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Old habits die hard: Writing the excavation and dispersal history of Nimrud
Abstract
The archaeological site of Nimrud in northern Iraq is triply famous in the history of Middle Eastern fieldwork: first as one of the places where young explorer Austen Henry Layard uncovered the physical remains of the Biblical city of ‘Nineveh’ in the 1840s; then as the setting for Max Mallowan and Agatha Christie’s large-scale project to uncover the Assyrian city of Kalhu in the 1940s and 50s; and most recently, as one of the high-profile targets of ISIS’ cultural heritage destruction in the region in early 2015.
In 2013–15 I ran an AHRC-funded research project on the history of excavations at Nimrud, the dispersal of finds from the site to museums, and the histories that have been written from that evidence for a website (http://oracc.org/nimrud). One major aim was to provide open-licensed material for re-use by museums holding Nimrud artefacts in their collections, but which do not have specialist curatorial staff to research and explain them. In writing that material it proved surprisingly hard to move away from the well-worn anecdotes of popular narratives that constructed unreliable object habits: heroic Layard’s derring-do in discovering Biblical, imperial monuments; doughty Agatha’s improvised cleaning of the Nimrud ivories with her face-cream; ISIS’s barbaric mission to destroy civilisation. In this paper, I explore the strategies we developed to write a deeper history of the site and its finds, and reflect on our relative successes and failures.
... The often strong degree of control which archaeologists have had over publicity has done much to shape how Jericho has been perceived, although at times one suspects they were limited by their own perception of public expectationsas the repetition and recirculation of certain ideas attests. The development of these kinds of 'story-telling habits' has also been noted in the development of archaeological narratives elsewhere (Robson 2017). ...
This paper will explore how public perceptions of excavations at Jericho have been created and shaped by a range of media outputs, from newspapers and magazines, to television broadcasting and the internet. These kinds of engagements between archaeologists, journalists, and the public create lasting impressions that characterise how we view Jericho and its history. Publicity can be a double-edged sword, raising interest and support, along with the burden of expectation. Since the early work by Sellin and Watzinger, excavations at Jericho have always had a high profile. This paper will investigate how the site has been presented, the role played by archaeologists in creating media impressions, and the type of themes explored and how these have changed over time, as our knowledge of the site and its history has grown. It will also consider how the tools available for visual representation of ancient Jericho have developed, and the impact of these changes on public perception. Whatever the reality about ancient Jericho, some audiences have become fixated on certain issues, which can override and undermine the stories archaeologists might like to tell about the site. In becoming iconic, Jericho has also become notorious as a site where different agendas clash, and controversy reigns. As such, it can become a useful lens for studying wider issues about the role of archaeology as an academic discipline versus archaeology as public entertainment.
... Therefore it is hardly surprising that there is relatively little evidence-based research on the curation and use of archaeological collections (Buchanan 2016b). Institutional histories of archaeological museums and collections are a partial exception to this trend but instead of examining the management and use of collections in detail, they have had a tendency to focus on broader custodial and organisational matters (e.g., Kirigin 1994;Sullivan and Childs 2003;Robson 2017). ...
The challenges related to the management of an increasing number of often poorly documented orphaned archaeological museum collections, described in literature as a ‘curation crisis’, are growing. This article proposes that writing collection-level object biographies (referring to the notion of Kopytoff) provides a means to generate useful insights into the longue durée of curatorial processes and to understand how curation crises emerge, how to avoid them, and how to manage orphaned, poorly documented and unorganised collections. The potential of using object biographies as a means to tackle the curation crisis is demonstrated through a study of the life history of the Valsgärde collection housed at Gustavianum – Uppsala University Museum relating to a well-known and often-cited archaeological site with the same name. It traces the management and use of the collection and scrutinises the causes and consequences of the problems of curating and making available archaeological collections.
This chapter explores questions of fandom, authority and renegotiations of meaning through a study of one Mesopotamian artefact: the twenty-third century BCE Copper Head of an Old Akkadian ruler, which has found a new career in the fan art of the online right. This phenomenon originates with the artefact’s use as an avatar of prominent right wing YouTuber Carl Benjamin, who posts under the username “Sargon of Akkad”, after the most famous Old Akkadian king. The association between Benjamin, “Sargon” and the Copper Head is now reflected in fan-generated imagery and in Google search algorithms. Miller considers this association in light of ongoing debates in academia about how to confront “misuses” of historical imagery. Considering the historical references in “Sargon” fan art as indicative of the digital canon of Mesopotamian art, it becomes clear that visual storytelling and modern reimaginings are influential components of public perception of the past.KeywordsFandomAuthorityAncient MesopotamiaReceptionOnline right
Ancient Seleucia-on-the-Tigris, located in modern Iraq, was a multiethnic imperial capital city in Mesopotamia. Founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the late fourth century BCE, the city was conquered by the Parthians in 141 BCE and eventually superseded by nearby Ctesiphon. An excavation sponsored by the University of Michigan, the Toledo Museum of Art, and the Cleveland Museum of Art explored the site over six seasons from 1927 to 1937. Per antiquities laws instituted under British Mandate rule, finds from the excavation were dispersed between those U.S. institutions and the Iraq Museum. This dissertation examines this excavation—and the collection and archive it produced—as a legacy collection. It probes three frames for the Seleucia excavation: the colonial context of British control of Iraq between World Wars I and II; the excavation’s approach to artifacts (consequential for object recovery and documentation); and the history of and discourse around “nonexpert” labor on the excavation in Iraq and on the collection in Detroit. These frames are prerequisites to understanding the excavated corpus—its contours and its limitations—and thus the site, and to advancing a more equitable archaeological practice. Chapter 1 offers a backdrop discussion of legacy collections and archaeological archives, with particular attention to archival practice. A description of extant archival resources offers a window into archival process and a resource for future Seleucia researchers. The context of the British Mandate in Iraq is presented in Chapter 2, which outlines intertwined political and archaeological developments in interwar Iraq. The consequences of British rule on interwar archaeology in Iraq were not limited to antiquities laws: a case study of British Royal Air Force involvement at Seleucia illustrates British colonial facilitation of foreign archaeological practice. The results from the Michigan excavation at Seleucia remain under-published and under-incorporated into knowledge about Seleucid and Parthian Mesopotamia. Partially due to ruptures of 20th century global events, this is also a consequence of excavation practices. Chapter 3 identifies a view of finds as objects—not contextualized artifacts—dually rooted in the project’s initial Biblical goals and its practice of acquiring objects under division for sponsoring institutions. The second half of the dissertation considers “nonexpert” labor as a key aspect of knowledge production about Seleucia. A review of previous scholarship on archaeological labor in the Middle East and Africa (Chapter 4) offers frameworks drawn from history/sociology of science and critical histories of archaeology. These frameworks are applied to Seleucia in Chapters 5 to 7, which examine the (in)visibility of and discourse around Iraqi excavation workers in Seleucia’s publications, archival texts, and archival photographs. Details about excavation roles and individual excavation workers are also offered from archival evidence. This discussion recognizes the decisions of individual workers, made within the excavation’s overall object orientation and recovery strategy, as shaping the extant artifactual corpus. The lens of “nonexpert” labor shifts to the U.S. in Chapter 8, which is focused on a Works Progress Administration project in Detroit, contextualized by other New Deal archaeological projects. Political necessity made the WPA lab workers highly visible, in contrast to the Iraqi workers. These newly presented histories of Iraqi and American contributors to knowledge about Seleucia offer a more robust view into the biography of the Seleucia collections at Michigan, as well as a fuller set of stakeholders.
In his examination of the excavation of ancient Assyria by Austen Henry Layard, Shawn Malley reveals how, by whom, and for what reasons the stones of Assyria were deployed during a brief but remarkably intense period of archaeological activity in the mid-nineteenth century. His book encompasses the archaeological practices and representations that originated in Layard's excavations, radiated outward by way of the British Museum and Layard's best-selling Nineveh and Its Remains (1849), and were then dispersed into the public domain of popular amusements. That the stones of Assyria resonated in debates far beyond the interests of religious and scientific groups is apparent in the prevalence of poetry, exhibitions, plays, and dioramas inspired by the excavation. Of particular note, correspondence involving high-ranking diplomatic personnel and museum officials demonstrates that the 'treasures' brought home to fill the British Museum served not only as signs of symbolic conquest, but also as covert means for extending Britain's political and economic influence in the Near East. Malley takes up issues of class and influence to show how the middle-class Layard's celebrity status both advanced and threatened aristocratic values. Tellingly, the excavations prompted disturbing questions about the perils of imperial rule that framed discussions of the social and political conditions which brought England to the brink of revolution in 1848 and resurfaced with a vengeance during the Crimean crisis. In the provocative conclusion of this meticulously documented and suggestive book, Malley points toward the striking parallels between the history of Britain's imperial investment in Mesopotamia and the contemporary geopolitical uses and abuses of Assyrian antiquity in post-invasion Iraq.
Hormuzd Rassam (1826-1910) est ne en Iraq, berceau de la civilisation assyrienne, sur laquelle il a entrepris un certain nombre de recherches. Il fut souvent controverse pour avoir omis de publier de facon correcte le resultats de ses fouilles. A la fin de sa vie, il fut neglige par les anglais dont il servit pourtant les interets. Avec cette biographie, l'auteur souhaite rendre hommage a cet homme dont les decouvertes furent capitales pour l'assyriologie.
This article analyses British policy towards Iraq during the period following the Second World War until the 1958 Iraqi revolution. Using British archival sources it demonstrates how Britain covertly tried to stem the rise of communist and nationalist anti-imperialist sentiments in Iraq through an insistence on employing ill-fitting anti-communist propaganda designed as a Cold War weapon with which to counter Soviet influence. Failing to appreciate the level of indigenous politicization, because of their own rigid ideas about the nature of the ‘Iraqi mind’, British officers were incapable of devising local responses to the growing threat of anti-imperialism, instead inadvertently handing over the initiative to Iraqi political groups to set the agenda. In this way Britain gradually lost the battle for hearts and minds in Iraq despite maintaining a huge propaganda apparatus in the country and the wider region.
This essay deals with public reaction to the colossal, winged, human-headed bull and lion sculptures unearthed by A. H. Layard from what he proclaimed as the ruins of Nineveh. The first examples arrived at the British Museum in 1850. Reproductions were on view at the Nineveh Court in the Sydenham Crystal Palace (opened 1854). The more popular of these two types—the bull—was quickly linked to the British image of John Bull, while in subsequent fantasies for children by Lewis Carroll and Edith Nesbit, the Assyrian bull became further domesticated and associated with increasingly bizarre combinations.
This paper discusses the disciplinary culture of archaeology, focusing in particular on the role of fieldwork in shaping the
sense of identity for the profession. Based on the examination of the professionalisation of Australian archaeology, it is
argued that there is a distinctive suite of attributes relating to the activity of fieldwork, which are central to the organizational
culture of the discipline. These attributes can be seen to have a gendered dimension, revealing the extent to which archaeology
is shaped by different gender regimes.
We are accustomed to thinking of science and its findings as universal. After all, one atom of carbon plus two of oxygen yields carbon dioxide in Amazonia as well as in Alaska; a scientist in Bombay can use the same materials and techniques to challenge the work of a scientist in New York; and of course the laws of gravity apply worldwide. Why, then, should the spaces where science is done matter at all? David N. Livingstone here puts that question to the test with his fascinating study of how science bears the marks of its place of production. Putting Science in Its Place establishes the fundamental importance of geography in both the generation and the consumption of scientific knowledge, using historical examples of the many places where science has been practiced. Livingstone first turns his attention to some of the specific sites where science has been madeâthe laboratory, museum, and botanical garden, to name some of the more conventional locales, but also places like the coffeehouse and cathedral, ship's deck and asylum, even the human body itself. In each case, he reveals just how the space of inquiry has conditioned the investigations carried out there. He then describes how, on a regional scale, provincial cultures have shaped scientific endeavor and how, in turn, scientific practices have been instrumental in forming local identities. Widening his inquiry, Livingstone points gently to the fundamental instability of scientific meaning, based on case studies of how scientific theories have been received in different locales. Putting Science in Its Place powerfully concludes by examining the remarkable mobility of science and the seemingly effortless way it moves around the globe. From the reception of Darwin in the land of the Maori to the giraffe that walked from Marseilles to Paris, Livingstone shows that place does matter, even in the world of science.
Pandora's Breeches: Women, Science and Power in the Enlightenment
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P. Fara, Pandora's Breeches: Women, Science and Power in the Enlightenment (London:
Pimlico, 2004); and H. Mialet, Hawking Incorporated: Stephen Hawking and the Anthropology of the Knowing Subject (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).
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R. Mairs and M. Muratov, Archaeologists, Tourists, Interpreters: Exploring Egypt and
the Near East in the Late 19th-Early 20th Centuries (London: Bloomsbury, 2015); but see also
C. Burns, review of Histories of Archaeological Practices: Reflections on Methods, Strategies,
and Social Organisation in Past Fieldwork, ed. by O. W. Jensen, Isis 106 (2015), 162-3.
The Conquest of AssyriaAssyrian Monsters and Domestic Chimeras,' Studies in English Literature 1500-1900Misfit Objects: Layard's Excavations in Ancient Mesopotamia and the Biblical Imagination in Mid-nineteenth Century Britain From Archaeology to Spectacle in Victorian Britain: the Case of Assyria
- M T Larsen
- F N Bohrer
- Visual Orientalism
- D A Culture
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- Nineveh
E.g., M. T. Larsen, The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land (London: Routledge, 1996); F. N. Bohrer, Orientalism and Visual Culture: Imagining Mesopotamia in Nineteenth-century Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); D. A. Thomas,
'Assyrian Monsters and Domestic Chimeras,' Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 48
(2008), 897-909; M. Brusius, 'Misfit Objects: Layard's Excavations in Ancient Mesopotamia
and the Biblical Imagination in Mid-nineteenth Century Britain,' Journal of Literature and
Science 5 (2012), 38-52; S. Malley, From Archaeology to Spectacle in Victorian Britain: the
Case of Assyria, 1845-1854 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012); T. Larsen, 'Nineveh,' in Cities of
God: The Bible and Archaeology in Nineteenth-Century Britain, ed. by D. Gange and
M. Ledger-Lomas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 111-35.
/great-discoveries/layard-at-nimrud.htm> [accessed 19 CWA claims to be 'Britain's most popular world archaeology magazine', which 'aims to bridge the gap between the amateur and the professional in archaeology' ('About,' in Current World Archaeology <https
'Layard at Nimrud,' Current World Archaeology 54 (27 July 2012), <http://www.worldarchaeology.com/great-discoveries/layard-at-nimrud.htm> [accessed 19 December 2016].
CWA claims to be 'Britain's most popular world archaeology magazine', which 'aims to
bridge the gap between the amateur and the professional in archaeology' ('About,' in
Current World Archaeology <https://www.world-archaeology.com/about> [accessed 19
December 2016]).
Mallowan's Memoirs (London: Collins, 1977) The Life of Max Mallowan
- A Christie
- An Autobiography
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- Agatha Christie
- H Mccall
E.g., A. Christie, An Autobiography (London: Collins, 1977), pp. 522-9; M. Mallowan, Mallowan's Memoirs (London: Collins, 1977), pp. 233-91; J. Morgan, Agatha Christie: A Biography (London: Collins, 1984), pp. 273-81; H. McCall, The Life of Max Mallowan: Archaeology
and Agatha Christie (London: British Museum Press, 2001), pp. 157-78; L. Thompson,
Agatha Christie: An English Mystery (London: Headline Review, 2009), pp. 414-20, 442
xii-xiii; in more detail, e.g., P. Sluglett, Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country (London: Tauris, 2007); D. Silverfarb, Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq
- J Franzén
For a brief chronological overview, see most conveniently C. Tripp, A History of Iraq, 3rd edn
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. xii-xiii; in more detail, e.g., P. Sluglett,
Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country (London: Tauris, 2007); D. Silverfarb, Britain's
Informal Empire in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq, 1929-41 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); J. Franzén, 'Losing Hearts and Minds in Iraq: Britain, Cold War Propaganda
and the Challenge of Communism, 1945-58,' Historical Research 83 (2010), 747-62.
They Came, They Saw, They Took: So Agatha Christie's Second Husband was an Archaeologist. Who Cares, Says Susanna Rustin
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S. Rustin, 'They Came, They Saw, They Took: So Agatha Christie's Second Husband was an
Archaeologist. Who Cares, Says Susanna Rustin', The Financial Times (24 November 2001),
9 <http://search.proquest.com/docview/249311589> [accessed 22 December 2016].
Agatha Christie (1890-1976)
- J Morgan
J. Morgan, 'Agatha Christie (1890-1976),' in Agatha Christie, pp. 32-4.
Desert Digs of a Crime Queen
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M. Roaf, 'Desert Digs of a Crime Queen,' Times Higher Education (8 March 2002) <https://
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[accessed 30 December 2016].
Photography and Filming by Agatha Christie on Excavation Sites
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C. Trümpler, '"A Dark Room has been Allotted to Me ….": Photography and Filming by
Agatha Christie on Excavation Sites,' in Agatha Christie, p. 245.
Max Mallowan (1904-78)
- H Mccall
H. McCall, 'Max Mallowan (1904-78),' in Agatha Christie, p. 52.
Imperial Splendour: Views of Kalhu in 1850
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E. Robson, 'Imperial Splendour: Views of Kalhu in 1850,' Nimrud <http://oracc.org/nimrud/
modernnimrud/onthemound/1850> [accessed 15 December 2016].
Visions of Science: Books and Readers at the Dawn of the Victorian Age
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J. Secord, Visions of Science: Books and Readers at the Dawn of the Victorian Age (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2014).
Reading Nation and Class in the First Decade of The Illustrated London News
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P. Sinnema, 'Reading Nation and Class in the First Decade of The Illustrated London News,'
Victorian Review 20 (1994), 136-52.
The Grocer's Shop on Christmas Eve
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J. Oxenford, 'The Grocer's Shop on Christmas Eve,' Supplement to The Illustrated London
News 17/461 (21 December 1850), 1-2.
Abandoned Antiquity: Views of Kalhu in 1900
- E Robson
E. Robson, 'Abandoned Antiquity: Views of Kalhu in 1900,' in Nimrud <http://oracc.org/
nimrud/modernnimrud/onthemound/1900/> [accessed 30 December 2016].
A History of Assyria and Babylonia
- R W Rogers
R. W. Rogers, A History of Assyria and Babylonia (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1900).
The first edition was reviewed positively by, e.g., I. M. Price in The Biblical World 387-90 and by M The sixth edition was greeted as disappointingly old-fashioned by
- R W Rogers
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- Assyria
- Babylonia
R. W. Rogers, A History of Assyria and Babylonia, 6th edn (New York: Abington Press, 1915).
The first edition was reviewed positively by, e.g., I. M. Price in The Biblical World 17 (1901),
387-90 and by M. Jastrow in The American Journal of Theology (1901), 763-6. The sixth
edition was greeted as disappointingly old-fashioned by, e.g., D. D. Luckenbill in The American Journal of Theology 20 (1916), 307-8; D. G. Lyon in The American Historical Review 21
(1916), 563-5; and L. Waterman in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 33 (1917), 258-9.
Remnants of Empire: Views of Kalhu in 1950
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nimrud/modernnimrud/onthemound/1950/> [accessed 30 December 2016].
The Nimrud Ivories: Forgotten Treasures
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oracc.org/nimrud/livesofobjects/ivories> [accessed 30 December 2016].
The Treasures of Assurnasirpal the Second: This Year's Discoveries in the Palace of the great Assyrian City of Nimrud,' The Illustrated London News
- Mallowan
Mallowan, 'The Treasures of Assurnasirpal the Second: This Year's Discoveries in the Palace
of the great Assyrian City of Nimrud,' The Illustrated London News (29 July 1950), 163, 1689, 172-9, 180-3.
Nimrud Resurgent? Views of Kalhu in the New Millennium
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E. Robson, 'Nimrud Resurgent? Views of Kalhu in the New Millennium,' Nimrud <http://
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Striking Gold: the Nimrud Treasure', The Illustrated London NewsAn Introduction to the Nimrud Tombs
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M. Cappori, 'Striking Gold: the Nimrud Treasure', The Illustrated London News (3 September
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The Polish Work at Nimrud: Ten years of Excavation and Study,' Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäeologie 248-73; P. Fiorina, 'Italian Excavations at Nimrud-Kalhu: Chronological and Stratigraphical Problems
- R Sobolewski
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für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäeologie 71 (1981), 248-73; P. Fiorina, 'Italian
Excavations at Nimrud-Kalhu: Chronological and Stratigraphical Problems,' in New Light,
pp. 53-6.
Islamic State Militants Bulldoze Ancient Nimrud City <http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-nimrud-idUSKBN0M2 0GZ20150306>; C. D'Agata, 'Iraqi City of Nimrud Stood for 3000 Years, until ISIS
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D. Evans and S. Hameed, 'Islamic State Militants Bulldoze Ancient Nimrud City,' Reuters
(6 March 2015) <http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-nimrud-idUSKBN0M2
0GZ20150306>; C. D'Agata, 'Iraqi City of Nimrud Stood for 3000 Years, until ISIS,' CBS
News (12 April 2015) <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/iraqi-city-of-nimrud-stood-for-3000years-until-isis/>.
Sign Me Up to Fight Islamic State's Demolition of the Past
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B. Johnson, 'Sign Me Up to Fight Islamic State's Demolition of the Past,' The Telegraph (15
March 2015) <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11473832/Signme-up-to-fight-Islamic-States-demolition-of-the-past.html>: 'bizarre Assyrian gods';
Out of Bounds: Kalhu in 2015
- E Robson
E. Robson, 'In the Headlines, Out of Bounds: Kalhu in 2015,' Nimrud <http://oracc.org/
nimrud/modernnimrud/onthemound/2015> [accessed 30 December 2016].
Timeline of Excavations at Nimrud
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E. Robson, 'Timeline of Excavations at Nimrud,' Nimrud <http://oracc.org/nimrud/
modernnimrud/onthemound/timeline> [accessed 30 December 2016].
Nimrud: Photos Show IS Destruction of Ancient Iraqi City
- S Desmond
S. Desmond, 'Iraqi Troops Recapture Nimrud, Site of Ancient Assyrian City, from Isis,' The
Guardian (13 November 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/13/iraqitroops-capture-nimrud-ancient-assyrian-city-isis>; 'Nimrud: Photos Show IS Destruction
of Ancient Iraqi City,' BBC News (15 November 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/
world/2016/nov/13/iraqi-troops-capture-nimrud-ancient-assyrian-city-isis>.
Agatha Christie had Little-known Role in Ancient Nimrud
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L. Hinnant, 'Agatha Christie had Little-known Role in Ancient Nimrud,' The Washington
Post (31 December 2016) <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/agathachristie-had-little-known-role-in-ancient-nimrud/2016/12/31/cdc49caa-cf2d-11e6-85cd-e66532e35a44_story.html>.
Personal Equations: Reflections on the History of Fieldwork, with Special Reference to Sociocultural Anthropology
- J Camerini
J. Camerini, 'Early Victorians in the Field,' in Victorian
Science in Context, ed. by B. V. Lightman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997),
pp. 354-408; more recently, e.g., H. Kuklick, 'Personal Equations: Reflections on the
History of Fieldwork, with Special Reference to Sociocultural Anthropology,' Isis 102
(2011), 1-33;
On deconstructing the image of the solitary heroic scientist
- N Heringman
N. Heringman, Sciences of Antiquity: Romantic Antiquarianism, Natural
History and Knowledge Work (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); and M. Klemun
and U. Spring, eds., Expeditions as Experiments: Practising Observation and Documentation
(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). On deconstructing the image of the solitary heroic
scientist, e.g., J. Fauvel et al., eds., Let Newton Be! (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988);
Hidden Hands: Egyptian Workforces in Petrie Excavation Archives
- S Quirke
S. Quirke, Hidden
Hands: Egyptian Workforces in Petrie Excavation Archives, 1880-1924 (London: Duckworth,
2010);
Bristol Museum and Art Gallery; the British Museum, London; the Burrell Collection, Glasgow; the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; Manchester Museum; and National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh. See R. Horry, 'Museums in the United Kingdom with Objects from Nimrud
The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; Bristol Museum and Art Gallery; the British Museum,
London; the Burrell Collection, Glasgow; the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; Manchester
Museum; and National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh. See R. Horry, 'Museums in the
United Kingdom with Objects from Nimrud,' Nimrud <http://oracc.org/nimrud/
catalogues/museumsworldwide>; 'Museums Worldwide Holding Material from Nimrud,'
Nimrud <http://oracc.org/nimrud/catalogues/museumsworldwide> [accessed 22 December
2016].
On Longworth's earlier, murky career as an agent provocateur drumming up anti-Russian sentiment amongst the Circassians of the Caucasus mountains, see P. Manning
This person, a Mr John Augustus Longworth, does not seem to have been a 'correspondent'
in the sense of a paid journalist, but a traveller and regular letter-writer to the London daily
newspapers, whose report was published on 3 March 1847. See A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Its
Remains (London: John Murray, 1849), I, p. 369. On Longworth's earlier, murky career as an
agent provocateur drumming up anti-Russian sentiment amongst the Circassians of the Caucasus mountains, see P. Manning, 'Just Like England: On the Liberal Institutions of the Circassians,' Comparative Studies in Society and History 51 (2009), 590-618. He later became the
long-serving British consul-general to Serbia: see e.g., I. D. Armour, Apple of Discord: The
'Hungarian Factor' in Austro-Serbian Relations, 1867-1881 (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2014), pp. 147-8, 224-5.
- L Thompson
- Agatha Christie
L. Thompson,
Agatha Christie: An English Mystery (London: Headline Review, 2009), pp. 414-20, 442-
- J Reade
- Nimrud
J. Reade, 'Nimrud,' in Fifty Years of Mesopotamian Discovery: the Work of the British
School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1932-1982, ed. by J. Curtis (London: The British School of
Archaeology in Iraq, 1982), pp. 99-112;
- D Oates
- J Oates
D. Oates and J. Oates, Nimrud: An Assyrian Imperial
City Revealed (London: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2001);
The British Institute for the Study of Iraq in association with the British Museum
- J E Curtis
J. E. Curtis, et al.,
eds., New Light on Nimrud (London: The British Institute for the Study of Iraq in association
with the British Museum, 2008).