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Attitudes toward Official Bilingualism in Multilingual States: The Canadian Case

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Abstract

The paper is divided in three parts. In the first part, we briefly offer an overview of the Canadian linguistic regime and different demographic data that are important to understand the intent and scope of our study. In the second part, we introduce different theoretical perspectives, inspired by a vast literature on attitudes toward immigration and ethnocultural diversity, to account for attitudes toward official bilingualism. Finally, in the third section, we explore the factors that account for current attitudes toward official bilingualism.

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Ceci est le compte rendu d'une analyse de données déjà recueillies résultant d'une étude nationale sur la qualité de la vie (Quality of life study, 1977) qui compare les attitudes des Canadiens anglais et des Québécois face au multiculturalisme. Nous avons mis à l'épreuve 5 prédictions basées sur l'hypothèse de la classe ethnique; 4 se sont avérées sans fondement. La question du revenu par exemple, avail les mêmes types de rapports avec les attitudes multiculturelles chez les groupes des deux langues; et ces rapports n'étaient pas moins marqués parmi les Québécois, tel que prédit par l'hypothèse de la classe ethnique. Cependant l'attitude des Québécois a été plus négative envers les cultures minoritaires et la valeur de la contribution qu'apportent les immigrants à la société canadienne. Ils ont étéégalement plus enclins à l'idée de limiter l'immigration en général, et en particulier l'immigration des pays de langue anglaise et de l'Italie. D'autre part, les résultats ont démontré une plus grande opposition parmi les Canadiens anglophones aux immigrants venant de l'Inde, du Pakistan, et des Antilles. Nous terminons avec quelques observations sur les orientations différentielles face au multiculturalisme dans les deux communautés.
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In this article, we discuss the role of perceived competition for resources in determining negative attitudes toward immigrants and immigration in North America. We first provide background information on immigration policies and levels of immigration to Canada and the United States. Following an overview of our theoretical perspective, we then describe the research we have conducted in Canada and the United States indicating that perceived zero-sum competition between groups, whether situationally induced or a function of chronic belief in zero-sum relations among groups, is strongly implicated in negative immigration attitudes. In addition, we describe our recent attempts to improve attitudes toward immigrants and immigration through the targeting of zero-sum beliefs and through manipulations of the inclusiveness of national identity.
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The major objective of the present research is to examine the long-standing theoretical proposition that hostility and discriminatory attitudes toward out-groups are likely to rise with relative size of the out-group population. Using data from The German General Social Survey (ALLBUS, 1996) we provide, for the first time, an examination of the impact of both actual and perceived size of the foreign population on discriminatory attitudes toward foreigners. Specifically, by using a multiple-indicators analytical model, we examine the theoretical proposition that perceived threat posed by an out-group population mediates the relations between size of the out-group and exclusionary attitudes toward the out-group. The analysis does not support the theoretical expectation that actual size of the foreign population in the locale is likely to increase either perception of threat or exclusionary attitudes. Perceived size, however, is found to be associated, as expected, with perceived threat, and perceived threat is found to mediate the relations between perceived size and support for exclusionary practices against foreigners—the higher the perceived size, the more pronounced are both the threat and anti-foreigner attitudes. The findings and their significance are discussed in the light of sociological theories on the relations between minority size and discrimination.
The Evolution of Public Opinion on Official Languages in Canada Available at: http://www.ocol-­‐ clo.gc.ca/html/evolution_opinion_e Trust Beyond Borders: Immigration, the Welfare State and Identity in Modern Societies
Commissioner of Official Languages. 2006. The Evolution of Public Opinion on Official Languages in Canada. Available at: http://www.ocol-­‐ clo.gc.ca/html/evolution_opinion_e.php Crepaz, Marku M. L. 2008. Trust Beyond Borders: Immigration, the Welfare State and Identity in Modern Societies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
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  • Helaina Gaspard
Gaspard, Helaina. 2014. Two 'Official' Languages of Work: Explaining the Persistence of Inequitable Access to French as a Language of Work in the Canadian Federal Public Service. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Ottawa.
Racial Attitudes Gaspard, Helaina. 2014. Two 'Official' Languages of Work: Explaining the Persistence of Inequitable Access to French as a Language of Work in the Canadian Federal Public Service
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Gilens, Martin. 1995. " Racial Attitudes Gaspard, Helaina. 2014. Two 'Official' Languages of Work: Explaining the Persistence of Inequitable Access to French as a Language of Work in the Canadian Federal Public Service. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Ottawa.
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Kalin, Rudolf. and J.W. Berry. 1994. "Ethnic and Multicultural Attitudes." In Ethnicity and Culture in Canada: The Research Landscape, ed. Rudy Kalin and Jean Laponce. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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  • Matthew Wright
Citrin, Jack, Richard Johnston and Matthew Wright. 2012. "Do Patriotism and Multiculturalism Collide? Competing Perspectives From Canada and the United States." Canadian Journal of Political Science 45 (3): 531--52. Commissioner of Official Languages. 2006. The Evolution of Public Opinion on Official Languages in Canada. Available at: http://www.ocol--clo.gc.ca/html/evolution_opinion_e.php
Unpublished PhD DissertationGaspard, Helaina. 2014. Two 'Official' Languages of Work: Explaining the Persistence of Inequitable Access to French as a Language of Work in the Canadian Federal Public Service
  • Helaina Gaspard
Gaspard, Helaina. 2014. Two 'Official' Languages of Work: Explaining the Persistence of Inequitable Access to French as a Language of Work in the Canadian Federal Public Service. Unpublished PhD DissertationGaspard, Helaina. 2014. Two 'Official' Languages of Work: Explaining the Persistence of Inequitable Access to French as a Language of Work in the Canadian Federal Public Service. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Ottawa.
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  • Jean--François Lepage
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Lepage, Jean--François and Jean--Pierre Corbeil. 2013. The Evolution of English-French Bilingualism in Canada from 1961 to 2011. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.