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Civil Engineering and Architecture 5(2): 52-60, 2017 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/cea.2017.050202
Urban Projects to Prefigure the Sustainable City --
Case: the City of Ain Beida (Algeria)
Foued Benghadbane*, Fatima Zohra Berkani
Institute of Urban Techniques Management, University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
Copyright©2017 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract Algerian cities suffer from multiple problems,
which directly had influence in blocking the realization of
the sustainable urban development and made it a significant
challenge faced by many studies and researches especially
urban projects that have become the modern tools of urban
planning and which take into consideration the sustainable
urban development dimensions within its basic guidance.
Field practice of urban planning has proven that theoretical
studies and political strategies cannot achieve the required
sustainability, because it needs to activate the principle of
people's participation and partnership between different
actors during planning required urban projects, without
neglecting the leading role played by the decision-makers,
and that needs more rationalization to achieve good urban
governance, which is the primary objective of urban project.
In this context, the aim of this study is to provide the
mechanisms that help to create sustainable and locale made
urban projects, compatible with the natural, cultural and
social characteristics of the Algerian cities taking the city of
Ain Beida in the Algerian east area to apply this study, by
placing a comprehensive systematic approach that combines
urban sustainability problems of the city with the proposed
solutions, through urban projects to monitor the ambitions
of the population in the planning of their city, which would
promote the city of Ain Beida to the class of sustainable city
with optimum and rational exploitation of technologies and
the available sophisticated means, and to stop the import of
ready-made Western solutions, which is the main reason for
the today’s Algerian cities problems.
Keywords Urban Project, Sustainable Urban
Development, Participation, Good Governance, the City of
Ain Beida, Algeria
1. Introduction
The study of urban sustainability is of particular
importance in recent decades. This is due to the inability of
many countries of the world to meet the objectives of the
sustainability concept, particularly the cities of Arabic
countries that are suffering from many urban problems today.
This situation is due to the lack of social justice and unequal
distribution of wealth among the population. In addition, the
environmental problems, resulting from economic activities
and urban practices have led to the deterioration of the
quality urban life [1]. Therefore, some states have adopted
the 21st local note contained in the chart of Aalborg, which is
made in order to bind the various actors, which intervene in
the urban system, and with consulting civil society managers,
the local elected officials, residents, local associations, and
non-governmental and economic institutions [2]. This
approach requires the activation of good governance.
In order to meet the objectives of the note 21, most cities in
the world have become real workshops to achieve their
ambitions and to fulfill the requirements of sustainable cities
that respect the principles of sustainable development and to
keep pace with social, economic, environmental and cultural
challenges of urbanization for the welfare of the population
[3].
The situation is not different in the Algerian cities that are
threatened and wrapped by the complex urban problems
which affect the economic and social well-being of residents
and threaten the surrounding environment. These problems
are resulted primarily from the applied urban planning
methods since the independence (1962), which were far
away from the concerns of residents and characteristics of
the local communities, which are supposed to be the center of
interest of all urban interventions.
Since the spatial and economic independence, the
Algerian city in general and the city of Ain Beida in
particular, are witnessing social and cultural shifts, as result
of industrialization policy, and the phenomenon of rural
flight. This development strategy has led to a deep impact on
the rhythm of urban growth and inflation of cities sizes and
the emergence of urban problems. The deterioration of urban
conditions is caused by the main interest in the quantitative
aspect rather than the qualitative side of urban production.
All the attention was focused on the growing demand for
Civil Engineering and Architecture 5(2): 52-60, 2017 53
housing in order to absorb the serious shortage in this sector
neglecting other functional spaces that were supposed to
accompany these communities.
That has a negative impact on the urban image of the
Algerian cities, as the field of crystallization of all the
political, economic and cultural changes, and mirror
reflective of the decisions taken by the State in all fields. The
decentralization policy especially in urban domain has
resulted to developing tools, which was expected to solve the
problems suffered by the Algerian city in the
post-independence period. However, it actually increased the
complexity because of the negatives that accompanied these
tools, which produced incoherent and marginalized urban
areas that cannot meet the inhabitants’ requirements which
led to the failure of the central linear policy. And at the same
time, it confirmed the need to look for solutions that care for
further quality as well as quantity at the intervention in the
city and encouraged the adoption of a strategic planning that
takes into account all the urban dimensions when proposing
any project. In addition, it also met the needs of the residents
of the city in all fields to achieve a balance among social,
economic, environmental and cultural challenges of
urbanism and to transform quantitative urban growth of
Algerian cities to urban sustainable development.
In the beginning of the new millennium, the Algerian state
took a new turning point in the field of planning and
management of urban areas, in order to reduce the severity of
the problems of our cities and rectify the deficiencies
produced by the past urban policies. These policies have
been translated into practice by the planning and
urbanization tools of Master Plan and Land-use plan. These
tools are characterized by the length of achievement periods
compared with the rapid urban growth, making them lose
their efficiency to respond to the objectives assigned to them.
The economy market contributes to the adoption of spatial
planning instead of central and sectoral planning, and drives
the state to think of new approaches to keep pace with local
and global changes. This trend represents the foundation of a
city’s policy that depends on the achievement of sustainable
development in the urban area and build a strong urban
economy, especially in light of the availability of capital and
prosperity of the national economy as a result of high petrol
prices, and the Law of sustainable development of the region
n° 01-20 dated 12.12.2001 which works to confirm the
objectives of the planning and urbanization law in the
context of sustainable development as a framework for an
integrated multilateral dimensions and sectors, under which
the city has become an important place within this new
policy of urban planning.
The State also confirmed the new orientation in urbanism
field and management of the cities in the context of urban
project by issuing a guideline law of the city n° 06-06 dated
20.02.2006 and accompanying tools, as a new urban
approach referred to the socio-economic and spatial
development of the city. A sustainable development in time
and space is based implicitly on the principles of urban
project of an Upgrade of social cohesion and integration of
all the actors in the production and management of the urban
area, to ensure the terms of the prosperity of the cities,
protect the environment and promote partnership and
cooperation between cities. Despite the importance of this
law, it is not executed and translated in reality; though it has
been released 10 year ago. This is what held it in the
theoretical framework, and make urban project just a theory
ideas. At the moment the tool that is trying to achieve the
city's policy in Algeria is the urban coherence plan
(SCU)issued by the Ministry of the reorganization of the
region and sustainable development, which emerged by
some urban projects that seem as if it doesn’t coincide with
the fashionable concept, which had not gotten legislative
right in Algeria yet.
2. Methodology
The Search adopted to achieve the objectives on the
theoretical sources represented in books, articles and
scientific references directly related to the subject, in
addition to the general censuses of population and housing
issued by the National Office of Statistics. Data related to
social, economic, urban, and environmental dimensions, are
derived from the field work. They rely on questionnaire to
collect data on population, activities and the characteristics
of urban surroundings (roads and various networks, and
green spaces ...) as well as the distribution of service
equipment.
The Search adopted a systemic approach which is based
on the logic of causality and correlation effects in the
systems that are centered on the study and of economic,
environmental, urban, social and cultural system and other
systems urban area.
3. The Importance of Situational,
Demographic and Urban Growing of
Ain Beida City
The city of Ain Beida is the most important city in the east
of Algerian in terms of population size (115 286 people,
according to the General Census of Population and Housing
for the year 2008), the impact of urban policies, its history,
capabilities, components and its problems. It represents a
real sample of the Algerian city that suffers from mixed and
multiple problems within the content of social and economic
potential of the environment that allows them to incorporate
the sustainable urban development.
The city of Ain Beida, with 20% of the population of the
Wilaya of Oum El Bouaghi, is one of the main cities
representing the municipalities (621 612 people in 2008),
and that's what makes it characterized by a density estimated
at 2 045 inhabitants/km2 which is very high compared with
other cities in the wilaya. These features make the city have
the priority in receiving programs and projects that are
54 Urban Projects to Prefigure the Sustainable City -- Case: the City of Ain Beida (Algeria)
seeking the advancement of the local economy and guide the
growth path towards urban sustainability. In addition to this,
the city of Ain Beida occupies an important geographic
location, where it mediates the territory of the wilaya and the
territory of the eastern high plateau. The city is crossed by
two axes the National Road n° 10, which connects wilaya of
Constantine and wilaya of Tebessa, and the National Road n°
80, which connects wilaya of Guelma and wilaya of
Khenchela. This geographic situation makes it a strategic
crossing between the cities of the Middle Algerian point
(Map 1).
The natural, urban and architectural properties and cultural
legacy make the city a particular attraction. It’s considered as
an important commercial and administrative centering the
wilaya because of the important grid of roads that make up
the knot to various national roads in different directions. In
addition to that, the industrial zone allows the city to play a
leading role in the territory of the wilaya. Proceeding from
this role, the city, since the post-independence period, has
witnessed sharp exodus rural and quickly urban evolution.
The creation of planned avenues like "Marianne", shanty
town like "Al kariyar", and solid anarchist housing lead to
accelerate pace urban growth, due to the high demand for
housing and associated equipment [4]. The lack of planning
leads to irrational consumption of urban and agricultural land
through emergency housing operations. This has resulted to
unplanned and random development and creating several
problems affecting the urban quality of life. The
deterioration of urban conditions prevents the upgrading of
the city and makes it difficult to convert it to sustainable city
that meets social, economic and environmental requirements
of current and future residents.
The city of Ain Beida suffers from multi-faceted urban
crisis, mainly the lack of necessary urban land for the city
extension. This is due to the nature of urban surroundings
that prevent the spatial evolution of the city. The
administrative municipality border that is the urbanization
circumference presents private land sector and forestland,
railway and power grid. The land constraint necessitates the
need to go back into the city to find solutions to the urban
problems. However, in the presence of privately owned
urban enclaves, the city cannot take advantage of them after
the acquisition by the municipality [5].
The increase of the incomes of petroleum since 2005 made
Algeria witness some kind of financial easiness. Algeria
tended to planning special major projects including basic
structures, to keep pace with globalization, which came with
the principle of sustainable development. This translates to
the emergence of several major and important urban projects
in quantity and quality, working primarily on the growth of
urban tissue and improvement of living conditions of the
population through engaging them in the production and
management of their urban field.
Map 1. Geographic Situation of Ain Beida city
Civil Engineering and Architecture 5(2): 52-60, 2017 55
4. An Important Place for the City of
Ain Beida within the Urban Planning
System
After Algeria ratification of international treaties relating
to the necessity to integrate sustainable development in the
various strategies of planning, the state issued a guideline
law of the city No. 06-06 dated February 20, 2006 and which
has worked renewal of legal and legislative arsenal relating
to urbanism, in order to put the city in the heart of urban
policies by a new instrument of urban planning. Planned
urban coherence and that is appropriate for the process of
sustainable urban development, which can be exercised from
two perspectives: the protection of natural resources and
protection from risks. Drawing on the city scale to intervene
and try to address the problems of the cities that exceed the
size of 100,000 people, which is consistent with the reality of
the city of Ain Beida. The city has benefited from the scheme
of urban coherence in 2008 in order to try to address urban
problems (Map 2).
Map 2. Place for the city of Ain Beida with in the urban planning system.
The urban coherence scheme of Ain Beida was prepared
by the Studies office CENEAP under the supervision of the
Environment Directorate of the wilaya of Oum El Bouaghi.
It aims primarily to achieve sustainable development of local
urban in the city of Ain Beida, as an instrument to embody
the principles of sustainable development on the city scale
during the conditions ensuring respect for the basic
principles of sustainable development that are stated as the
following:
The principle of balance in achieving sustainable
development goals: by working to achieve a balance
between urban and rural development, the protection
and exploitation of agricultural and forest land and the
protection of the landscapes and sensitive ecosystems.
The principle of diversity in urban activities and social
integration: the balance between the patterns of urban
land by avoiding the creation of only activity areas,
except in case of necessity, and working on mergers
between different types of housing in the same area.
The principle of respect for the environment: Through
the exploitation of rare area and the protection of natural
and architectural heritage. Taking the various natural
and human types of risks into account while addressing
areas.
As stated in urban coherence scheme, the master plan of
Ain Beida is to try to address the problems and
preoccupations in the context of the municipal areas. The
urban coherence scheme (UCS) tends to apply a strategy for
the local sustainable development. Town planners try to
control the local dynamics of Ain Beida city, to ensure the
two-dimensional integrated development:
The Strategic dimension guaranteed by the urban
coherence scheme.
The legal dimension determines the conditions of land
use guaranteed by Master Plan for the creation of
reconstruction and development and the patterns of fill
the land associated with it.
The urban coherence scheme represents a new instrument
in the planning system. The fundamental mission is to
eliminate the imbalances plague of the city in the perspective
of harmonization and coherence between the city's
configuration and development programs in the urbanization
field, housing, economic and social development,
transportation, the environment and the risks threatening the
city. In order to achieve these goals, the urban coherence
schemes decide that planning processes must not be confined
to the urban context of the city, but must deal with the
neighboring region which is a basin of daily life for the
inhabitants. The scale of intervention covered by the urban
coherence scheme is the urban area, because it is the most
appropriate scale to achieving urban sustainable
development
5. Features Urban Sustainability and
Axial Position of Urban Project in the
Strategic Planning for the City of Ain
Beida
The urban coherence scheme is a strategic instrument for
the local and regional development of the city. The aim is to
achieve a balance between resource management and justice
in the distribution of local wealth owned by the city of Ain
Beida, which is expensive to play an essential role in the
participatory approach to the development of the regional
area of the city of Ain Beida.
The scheme considered the city of Ain Beida as a
structured pole and an attractive and competitive center at the
state level. It is a policy shared among the various actors
interested in the development of the city of Ain Beida. The
plan is a strategic planning and practical instrument for
evaluation and follow-up. It is an instrument to get real
knowledge of the territory and the embodiment of dialogue
and consultation among the various actors on the strategic
directions of the urban area.
56 Urban Projects to Prefigure the Sustainable City -- Case: the City of Ain Beida (Algeria)
It also seems that the spatial imbalances of the city of Ain
Beida lie in the phenomenon of urban expansion experienced
by the city despite the limited area. This phenomenon has led
to many problems, especially those related to traffic. The
urban coherence scheme of the city tries to find an alternative
to this irrational urban growth which is confined to the
renovations. They concern about the colonial core and aim to
the valuation of the urban heritage in the city, on the one
hand, and go about the policy of city building on the city or
return to the city on the other hand
The main objective of the urban coherence scheme of the
city of Ain Beida is to support gravity and competitiveness
exercised by the city of Ain Beida on the level of the territory
of the state. This could be achieved through the valuation of
the urban and the natural and cultural heritage of the city, in
order to change the scale of the gravity from the local to the
regional level, by identifying size and location of major
equipment and basic functions to be annexed by the city of
Ain Beida in the next twenty years. This needs table for
monitoring, and follow-up and assessment, which
determines a clear and tidy manner for the most important
priorities that concerning for the city of Ain Beida during a
certain period of time.
The practice of bilateral "follow-up - Evaluation" consists
of two different date ranges, the first date during the data
collection using performance indicators during the
achievement of the project, and the second one during the
analysis of activities and effects by using indicators of
success which refers to the extent to which the objectives of
the project after the completion of it. This means that these
indicators are tools to evaluate various aspects of the project
or program. In case of careful construction of these
indicators, it will allow decision-makers of urban domain to
follow up progress of the projects, and take appropriate
action, which will allow improving the quality of
implementation of urban projects. To achieve these
objectives, it has identified urban coherence scheme for the
city of Ain Beida five key points, namely:
Geographical and physical supervision of urban
area: which ended at identifying two scales of
intervention on the urban area, namely: urban scale that
represents the area that extends the city offline or area
of life, and regional scale for the city allocated for future
growth of the city (the expansion of city in the medium
and long term).
Strategic diagnosis of urban area of the city of Ain
Beida: necessary in order to understand the area of
intervention, which targets the following strategic
topics:
Social and urban development.
Economic urban development.
Basal structures.
Urban Governance.
This strategic diagnosis has concluded that the city of Ain
Beida is a multi-faceted city. They are residential city
primarily which has diverse housing styles, and has at the
same time quite a number of economic and social activities
and basal equipments.
Development Strategy: This strategy boils down to
four key themes, namely:
Housing and Urbanism: The need to maintain the
diversity is a characteristic of the city. It is a
positive factor to increase the attractiveness of the
city at the local and regional level. The first
objective is to achieve a balance between the
patterns of land use and support the dominance of
the city center role. The second objective is to
create centers of neighborhoods and to reduce
urban interruptions beside the rehabilitation of
neighborhoods in major urban agglomerations.
Economic development: The target is to provide
appropriate conditions for the economic
institutions that will contribute to the elimination
of the unemployment, which seems to be the major
constraint of the city. These institutions must take
into account the social and professional
composition of the population in order to
accompany the economic development of the city
with social development and improved living
standards of population.
Environment: Urban coherence scheme takes into
account the environmental dimension. This is a
new addition that differentiates the scheme from
the master plan of the city. In this context, the
scheme confirms the need to protect all types of
vegetation in the city, to upgrade the urban
appearance and to protect the urban and natural
heritage. The objective is to consider the
dimension of sustainable development in the
future urban projects, especially in the field of
water management, encouraging the use of
renewable energies and the protection from natural
hazards.
Equipments, public spaces, transport and
mobility: by working to provide the appropriate
conditions for endemicity of the equipments with
regional _ radiation , reformat the existing public
squares and create new ones, and to support the
diversity of modes of transport and to upgrade the
quality of service.
Urban configuration strategy: It is summarized in the
detailed plans for the intervention and corresponds with
the four axes of development strategy as follows:
Housing and Urbanism: The scheme emphasizes
the need to limit the phenomenon of urban
expansion, the classification of the city center as a
sector to be protected, the restructuring of the
urban area of the city, and support the diversity of
housing, the restructuring of neighborhoods in the
suburbs and valuing the city entrances.
Civil Engineering and Architecture 5(2): 52-60, 2017 57
Economic Development: revitalize the city of Ain
Beida Industrial Zone, with the valuing and
development of the local road network, improving
the quality of mass transit and support for all
economic activities, especially commercial ones.
Environment: In this field, the scheme axis the
need to protect the natural and forest area, then the
creation of a green belt surrounding the city of Ain
Beida, the protection and development of the
surrounding agricultural areas, and the protection
of surface and underground water network.
Together with effective management of the
network of drinking water distribution and waste
water drainage network, control the household
solid waste management, and try to adapt to the
risks of floods that threaten the city,
Scale urban monitoring: This table consists of nine
indicators of development and allows the systematic
comparison of the extent of the embodiment of the city's
policy and its effectiveness in the context of follow-up
and evaluation brought by the urban coherence scheme
to the city of Ain Beida.
These indicators are: the occupancy rate housing ORH, the
occupancy rate of the room ORR, density of population,
green spaces, the rate of linking the various networks, the
rate of supervision, the rate of connectivity technologies,
information and communication, and the coefficient of fill
the land CFL coefficient seizure CS.
Accordingly, the urban coherence scheme is a tool for
design and the embodiment of a practical urban
multi-sectored planning. It works to guide the evolution of
region in a sustainable development perspective, and in the
framework of a project to create local sustainable
development. The practical urban project that respects the
principles and objectives of sustainable development is
translated into a fact in the form of interventions in
chronological order according to priority.
It also calls for respect for the principles and objectives of
sustainable development during the programming and the
implementation of all urban projects that belong to the city of
Ain Beida, and stressed the principle of follow-up and
evaluation of these projects, which stresses the need to create
sustainable urban projects, but it is not an open and direct
manner.
6. Continuity Sectorial and Linear
Planning after the Adoption of Urban
Project in the City of Ain Beida
Many of the regional urban projects have been done in Ain
Beida, which were not included inmost of the urban planning
of the city of Ain Beida. They are imposed by the necessity
of development of the city, and therefore they are urban
projects but without formal strategic framework, and
represented in:
Relation to the environmental dimension: it aims to
minimize the environmental footprint, such as water
purification plant, throwing urban waste center projects.
Relation to the social dimension such as the university
pole (Fig. 1), and amusement park.
Of an economic dimension: such as the railway project
(Fig. 2), and the expansion of the industrial zone
projects (Fig. 3).
Figure 1. The university pole
Figure 2. The railway project
Figure 3. The expansion of the industrial zone projects
Urban Projects known in the city of Ain Beida, in the
recent years, serve the environmental, social and economic
dimension of the city of Ain Beida. They suffer from the
absence of a comprehensive strategy between these projects,
and make them sustainable urban projects working on direct
urban growth of the city of Ain Beida to sustainable urban
development. Because the absence of this kind of systemic
approaches, it makes these projects ineffective, and has no
effect on the framework of quality of life of residents.
In addition to that, these projects do not respect the main
58 Urban Projects to Prefigure the Sustainable City -- Case: the City of Ain Beida (Algeria)
principle of urban project, a return to their construction
within the city, because it is dedicated to urban expansion.
Although some of them(such as the amusement park) could
have been a great location within the urban tissue of the city
of Ain Beida, but the absence of the principle of consultation
and participation of different actors especially civil society
makes these projects far from the reality of life of the
population. Because the objective of urban project is the
restoration of the link between the place and its surroundings
and make the city more functional, or it is trying to improve
the quality of urban life. These goals are achieved through
the integration of the various actors in the urban production
and create coherence and the abolition of sectorial plans. The
main interest is to reduce the problems caused by rapid urban
area evolution, and this is what pushes us to ask for the
opinion of the population of the city of Ain Beida in these
projects and in the reality of urban sustainability for the city
of Ain Beida.
7. Urban Project Perception and
Experience the Urban Sustainability
in the City of Ain Beida
In order to identify the extent of urban project perception
by the population, and identify problems that impede
sustainable urban development in the city of Ain Beida and
adjust their causes, it was necessary to do a questionnaire
field that covers the research community.
The sample is represented by 22.162 families the scale
which limits this society is the measure of permanent or
temporary residence in the city of Ain Beida. The sampling
method has been the Operations Group, which allows
selection of a representative sample for the research
community, which is estimated at 10% of the total
households in the city of Ain Beida. A deliberate sample,
while the preview mode and type were the probability
previewing that the number of elements of the research
community is known, and the objective is to disseminate the
results to each research of the community.
The questionnaire results showed that the view of
population towards urban projects and the nature of
sustainability are divided into two teams. The first one
comprises 62,60% of the population who see it as a good
project and allows the improvement of the quality of life in
the city because they contribute to local development to the
city of Ain Beida and is working to relieve pressure on the
city of Oum El Bouaghi (the wilaya capital). Also they think
that despite its importance it came too late. The second team
comprises 15, 25% of the population and thinks that these
projects have no effect on quality of life of the population. 22,
15% of the population believes that decision makers have to
consult the population before they accomplish such projects.
It would interest them larger (Fig. 4), because the priority of
the equipment and basic services such as housing and
industrial projects that reduce the unemployment crisis and
leisure projects support the tourist side of the city. In addition
to that, these projects are not well thought out in a good way
and not based on a realistic urban planning because their
location are not appropriate and do not have any benefit
because they did not move any dweller. For example the
railway project, which is one of the expensive projects in
which large sums of money has been wasted. If this
investment is used in other projects, it would have more
benefit. Some of the people demonstrate the failure of these
projects that they have no ideas about these projects although
they live in the city of Ain Beida [6].
Figure 4. The population opinion in the Ain Beida city.
Civil Engineering and Architecture 5(2): 52-60, 2017 59
This confirms that the urban project strategy is the optimal
solution to the problems of sustainability in the city of Ain
Beida. This type of intervention depends on two fundamental
principles. Firstly, it deals with each area on the basis that it
is unique in the properties, and therefore it has its own
problems and seeks for specific solutions.
Secondly, it is working to absorb and translate the
ambitions and aspirations of the population in the form of an
urban concrete projects.
In addition to the study of the urban sustainability
problems of the city of Ain Beida assures us that all the
problems connected with each other, and this confirms that
the systemic approach which is characterized by urban
project sustainable is the optimal strategy that can promote
the rate of sustainable urban development in the city of Ain
Beida .
8. The Proposal of a 21 Local Note
Embodiment of Sustainable Urban
Project in Ain Beida
Ain Beida city needs to prepare a 21 local note that focuses
on the systematic approach that combines the objectives of
sustainable urbanization and sustainable urban project
dimensions. The note may enable local groups, represented
by the municipality at the level of the city of Ain Beida, to
the application of good or sound practices. But despite of its
importance, it cannot replace the political strategy of
sustainable development, which is the regional
reorganization planning, which in turn requires the activation
and not being held in the theoretical framework.
The nature of good practices that should be annexed in 21
local notes varies from one area to another. Some of these
practices were known before, and are reflected in one way or
another. Other practices are new so they require the
population awareness and being training by the executive
bodies. The basic themes that revolve around these practices
needed in the city of Ain Beida are as follows:
Adjust the urban planning system of the city Ain Beida,
in a way that the regional plans do not conflict with the
urban plans, and enhance the relationship between the
master plan for planning and urbanization and urban
coherence planning.
Develop an effective awareness program that includes
all the population no matter what their age or social
level, because the absence of awareness makes any
solution not feasible and not effective.
Reinforce the economic attractiveness of the city in
order to create competitiveness between the most
important neighboring cities.
Improve the local environment quality
Improve Sustainable management of the city.
Enhance the natural and human resources of the city.
This is a good practice, in case of the correct application,
that can transform the City of Ain Beida into a self-sufficient
city and enables it to meet local needs of the population in all
sectors. Active population and the economic activities
contribute constantly to improving the living environment. A
homogenous city ensures the spatial and socio-economic and
environmental homogeneity among various urban activities
in order to correct spatial imbalances. This may convert it
into a sustainable city to ensure prosperity for all and create a
capable and responsible society.
9. Conclusions
The urban projects that have been implemented in the city
of Ain Beida in recent years are projects with huge budgets.
However, they do not affect the quality of life of the residents
in Ain Beida. Such as the railway project, as confirmed by
many of the population, that is waste of money which could
be allocated to real economic projects that have the ability to
absorb the unemployment crisis in the city. These projects
suffer from the absence of a comprehensive strategy. They
tend to be sectorial projects that only fulfill one dimension of
sustainable development. This is what makes them
ineffective and have no effect on the quality of life of
residents of Ain Beida.
The failure of these projects and the multiplicity of urban
sustainability problems is explained by the absence of the
principle of consultation and participation of different actors,
especially civil society. In addition, they do not take into
account the local characteristics of the city of Ain Beida.
This confirms that the urban project strategy is the perfect
solution to the problems of urban sustainability in the city of
Ain Beida. Because this type of intervention is based on two
fundamental principles, the first one deals with every area
that it is unique in the properties, and therefore the problems
and their solutions. The second one works to absorb and
translate the ambitions and aspirations of the population in
form of urban projects.
In addition to the study of urban sustainability problems of
the city of Ain Beida, this assures us that they are interlinked.
This confirms the inevitability of the overall vision and
systemic approach that characterize the sustainable urban
project. The optimal strategy can promote the sustainable
urban development in the city of Ain Beida and elevate the
city to the ranks of sustainable cities.
REFERENCES
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[2] BELMER Jean, (2011), Pour un urbanisme de projet, de
l’aménagement au renouvellement urbain, ellipses, Paris.
[3] CHARLOT-VALDIEU Catherine et autres, (2011),
60 Urban Projects to Prefigure the Sustainable City -- Case: the City of Ain Beida (Algeria)
L’urbanisme durable: concevoir un écoquartier, Le moniteur,
2eme édition, Paris.
[4] BENDADDA Toufik, (2007), Etude d’un quartier
périphérique: cas de la cité Salem Ain Beida, mémoire de
magistère, Université d’Oum El-Bouaghi, Algérie.
[5] BOUCHEMAL Saleh, (2009), Mutations socio spatiales en
milieu urbain: entre citadinitéet ruralité, l’exemple d’une
ancienne ville coloniale française en Algérie, inCahiers de
géographie du Québec, Volume 53, n° 149.
[6] BERKANI Fatima Zohra, (2014), Le rôle du projet urbain
dans la durabilité des villes algériennes, cas de la ville d’Ain
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