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Quality, Innovation, and Financial Sustainability: Central American entrepreneurial journalism through the lens of its audience
Abstract
Entrepreneurial, independent digital media sites arose in response to disruption in the journalism industry brought on by emerging technologies. This study explores this trend in Latin America from the perspective of audiences. Based on surveys of readers of entrepreneurial digital news sites in Guatemala and Nicaragua, this mixed-methods study offers a snapshot of who these readers are and what they are interested in. Results showed readers of the Guatemalan and Nicaraguan news sites valued equally quality journalism and innovation, but differed when it came to the importance they placed on the sites’ business models. This study also illuminated a new dimension of innovation, one from the readers’ perspective. While some respondents associated innovation with use of new technologies, in general readers defined innovation as unique (to the region) and alternative (to mainstream media) ways of doing journalism; their definition, unlike that of journalists, was not necessarily technologically driven.
... A wide variety of videos are uploaded on YouTube every day. The biggest concern was deciding which content would be utilized for editorial and business or advertising purposes, as there may be no boundaries on each side (Harlow, 2017). The study would identify news and commercial videos aired on YouTube news channels. ...
... Changes in marketing practices contradict the long-standing normative tradition of separating editorial and commercial content. Newsrooms must maintain their authority and autonomy from commercial actors (Ferrer-Conill et al., 2020;Harlow, 2017). ...
... For the media industry to survive, news must be approached as a business. Harlow highlights market-oriented journalism: "they treat audiences as clients, rather than citizens, by giving the audiences what they want rather than what they need" (Harlow, 2017). ...
YouTube has increasingly gained popularity among news media outlets. Numerous contents have been uploaded on news media official YouTube channels either in the form of regular or commercial news. In Indonesia, two national news media outlets, Kompas.com and Tribunnews.com, which initially focused on publishing their articles on their website, have employed so-called mobile journalists who can primarily produce and edit news videos for YouTube. This study is part of our research on the content industry in a disruptive era with mass media in Indonesia as a subject. This research aims to seek editorial and commercial content sources from mobile journalists and the considerations mobile journalists should make when creating editorial and commercial content for YouTube news channels. To answer these questions, we have identified the trending topics on social media and conducted a content analysis. In addition, we observed Kompas.com and Tribunnews.com YouTube channels and conducted interviews with the news editorial staff. The findings showed that regular news, trending and viral news, unique and in-depth reporting and online events, international news, Q&A with experts based on users' comments, and hot news from other YouTube accounts are the primary news sources for mobile journalists. These are utilized for either business purposes or newsroom agendas. It also discusses what aspects the journalists must consider before producing editorial and commercial content on their YouTube news channels.
... In addition, this study will highlight a number of factors for media managers to take into account when charging for their content. Harlow (2017) argues that more research is needed to figure out how to make online media sustainable. ...
... The latter is referred to as native advertising, where the commercial content is published, adopting the form and function of editorial content, giving the user the impression that they are reading news, not advertising. This happens as a result of blurred boundaries between journalism's editorial and business sides (Harlow, 2017). ...
... In recent years, the rise of digital media has placed significant pressure on these businesses, as seen by declining audiences, readerships, and advertising revenues (Fletcher & Nielsen, 2016;Franklin, 2014). Thus, traditional models of journalism are no longer necessarily viable, and it is necessary to identify a sustainable, long-term model (Harlow, 2017). ...
Private news media worldwide are trying to develop pay models for their online news in order to survive in the competitive market. Faced with a worldwide crisis, it is vital to understand the news
business by imposing paid content. However, not all publishers can encourage their consumers to purchase or subscribe to paid content. The vast majority of customers are still unwilling to pay
for online news. Since the Covid-19 pandemic, several online media outlets in Indonesia have started to monetize their content. This study aims to investigate the intentions and factors that
young generations in Indonesia consider when deciding whether to pay for news material. This study utilized a questionnaire containing both close-end and open-ended questions to collect raw data. According to the findings of this study, media organizations have the potential to attract the audience to their paid-for content because students with no prior experience with paid content are considering paying for it in the future. However, media entrepreneurs must take several factors into account before applying pay models for millennials.
... El engagement, por su parte, se centra en el comportamiento de la audiencia. La sostenibilidad, por último, se entiende como viabilidad o modelo de negocio viable y durable (Harlow, 2018). Como negocios, sin embargo, los medios de comunicación tienen una particularidad, tal como lo expresa Natalie Jomini Stroud: "The public expects them to function like schools, providing a public service. ...
... Una segunda línea de investigación se centra en entender a los usuarios en cuanto a la inclinación al pago de suscripciones (Chyi;Ng, 2020), las motivaciones para suscribirse (da Silva; Sanseverino, 2020; Saavedra; González, 2015) y los motivos en general por lo que optan por una u otra fuente (Harlow, 2018). Estas investigaciones coinciden en señalar la importancia de la reputación del medio (Kim; Song; Kim, 2020) en la confianza que genera y, en consecuencia, en la intención de pago (Vara-Miguel, 2020). ...
... Y es que casi la mitad de las búsquedas se realizan con el nombre de marca (Gundlach; Hofmann, 2020). Esta posición de privilegio no se da con la misma intensidad en países con menor tradición democrática y menor confianza en las instituciones, en los que los emprendimientos periodísticos digitales se perciben como independientes de los poderes políticos y económicos que controlan los medios tradicionales (Harlow, 2018). ...
Los conceptos de relevancia y engagement aportan claves para analizar la situación actual de las empresas periodísticas, en busca de un nuevo modelo de sostenibilidad que complemente los ingresos por publicidad, principalmente, con las suscripciones. Para asegurar sus fuentes de financiación, los medios necesitan recuperar la relevancia que han ido perdiendo, y conseguir el engagement con su público. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de una scoping review cuyo objetivo es identificar la visión de la academia sobre los conceptos de la relevancia y el engagement aplicados a la sostenibilidad del periodismo. Los resultados evidencian una preocupación creciente por la viabilidad económica de los medios. También reciben una especial atención los procesos de innovación y los intentos de afianzar el modelo de negocio en los usuarios de pago. El análisis del engagement muestra que todavía no hay una definición consensuada por parte de la academia. Además, los resultados evidencian diferencias importantes con la visión de los profesionales. La relevancia, aunque en menor medida, está presente en el debate sobre la sostenibilidad a través de la visibilidad y la confianza que aportan las marcas de los medios.
... A wide variety of videos are uploaded on YouTube every day. The biggest concern was deciding which content would be utilized for editorial and business or advertising purposes, as there may be no boundaries on each side (Harlow, 2017). The study would identify news and commercial videos aired on YouTube news channels. ...
... Changes in marketing practices contradict the long-standing normative tradition of separating editorial and commercial content. Newsrooms must maintain their authority and autonomy from commercial actors (Ferrer-Conill et al., 2020;Harlow, 2017). ...
... For the media industry to survive, news must be approached as a business. Harlow highlights market-oriented journalism: "they treat audiences as clients, rather than citizens, by giving the audiences what they want rather than what they need" (Harlow, 2017). ...
YouTube has increasingly gained popularity among news media outlets. Numerous contents have been uploaded on news media official YouTube channels either in the form of regular or commercial news. In Indonesia, two national news media outlets, Kompas.com and Tribunnews.com, which initially focused on publishing their articles on their website, have employed so-called mobile journalists who can primarily produce and edit news videos for YouTube. This study is part of our research on the content industry in a disruptive era with mass media in Indonesia as a subject. This research aims to seek editorial and commercial content sources from mobile journalists and the considerations mobile journalists should make when creating editorial and commercial content for YouTube news channels. To answer these questions, we have identified the trending topics on social media and conducted a content analysis. In addition, we observed Kompas.com and Tribunnews.com YouTube channels and conducted interviews with the news editorial staff. The findings showed that regular news, trending and viral news, unique and in-depth reporting and online events, international news, Q&A with experts based on users' comments, and hot news from other YouTube accounts are the primary news sources for mobile journalists. These are utilized for either business purposes or
newsroom agendas. It also discusses what aspects the journalists must consider before producing editorial and commercial content on their YouTube news channels.
... Los medios de comunicación independientes se ubican dentro del grupo de los medios alternativos, cumpliendo con una función crítica frente al funcionamiento del sistema tradicional de medios masivos (Fleischman et al., 2009;Harlow, 2018). En el contexto periodístico, el término independiente hace referencia a la falta de participación del Estado, a la no afiliación a partidos políticos, corporaciones o donantes únicos. ...
... Estudios recientes han enfatizado en el rol de la participación en los modelos de negocio y la generación de valor para la democracia, los medios locales e hiperlocales (Nesteriak y Ryabichev, 2022), así como para el periodismo en general (Blanchett, 2021;Vos y Singer, 2016). No obstante, son escasas las investigaciones sobre generación de valor que vayan más allá de los medios de comunicación establecidos en el norte global (Harlow, 2018). ...
La participación de las audiencias se ha posicionado como un componente esencial en los procesos productivos y de financiación de los contenidos online. Esta investigación tiene como propósito identificar las formas en que la participación contribuye a la creación, captura y red de valor en los medios digitales e independientes en Colombia. A partir de 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas a líderes de medios y organizaciones que impulsan y asocian estos medios en Colombia y América Latina, se reconoce que estos proyectos periodísticos disponen escenarios de participación de las audiencias principalmente en los procesos productivos, la selección y creación de contenidos, las estrategias de financiación, y los procesos de incidencia cultural y política.
... Los medios de comunicación independientes se ubican dentro del grupo de los medios alternativos, cumpliendo con una función crítica frente al funcionamiento del sistema tradicional de medios masivos (Fleischman et al., 2009;Harlow, 2018). En el contexto periodístico, el término independiente hace referencia a la falta de participación del Estado, a la no afiliación a partidos políticos, corporaciones o donantes únicos. ...
... Estudios recientes han enfatizado en el rol de la participación en los modelos de negocio y la generación de valor para la democracia, los medios locales e hiperlocales (Nesteriak y Ryabichev, 2022), así como para el periodismo en general (Blanchett, 2021;Vos y Singer, 2016). No obstante, son escasas las investigaciones sobre generación de valor que vayan más allá de los medios de comunicación establecidos en el norte global (Harlow, 2018). ...
Audience participation is an essential component of online content production and financing. This study aims to identify how participation contributes to creating, capturing, and networking value in Colombia’s digital and independent media. Based on 17 semi-structured interviews with media leaders and organizations that promote and associate these media in Colombia and Latin America, it is recognized that these journalistic projects have audience participation scenarios mainly in production processes, the selection and creation of content, funding strategies, and cultural and political advocacy activities.
... For example, research has (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016) mapped the region's online-native sites to show how ownership, funding, content, degree of activism, organizational goals, and inclusion of multimedia, interactive, and participatory digital elements were related to influence, innovation, and challenging traditional, mainstream media. While most research explores innovation and entrepreneurship from the media outlet's perspective, another researcher (Harlow, 2018) took a unique approach by examining how audiences of entrepreneurial sites in Central America perceived innovation. Readers saw innovation as not necessarily about the use of new technologies, but rather about offering independent journalism with alternative business models that set these sites apart from mainstream media throughout the region. ...
... Finally, the factors that all survey participants from the journalism community noted that make journalism innovative were reporting style, the use of infographics, and story topic variety. This finding furthers previous studies (Harlow, 2018;Schmitz Weiss et al., 2018) that found these areas drive innovation at startups in the region-entrepreneurial news organizations sought to cover subjects or topics different than those in the mainstream media, pushing the envelope of what ways stories can be told, whether through multimedia such as podcasts or social media videos, or the use of data through infographics. Our finding demonstrates how much the news product-and not simply the tools used to produce it-is considered the innovation in today's media ecosystem in this region. ...
Innovation is driving major changes in journalism globally. Understanding how journalism educators, students, and journalists perceive of innovation—in themselves and their organizations—is another layer by which to understand how the overall industry is evolving. This study explores the perceptions of innovation through an international survey ( N = 1,543) of journalism educators, students, and journalists from Latin America. Findings show that journalists perceive themselves as more innovative than those in the academy. A significant gap appears between the academy and newsroom of how innovation is being defined and what it means to be innovative, which poses implications for the future of journalism students and journalists alike.
... Wie bei herkömmlich finanzierten Angeboten (Fawzi & Mothes, 2020;Hasebrink, 2021), zeigt sich in den bisherigen Studien zum Crowdfunding-basierten Journalismus die Relevanz dieser übergeordneten, gesellschaftlich-normativen Qualitätsvorstellungen. Nutzer:innen unterstützen diese Form des Journalismus zwar auch aus ideologischen Motiven oder wegen ihrer interaktiven Gratifikationen mit Blick auf die Stärkung eines sich daraus ergebenden Gemeinschaftsgefühls (Aitamurto, 2015a;Jian & Shin, 2015;Prinzing & Gattermann, 2015). Nutzer:innen wenden sich journalistischen Crowdfunding-Angeboten aber auch aus ideellen Gründen zu, insbesondere weil sie ihn als von Marktdirektiven unabhängigere Form des Journalismus wahrnehmen, der Medien-und Themenvielfalt über qualitativ hochwertige Alternativen befördert (Harlow, 2018;Prinzing & Gattermann, 2015). ...
... For example, in a Declaration adopted in 2019, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers encourages states to ensure the "financial sustainability" of quality journalism, which is at risk due to the compromised traditional business models in journalism based on advertising (Council of Europe, 2019). Harlow (2018) in his article among other research in this area, also stresses that "financial sustainability" of journalism is disrupted due to the internet and the rapidly evolving mediascape where traditional business models are no longer viable. There seems to be a consensus that it is increasingly difficult for traditional news and media organisations to find sustainable business models (Cook et al., 2016). ...
This deliverable is based on a literature review of existing concepts and indicators if news media market viability, and results in a conceptual framework for the assessment of news viability in relation to the spread of disinformation in a given country. In a next step, we will apply the matrix to Belgium and Luxembourg by gathering the necessary data, inputting them into the matrix and investigate whether we see a correlation between viable news markets, the capacity of the media to deal with misinformation and the spread of disinformation in those countries.
... Furthermore, editors and managers may view this as a reflection of the organization's overall brand and could encourage journalists to actively engage on social media (Hedman & Djerf-Pierre, 2013). This has also given rise to the concept of "entrepreneurial journalism", where journalists are able to create and share content independently through social media platforms (Manfredi Sánchez et al., 2015;Harlow, 2018;Ruotsalainen & Villi, 2018). It can be concluded that social media has triggered significant changes in the way journalism operates, leading to discussions on practices and norms within the industry. ...
The usage of social media by journalists might lead to problems with the conflict between their personal and professional identities. Because it can be difficult to distinguish between private and public posts, media companies are developing guidelines to regulate how their employees use social media. The study examines how institutional guidelines for journalists' use of social media can influence their personal use of social media. Through document analysis, the guidelines of both the BBC and Anadolu Agency in Türkiye were examined with the aim of uncovering the expectations of these institutions. Both documents were analyzed using the Python programming language. Furthermore, with the goal to uncover the journalists' perceptions of the guidelines, in-depth interviews were carried out with personnels from BBC and Anadolu Agency. The research showed that the guidelines were designed to safeguard corporate identity and reliability. Moreover, it was noted that the journalists who were interviewed did not view the guidelines as a form of intervention or censorship.
... The overwhelming resolve from the available literature is that these business models are being tested but not necessarily trusted, especially longitudinal. Further, In an audiencefocused study conducted by Harlow (2018) about the Central American entrepreneurial platforms, they found that 'readers of the Guatemalan and Nicaraguan news sites valued equally quality journalism and innovation, but differed when it came to the importance they placed on the sites' business model' (p. 543) No doubt, the uncertainty regarding the sustainability of these so-called innovative business models puts these projects under immense pressure and forces them to engage their readers and solicit contributions, either through dedicated fundraising campaigns or by consistently demonstrating the value of their journalistic work (Bonixe, 2022). ...
As scholars try to make sense of the intersection between entrepreneurship and journalism in today’s increasingly digital world,
a burgeoning body of research has surfaced in the past couple of
years. This meta-analysis systematically maps existing literature on
entrepreneurial journalism (EJ) to assess the state of scholarship
thus far. The results indicate that between 2010 and 2014, research
in EJ marked its emergence, with 13 publications (9%) signifying the
initial stages of scholarly interest. Subsequently, from 2015 to 2020,
there was a substantial surge, with 97 publications (66%) contributing to the field’s rapid growth. The years 2021 and 2022 witnessed
further consolidation, with 37 publications (25%). Geographically,
the results indicated significant contributions from the U.S (20%)
and Spain (19%). The University of Houston emerged as the leading
institutional affiliation for EJ research authors. Dominant thematic
areas in EJ research include digital disruption and innovations
(50%), media sustainability (13%), amongst others.
... Algoritma Google telah mendikte berita jurnalis, terlebih bagi media kecil dan menengah yang berusaha bertahan hidup dan berkem-bang dengan dana operasional terbatas. Menurut Harlow (2017), tidak seperti jurnalisme tradisional yang didanai oleh iklan dan langganan (subscription), jurnalisme digital berbasis kewirausahaan atau media rintisan harus memproduksi aliran pendapatan dengan fokus pada teknologi baru dan berita dengan pendekatan keuntungan. ...
... In addition, assessments of success factors and its antecedents depend strongly on cultural context and geography. Research on digital journalism and entrepreneurship in developing countries, for instance, highlights other aspects, such as the importance of innovation and uniqueness in the context of a particular region (Harlow 2018;Salaverr ıa et al. 2019). Additionally, the potential of membership models is increasingly discussed in journalism practice and should receive academic research Altogether, the results of this study emphasize the importance of entrepreneurial experience and organizational professionalism for the economic success of journalistic start-ups and consequently for their ability to sustainably contribute towards the functioning of democratic societies. ...
Entrepreneurial journalism is often ascribed the potential to partly close the supply gap in digital journalism caused by the effects of digitization. Decreasing fixed costs on the production stage, in particular, have enabled smaller entities, entrepreneurs and start-ups to produce high quality journalistic content. While there is a broad stream of literature on entrepreneurial success in general, empirical research says little about the reasons for digital journalistic entrepreneurs’ success (or lack thereof). This study aims at empirically investigating success conditions associated with entrepreneurship in the digital news business. Seven broader “super”-conditional prerequisites are considered: Experience, skills, personality, product, business model, company organization, and broader environment. The data, collected through 49 interviews with digital journalistic entrepreneurs in Germany, is analysed with Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), a set theoretical method to determine necessity/sufficiency of preformulated conditions for a respective outcome (i.e., entrepreneurial (non-)success). The results indicate high importance of, first, the experience of the founder, and, second, the functioning organization of the company, while, interestingly, third, only absence of support from the broader environment and/or government contributed to the success.
... And there are examples of research into innovation in other contexts. These include studies on innovation in Central and Latin America (Harlow, 2018;Salaverría et al., 2019) and in South Africa (Sefara, 2018). There are also more industry-focused reports, such as Sen and Nielsen on start-ups in India (Sen and Nielsen, 2016), and SembraMedia's study of digital media entrepreneurs in Latin America (SembraMedia, 2017). ...
This chapter draws on journalism research from Canada, which, similar to other countries with a liberal, largely commercial media system, is showing signs of market failure. It seeks to reposition media innovation beyond a narrow economic or technological frame, where initiatives are the product of a defensive strategy by newsrooms, driven by an imperative to survive in the face of novel challenges and actors. The chapter suggests taking a wider approach to understanding what is innovation that prioritizes multiple journalisms, relationships with audiences, the generally precarious nature of the creative industries, and the infrastructures required to support twenty-first century journalism. Canadian media is no exception to the never-ending pivot in the search for the killer innovation that will save the news industry. Canada’s new media policy is skewed toward supporting legacy newsrooms, given that it was largely shaped by incumbent media interests, rather than creating infrastructures and opportunities for novel ventures.
... Most of this research is limited to journalists or the content they produce, and much remains unknown about the region's news audiences, or country differences. One exception is Harlow's (2018) comparison of Guatemalan and Nicaraguan digital-native sites that found readers are educated and politically progressive, and audiences say they read the sites because, unlike mainstream media, they are financially and editorially independent, they are honest, and they give voice to perspectives normally excluded by the media. Therefore, we ask the following: ...
Digital-native news sites from Latin America are changing the region’s industry. These news organizations are accessed nationally and also across national boundaries. This study examined, through the theoretical lens of social capital, factors contributing to the creation of transnational audiences for these news organizations. A survey of audiences for these independent news sites in El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela indicated that economic and network capital predicted transnational digital-native news use. Transnational audiences were more likely to be younger, female, and with higher income than their national counterparts.
... Al exponer casos de corrupción y denunciar abusos de poder (SembraMedia, 2017, p. 6). De ahí que la audiencia valore positivamente el trabajo de estos emprendimientos periodísticos, los cuales, ante todo, se posicionan como independientes y alternativos(Harlow, 2017). Ante todo, de acuerdo aBennett (2014, p. 25), la independencia es una utopía que inspira a la acción y es parte de un deseo por una mejor forma de vida, la cual se puede alcanzar a través de los medios. ...
Este trabajo reflexiona sobre la innovación periodística en Ecuador desde los aportes del periodismo emprendedor y transmedia. La investigación presenta los casos de dos medios nativos digitales: GK y La Posta. A través de etnografías en sus salas de redacción, se discute sobre las motivaciones profesionales de los periodistas, y la estructura y organización de sus agendas editoriales. Además, se debate sobre el concepto de independencia editorial con relación a sus formas de financiamiento y otros desafíos frente a las transformaciones que experimenta el periodismo en la actualidad. También, el artículo analiza la aplicación de las narrativas transmedia en sus productos periodísticos. De esta forma, este trabajo propone cuáles son los cambios y las continuidades en el periodismo local, a partir de la influencia del emprendimiento y la tecnología.
This chapter intends to summarize the state of research on journalism innovation. My analysis is based on a literature review on publications in English and Spanish from 2000 to 2020 (García-Avilés, 2021a). I have identified the key areas where significant progress has been made over the years, as well as others that remain understudied, and I also discuss some of the main challenges that journalism innovation research faces in the future.
One of the tectonic changes that the digital environment has enabled is the relationship of audiences with media and news content. Audiences transitioned from passive consumers, more common of the mass media era of source scarcity, to a more active role in the selection, interpretation, and production of news content. This chapter turns to news audiences in Argentina. Brazil and Colombia and analyzes data from an original online survey, looking at the reasons audiences have for deciding which news media to use and why they access digital news sites. This chapter also offers a profile of digital native and online news tied to traditional media.
The primary emphasis of this book has been on independent digital native outlets that express resistance to the dominant forms of making and distributing news in a regular basis. Instead of looking at groups that want to be digital producers “for one day” in times of insurrection or crisis, this qualitative study analysed alternative forms of online journalism that intend to provide coverage over longer time frames to understand to what extent they expand the news agenda in Brazil beyond the dominant discourses. The preceding chapters looked at independent small-scale not-for-profit outlets that reject the traditional business model of large media corporations, as well as their news agenda, with the aim of advancing democratic ideals. While alternative media studies tend to place an emphasis on the amateur actors and on the citizens’ participatory potential in times of crisis, this investigation also includes trained journalists who felt motivated to practice non-commercial journalism with the aim of consistently covering underreported topics. Consequently, by exploring far-reaching concepts of independent media production, this study’s original contribution to the field sits at the intersection of alternative media studies and journalism studies.
Partiendo del argumento que sustenta que las plataformas mediáticas generan microculturas periodísticas y que la naturaleza de los roles periodísticos es contextual, se aborda la posible existencia de un modelo periodístico de los medios
nativos digitales coherente con una cultura profesional propia. A través de un análisis de contenido de una muestra de 2.729 noticias publicadas en cuatro medios nativos digitales españoles, se mide la presencia de seis roles profesionales
(intervencionista, vigilante, leal-facilitador, servicio, info-entretenimiento y cívico), y se compara con la puesta en práctica de estos roles en noticias publicadas en prensa, radio y televisión (N = 3.362). Además, se analizan los factores que
influencian la presencia de cada rol en las noticias de los medios nativos digitales seleccionados. Los resultados muestran que los medios nativos digitales se distinguen por poner en práctica en mayor medida que otras plataformas todos
los roles periodísticos, excepto el rol cívico. Asimismo, el rol de servicio presenta niveles de presencia similares en los cuatro diarios analizados, indicando un abordaje de las audiencias más como clientes que como ciudadanos. Respecto a
los factores asociados a la presencia de cada rol, encontramos que la temática de la noticia tiene una mayor capacidad predictiva en todos los roles que otros elementos. Aunque no podemos confirmar la existencia de una microcultura periodística propia, sí encontramos algunas particularidades de los medios nativos digitales, derivadas sobre todo de la necesidad de fidelizar a sus audiencias.
This commentary surveys and analyzes the flourishing field of alternative news audiences, whose values, attitudes and practices were previously underexamined by scholarship. Rauch discusses this new research as a response to significant recent shifts in the conceptualization of both audiences and alternative news, including recognition of their hybridity as well as their negative influences on democratic discourse. She interprets these trends in light of John D.H. Downing’s prescient warnings of two decades ago regarding a slippage toward binarism, a neglect of far-right or repressive media, and a conflation of technologies, genres and formats in media user research. This article synthesizes and extends findings about the contexts and consequences of hybrid news consumption, including those related to mutually reinforcing relationships between alternative and mainstream media and those addressing their potential to provoke intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict. Rauch proposes several new directions for future research on alternative news reception, including extended comparison of national contexts and attention to audience attitudes regarding journalism reform.
Dijital teknolojilerin yükselişi, geleneksel medyanın reklam gelirlerinde yaşanan düşüşler, içeriğe para ödeme isteğinin azalması, kullanıcı profillerinin değişmesi, çevrimiçi üretim ve tüketimin artması, sosyal medya platformlarının yaygınlaşması gazeteciler için birtakım değişim ve dönüşümleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu değişim ve dönüşümler sonucunda gazeteciler yeni iş modelleri geliştirmek, yeni ürünler ortaya çıkarmak ve bunlara uygun yeni gelir modelleri oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı 2000’li yılların başından beri tartışılan ancak ülkemizde yeni yeni gündeme gelmeye başlayan Entrepreneurial Journalism/Girişimci gazetecilik konusunda betimsel/tanımsal bir çalışma yaparak kavramı Türkiye’deki örnekler üzerinden açıklamak ve örneklendirmektir. Bir diğer amacı ise Türkiye’de çeşitli platformlar üzerinden yayıncılık yapmaya başlayan bireysel yayıncıların faaliyetlerini, içerik türlerini, istihdam durumunu, gelir modellerini belirleyerek girişimci gazetecilik literatürüne katkı yapabilmektir. Girişimci gazetecilik kavramını açıklamak ve var olan ekosistemi tanımlamak için nitel araştırma yöntemlerinin desenlerinden olan durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda kavramsallaştırma yapılmış ve girişimci gazeteciliğin bireysel, kurumsal ve vakıf destekli örneklerinin haritalandırılması yapılmıştır. Bunun yanında Türkiye’de yayıncılık yapan bireysel gazetecilerin yayıncılık platformları, içerik türleri, gelir modelleri, istihdam durumları incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak girişimci gazeteciliğin Türkiye ekosisteminde bireysel yayıncıların hakimiyetinde geliştiği belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında yaygın olarak kullanılan platform ve gelir modelleri de belirlenerek uluslararası örneklerden farklılıkları da belirlenmiştir.
Informe de un seminario sobre medios nativos digitales en América Latina, organizado por el grupo de investigación Digidoc de la UPF, en el marco del proyecto de investigación doctoral Cibermedios nativos latinoamericanos como agentes de renovación del campo periodístico. El seminario, celebrado en junio de 2022, consistió en una serie de tres presentaciones continuas, realizadas por expertos, y una segunda parte de preguntas, deliberación e intercambio de experiencias entre los organizadores, los expertos y los asistentes. En la primera parte se abordan aspectos de la evolución histórica de los medios nativos, sus características distintivas y las posiciones liminales que ocupan entre los medios tradicionales y los medios alternativos. También se aborda el uso comparado de las redes sociales entre periodistas en Latinoamérica, así como los tipos de branding en redes sociales de los medios nativos. Finalmente, se presentan estudios de casos acerca de medios de Brasil, enfocados en poblaciones periféricas, con base en el trabajo participativo y colaborativo. En la segunda parte se intercambian preguntas y deliberaciones acerca de las percepciones periodísticas sobre la objetividad, los cambios en los usos de las redes sociales, el tratamiento de las emociones y la participación de las audiencias. Se incluye al final listado de referencias bibliográficas de los participantes relacionadas con medios nativos digitales.
The aim of this article is to review research in media innovation through a holistic, analytical, and concise approach. Although research in journalism innovation has experienced considerable growth in recent years, theoretical, methodological, and systematic contributions have received little and fragmented attention. Three hundred and two peer-reviewed publications, in both English and Spanish, were included in the sample. The most researched areas included diffusion theory, management, organizational culture, professional profiles, business models, genres and content, tools and technology, media labs and start-ups. Other less developed areas, such as policy, methodology, ethics, or journalism education, are also discussed. Finally, a number of proposals regarding further research on journalism innovation, considering the effect of Covid-19 on the media, are discussed.
This article charts a scholarly framework for understanding media innovation in Australia’s non-metropolitan news environments. We adopt a geo-social methodology to explore strategies for the betterment of small country newspapers and the societies they serve in the digital era. In doing so, we do not discount the importance of digitization, but contend that a narrow ‘digital first’ focus is eclipsing other important aspects of local news and generating blind spots around existing and evolving power relationships that might impede or foster innovation. We advocate for a six-dimensional approach to shaping innovation for rural news organizations – one that is relational because it foregrounds the connections between digital, social, cultural, political, economic and environmental concerns. Here, the central question is not how country newsrooms can innovate in the interests of their own viability but rather how they can build resilience and relevance in the interests of the populations and environments that sustain them.
This study uses surveys with readers of entrepreneurial news startups in seven Latin American countries to examine their motivations for donating to journalism. Using the donor–organization relationship from public relations scholarship as a framework, this study showed content, independent/objective journalism, and community were main motivating factors for donating. A lack of priority, and techno- and commercial-related concerns were reasons why readers did not donate. Professional and theoretical implications are discussed.
Since the 1990s, a number of digital news start‐ups have been launched worldwide. These digital‐born organizations have benefited from lower market‐entry barriers to technologies and tools that facilitate production and distribution. They tend to be diverse in size, focus, and in terms of their business models and are not affiliated with existing legacy news organizations (though they are increasingly recognized by their peers and users as journalistic). However, by also offering news and public affairs focused coverage, they have entered competitive markets both in terms of soliciting audience attention and revenue opportunities. As a result, they face the same challenges as legacy media. Despite their leaner organizational structure, clearer editorial focus, and an effective use of technology, many depend on limited streams of revenue, namely, advertising or investors. Consequently, the literature shows a need for digital news start‐ups to identify diverse and sustainable business models.
In recent years, journalism in Latin America has been undergoing profound transformations. Confronting the stagnation or even decline of a large part of the big media industry, hundreds of digital native publications are surging up to challenge the traditional journalism landscape of this region. From the Caribbean to Patagonia, all 20 Latin American countries are witnessing the emergence of innovative online media projects that, in some cases, have already reached a high degree of consolidation. This chapter analyzes the origins, models and challenges of this emerging Latin American journalism. Firstly, it shows the historical evolution of these digital native media outlets. Then, their current characteristics are analyzed, focusing on their innovative ways to explore sustainable business models. Finally, the challenges for the future consolidation of these emerging digital media are examined.
The causes of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) are multifactorial and include infection with both viral and bacterial pathogens. Host factors are also involved as different breeds of cattle appear to have different susceptibilities to BRDC. Infection with bovine pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV1), BVDV2 and ‘HoBi’-like viruses, is linked to the development of BRDC. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth of different bovine pestiviruses in primary testicle cell cultures obtained from taurine, indicine and mixed taurine and indicine cattle breeds. Primary cells strains, derived from testicular tissue, were generated from three animals from each breed. Bovine pestivirus strains used were from BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-2a and ‘HoBi’-like virus. Growth was compared by determining virus titers after one passage in primary cells. All tests were run in triplicate. Virus titers were determined by endpoint dilution and RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test (P˂0.05). Significant differences in virus growth did not correlate with cattle breed. However, significant differences were observed between cells derived from different individuals regardless of breed. Variation in the replication of virus in primary cell strains may reflect a genetic predisposition that favors virus replication.
The emergence of a startup culture in the field of journalism is global: since the early years of the twenty-first century, new independent journalism companies have formed around the world. Although setting up one's own journalistic practice is not particularly novel in the news industry, the last couple of years have witnessed exponential growth in the startup space. In this context we chose to look more closely at one of the more successful recent online news startups: the French site Mediapart. We were interested in the factors involved in creating and running a journalism startup, and how the professionals involved give meaning to what they do in the fast-changing journalism field. We found that, although one of the main unique selling points of the journalism professed at Mediapart is that it challenges and provides an alternative to mainstream French press, at the heart of it is a strong traditional journalism ideology. While Mediapart has in many ways challenged and inspired the ways in which other French news organizations operate, it does not challenge our understanding of journalism, but rather reinforces a traditional and homogenous definition.
Drawing on insights from field theory, this article examines journalists’ textual and discursive construction of entrepreneurial journalism from 2000 to 2014. The goal is to understand how such discursive practices contribute to the articulation and legitimation of entrepreneurial journalism as a form of cultural capital as the field's economic imperatives change. The findings suggest that “entrepreneurial journalism” is a condensational term: it is defined broadly and loosely but generally in a positive way. Despite the potential for disruption to long-standing journalistic doxa, particularly normative stances related to the separation of editorial and commercial interests, much of the examined discourse seems to reflect a belief that entrepreneurialism is not only acceptable but even vital for survival in a digital age.
Media may direct individual or society towards some ideas and actions. Technologic convergence moved broadcasting and publishing into digital media. This study analyzes design characteristics and contents of news web sites in Southern East Europe. Thus, contributions to positive and negative efforts in the context of social cohesion and separation efforts investigated. Some of analyzed features of news sites are medium profile, user profile, membership, news topics, multimedia usage, usage of social media, multi-lingual publishing/broadcasting.
As traditional news media struggle to adapt their practices to discontinuous changes resulting from technological advances, a digitally native nonprofit news model has emerged in the United States. Framed by management theories of creative destruction and disruptive innovation, this study explores how the journalists who lead these small firms view digital and social media as opportunities to revitalize public service reporting, re-create journalism practices online, and encourage consumer participation in the news-gathering process. Findings show online news entrepreneurs are strategically using their digital-first platform to focus primarily on their public service mission, engage consumers, publish information through a variety of methods and formats, collaborate with outside media, diversify revenue sources, and provide technology training to journalists and the public.
The aim of this article is to explore the use of 3 concepts of media studies—media practices, mediation, and mediatization—in order to build a conceptual framework to study social movements and the media. The article first provides a critical review of the literature about media and movements. Secondly, it offers an understanding of social movements as processes in which activists perform actions according to different temporalities and connect this understanding with the use of the 3 media related concepts mentioned above. Then, the resulting conceptual framework is applied to the Italian student movements. In the conclusion, benefits and challenges in the use of such framework are considered and lines of inquiry on current movements are suggested.
Recent moves by journalism programmes to create convergence skills curricula may fall short of helping students to land jobs after they graduate. Students face dwindling prospects of full-time work as employees of news organizations, and that raises the question of whether programmes should teach them to generate their own work. For this study, freelance journalists were surveyed on their perspectives about whether journalism programmes should deliver instruction in entrepreneurial journalism. Most respondents exemplified the shifting career patterns now evident in journalism, as just over three-fourths of them held full-time media or communication jobs prior to their self-employment. Yet, when asked if their college journalism professors had discussed the career option of freelancing or instructed them in how to earn money freelancing, most said this ‘never’ or ‘rarely’ happened. Today, most say that such instruction should occur in order to better prepare student journalists for some of the obstacles and opportunities unique to self-employment — including running their own small business. At the same time, most also ‘disagreed’ or ‘strongly disagreed’ that self-employment is a feasible path for a newly-minted college graduate. A three-pronged approach is described for adding entrepreneurial journalism to the university journalism curriculum, ranging from changed course objectives in traditional journalism skills classes, up to a full graduate programme in entrepreneurial journalism. Such instruction or an introduction to entrepreneurial journalism would serve as a counterbalance to the traditional journalism curriculum designed to meet the employee needs of media industries. Such changes are important, given that new graduates still find it difficult to secure traditional employer-based news or media work. Instead, entrepreneurial journalists are self-employed, partly or fully, and these distinctions are illustrated as a continuum ranging from part-time freelance journalists to journalists who start their own news-information outlets, employ others and are involved in the full range of business decisions.
The history of journalism in elective democracies around the world has been described as the emergence of a professional identity of journalists with claims to an exclusive role and status in society, based on and at times fiercely defended by their occupational ideology. Although the conceptualization of journalism as a professional ideology can be traced throughout the literature on journalism studies, scholars tend to take the building blocks of such an ideology more or less for granted. In this article the ideal-typical values of journalism’s ideology are operationalized and investigated in terms of how these values are challenged or changed in the context of current cultural and technological developments. It is argued that multiculturalism and multimedia are similar and poignant examples of such developments. If the professional identity of journalists can be seen as kept together by the social cement of an occupational ideology of journalism, the analysis in this article shows how journalism in the self-perceptions of journalists has come to mean much more than its modernist bias of telling people what they need to know.
The contemporary debate about "who is a journalist" is occurring in two distinct domains: law and professional ethics. Although the debate in these domains is focused on separate problems, participants treat the central question as essentially the same. This article suggests that the debates in law and professional ethics have to be resolved independently and that debate within those domains needs to be more nuanced. In law, it must vary depending on whether the context involves constitutional law, statutory law, or the distribution of informal privileges by government officials. In professional ethics, the debate should not be oriented around a single definitional threshold but should identify tiers that take account of different communicators’ unique goals, tactics, and values.
By analyzing the daily work of online journalists, this book investigates the production of online news: how it differs from traditional media production, and its consequences for the character and quality of online news. It advocates revitalization of the ethnographic methodologies of sociologists who entered newsrooms in the 1970s and 1980s, while simultaneously exploring new theoretical frameworks to better understand the evolution of online journalism and how newsrooms deal with innovation and change. This collection fills a gap in the field by offering ethnographic descriptions from sites of online news production in many countries, and provides insider perspectives on the real practices and values of new media production, documenting how these often differ from the claims of both producers and theorists.
This editorial reviews current research about media entrepreneurship and introduces the four papers published in this special issue. These papers move the emerging academic field of media entrepreneurship forward by outlining the relevance of context for enhancing our understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena, by introducing the theoretical concept of ‘entrepreneuring as emancipation’, by analyzing the institutionalization of media entrepreneurship education, and by categorizing different investment types in corporate entrepreneurship. The editorial concludes by calling for continuing efforts to theory-building to further develop the field.
People increasingly visit online news sites not directly, but by following links on social network sites. Drawing on news value theory and integrating theories about online identities and self-representation, we develop a concept of shareworthiness, with which we seek to understand how the number of shares an article receives on such sites can be predicted. Findings suggest that traditional criteria of newsworthiness indeed play a role in predicting the number of shares, and that further development of a theory of shareworthiness based on the foundations of newsworthiness can offer fruitful insights in news dissemination processes.
This study maps the emerging digital media landscape of online-native news sites in Latin America, interrogating to what extent these sites challenge mainstream, traditional journalism. Researchers identified and analyzed the region’s online-native sites, exploring their influence and “alternativeness”—in terms of ownership, funding, content, degree of activism, and organizational goals—and their “digital-ness,” in terms of the sites’ inclusion of multimedia, interactive, and participatory digital features. In general, results show that the most influential online-native sites are attempting to renovate traditional, outdated modes of journalism, serving as alternatives to mainstream media and aiming to change society, even if the sites do not necessarily self-identify as “alternative” per se. Their emphasis on using innovative, digital techniques is important for re-conceptualizing not just the role of journalism in a digital era, but also journalism’s relationship to alternative media and activism.
Journalism is undergoing a major restructuring reflecting the post-2008 economic crisis and ongoing technological innovation. Much discussion on future job creation is focused on entrepreneurial journalism. Spain is a paradigmatic example of this phenomenon. Between 2008 and 2014, some 454 news media outlets were created in Spain. Yet, the emergence of entrepreneurial journalism raises many questions and challenges that affect all areas of journalism. In this research study we are concerned with entrepreneurial journalism in education and, in particular, the views of journalism students. The aim of this article is to analyse perceptions regarding entrepreneurship held by current students, the journalists of the future. Our goal is test the knowledge journalism students have about entrepreneurship. We evaluate the willingness of journalism students to develop their own business project and the major barriers and obstacles they face. The methodology uses a quantitative approach based on surveys in Spain (N = 184). The results suggest an increase in the willingness of students to engage in entrepreneurship. However, students also have a negative and disenchanted view of journalism as they progress in their studies.
In this updated and expanded edition of the acclaimed Economics and Financing of Media Companies, leading economist and media specialist Robert G. Picard employs business concepts and analyses to explore the operations and activities of media firms and the forces and issues affecting them.Picard has added new examples and new data, and he covers such emerging areas as the economics of digital media. Using contemporary examples from American and global media companies, the book contains a wealth of information, including useful charts and tables, important for both those who work in and study media industries. It goes beyond simplistic explanations to show how various internal and external forces direct and constrain decisions in media firms and the implications of the forces on the type of media and content offered today.
Today the majority of individuals who call themselves journalists are not full-time employees of traditional news media; they work (sometimes as freelancers, sometimes without pay) as reporters, videographers and commentators on Weblogs, cable outlets and 'zines, locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. This raises the question of who, then, qualifies as a journalist. This chapter explores the ethical and legal parameters of traditional journalism as historically understood. From this background and analysis, it concludes that the best characterization of "journalist" is rooted in the performative and guided by the ethical: to be a journalist is to engage in particular activities and to perform them ethically.
This article analyzes emerging entrepreneurial practices of travel journalists in the USA as a qualitative case study of the marketization of fields of cultural production. Today, the journalistic field is undergoing a radical transformation of practice and organization collectively framed as crisis. As a result, formerly solid lines separating business and editorial departments, print and online publishing spaces, professional journalists and amateur content are blurring. Drawing on interviewing and discourse analysis, this article analyzes how travel journalists react to these changes and the threats posed to their economic subsistence by folding publications, mass-layoffs and declining pay for freelancers. Situated at the intersection of the Sociology of Culture and Economic Sociology, this research shows how new opportunity structures significantly change the meaning of journalistic practice; how travel journalists today generate income and resources through entrepreneurial practices that have been previously deemed unethical. They do so by bridging the existing boundaries to publishing, marketing and travel industry. This article argues that travel journalists instrumentalize crisis narratives to justify shifting professional ethics as means of economic production, while they simultaneously maintain an order of prestige and create closure to outside challengers based on these ethics.
Amid the current “crisis” in the business and practice of journalism, entrepreneurial journalism has been offered as a solution. While the precise set of practices that constitute entrepreneurial journalism remain unclear, such discourse promotes a notion of the enterprising individual journalist forging a career for herself through practices of self-branding and self-employment and learning to be adaptable, flexible, and self-sufficient. This essay challenges the notion of entrepreneurial journalism, arguing that it emerges at a time of institutional crisis for journalism and uncertainty for journalists, intersecting with neoliberal enterprise culture and the spread of digital technologies to promote an ideology that masks the precarious nature of contemporary media work. The article considers the work of freelance journalists in historical context and argues that the discourse of entrepreneurial journalism closes the space required to envision alternative ways to organize the production of journalism and journalistic labor.
This articles explores how factors present at the startup of online news enterprises influence their development and sustainability. Using entrepreneurship and management literature as a base, it presents and analyzes three case studies in which different arrays of organizational factors were present and how they affected the first three years of the organizations’ activities. It reveals that “formational myopia”—pre-existing expectations and organizational objectives based on the entrepreneurs’ past experiences—played important roles in their development and that the abilities of the firms to adapt their strategies and practices after establishment were crucial to their sustainability.
This article investigates a rapidly expanding branch of journalism innovation in online news media. The umbrella term computational exploration in journalism (CEJ), embraces the multifaceted development of algorithms, data, and social science methods in reporting and storytelling. CEJ typically involves the journalistic co-creation of quantitative news projects that transcend geographical, disciplinary, and linguistic boundaries. Drawing on extensive empirical data, this article provides a conceptual overview of the field by identifying three main pathways of computational exploration in journalism: the newsroom approach, the academic approach, and the entrepreneurial approach. Implications for changing journalistic practice are discussed, and the theorizing is summed up in a triplex proposition about changing mindset processes coming out of CEJ. The study indicates that the computational exploration not only leads to innovative uses of the technology, but also to innovative ways for journalists to think and behave; journalism innovation leads to innovation journalism.
Journalism and the media are in the midst of tumultuous change, driven at least in part by technological and economic uncertainty on a global scale. The thesis of this paper is that the key to the viability of news media in the digital age, as demonstrated by both long- and short-term patterns, is innovation. To insure long-term success, innovation in news media should be guided by four principles: intelligence or research, a commitment to freedom of speech, a dedication to the pursuit of truth and accuracy in reporting, and ethics. Evidence is presented that early innovation by news media leaders that adhere to the principles outlined here are finding success in both building audience and generating digital revenue.
This article is concerned with the crisis in Greek journalism and with the potential for critiques to lead to a renewal. Drawing on the pragmatic sociology of critique and using the notion of critical juncture, it argues that the role played by critiques coming from journalists themselves has been overlooked. Such critiques, emerging organically from the field, open up new opportunities and feed into practices and new journalistic initiatives. Documenting the state of journalism in Greece, the empirical part of the article traces three critiques developed by the “rank and file” of journalism: the critique of decline, which suggests the construction of a new regulatory body that will oversee journalistic practice, ethics and standards; the critique of the creative force of the crisis, which suggests that journalism adopts the logics of new media, including collaboration, sharing and witnessing; and the radical critique, which seeks to rehabilitate journalism through placing it in the midst of society and removing it from the business of selling news. The latter critique has led to the formulation of some radical new journalistic cooperative projects. While the success of these critiques, and the ideas they contain, depends on how they become articulated with broader socio-political, economic and technological developments, their formulation and circulation in the field is crucial as it helps shape post-crisis journalism from the bottom up.
This article examines the development of online newspapers in China through a ‘social environment’ framework and finds several adverse factors in policies, regulations, economic structure, business conventions and telecommunications infrastructure. Through a ‘virtual community’ framework, it analyzes the operation and content of those newspapers and finds that they are still in a primitive stage of ‘virtual communities’. The article’s contribution to the field lies not only in its exploration of what is behind the development of online newspapers in China, but also in that it has developed two conceptual frameworks that are of universal interest in the study of online publications.
Findings in recent research suggest that online journalism is much less innovative than many researchers and scholars predicted a decade ago. Research into online journalism has, however, been biased towards a focus on online news journalism, thereby neglecting the magnitude of new styles and genres that are currently emerging online. In this paper the findings of a longitudinal ethnographic case study of the development of a section for feature journalism in the Norwegian online newspaper dagbladet.no is presented. The study is framed by an understanding of innovation as a process where organizational structures and individual agency interact. The findings suggest that individual action has been downplayed in previous research as a determinant for processes of innovation in online newsrooms, and that a substantive grounded theory of innovation in online newspapers is comprised of five factors: newsroom autonomy, newsroom work culture, the role of management, the relevance of new technology and innovative individuals.
Despite a large array of work broadly concerned with the cultures of news production, studies rarely attempt to tackle journalism culture and its dimensional structure at the conceptual level. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to propose a theoretical foundation on the basis of which systematic and comparative research of journalism cultures is feasible and meaningful. By using a deductive and etic approach, the concept of journalism culture is deconstructed in terms of its constituents and principal dimensions. Based on a review of the relevant literature, the article proposes a conceptualization of journalism culture that consists of 3 essential constituents (institutional roles, epistemologies, and ethical ideologies), further divided into 7 principal dimensions: interventionism, power distance, market orientation, objectivism, empiricism, relativism, and idealism.
Journalists’ Perceptions of the Future of Journalistic Work.” Report for the Reuters Institute for the
- Robert G Picard
Freedom of the Press
- Freedom House
Latin American Internet Users
- Internet World
- Stats
Primer Estudio de Medios Digitales y Periodismo en América Latina: Iniciativas, Modelos de Negocio y Buenas Prácticas
- Jordy Meléndez Yúdico
Chasing Sustainability on the Net
- Esa Sirkkunen
- Clare Cook
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- Kristine Lu
- Jesse Holcomb
Understanding the Participatory News Consumer.” Pew Internet and American Life Project
- Kristen Purcell
- Lee Rainie
- Amy Mitchell
- Tom Rosenstiel
- Kenneth Olmstead
Future of Online News May Be ‘Hyperlocal
- John D Sutter
Ignoring Investments In Local News Startups Makes No Sense.” RJI Online
- Nikki Usher
Television, Audiences and Everyday Life
- Matt Briggs
Local Papers Shine Light in Society’s Dark Corners
- David Carr
Cibermedios latinoamericanos
- Hernández Soto
Navigating News Online: Where People Go, How They Get There and What Lures Them Away.” Pew Research Center 1-30
- Kenny Olmstead
- Amy Mitchell
- Tom Rosenstiel
Amway Journalism.” The Baffler
- Corey Pein
Media Power in Central America
- Rick Rockwell
- Noreen Janus
Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism
- Tom Rosentiel
- Amy Mitchell
- Kristen Purcell
- Lee Rainie
What Projects are Included in the SembraMedia Directory
- Sembramedia
Clickbait: The Changing Face of Online Journalism
- Ben Frampton
The Future of News is Entrepreneurial
- Jeff Jarvis
Industries in Turmoil: Driving Transformation During Periods of Disruption
- Matthew S Weber
- Peter R Monge