of topics, to include:

I. Health care

a) issues in/of the treatment-enhancement discourse

b) ethical issues in neurology (including neuro-

rehabilitation)

c) ethical issues in psychiatry (including gender and

LGBT issues)

d) ethical issues in anesthesiology/pain medicine

(including addiction)

II. Neuroethics education/training

III. Neuroethics and law

IV. Neuroethics and policy and politics

V. International neuroethics

VI.“Trans”/“post”human issues

Methods for systematically searching relevant litera-

ture devoted to neuroethics are identical to those

utilized in the first 3 parts of this bibliography [5–7].

The United States National Library of Medicine’s

(NLM) indexing language–MeSH (Medical Subject

Headings)–was used to generate the basic search strat-

egy for each topic. MeSH contains ethics-related terms

developed for BIOETHICSLINE, a specialty database

devoted to bioethical issues produced for NLM by the

Kennedy Institute of Ethics from 1975–2000.

Citations were retrieved from the following databases:

1) U.S. National Library of Medicine’s PubMed and

NLM Catalog

2) Academic Search Premier

3) Proquest Research Library

4) JSTOR

5) WorldCat

6) Philosopher’s Index

7) Embase

8) BELIT

9) Web of Knowledge/Web of Science

10) Digital Public Library of America

11) Directory of Open Access Journals

12) Hathi Trust Digital Library

13)Internet Archive

14) Globethics.net

15) Neuroethics-Wikiography

These listings of citations are “participatory bibliog-

raphies”in that readers are encouraged to submit

additional cites via the “Comments”section of this

document or by contacting the bibliographic manager

at bioethics@georgetown.edu.

Health Care

Issues in/of the treatment-enhancement discourse

Articles:

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solidation, reconsolidation and insulin-like growth

factor 2. Trends Neurosci 2012, 35(5):274-283. doi:

10.1016/j.tins.2011.12.007.

Asscher EC, Schermer M: Wish-fulfilling medicine

in practice: the opinions and arguments of lay

people. J Med Ethics 2014, 40(12):837-841. doi:10.1136/

medethics-2013-101480.

Attiah MA, Farah MJ: Minds, motherboards, and

money: futurism and realism in the neuroethics of

BCI technologies.Front Syst Neurosci 2014, 8:86.

doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00086.

Bamford R: Unrequited: neurochemical enhancement

of love.Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2015, 24(3):355-360.

doi:10.1017/S0963180114000668.

Benanti P: Neuroenhancement in young people: cul-

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2010, 1(1):27-29. doi:10.1080/21507740903523210.

Beyer C, Staunton C, Moodley K: The implications of

methylphenidate use by healthy medical students

and doctors in South Africa. BMC Med Ethics 2014,

15:20. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-20.

Boldt J: [Doping, enhancement, betterment: tasks

of tomorrow’s medicine?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr

2010, 135(37):1823-1826. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1263324.

Bolt LL: True to oneself? broad and narrow ideas on

authenticity in the enhancement debate.Theor Med

Bioeth 2007, 28(4):285-300. doi:10.1007/s11017-007-9039-8.

Bostrom N, Sandberg A: Cognitive enhancement:

methods, ethics, regulatory challenges.Sci Eng Ethics

2009, 15(3):311-341. doi:10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5.

Brewer CD, DeGrote H: Regulating methylphenidate:

enhancing cognition and social inequality.Am J Bioeth

2013, 13(7):47-49. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.794886.

Becker et al. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine (2017) 12:1 Page 2 of 32

Brühl AB, Sahakian BJ: Drugs, games, and devices

for enhancing cognition: implications for work and

society. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016, 1369(1):195-217.

doi:10.1111/nyas.13040.

Bruhn C: [Neuroenhancement: doping for the

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doi:10.1055/s-0028-1124088.

Busardò FP et al.: From clinical application to

cognitive enhancement: the example of methyl-

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doi: 10.2174/1570159X13666150407225902.

Cabrera L, Weckert J: Human enhancement and

communication: on meaning and shared understand-

ing. Sci Eng Ethics 2013, 19(3):1039-1056. doi:10.1007/

s11948-012-9395-2.

Cabrera LY, Elger BS: Memory interventions in the

criminal justice system: some practical ethical consid-

erations. J Bioeth Inq 2016, 13(1):95-103. doi:10.1007/

s11673-015-9680-2.

Cabrera LY, Reiner PB: Understanding public (mis)-

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Neurosci 2015, 9:30. doi:10.3389/fnint.2015.00030.

Caplan AL: Important treatment, wrong diagnosis:

enhancement is not to blame for the abuse of auton-

omy.Cerebrum 2004, 6(4):25-26.

Caplan AL, McHugh PR: Shall we enhance? a debate.

Cerebrum 2004, 6(4):13-29.

Clausen J: Conceptual and ethical issues with brain-

hardware interfaces. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011,

24(6):495-501. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834bb8ca.

Cooze J, Gillam L: Democratizing “psychotropic

neuroenhancement.”AJOB Neurosci 2010, 1(1):19-20.

doi:10.1080/21507740903504491.

Danaher J: An evaluative conservative case for bio-

medical enhancement.J Med Ethics 2016, 42(9):611-618.

doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103307.

de Jongh R, Bolt I, Schermer M, Olivier B: Botox for

the brain: enhancement of cognition, mood and pro-

social behavior and blunting of unwanted memories.

Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008, 32(4):760-776. doi:10.1016/

j.neubiorev.2007.12.001.

Dietz P, Soyka M, Franke AG: Pharmacological

neuroenhancement in the field of economics-poll

results from an online survey. Front Psychol 2016,

7:520. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00520.

DubljevićV: Prohibition or coffee shops: regulation of

amphetamine and methylphenidate for enhancement

usebyhealthyadults.Am J Bioeth 2013, 13(7):23-33.

doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.794875.

DubljevićV: Response to open peer commentaries

on "prohibition or coffee shops: regulation of am-

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Earp BD, Sandberg A, Kahane G, Savulescu J:

When is diminishment a form of enhancement?

Rethinking the enhancement debate in biomedical

ethics.Front Syst Neurosci 2014, 8:12. doi:10.3389/

fnsys.2014.00012.

Eberl JT: A Thomistic appraisal of human enhance-

ment technologies. Theor Med Bioeth 2014, 35(4):289-

310. doi:10.1007/s11017-014-9300-x.

Eßmann B: Human enhancement: revisiting the ethical

framework.Med Health Care Philos 2011, 14(4):425-427.

doi:10.1007/s11019-011-9350-z.

Erler A: Does memory modification threaten our au-

thenticity? Neuroethics 2011, 4(3): 235-249. doi:10.1007/

s12152-010-9090-4.

Faber NS, Savulescu J, Douglas T: Why is cognitive en-

hancement deemed unacceptable? the role of fairness,

deservingness, and hollow achievements.Front Psychol

2016, 7:232. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00232.

Farah MJ, Smith ME, Ilieva I, Hamilton RH: Cognitive

enhancement.Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2014,

5(1):95-103. doi:10.1002/wcs.1250.

Farah MJ et al.: Neurocognitive enhancement: what

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2004, 5(5):421-425. doi:10.1038/nrn1390.

Farah MJ: The unknowns of cognitive enhance-

ment.Science 2015, 350(6259):379-380. doi:10.1126/

science.aad5893.

Faulmüller N, Maslen H, de Sio FS: The indirect psy-

chological costs of cognitive enhancement.Am J Bioeth

2013, 13(7):45-47. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.794880.

Fenton A: Buddhism and neuroethics: the ethics of

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2009, 9(2):47-56. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00226.x.

Fleischman A et al.: Dealing with the long-term

social implications of research. Am J Bioeth 2011,

11(5):5-9. doi:10.1080/15265161.2011.568576.

Flower K et al.: Efficacy, safety, and ethics of cos-

metic neurology far from settled. Clin Pharmacol Ther

2010, 88(4):461-463. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.194.

Fond G et al.: Innovative mechanisms of action for

pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement: a systematic

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Fond G et al.: (Mis)use of prescribed stimulants in

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Forlini C, Racine E: Considering the causes and im-

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hancement. Am J Bioeth 2011, 11(1):15-17. doi:

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Forlini C, Racine E, Vollmann J, Schildmann J: How

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Forlini C et al.: Navigating the enhancement land-

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Forlini C, Racine E: Stakeholder perspectives and

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Public Underst Sci 2012, 21(5):606-625. doi:10.1177/

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Franke AG, Northoff R, Hildt E: The case of pharma-

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Franke AG et al.: [Characteristics of university

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Franke AG, Soyka M: [Pharmacological cognitive en-

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Frati P et al.: Smart drugs and synthetic androgens for

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Garasic MD, Lavazza A: Moral and social reasons to

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Gini A, Rossi J, Giordano J: Considering enhancement

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Glannon W: Altering the brain and mind.Hastings

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Glannon W: Psychopharmacological enhancement.

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Gleaves J: A new conceptual gloss that still lacks luster:

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Hall W, Partridge B, Lucke J: Constraints on regu-

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Hall WD, Lucke JC: The enhancement use of neuro-

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Addiction 2010, 105(12):2041-2043. doi:10.1111/j.1360-

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Holtug N: Equality and the treatment-enhancement

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Mauron A, Hurst S: From Ritalin to malignant

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McCrickerd J: Sudden discontinuation and the sub-

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Mendelsohn D, Lipsman N, Bernstein M: Neurosurgeons’

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