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Entrepreneurial intentions from an Islamic perspective: A study of Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is part of the way of life in Islam, which has its own way of doing business as stated in the Quran and Hadith. In Islam, intention is an important factor in identifying someone's motivations and characteristics in establishing entrepreneurial activities. This study aims at providing insights on the dimension and concept of entrepreneurial intentions from an Islamic perspective on Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia. A survey is data to investigate the intentions and characteristics of Indonesian Muslim entrepreneurs, including their motivations in choosing an entrepreneurial career. Based on prior researches, entrepreneurial intentions in the perspective of Islam has sincerity and worship God (activities of spiritual, social and economic) as two primary attributes. This study confirms that all human actions, particularly regarding to entrepreneurial activity, have always begun with intents and impacts on the entrepreneurial characters of five main attributes: fathonah, amanah, siddiq, tabligh, and istiqomah, and may have been contributing to promoting a further success of Muslim entrepreneurs.
... Research by Anggadwita et al. (2017) explains that most respondents who work as entrepreneurs intend and motivate to become entrepreneurs because Allah SWT blesses them; the next intention and motivation is to worship Allah SWT to achieve personal goals. The last one is for profit. ...
... The entrepreneurial education variable based on the business history of the Prophet Muhammad has a positive effect on entrepreneurial intentions (H1 is accepted). There is an emphasis on the central values and characteristics that the Prophet applied when trading, namely Fathonah, Amanah, Siddiq, Tabligh (Anggadwita et al., 2017). The results of this study also confirmed that the variable of entrepreneurship education based on the business history of the Prophet Muhammad had a positive effect on the motivation of Generation Z Muslims to become ...
... entrepreneurs (H2 was accepted). Anggadwita et al. (2017) stated that respondents who work as entrepreneurial owners have the intention and motivation of entrepreneurship because they get the blessing of Allah SWT, the next intention and motivation are to worship Allah SWT, after that to achieve personal ambitions, and the last is to seek profit. Entrepreneurship education based on the business history of the Prophet Muhammad in this study was able to have a positive influence on entrepreneurial knowledge (H3 accepted). ...
Introduction: This study aims to examine the effect of entrepreneurship education based on the business history of the Prophet Muhammad on the intentions, motivation and knowledge of generation Z Muslims to become entrepreneurs.
Methods: The research approach used in this research is quantitative, using the PLS-SEM method as the evaluation model. Questionnaires were given to 100 respondents from East Java with Generation Z criteria and were Muslim.
Results: The results show that entrepreneurship education based on the business history of the Prophet Muhammad has a positive influence on the intentions and motivation of generation Z Muslims to become entrepreneurs. Likewise, entrepreneurial knowledge has a positive influence on the intentions and motivation of Generation Z Muslims for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial motivation variables do not positively influence intentions to become entrepreneurs.
Conclusion and suggestion: These results indicate that entrepreneurship education based on the business history of the Prophet Muhammad has very significant potential in efforts to increase the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia through increasing intention and motivation. The delivery of material can also use digital media and invite endorsers such as scholars or entrepreneurs related to Muslim entrepreneurs who apply Islamic values in their business and are widely known by Generation Z.
... The concept of entrepreneurship in Islam is based on cooperation, generosity, and benevolence. In parallel, Islam strictly prohibits any monopoly, exploitation, fraud, or usury transactions (Anggadwita et al., 2017). Due to the specific Islamic religious laws, Anggadwita et al. (2015) affirm that Moslem entrepreneurs should be different from other entrepreneurs in their motives and goals. ...
... Cultural theories focus on specific characteristics of migrants, rooted in culture, that make them more inclined towards new venture creation (Dabić et al., 2020). In this line, Anggadwita et al. (2017) consider that Islam is a religion that encourages entrepreneurial activities. They also state that intention is an important factor in identifying the characteristics and motivations of a person in establishing entrepreneurial activities. ...
... More specifically, entrepreneurship is part of Islamic culture. The concept of entrepreneurship from the perspective of Islam may have played an important role in terms of law, religious, social, and economic issues (Anggadwita et al., 2017). Indeed, women entrepreneurship research suggests that stereotype threat might affect the behaviour, values, and actions of women (Greene et al., 2013). ...
In the Arab world, families control most of the businesses located in Asia and the Middle East countries where gender gaps exist and where women have less freedom to directly influence their personal and work lives. In the host countries, formal institutions play a crucial role in affecting womens entrepreneurship. However, many informal factors, such as gender roles and stereotypes, can influence womens behaviour with respect to entrepreneurship. Therefore, this paper analyses the primary motivations of women entrepreneurs in a different cultural environment, Spain, where less than 5% of the adult female population launches businesses. Finally, it discusses how the previously mentioned stereotypes of Arab women influence their initiative in running a business in a psychologically and culturally distant country such as Spain.
... Now, there are many studies that mentioned about a growing number of researchers addressing the issue of women entrepreneurship (Henry et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2013;Yadav and Unni, 2016;Anggadwita et al., 2017a). However, there is still a lack of research about gender or more specifically in the practice of women entrepreneurship in developing counties in Asia such as Malaysia (Langowitz and Miniti, 2007;García and Welter, 2013;Jennings and Brush, 2013;Usman et al., 2015). ...
... In prior studies, many factors have been analysed as practices that contribute to women entrepreneurs' business performance and literatures reveal that those practices had positive relationship with business performance (Hassan et al., 2014;Toft-Kehler et al., 2014;Pergelova and Angulo-Ruiz, 2015;Welsh et al., 2018). The experience, engage in building relationships with customer, management skill and entrepreneurial trait to compete in the business world are an added value to the key success for women entrepreneurs (Dana, 1995;Ramadani et al., 2013;Anggadwita and Dhewanto, 2016;Anggadwita et al., 2017aAnggadwita et al., , 2017b. Moreover, the basic entrepreneurship skills and practices are expected to enhance the nation lifestyle and reduce the percentage of poverty, which is in line with the government intention (Dana, 1987).This paper also aims to expand the work of Ong et al. and establish the critical success factors of WEP to develop practices with consecutive positive relationship with business performance, which in this case refers to the six dimension of WEP (entrepreneurial traits, entrepreneurial experience, management skill, customer relation, training and education and environment). ...
... Theoretically demonstrated that entrepreneur's traits are proved to predict entrepreneurial behaviour and achieve entrepreneurial goal (McClelland, 1961;Dana, 1995). According to Anggadwita et al. (2017a), successful women entrepreneur is usually associated with some particular traits as an asset for their success in business. It is believe to affect the individual competence and business performance. ...
... The essence of ancient Indian philosophy was the intention and what was practiced by the then entrepreneurs were considering the whole world as one family, which in essence translates to self-development and overall development by helping each other in attaining their goals in a harmonious manner where customer satisfaction was considered paramount. In the case of Islam, every entrepreneur must have an intention for self-development and overall development, which is considered as the motivational factor for venturing in to any business (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017bAjuna et al, 2017;Faizal et al, 2013;Omar et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2015;Wahab et al., 2018). ...
... Indonesia is secular republic with 87.2% followers of Islam and only 1.7% followers of Hinduism, one can see the prevalence of Islamic principles being followed in Indonesian business also, which is in a way completely different from other Asian countries entrepreneurial culture, but was practiced by ancient Indian entrepreneurs. In Islam also, intention is an important factor in identifying someone's motivations and characteristics in establishing entrepreneurial activities, thus entrepreneurial intentions in the perspective of Islam has sincerity and worship God (activities of spiritual, social and economic) as two primary attributes (Anggadwita et al., 2015(Anggadwita et al., , 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017b, which was also the main cornerstones of ancient Indian entrepreneurship, good karma leads to moksha, i.e., never ever hurt others by words or deeds. This is evidenced from the famous quote of Hu Shih, former ambassador of China to USA; i.e.; "India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her boarder" (Subhash and Chen, 2012), and it is true with respect to any other country where Indian entrepreneurs engaged in trade in ancient times and the remaining evidence is visible in almost all the Asian countries. ...
... Studies carried out on entrepreneurial activities in Indonesia reveals that among the entrepreneurs who are followers of Islam strictly follows Islamic principles because all human actions, particularly regarding to entrepreneurial activity, have always begun with intents and impacts on the entrepreneurial characteristics of five main attributes, viz., fathonah (intelligent), amanah (trustworthy), siddiq (truthful), tabligh (deliver), and istiqomah (steadfastness), and many studies have revealed that strict adherence to these five attributes have been contributing to promote further success of Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017bAjuna et al., 2017;Faizal et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2015) where the focus was also given on efficiency in leadership and also on improving employee productivity apart from strictly practicing business ethics. One should be intelligent to identify the business opportunity, then follows trustworthiness while dealing with stakeholders, being truthful in all the business dealings, deliver what is being promised to the customers, and always practice steadfastness there by not permitting any deviation from the original intention. ...
... The essence of ancient Indian philosophy was the intention and what was practiced by the then entrepreneurs were considering the whole world as one family, which in essence translates to self-development and overall development by helping each other in attaining their goals in a harmonious manner where customer satisfaction was considered paramount. In the case of Islam, every entrepreneur must have an intention for self-development and overall development, which is considered as the motivational factor for venturing in to any business (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017bAjuna et al, 2017;Faizal et al, 2013;Omar et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2015;Wahab et al., 2018). ...
... Indonesia is secular republic with 87.2% followers of Islam and only 1.7% followers of Hinduism, one can see the prevalence of Islamic principles being followed in Indonesian business also, which is in a way completely different from other Asian countries entrepreneurial culture, but was practiced by ancient Indian entrepreneurs. In Islam also, intention is an important factor in identifying someone's motivations and characteristics in establishing entrepreneurial activities, thus entrepreneurial intentions in the perspective of Islam has sincerity and worship God (activities of spiritual, social and economic) as two primary attributes (Anggadwita et al., 2015(Anggadwita et al., , 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017b, which was also the main cornerstones of ancient Indian entrepreneurship, good karma leads to moksha, i.e., never ever hurt others by words or deeds. This is evidenced from the famous quote of Hu Shih, former ambassador of China to USA; i.e.; "India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her boarder" (Subhash and Chen, 2012), and it is true with respect to any other country where Indian entrepreneurs engaged in trade in ancient times and the remaining evidence is visible in almost all the Asian countries. ...
... Studies carried out on entrepreneurial activities in Indonesia reveals that among the entrepreneurs who are followers of Islam strictly follows Islamic principles because all human actions, particularly regarding to entrepreneurial activity, have always begun with intents and impacts on the entrepreneurial characteristics of five main attributes, viz., fathonah (intelligent), amanah (trustworthy), siddiq (truthful), tabligh (deliver), and istiqomah (steadfastness), and many studies have revealed that strict adherence to these five attributes have been contributing to promote further success of Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017bAjuna et al., 2017;Faizal et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2015) where the focus was also given on efficiency in leadership and also on improving employee productivity apart from strictly practicing business ethics. One should be intelligent to identify the business opportunity, then follows trustworthiness while dealing with stakeholders, being truthful in all the business dealings, deliver what is being promised to the customers, and always practice steadfastness there by not permitting any deviation from the original intention. ...
Telecommunication industry in Goa is a classic example of customer dissatisfaction with respect to the services offered by the mobile service providers having little substantive supporting evidence. This study measures the satisfaction level among the customers of North and South Goa about the quality of services offered by the mobile service providers. Study was carried out using structured questionnaires among 193 telecom customers. Results revealed that only 'income' among all other demographic variables is significant with respect to North and South Goan customers. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified seven motivational factors which influence the buying behaviour. Finally, importance-performance analysis (IPA) showed that overall dissatisfaction is high among customers which need to be rectified. Entrepreneurs from India may resort to re-learning the entrepreneurial characteristics being practiced by Indonesian entrepreneurs, namely the intention of having overall development by providing what is promised to the customers at an affordable price.
... Entrepreneurial intention is considered as the initial stage towards building a long-term commitment towards a business activity. Entrepreneurial intentions from the Islamic perspective is related to the spiritual act of devoting any action to the worship of God (Anggadwita et al., 2017). Based on the Quran, Hadith and Qias, the intention is compulsory for all practices to differentiate between acts of worship and custom procedures (Majid et al., 2018). ...
... A successful entrepreneur is usually associated with particular values that will determine their success (Anggadwita et al., 2017). For instance, Hisrich (2014) identified the values to include discipline, a desire to succeed, action-oriented, goal-oriented and having a huge spirit. ...
... For instance, Hisrich (2014) identified the values to include discipline, a desire to succeed, action-oriented, goal-oriented and having a huge spirit. Some of the values that have been identified in Muslim entrepreneurs are honesty, truth, justice, love of God as a priority, humble, avoids corruption, generosity and motivation to help others (Anggadwita et al., 2017). The Islamic values that have been identified in the interviews, which have had a significant impact on their intention and entrepreneurial behaviour are explained below: ...
Purpose
This paper aims to provide an understanding of agripreneurs motivation from the Islamic perspective. The objective of this paper is to explore the proposition that motivations to become agripreneurs is directly influenced by religious intentions and Islamic values, which would indirectly have an effect on entrepreneurial behaviour.
Design/methodology/approach
An exploratory qualitative approach was used to capture the respondents’ Islamic values and intentions, which motivate them to become agripreneurs. In-depth face-to-face interviewing technique was adopted whereby the respondents were asked to share their thoughts, views and understanding of the issues presented. A sample of five Muslim agripreneurs were interviewed for this study.
Findings
The study found that Islam plays a significant role in influencing the agripreneurs entrepreneurial motivation. Their entrepreneurial behaviour is also underpinned by some Islamic values, which have a positive impact on their mindsets and the growth of their businesses; such as having utmost faith in Allah (taqwa) and believing that Allah is the sole provider, makes them fearless in the business environment and results in a healthy competition amongst agripreneurs.
Research limitations/implications
The study has several limitations. Firstly, the study is based on a small sample of five Muslim agripreneurs who are willing to be interviewed in a specific Islamic environment such as Brunei. Thus, the findings cannot be generalised and may not be a true reflection of all Islamic countries and to Muslims residing in countries in which they are not the majority. Secondly, cultural differences within a country may influence the attitude towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship intentions. As this study focusses on Brunei, which is based on Malay Islamic Monarchy, the motivations might be different in other countries because of the cultural differences. Thirdly, agriculture types in this study are limited. Finally, the methodology is purely qualitative.
Practical implications
The findings may assist the government to devise strategies and policies to attract more youth into agriculture particularly in creating a supportive environment for the farmers.
Social implications
The findings of this paper have shown that their Islamic motivations and values result in a more socially responsible entrepreneur in shaping the economy and community at large and more importantly, it also brings them closer to Allah.
Originality/value
This paper highlights the role of Islam in influencing and motivating the respondents to become agripreneurs and persevere in the challenging business environment.
... Direct social aid has rapidly increased through a variety of direct transfer schemes and conditional transfers. With respect to entrepreneurship, government programmes have aimed to unleash the vast potential of the women in the country as they are crucial to the development of MSME (Anggadwita et al., 2017). In 2013, still, only 23% of total entrepreneurs were women, suggesting that government programmes need to be re-designed to reach the large number of women not in the labour force and/or unable to take part in economic activities. ...
... While government programmes are targeting broader women's participation in the labour market, challenges such as the labour gender gap in the market structure are counteracting government efforts, (Cameron et al., 2019). Additionally, cultural and social challenges are often obstacles for female participation in economic activities (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Dana and Dana, 2005;Mungai, 2012;Jayachandran, 2015;Ismail et al., 2018). What is more serious is the higher propensity of women to be poor or to fall into poverty compared to men. ...
... Families with female heads of household tend to experience poverty for longer durations of time (Van Edig and Schwarze, 2011). This idea is inseparable from social and cultural conditions in developing countries and the way they position women (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Mungai, 2012;Ismail et al., 2018). The role of women in public affairs is still limited. ...
Indonesia reduced its poverty rate to a historical level of below 10%. Nevertheless, nearly 20% of the population remains vulnerable to falling into poverty. This study employs the Equally Distributed Equivalent (EDE) model finding that chronic poverty accounted for 69% while transient poverty accounted for the 30% in 2010. Access to credit, education level, and poor access to health services, influences the likelihood of chronic and transient poverty. Women face higher probabilities of remaining poor (chronic) or of falling into poverty (transitory) than men, due to a lack of access to health services and education. Women in urban areas are more likely to fall into transient poverty than men. Health and education services in rural areas are more urgently needed than in cities, as poverty is more highly associated with rural areas than in urban environments. Having larger families could increase the likelihood of chronic and transient poverty.
... Direct social aid has rapidly increased through a variety of direct transfer schemes and conditional transfers. With respect to entrepreneurship, government programmes have aimed to unleash the vast potential of the women in the country as they are crucial to the development of MSME (Anggadwita et al., 2017). In 2013, still, only 23% of total entrepreneurs were women, suggesting that government programmes need to be re-designed to reach the large number of women not in the labour force and/or unable to take part in economic activities. ...
... While government programmes are targeting broader women's participation in the labour market, challenges such as the labour gender gap in the market structure are counteracting government efforts, (Cameron et al., 2019). Additionally, cultural and social challenges are often obstacles for female participation in economic activities (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Dana and Dana, 2005;Mungai, 2012;Jayachandran, 2015;Ismail et al., 2018). What is more serious is the higher propensity of women to be poor or to fall into poverty compared to men. ...
... Families with female heads of household tend to experience poverty for longer durations of time (Van Edig and Schwarze, 2011). This idea is inseparable from social and cultural conditions in developing countries and the way they position women (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Mungai, 2012;Ismail et al., 2018). The role of women in public affairs is still limited. ...
... Religion can function as a framework that makes life understandable and interpretable (Delener, 1994). Religion affects values and culture, such as attitudes toward wealth, contributions to society, family relationships and economic security, which shape various forms of entrepreneurship (Anggadwita et al., 2017b;Dana, 2009). Religions such as Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity value entrepreneurship differently (Dana, 2009). ...
... Islam is concerned with the seven aspects of human security, which include personal, environmental, community, economic, food, health and political aspects (Hasan, 2015). Additionally, Islamic law recommends that entrepreneurship practices be based on cooperation, generosity and benevolence (Anggadwita et al., 2017b;Ramadani et al., 2015). As a consequence, it is important to understand the roles of different worldviews, for example, religious values, particularly those related to entrepreneurial practices in response to ecological degradation. ...
... Arjuna, Kresna, Gadis and Larasati) demonstrate that they are influenced by Islamic values in their motivations. The universalism among the Muslim ecopreneurs is in line with previous studies (Anggadwita et al., 2017b;Dana, 2009;Ramadani et al., 2015). Islam does not promote the accumulation of individual wealth, but rather advocates to share blessings with others (Anggadwita et al., 2017b;Dana, 2009;Ramadani et al., 2015). ...
Purpose
This article explores value-based motivations to adopt ecological entrepreneurship (ecopreneurship) practices and investigates how intersections of social identities such as gender, religion and ethnicity influence these motivations.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses primary data from field observations, social media analysis and semistructured in-depth interviews with 16 owner-managers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Indonesian craft sector.
Findings
The findings show that self-enhancement, conservation and self-transcendence values motivated the entrepreneurs to adopt ecopreneurship practices. Furthermore, the intersections of identities also tended to influence the entrepreneurs' motivations to adopt ecopreneurship practices.
Research limitations/implications
The sample was limited to the Indonesian craft sector. However, the study has furthered one’s understanding of how values motivate ecopreneurship behavior. Conservation values were added to the values known to influence proenvironmental behavior. Furthermore, Schwartz's value theory, strongly associated with Western, individualistic, culture is suggested to be adapted. In Asian – collectivist – cultures, the values driving the entrepreneur are often more community-oriented than individualistic.
Practical implications
This study recommends policymakers to create more inclusive policies to foster the acceleration of sustainable development by equitably including both genders and encourages them to promote local culture, which motivates entrepreneurs in the craft sector to adopt ecopreneurship practices.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature, particularly to the fields of gender and ecopreneurship, by considering the intersections of identities of the ecopreneurs. A research agenda for ecological entrepreneurship and family business researchers is provided.
... As mentioned previously, religiosity may play a crucial role in shaping Minangkabau entrepreneurship. This is because, as suggested by [16] [17], Islam encourages entrepreneurship. Minangkabau entrepreneurship essentially is an example of a totally Muslim ethnic group that has identified Islam as a communal identity [8]). ...
... The present study also offers an idea that Minangkabau entrepreneurship, which is signified by religiosity, will affect how they see preparedness of future earthquakes and fear of failure. In addition, resiliency is seen as a continuity of religious values as Islam appreciates hard works, optimism, and, most importantly, submission to God [17]. ...
... Entrepreneurship has been identified as a key point in enhancing Indonesia's economic development [17]. Minangkabau, as a source of entrepreneurs in Indonesia, can play a crucial role in this regard. ...
... Sakai and Fauzia (2014) identified that Minangkabau people are one of the most religious Muslim communities in Indonesia. Some previous studies (e.g., Dana et al., 2020;Anggadwita et al., 2017) generally emphasised the strong support from Islamic values to entrepreneurship and innovation as Muslims are encouraged to have innovative behaviour and be generous, benevolent, and cooperative. However, there are not many studies that confirm the relationship between Minangkabau values and innovation. ...
... They are less educated with no assets, so they have more reliance on their inner group. That is why future entrepreneurs in this regard need to clearly show some expected characteristics that resemble Islamic teachings such as siddiq (truthful) and tabligh (e.g., be effective communicators) as a way to preserve networks (Anggadwita et al., 2017). ...
... They could have pragmatic principles but respect the universal values contained in religion and customs. This finding is in line with previous studies (e.g., Dana et al., 2020;Anggadwita et al., 2017) This research also found that ethnicity did not affect innovation outcomes. This means that attachment and pride towards Minangkabau culture per se does not lead respondents to a better level of innovation outcomes. ...
... Sakai and Fauzia (2014) identified that Minangkabau people are one of the most religious Muslim communities in Indonesia. Some previous studies (e.g., Dana et al., 2020;Anggadwita et al., 2017) generally emphasised the strong support from Islamic values to entrepreneurship and innovation as Muslims are encouraged to have innovative behaviour and be generous, benevolent, and cooperative. However, there are not many studies that confirm the relationship between Minangkabau values and innovation. ...
... They are less educated with no assets, so they have more reliance on their inner group. That is why future entrepreneurs in this regard need to clearly show some expected characteristics that resemble Islamic teachings such as siddiq (truthful) and tabligh (e.g., be effective communicators) as a way to preserve networks (Anggadwita et al., 2017). ...
... They could have pragmatic principles but respect the universal values contained in religion and customs. This finding is in line with previous studies (e.g., Dana et al., 2020;Anggadwita et al., 2017) This research also found that ethnicity did not affect innovation outcomes. This means that attachment and pride towards Minangkabau culture per se does not lead respondents to a better level of innovation outcomes. ...
... Saya ingin menjadi entrepreneur untuk mencapai ambisi pribadi. (Anggadwita et al., 2017) IM4 Saya menjadi entrepreneur agar bisa memperoleh keuntungan. (Anggadwita et al., 2017) Populasi dalam penelitian ini ialah seluruh mahasiswa pada Universitas berbasis Islam. ...
... (Anggadwita et al., 2017) IM4 Saya menjadi entrepreneur agar bisa memperoleh keuntungan. (Anggadwita et al., 2017) Populasi dalam penelitian ini ialah seluruh mahasiswa pada Universitas berbasis Islam. Jumlah sample yang diambil dalam penelitian ini didasarkan pada Hair, Black, Babin &Anderson (2010) yaitu jumlah sampel minimal adalah 5 kali dari jumlah item pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam kuesioner. ...
This study aims to determine the relationship between entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship intention, then between entrepreneurship education on Islamic motivation, the effect of Islamic motivation on entrepreneurship intention and the indirect effect between entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship intention through Islamic motivation. The sample of this study were students from universities with Islamic values as many as 121 respondents spread across Indonesia. Sampling by purposive sampling method. The results of this study are first, there is an influence between entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship intention, second, there is a relationship between entrepreneurship education and Islamic motivation, third, Islamic motivation has an effect on entrepreneurship intention and fourth, Islamic motivation is not able to mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship intention. The advice given especially to universities is to provide a forum for students to be able to start their business early on and increase the portion for entrepreneurial practice (not only theory) for students to further hone their skills in business.
... The family business is an economic sector that has been affected during the pandemic (Gonz alez and P erez-Uribe, 2021) and faces tremendous challenges in maintaining its business continuity. Family businesses have significantly contributed to economic growth in various countries (Dana and Ramadani, 2015;Ramadani et al., 2017a;Anggadwita et al., 2017), including Indonesia. Family businesses represent most companies and are important sources of job creation in many countries Rexhepi et al., 2017). ...
... Hamilton (2006) added that women play a decisive role in family businesses. Anggadwita et al. (2017) also revealed that women have the opportunity to succeed in family businesses. Women successors try to balance family and business and avoid conflicts between family members (Martinez Jimenez, 2009). ...
Purpose
Family businesses have contributed significantly to economic growth in various countries, including Indonesia. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reduced the world economy and caused economic shocks in various business sectors. Women successors face significant challenges in overcoming family business problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in terms of resilience, which is seen as the organization's prominent ability for sustainability in a turbulent environment. Thus, this study aims to explore women's initiatives and propose a framework for family business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to explore women's initiatives in family business resilience during the COVID-19 period. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five women's successors of family businesses in Indonesia. Triangulation was used to test data validity. Meanwhile, data analysis uses the Miles–Huberman technique: data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification.
Findings
This study found that women have the initiative to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic to develop and implement resilience in the family business. This study proposes a framework for factors that enhance family business resilience, including strategic decision-making (adaptive capacity, strategy renewal and appropriation capacity), strategic factors (successor motivation, successor competence and family support) and successor incremental program. Women have a long-term orientation toward the sustainability of their family businesses and can overcome various conflicts. The stereotypical view of women's leadership in family businesses has experienced a shift in which capability and competence are the main factors in recognizing women's leadership.
Originality/value
This study contributes to understanding women's roles in the resilience of family businesses under extreme stress during the pandemic. This study proposes a framework for family business resilience. In addition, this study adds new insights into the specific context of managing family business systems during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the resource-based view (RBV) and strategic management approach.
... To maximise the learning experience, more participatory styles of learning have been advocated. This enables entrepreneurship students to deal directly with reality by analysing then reflecting on the experience (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017b. This increases a student's ability to connect with the business community thereby enabling a better transition between student and practitioners. ...
... This means active learning strategies are likely to incorporate some degree of augmented reality to cope with the social distancing restrictions. Thus, entrepreneurship educators must learn to balance experimental-led education with current societal needs (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017b. To do this, more technology in the form of simulation games is likely to be incorporated into teaching methods. ...
... To maximise the learning experience, more participatory styles of learning have been advocated. This enables entrepreneurship students to deal directly with reality by analysing then reflecting on the experience (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017b. This increases a student's ability to connect with the business community thereby enabling a better transition between student and practitioners. ...
... This means active learning strategies are likely to incorporate some degree of augmented reality to cope with the social distancing restrictions. Thus, entrepreneurship educators must learn to balance experimental-led education with current societal needs (Anggadwita et al., 2017a(Anggadwita et al., , 2017b. To do this, more technology in the form of simulation games is likely to be incorporated into teaching methods. ...
Purpose
Covid-19 (coronavirus) has significantly affected education communities particularly in terms of the massive shift towards online learning. This has meant a quick transformation of the curriculum and learning styles to a digital platform. Despite the dramatic change, there is a lack of understanding about what this means particularly for the community of entrepreneurship educators in the higher education sector that rely on practical and immersive training for learning requirements.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper is a literature review that discusses how communities of entrepreneurship education practitioners can deal with the Covid-19 pandemic. A review of the current literature on Covid-19 and entrepreneurship education is conducted that highlights the need to incorporate a community approach. This enables a better understanding about how communities of educational stakeholders including teachers, students and institutions can facilitate a more proactive and positive attitude.
Findings
The paper finds that managing the Covid-19 crisis is difficult for entrepreneurship educations due to the need for practical and real life examples. This means the use of augmented reality and artificial intelligence is needed to simulate the real environment. This will enable a more community orientated approach to the study and practice of entrepreneurship.
Originality/value
This paper is among the first to suggest how this change has taken place and what it means for educational management, thereby providing a unique and timely commentary about how coronavirus has altered in positive and negative ways entrepreneurship education.
... 1. Planning a curriculum based on halal entrepreneurship at Nahdlatul Ulama University of Sidoarjo at the Faculty of Economics, Management Study Program is motivated by the idea that halal entrepreneurship needs to be implemented in Islamic universities to be under the Islamic faith. As stated by Anggadwita [37] and Sarker [38] that Islam has its way of doing business, as detailed in the Qur'an and Hadith. Therefore, every activity carried out must be of religious value and beneficial for themselves and the community. ...
Indonesia is well-known for having the world’s largest Muslim population. As a result, Indonesia has significant halal market potential. After forming the Institute for the Study of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics in the Indonesian Ulema Council, halal products became more widely known (LPPOM-MUI). Since then, public awareness and demand for Halal products have risen significantly, making Indonesia a lucrative market for halal businesses. In response to the rapid rise of the halal industry, a new curriculum has emerged in education to meet the difficulties of today’s industrial world. Halal entrepreneurship is a newly designed university program. This study was implemented to determine the curriculum management based on halal entrepreneurship at the Nahdlatul Ulama University of Sidoarjo. The result of this study can be reflected in the well-run and methodical planning, execution, and evaluation stages. The curriculum development team incorporates halal entrepreneurship into courses and teaches halal materials in halal food management, halal cosmetics, and halal supply chain management. At the end of each lecture, students participate in curriculum evaluation exercises used to improve the curriculum in the future.
... The are no restrictions by the Islamic religion to engage in economic activity and make money if only they comply with the Islamic principles (Pistrui & Fahed-Sreih, 2010;Ratten et al., 2017). Some even state that Islam is a religion that strongly encourages entrepreneurial activities (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Audretsch et al., 2013). While Islam is in line with the requirements of entrepreneurship, hard work, getting rich and innovating, the Islamic inheritance system can be a barrier to raising capital. ...
Objective: The aim of the study is to find out what is our state of knowledge about the importance of religion for the activity of family businesses. The literature review on the impact of four major religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and Islam on the family business development has been made. The issues as business development, resource allocations, risk taking, succession and business ethics in family business under the influence of religion have been discussed. The synthesis effect of the study is the picture of a specific research field. And, as a result of the study the important niches in our knowledge, main barriers of research development and most inspiring directions for future studies have been identified.
... The success of a Muslim entrepreneur really depends on his personal honesty in carrying out his duties and work, his ability to maintain personal honesty will build his reliability in facing challenges, and at the same time protect him from negative business practices that are contrary to Sharia Law (Zulkifli & Saripuddin, 2015), (S. Abdullah & Mikail, 2013), (Anggadwita et al., 2017). ...
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one theory that has been widely applied in various fields of behavioral research, and several studies have proven that Islamic entrepreneurs must have characteristics. This study examines the antecedent of MSME performance from the point of view of the characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurs. This research was conducted in MSMEs in Purwokerto City on the grounds that there is still a lack of application of Islamic entrepreneurial characteristics in SME activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurs (honesty, willpower, keeping promises, orderly administration, praying, paying zakat and alms, having leadership spirit) on the performance of MSMEs. The sample used was 87 Muslim MSMEs in Purwokerto. Primary data collection techniques are observation and discussion, direct observation in the field using a distributed questionnaire. The data analysis method used is Partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that the unsupported hypothesis related to the variables of willingness to work hard, keep promises, Islamic leadership and pay zakat had no effect on the performance of Muslim SMEs in Purwokerto. Meanwhile, orderly administration, honesty and prayer support the performance of Muslim SMEs in Purwokerto, thus supporting the acceptance of the hypothesis.
... Indeed the recent incidence in the North Eastern Nigeria by the "BokoHaran" is argued to represent a classical evidence of such vulnerability where youths are recruited by the elites for their selfish political and economic gains. In contrast to the above assertion, many studies have found that Islam encourages entrepreneurship activities (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Ramadani et al., 2015;Oukil, 2013). Moreover, religion has significant impact on entrepreneurial intention (Raiz et al., 2016). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between relative advantage, social influence, trust, compatibility, knowledge and adoption of Islamic banking among non-Muslim bank customers in a Muslim zone of Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach
Usable questionnaires were received from 350 participants. Structural equation modeling is used to assess the relationships between latent unobserved constructs. Composite reliability and average variance extracted were used to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. This study uses the correlational research design to test the hypotheses.
Findings
The findings indicate that relative advantage, social influence, trust and compatibility significantly influence adoption of Islamic banking among non-Muslim customers in a Muslim zone of Nigeria. However, knowledge of Islamic banking operations does not significantly influence adoption of Islamic banking.
Originality/value
The existing literature focuses on factors that influence the adoption of Islamic banking, without due emphasis on non-Muslims. The religious divides of Nigeria compel this research to determine the factors that influence the adoption of Islamic banking among non-Muslim customers. Hence, this research seeks to bridge the gap in the existing literature by embarking on an investigation using innovation diffusion theory to identify factors influencing the adoption of Islamic banking among non-Muslim customers in the Nigerian context.
... Islam as religion encourage its followers towards fair usage of resources God has gifted to them, therefore, in Islam hard work is one of the main characteristics of business owners and entrepreneurs. Researchers identified few principles for business and entrepreneurship in Islam like to earn for your family and home is part of 'Ibadah' business should be based on teaching and principles of Islam and Muhammad S.A.W. Islamic religion has given special place to entrepreneurship and business as it encourages people to become entrepreneurs, moreover, Muhammad S.A.W. himself was a merchant (Anggadwita et al., 2017a). According to Holy Qur'an and Muhammad S.A.W Hadith "by men whom neither traffic nor merchandise can divert from the remembrance of Allah, nor from regular prayer, nor from the practice of regular charity" (Qur'an,24:37) and "nine out of 10 sources of income are coming from business activities" (Salwa et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2015b). ...
... The significance of access to finance and Islamic religiosity to SMEs performance is pertinent for entrepreneurs, business owners, trade-credit suppliers, youth employment, and increased economic growth (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Dana, 2009;Ramadani et al., 2015). Islamic religiosity may be important for Muslim entrepreneurs to increase the value and traditions they have for the community by preserving the values and customs of their religion. ...
... Pembelajaran dengan pengalaman secara tidak langsung dapat memberikan kesempatan bagi siswa belajar sambil melakukan kegiatan. Sistem ini telah diikuti oleh banyak pengajar kewirausahaan yang menerapkan sistem tersebut ke dalam metode mengajar, agar pembelajaran lebih parsitipasif maka pada sesi pembelajaran, seorang pengajar memberikan kesempatan bagi siswa untuk mengeksploitasi kemampuan yang ada pada dirinya (Anggadwita, 2017). Konsep ini tidak dihilangkan, hanya diperbarui dengan sistem yang ada. ...
Covid-19 has significantly affected the education community, particularly in face-to-face learning towards online learning. This means a rapid transformation from curriculum and learning style to digital platforms. The purpose of this writing is to analyze the impact of online learning on entrepreneurial education learning conditions and analyze learning innovation and entrepreneurial education learning strategies, and analyze the application of learning methods through the Entrepreneurship Community approach before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper is a literature view that discusses how the entrepreneurial education practitioner community can deal with the Covid-19 pandemic. While the majority of school's entrepreneurial educators have taught online before, many are unfamiliar with the tools and applications of Educational technology, which demonstrate opportunities for sustainable professional development. As a result of the shift to online learning and teaching methods, digital disruption to education has accelerated. It presents a unique opportunity to incorporate more creativity and innovation into the educational experience, thus facilitating the transition to digital technology. Therefore, there is a great opportunity for entrepreneurial educators to use their existing expertise to gain new techniques that can enable a more contextual learning environment. It is hoped that the discussion given in this article can provide advice and assistance on how to foster entrepreneurial education experiences due to the Covid-19 crisis. This is the first study to investigate how school entrepreneurial educators respond to the Covid-19 pandemic that impacts entrepreneurship education.
... Theory of planned behavior by Ajzen (1991) relates to an indication of how hard a person is willing to try, plan, and engage in behavior. This intention is also an important variable in identifying a person's characteristics and motivation in establishing entrepreneurial activities (Ratten et al., 2017). Then, the giving back theory relates to the asnāf of successful entrepreneurs who will give back in the form of zakāt and infaq payments . ...
A specific study focusing on the success of asnāfentrepreneurs is currently very rarebecause zakātdistribution is still consumption dominant. The asnāfentrepreneur program is expected to be a sustainable solution for poverty alleviationand it deserves in-depth review. This study aims at buildinga conceptual model that determines the success of asnāfentrepreneurs. Literature research data were collected on publications produced between 2000 and 2020, sourced from Google Scholar, using published applications. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and bibliometric approaches were used for data analysis. The results of the study led to development of a conceptual model for determining asnāfentrepreneursuccess, which includes six variables: characteristics, competency, intention, religiosity, resources, and opportunities. Asnāfentrepreneursuccesscan be measured in four dimensions: life improvement, financial performance, non-financial performance, and maqāṣid sharī‘ah. Another important finding is thatthree theories,namely theory of planned behavior, giving back theory, and resource-based view, support the study. Two additional theories support the conceptual models, namely: human capital theory and theory of opportunity identification and development. Results of this study produced a conceptual model fordeterminingsuccess of asnafentrepreneurs.
... Islam as religion encourage its followers towards fair usage of resources God has gifted to them, therefore, in Islam hard work is one of the main characteristics of business owners and entrepreneurs. Researchers identified few principles for business and entrepreneurship in Islam like to earn for your family and home is part of 'Ibadah' business should be based on teaching and principles of Islam and Muhammad S.A.W. Islamic religion has given special place to entrepreneurship and business as it encourages people to become entrepreneurs, moreover, Muhammad S.A.W. himself was a merchant (Anggadwita et al., 2017a). According to Holy Qur'an and Muhammad S.A.W Hadith "by men whom neither traffic nor merchandise can divert from the remembrance of Allah, nor from regular prayer, nor from the practice of regular charity" (Qur'an,24:37) and "nine out of 10 sources of income are coming from business activities" (Salwa et al., 2013;Ramadani et al., 2015b). ...
... Rokhman and Ahamed (2015) explored the influences of social and psychological factors on entrepreneurial behavior among the students of Islamic College of Kudus, where it is was revealed that both social factors such as family background, education system, and social status and psychological factors like the need for achievement, the propensity to risk and locus of control are pretty prominent and significant indicators to become entrepreneurs. Anggadwita et al. (2017) gave an insight into the dimension and concept of entrepreneurial intentions from an Islamic perspective on Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia. The study confirmed that all the human activities, even the entrepreneurial activities within Islamic communities, are characterized by five attributes: Fathonah, Amanah, Siddiq, Tabligh, and Istiqomah. ...
Muslims in Nepal historically originated from the Indian subcontinent, mainly from India, and from Tibet. Kashmiri Muslim traders first arrived at Kathmandu Valley during King Ratna Malla Regime (1484-1520 AD) and then followed by Afghans, Persians, and even Arabian. Finally, the Tibetan Muslims entered Nepal after being displaced from China. The Muslims from India migrated to the Terai region of Nepal after invasion of British in India. The Muslims in Nepal are seen as highly integrated with the Hindu communities as well as the business they are doing are related to the Hindu community. The main purpose of the earlier migration of the Muslim community in Nepal was basically to establish or run a business. Hence, the paper tries to find out the impact of the socio-cultural business environment on entrepreneurial intention among the Nepalese Muslim community. The paper has taken a sample of 180 Nepalese Muslims. The paper found that the people from Nepalese Muslim community are not highly educated. The major communicating language of the community is seen as Nepali. Under socio-culture factors, the respondents stressed that education could play a vital role in enhancing their entrepreneurial quality. Similarly, parents are seen as role models among the community to embrace self-employment. Religious and social system factors are not seen as influencing factors in enhancing entrepreneurial intentions among the Nepalese Muslim community.
... They further comment that though many Islamic religious laws are devoted to women, they have not been properly supported to achieve their maximum potential due to poverty and low education levels. The findings of Anggadwita et al. (2017) are in consonance with the findings of Anggadwita et al. (2015) and the survey of 250 Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia reveals that there are five main attributes of entrepreneurial characters -fathonah, amanah, siddiq, tabligh, and istiqomah-and they contribute to promoting a further success of Muslim entrepreneurs. Soltanian et al. (2016) have attempted to study factors affecting Halal entrepreneurship among small and medium enterprise entrepreneurs. ...
The global Halal business with a cluster of 1.8 billion Muslims and
an estimated 2.2$ trillion annual spend has lately started getting mind and
literature positioning. During the previous decade, though a fairly perceptible
amount of work was done, still there is a dearth of literature on the state of
global Halal business and how it is being tapped globally. The gradual
expansion of Halal business on account of the rising customer base of Halal
products not only captivates the attention but also sets in disquietude in mind to
analyse the poorly-tapped burgeoning segments. The present study attempts to
analyse the global Halal business sector-wise with an emphasis on how much
they have been catered. The study finds that the global Halal business across
the board is unsatisfactorily-tapped. It is incumbent on multinationals to attend
to as it heralds a roaring business in no time.
... However, now business is carried out remotely, even in other countries where both buyers and sellers do not even know each other universally, but in a business sense, transactions are possible because the technology mechanism system is so easy and shopping. Again and again, Islamic law is here to create the common good for the benefit of society in doing business and get a reward in every action for achieving the ways that God has (Anggadwita et al., 2017). ...
This literature review aims to gain understanding in the form of evidence of scientific studies that explain the legal status of digital financial transactions according to the knowledge of Islamic economics. The author believes that as technological civilization advances, it also impacts economic practices from conventional to modern ways. On the other hand, Islam also has a fundamental principle regulating business economic activities based on sharia law. To obtain evidence from field studies that support the problems of this study, the search for data has involved several sources of Islamic economics literature in economics and business journals both nationally and internationally that discuss issues of electronic transactions from an Islamic perspective. Based on the results of the study and discussion, we can conclude that the effects include the legal status of digital financial transactions according to the philosophy of Islamic sharia economics as far as the practice is following fiqh, which is the basic principle of transactions in muamalah studies, along with technological advances. Thus, this finding becomes helpful input for parties, including academics, in carrying out further studies of Islamic economic law.
... Diversity in the context among countries leads to the heterogeneity of motivations pushed by the consistencies of change of institutional environment, uncertainty derived from the state within the society, including cultural settings that influence entrepreneurship and intentions (Teixeira et al., 2018). Therefore, the factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions are context-specific (Maresch et al., 2016;Lajqi and Krasniqi, 2017;Anggadwita et al., 2017), which are essential to be explored empirically. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to determine the antecedents that affect higher education students' entrepreneurial intention and awareness in two developing economies (Turkey and Poland) and one transition economy (Kosovo).
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a quantitative research approach based on a sample of 342 questionnaires. Using SPSS 23, AMOS and Process Hayes, this study tests research hypotheses using explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and mediation analysis.
Findings
The findings show that personal attitudes (PA), perceived behavioural control (PBC) and need for achievement (NFA) variables affect students' entrepreneurial intentions and alertness (EIA) in Turkey, Poland, and Kosovo. PA and PBC mediate the impact of NFA on EIA. In addition, analyses show that the country variable does not have a moderator effect on EIA, PA, NFA and PBC variables. The findings reveal that students' perceptions of EIA differ by country.
Research limitations/implications
The sample comes from a university in three countries; therefore, these results cannot be generalised to the entire population. In addition, the study was carried out with a cross-sectional study urging the need for a longitudinal analysis of the data, which may provide better results.
Practical implications
Results can benefit policymakers and higher education administrators for resource planning, organising educational curricula and strategic policy plans for building the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Originality/value
The originality of this article is that it presents a model to reveal the effect of PA, PBC and NFA variables on EIA in three different countries.
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JEC-01-2022-0005/full/html
... (Luc, 2018). According to Anggadwita et al. (2017), entrepreneurial activities initially begin with the individual's intention in running a business before achieving Al-Falah (success). The right intention will foster principled entrepreneurial characteristics and qualities in business practice; This conceptual paper asserts that religious belief leads to the noble intention of obtaining Allah's pleasure and thereby directs entrepreneurs towards excellent qualities behaviors. ...
Islam is a religion that encompasses all aspects of life. Islam suggests its followers become entrepreneurs as outlined by God in the Qur"an and Sunnah, which is the primary source in educating people to live better, particularly in practicing commercial transactions. In Islam, the intention is an essential factor in identifying someone"s motivations in establishing entrepreneurial activities, and an intention is an individual"s internal desire to predict behavior. The study aimed to evaluate the impacts of Islamic Financing, Entrepreneurial Motivation, Islamic Social Capital on Entrepreneurial behaviors with Mediating role of Nyyah/Worshipful Intention. Our data comprised of 250 Entrepreneurs in the food industry of Iran, and they were studied utilizing the structural equation modeling. The results indicate that Islamic Financing, Entrepreneurial Motivation, Islamic Social Capital promote entrepreneurial behaviors from an Islamic perspective through the mediating role of Nyyah / Worshipful Intention. So we suggested that Islamic rituals have the potential benefit of fostering the entrepreneurial outcomes considered and recommend that religious practices be encouraged in the workplace.
... In Islam, entrepreneurship is a way of life. In fact, Islam has its own way of doing business, as detailed in the Quran and Hadith (Anggadwita et al., 2017). Muslim entrepreneurs make their religion their guide in their undertakings. ...
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to examine how Halal entrepreneurs perceive success and accordingly develop a novel scale to measure Halal entrepreneurship success.
Design/methodology/approach-A sequential mixed methodology was used to develop the Halal entrepreneurship success scale (HESS). The qualitative phase began with a literature review to gain insights into (Halal) entrepreneurship success and identify gaps. Ten respondents were then interviewed to understand how they perceive success. The scale items were then generated based on insights from the literature and the interview findings. The quantitative phase was carried out in two cycles. In the first cycle, a questionnaire was developed and pilot data were collected from a representative sample of 100 respondents. In the second cycle, the revised scale was tested on 300 respondents to confirm its final items and dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in the quantitative phase.
Findings-The final HESS scale contains 24 items divided into four dimensions: Islamic success (seven items), economic success (six items), social success (five items) and environmental success (six items).
Originality/value-This scale is perhaps the first to measure entrepreneurial success in its association with religion. It is expected to be a useful contribution to entrepreneurship theory and the Halal industry. The paper presents a foundation for future works on how to define the measures of success of Halal entrepreneurs.
... The Islamic boarding school empowers students to carry out entrepreneurial activities by encouraging them to dream about becoming successful entrepreneurs. According to Anggadwita et al. (2017), entrepreneurial activities consist of important roles from religious, social and economic perspectives. The results showed that the Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School succeeded in empowering its students and the local economy of the by improving the quality of leadership and human resources and providing Islamic-based entrepreneurship education by involving students directly in entrepreneurial activities. ...
Purpose
Islamic boarding schools are education institutions that have been developing in Indonesia as places for the Indonesian people to learn and gain knowledge in the perspectives of the Islamic religion and Indonesian nationalism. This study aims to explore the potential of Islamic boarding schools as places to support and to empower the economy and to increase the participation of students in entrepreneurial activities by applying the Humane Entrepreneurship approach. This study identifies the humane entrepreneurship approach by analyzing the humane cycle and the enterprise cycle in the entrepreneurship activities occurring in a single case study of an Islamic boarding school.
Design/methodology/approach
This article used a qualitative method with a case study approach through deep exploration and observation. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with the key people in one of the Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia using a purposive sampling technique. Miles and Huberman (1984) technique was used for data analysis by grouping similar text segments into codes and categorizing them for further analysis.
Findings
The findings of this study indicate that the Islamic boarding school has implemented humane entrepreneurship through entrepreneurial-oriented activities as the main aspects of the humane cycle and the enterprise cycle. The implementation of humane entrepreneurship aims to achieve entrepreneurial growth, innovation and independence of the Islamic boarding school, as well as the development of the stakeholder's capabilities, knowledge and commitment. In addition, applying the spiritual approach, which is one of the important components of Islamic boarding schools, has proven to be effective in implementing humane entrepreneurship.
Research limitations/implications
This study has several limitations. First, this study only focused on one Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. Second, there is still very little research in the field of humane entrepreneurship, so the concept itself is still considered to be relatively new. Therefore, further direction is needed for future research regarding the exploration and identification of any other factors that might influence humane entrepreneurship.
Originality/value
This study provides new insights on the implementation of humane entrepreneurship in Islamic boarding schools. This research covers the gap where the humane entrepreneurial approach can be applied not only in large organizations, but also in religious educational institutions. The spiritual approach and religious values as the principles of Islamic boarding schools have been proven to be effective in implementing humane entrepreneurship.
... The cultural and historical factors influence the type of entrepreneurs in this archipelago country, who create wealth not merely for profit but also for personal use (Dana, 2007). As the most populous Muslim-majority country, Indonesian entrepreneurship demonstrates religious activities by promoting attitude towards status, family relationship and contribution to society (Aggadwita et al., 2017). The managements tend to avoid risktaking behaviour, which implies their financial performance (Ooi et al., 2019). ...
Purpose
This article seeks to understand the role of prosocial behaviour and moral obligation in family business to explain the indirect relationship between family business orientation and citizenship behaviour.
Design/methodology/approach
This study proposes a model to examine the role of moral obligation and prosocial behaviour in such a relationship to understand a link between family orientation and organisational citizenship behaviour. The authors provide empirical evidence to test the hypothesis by conducting an online survey of family business behaviour in the Indonesia context.
Findings
The family business orientation has a significant impact on citizenship behaviour, while prosocial behaviour and moral obligation offer an additional contribution. The results suggest that family business performance demonstrates how a family that owns the business sets the social purposes from various performance alternatives beyond profit, such as family orientation, prosocial behaviour, moral obligation and organisational citizenship behaviour.
Originality/value
This study extends the agency and stewardship theory by examining how family business performance becomes different from other firm performance where the mainstream of economic theory argues that the business attempts to maximise profit for the stakeholders. The findings suggest that incorporating the theory of social practice in family business enhances the concept of prosocial behaviour in family business value.
... Moreover, Islam is the major religion of the Hausas and many studies have found that Islam encourages entrepreneurship activities (see Anggadwita, et al., 2017). On the other hand, the Igbos believes that an entrepreneur's success is entirely dependent on personal qualities (Halliru, 2013). ...
Entrepreneurship drives every national or regional economy. Therefore, in fostering entrepreneurship need of a nation, researchers should focus on both the regional and local prospect of entrepreneurship. Although many scholars and policy makers devote their attention on the holistic entrepreneurial situation of a nation’s economy, it is equally important to predict the entrepreneurial determinants of various cultural groups. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the impacts of some factors on entrepreneurial intention of undergraduates of difference cultural groups in Nigeria. In this study, the theory of planned behaviour was used and the model was empirically tested on a sample of 200 higher institution students in Zamfara state. The finding shows that entrepreneurial intention is taken as a function of subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Equally, the paper contributes to the literature by empirically comparing the entrepreneurial intention of Hausas and Igbos, it was discovered that Igbos are more entrepreneurial than the Hausas. The result of the study has valuable implications for the policy makers and educators. Since today’s youth are the potential entrepreneurs of the future, understanding their perception about entrepreneurship based on their cultural group can be a contribution to the development of the literature and an important step in designing a more effective policy mechanism for economic growth.
... Thus, as a part of the vulnerability, they must be given social charity to survives. A social charity that is actualised through business capital assistance needs to be realised because entrepreneurship can affect the social condition through the creation of employment and a reduction in unemployment (Anggadwita et al., 2017a). Along with lifestyle and the needs of today's society, entrepreneurship has grown into a distinguished career choice among women, especially in Indonesia (Anggadwita et al., 2017b). ...
This paper explores the budgeting process of social charity and social vulnerability cases such as unemployment, illiteracy, the person with HIV/AIDS, and school dropout in Indonesia. More specifically, we view the government budgeting process of social charity in the realisation and allocation process. Employing a partial least square-path modelling (PLS-PM), our results revealed that the budgeting process of social charity had a positive correlation with the cases of social vulnerability, but the effect was weak. Besides, we reanalysed using the panel data regression-random effect model and the results confirmed that the weak effect between variables indicated was unrelated. Meanwhile, political and government interests reduce the benefits of the social charity budget in Indonesia. Finally, we conclude that political and government interests are a disturbing factor in the budgeting process of social charity, so the cases of social vulnerability become obscure. A more detailed explanation is in the discussion section.
... Over the years, numerous studies have attempted to pinpoint the factors which inform an individual's EI. While the effect of the entrepreneur's characteristics (personal factors) and their societal environment (social factors) on their EI has been robustly tested in prior scholarship, studies examining this relationship in emerging economies have only recently started to emerge (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Lacap et al., 2018). More pressing however, is a lack of scholarship examining the link between EE and EI in the developing countries context. ...
... The roots of Chinese entrepreneurship come from the Confucianism faith. Religion may have been affecting the entrepreneurial activities such as administrative style, decision making and networking (Anggadwita et al., 2017;Dana, 2010Dana, , 2009) but Islām has a set of complete code of entrepreneurship that will guide entrepreneurs to success. ...
The main objective of this study is to provide a framework of Islāmic entrepreneurship for Pakistani SMEs to address their issues within a knowledge-based economy perspective. The paper reviews contemporary literature and the Holy Qurʾān verses, the Prophet Muhammad's (ṣal-Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam) Hadīth (sayings) and Sunnah (practice) on Islāmic
... Theologically, trade and business are considered as one of the Sunnah, i.e. core tradition and practice under the Islamic philosophy Khan and Dad, 2014). Some scholars have observed that Muslim entrepreneurship can be characterized by the presence of five major entrepreneurial characteristics, namely, Fathonah, Amanah, Siddiq, Tabligh and Istiqomah (Anggadwita et al., 2017). A contemporary understanding of Fathonah refers to the intelligent and tactical approach to trade. ...
Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to two folded. First, it proposes a definition of Muslim entrepreneurship, and second, it synthesizes existing literature on Muslim
entrepreneurship published in the last one decade.
Methodology: A systematic literature review (SLR) technique has been used to identify and analyse the literature for a period between 2009 and 2019.
Findings: Results of the study suggests that there is a dearth of literature conceptualizing and operationalizing the concept of Muslim entrepreneurship in the management literature. Further, studies examining the factors which affect Muslim entrepreneurship practices are limited.
Limitations: The study has analysed only peer-reviewed articles from management literature.
Originality: A synthesis of the literature on Islamic entrepreneurship is missing. Also,
literature proposing a comprehensive definition of the concept and summarizing the factors which affect Muslim entrepreneurship practices are absent.
... To explain the implementation of symbiosis cluster for creative industries in this article will take a case of fashion cluster in Bandung. Based on a study of Anggadwita et al. (2017b), entrepreneurs in Indonesia are involved in various business sectors, with the majority being in the culinary and fashion sector. The fashion sector is one of the leading sectors in the Indonesian creative industry that gets serious attention from the government, so this research focuses on the fashion industry in Bandung as one of the creative cities in Indonesia. ...
... There was no effect of ethnicity on EI according to the results of Kruskal Wallis H test (p>0.01). However, the previous studies have explained that there is an influence of different ideas of the Islamic religion on EI. "Entrepreneurship is part of the way of life in Islam, which has its own way of doing business as stated in the Quran and Hadith" (Anggadwita, et, al.) [34]. Muslim community should undertake entrepreneurial activities by their own choice and according to their own initiative contributing to develop their national economy Faizal, Ridhwan, and Kalsom [35]. ...
Aims: The scientific literature on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) among agricultural university students in Sri Lanka is meager. Therefore, the focus of this study was to evaluate the EI and to understand what factors affect on EI of the final year undergraduate students of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Study Design: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. A stratified simple random sample of 100 final year undergraduates that represented 50% of each of the three-degree programs of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya was selected for the study. The primary data was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire.
Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka from October 2018 to February 2019.
Methodology: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to measure EI. Thus, it examined the influence of personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control factors on EI. Short-term risk-taking, perceived structural support, and social capital on business start-up were examined as additional variables to the theory.
Results: The results revealed that each of the TPB variables significantly (P = 0.05) affect on EI, with an overall R2 = 0.606. Attitudes were the strongest predictor of EI, followed by subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. However, the overall level of EI of the students was neutral. Awareness programmes, financial support, introducing and updating the entrepreneurial subjects were some major suggestions of the respondents to improve entrepreneurship among the students.
Conclusion: Attitudes toward entrepreneurship is the strongest predictor of EI. However, the overall EI of the students was neutral. Improving individual attitudes through motivational programmes, providing an approving nature of the staff towards entrepreneurship (subjective norms), mechanisms to develop entrepreneurial capabilities among students and linking entrepreneurship to the present curriculum, would be important to improve the EI of the students leading to greater entrepreneurship.
Keywords:
Entrepreneurial intention, theory of planned behavior, undergraduates, faculty of agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
... In today's era establishing a venture requires a variety of challenges for women entrepreneurs and to explore those challenges that female entrepreneurs encounter is an obstacle to female entrepreneurs such as scarcity of infrastructural facility, gender discrimination, education, attitude, finance, skills and training (Chinomona and Maziriri 2015). Similarly, the characteristics of entrepreneurs are based on the performance to achieve the set targets through their efforts, which can be measured by business growth and survival over the time (Anggadwita et al. 2017). There is another common misperception that women run their business same as the men, however, the results show that the women are more risk aversive as compere to men counterpart (Valla 2001). ...
Encouraging women as entrepreneurs in the recent scenario are the government initiative over the globe. Some women started these small enterprises to support their living and their families, however, the commitments are minor and significant numbers of projects are probably not increasing in the long run. Thus, the current study aims to explore the factors contributing in motive behind female entrepreneurship to participate in the economic development as an effective entrepreneur by leading a successful business based on their specifics characteristics. Using factor analysis with the data of 80 female entrepreneurs, the study concluded that there are nine indicators that contribute significantly to become a successful entrepreneur. Therefore, the current study suggests that there must be a ceaseless effort to move, stimulate and coordinate with women entrepreneur while developing the policies to promote women in business meanwhile, women itself need to attempt and update themselves inside the changing over occasions by methods for adjusting the pristine time benefits. Women ought to be taught and talented persistently to assemble the capacities and information in the greater part of the viable districts of business administration. This will encourage women to exceed expectations in choice-making process and expand a decent business.
... Islam has taught humans to conduct commerce in ways that are under Islamic law rather than in vanity or tyrannical manner in others (QS. Al-Nisa [4]: 29). The elements of Islamic spiritual intelligence can be a potential for every individual to support his life, one of which is for business activities. ...
This research investigates the characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurship and the success of SMEs in Pakistan. The variable characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurship are identified in the form of honesty, willingness to work hard, keep promises, orderly administration, always pray, pay zakat and alms, and have a leadership spirit. The population in this study was 50 SMEs in South Punjab Pakistan in the Halal industry. The data collected through the questionnaire and analysed using SPSS. The results showed that the characteristics of the variables of Islamic entrepreneurship together significantly influenced the success of SME businesses. Partially, the variables of honesty, willingness to work hard, keep promises, orderly administration, always praying, paying zakat and alms have no significant effect on business success, while the leadership variable partially significantly influences business success. This finding implies that in an Islamic perspective for business success, business actors must have good leadership.
... This was confirmed in a qualitative study on entrepreneurship in technology [30]. Therefore, our first hypothesis is based on the above thought: H1: Entrepreneurial performance positively predicts the intention to develop entrepreneurship Islam is known to have an influence on entrepreneurial practices for its adherents [40]. Islamic values are the application of Islamic teachings to the practice of doing business [41]. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Islamic values and Islamic work ethics on performance and its effect on intention to growing business. For this purpose, the research was carried out on 54 entrepreneurs from Nahdliyin Entrepreneurs Association, Indonesia. Multiple regression and correlation is used to test research hypotheses. According to research findings, it was found that Islamic values and work ethics had positive effect on entrepreneurial performance whereas business performace affected growth intention. When we analyzed the effects of Islamic values and Islamic work ethics on intention to growing business, it was found that performance has partial mediatory role for the relationship between Islamic work ethics and growth intention. Islamic values and and Islamic work ethics allows the employee to work safely, ethically, and positively. Through the entrepreneurial performance, the growth intention of the entrepreneur increase.
... Due to the fact that official data regarding women entrepreneurs are lacking, genderbased analysis will rely on data provided by surveys implemented by local or international organizations (Anggadwita et al. 2017;Fang et al. 2019;. It is the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) that brings a very relevant database on women entrepreneurs from various countries. ...
This book explores the historical, current and future prospects of women’s entrepreneurial activities in the former Yugoslavia, a region that is currently in a process of transition from socialism to a free-market economy. Each chapter presents the past, present and future of female entrepreneurship for each individual country. Some of the questions that the book answers include: Have women been historically and culturally ignored, marginalized, or systematically forbidden to run their own businesses? What are the status quo and future prospects for this group? And, is the investment climate conducive to women-owned businesses?
The book provides an extensive overview of female entrepreneurship, its promotion and development, the role of the state, and other key factors that shape the female entrepreneurship ecosystem. Readers will gain an overall perspective on the essential issues and challenges to women’s entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial initiatives and innovation, policy structures and institutional support to female entrepreneurship in the region.
... Due to the fact that official data regarding women entrepreneurs are lacking, genderbased analysis will rely on data provided by surveys implemented by local or international organizations (Anggadwita et al. 2017;Fang et al. 2019;. It is the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) that brings a very relevant database on women entrepreneurs from various countries. ...
A vast of literature on entrepreneurship has been published in the recent period. However, the topic is relatively not new. Therefore, this introductory chapter explores the role and importance of entrepreneurship from a historical and contemporary perspective. Furthermore, we discuss the role of gender when it comes to entrepreneurship. Besides, we provide a discourse when it comes to the role of women in the former Yugoslavian society which was a key determinant of later women entrepreneurship movement. Finally, we emphasize the importance of this topic for former Yugoslavian states.
Limited research exists regarding the impact of religion and religiosity on consumer behavior, particularly in the context of a desecularizing society. In this paper, we examine the factors that impact consumer intention to purchase religious products in North Macedonia. Using survey methodology and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we find that each of the construct items from the Theory of Planned Behavior have a significant impact on consumer purchase intentions for the full sample, but that Christians and Muslims take different factors into account when forming purchase intentions. Further, we find that religiosity does not impact the intention of consumers to purchase religious products. The findings enhance our understanding of consumer buying behavior and the extent to which religion and religiosity impact the intention to purchase religious products. We also contribute to the existing theories on the impact of social norms and religiosity on consumer purchase intention for religious products, in desecularizing heterogenous societies.
This research focuses on examining the impacts of the West Sumatra 2009 earthquake and the people’s preparedness for a megathrust earthquake and its subsequent impact on Minangkabau entrepreneurship. West Sumatra, a land of Minangkabau, has been regarded as a source of entrepreneurship in Indonesia. However, recent research has found that there has been a diminishing level of entrepreneurship in Minangkabau entrepreneurs. The 2019 earthquake in West Sumatra caused damages that physically and mentally affected many business owners. The question is how they recover from this extreme event and how they see themselves preparing for future earthquakes, especially megathrust earthquakes that have become constant threats for the people of West Sumatra. In addition, fear of failure as a result of their experiences in dealing with earthquakes may also play a greater role in Minangkabau entrepreneurship at the moment. In relation to above-mentioned fact, this study uses the concepts of SME performance and earthquake-related concepts as ways of evaluating Minangkabau entrepreneurship. The present study specifically also includes religiosity, as this was found to be highly influential for sociocultural values in Minangkabau. The present study uses a quantitative approach by surveying 120 small business owners in Padang, who experienced an earthquake’s impact on their business in 2009. PLS, SmartPLS 4.0, was used to examine the structural model. It was found that highly impacted SMEs are not necessarily better prepared for future disasters, including possible megathrust earthquakes. In addition, better prepared SMEs indicated a higher level of fear of failure which, in turn, will reduce SME performance.
Veland Ramadani is a Professor of Entrepreneurship and Family Business at Faculty of Business and Economics, South East European University, North Macedonia. His research interests include entrepreneurship, small business management and family businesses. He authored or co-authored more than hundred research articles, twelve textbooks and twenty edited books. He has published in Journal of Business Research, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, among others. He has received the Award for Excellence 2016 - Outstanding Paper by Emerald Group Publishing. In 2017, he was appointed as a member of Supervisory Board of Development Bank of North Macedonia, where for ten months served as an acting Chief Operating Officer (COO) as well.
The lack of trust in e-commerce that was perceived by Muslim e-commerce consumers in Jakarta, Indonesia which drives this research. A survey was distributed to people of Jakarta and the sample 302 respondents were Muslim e-commerce consumers and productive age of 15-64. Quantitative analysis tool was used Structural equation modelling (SEM) Analysis of moment structures (AMOS) to compile the research. The finding of this paper is the influence of the attributes (siddiq, amanah, fathonah, istiqomah and tabligh) of Prophet Muhammad PBUH on trust and there was no influence trust on participation. The security and privacy of consumers were the issues cause e-commerce purchase participation. Its necessary to develop and innovate technology regarding security and privacy so that the convenience of e-commerce shopping and transactions can be perceived. The attributes are applied in accordance with the main priorities, fathonah, siddiq, istiqomah, tabligh and amanah, the attributes of Prophet Muhammad PBUH in the strategy of developing business e-commerce, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as an alternative in trading way.
This chapter provides insights into women entrepreneurship in the Republic of North Macedonia. The chapter begins with an overview of North Macedonia and then presents an evidence-based current state of women entrepreneurship. The chapter continues with government and other policies, initiatives, and activities for facilitating women entrepreneurship. In the end, an outlook toward the development of women entrepreneurship in the future is presented.
This paper is about women entrepreneurs in Macedonia, conditions for female entrepreneurship, perspectives for development and an array of problems that women entrepreneurs are facing. In order to gain a better picture of current motives, problems and perspectives of Macedonian women in entrepreneurship, a survey was conducted during the period of December 2011 – March 2012, to complement secondary sources. Respondents were asked about motives for starting a business, the size of the business they run, revenues, their family status, management problems, and necessary capabilities as perceived by them. We used Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports to compare the indicators of entrepreneurial activity between Republic of Macedonia and other countries in the region.
Entrepreneurship is a part of Islamic economics and businesses. Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity beyond resources controlled. Prophet Muhammad SAW and his companions are examples of this. There are a lot of Muslims that are successful entrepreneurs in the world and Islam always invites all Muslims to be an innovative and active entrepreneurs. Unfortunately, Muslims have lost their confidence, their characters and souls through the time. This research aims to analyse the characteristic of entrepreneurs from al-Quran and al-Sunah. This research also concludes that Islam is not opposite with entrepreneurship. Islam warmly invites all Muslims to be entrepreneurs in their life by given the rules that should be followed by all Muslims which are derive from al-Quran and al-Hadis.
Female entrepreneurship is a growing trend in transition economies. This article focuses on female entrepreneurs in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo (hereinafter ALMAKOS) and provides an understanding of current motives, problems and perspectives of female entrepreneurs in this region. Surveys were conducted during the period of January-March 2014 (Macedonia) and May-June 2014 (Albania and Kosovo), to complement secondary sources. The results are reported in terms of the female entrepreneur's personal characteristics, motives for starting a business, the characteristics of their business and operations, the size of the business they run, revenues, their family status, management problems in starting or maintaining their businesses and their self-perceived required competences.
Women have an important role in promoting economic growth of a country. In Islam, women are privileged and honored figure. So that, many Islamic religious laws which are devoted to women. Indonesia is one country with the largest number of Moslems in the world. In Indonesia, woman is one of the great powers, which the Indonesian population of around 250 million people, half of whom are women. However, women in Indonesia have not been utilized to the maximum due to poverty and low education levels. So that, women entrepreneurship are considered able to make changes in social values and economics. This study aims to provide an overview of the concepts and dimensions of entrepreneurial women in the Islamic perspective, both as a social and spiritual religion in Indonesia. This study looked at entrepreneurship in the Islamic perspective as a business organization that aims to generate economic and social value. The success of the business in Islam depends on a combination of ethics, social, environmental and economic accordance with Islamic religious law. To get a better picture, a survey was conducted on 150 Moslem women entrepreneurs in Indonesia as secondary data to find and define the problems and barriers faced by Moslem women entrepreneurs, as well as their motivation to choose a career of entrepreneurship. This study will provide the conceptual framework of the women entrepreneurship in the Islamic perspective, especially in Indonesia.
Islamic entrepreneurship and business is a topic area of business management study due to the increasingly dynamic international business environment in which culture and religion are important to developing business relationships. The main objective of this paper is to see the approach of Islam as a religion towards entrepreneurship and business. Utilising recent and relevant literature on the topic, this paper is based on the Holy Qur'an verses and the Muhammad's (S.A.W) Hadith (teachings and traditions). In this paper the themes focused on include thee taqwa, halal and haram; knowledge and entrepreneurs; innovativeness and risk-taking, proper usage of resources, financing and Islamic perspectives on ethics and social responsibility. At the end of the paper we provide recommendations for further research and suggestions for how emerging interest in this topic area of business management study might be addressed. We also highlight how the context of Islamic business is an important driver of entrepreneurial activity.
The objective of this paper is to provide a picture of the characteristics of Albanian entrepreneurs and their enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia. According to State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia (2005), based on the data from the last census of population, households and dwellings in 2002, the Republic of Macedonia had 2,022,547 inhabitants of whom Albanians were 509,083 (25.2%). Since Albanians represent the greatest minority in the Republic of Macedonia, we were interested to analyse businesses that are operated and managed by them. We conducted empirical research during the period April-June 2013 of 89 businesses, owned by Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia. We analysed the motives for starting and managing one's own business, problems of these businesses, success factors, forms of organisation, sources of financing, ethics and social responsibility of Albanian entrepreneurs, e-commerce challenges and characteristics, etc.
Innovation is essential for sustainable growth and development, and it is one of the key European Union (EU) strategies. The Programme for Competition and Innovation of the EU is especially important for the economic revival and small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development in transition countries. There are several core conditions which enable innovation and encourage economic growth and development. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) the most important are: strong standards and effective enforcement of intellectual property protection; dynamic competition and contestable markets; a strong and sustainable fundamental research and development infrastructure; encouraging information and communications technology developments and a strong emphasis on education at all levels. The current paper examines the most critical and interlinked conditions in the context of the FYR of Macedonia.
This paper is about women entrepreneurs in Macedonia, conditions for female entrepreneurship, perspectives for development and an array of problems that women entrepreneurs are facing. In order to gain a better picture of current motives, problems and perspectives of Macedonian women in entrepreneurship, a survey was conducted during the period of December 2011-March 2012, to complement secondary sources. Respondents were asked about motives for starting a business, the size of the business they run, revenues, their family status, management problems, and necessary capabilities as perceived by them. We used Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports to compare the indicators of entrepreneurial activity between Republic of Macedonia and other countries in the region.
This study investigates the role of organizational commitment as a mediator between the Islamic work ethic (IWE) and attitudes toward organizational change. The study uses a sample of 474 employees from 30 organizations in five districts in the United Arab Emirates. The results of path analysis indicate that the IWE directly and positively influences various dimensions of both attitudes toward organizational change and organizational commitment. Furthermore, affective commitment mediates the influences of the IWE on both affective and behavioral tendency dimensions of attitudes toward organizational change. On the other hand, continuance and normative commitments mediate the influences of the IWE on cognitive dimension of attitudes toward change, while continuance commitment mediates the influences of the IWE on the behavioral tendency dimension of attitudes toward change. Implications, limitations and lines of future research are discussed.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a normative perspective of employment relations in Islam.
Design/methodology/approach
– The perspective on employment relations offered in this paper is based on a reading of the principal Islamic texts (the Qur'an and the hadith) and a review of the literature on Islamic economics.
Findings
– Despite varied interpretations and practices of the economic system in Islam, it is possible to identify a common emphasis on ethical conduct of employers and employees and social justice in Islamic ideology.
Originality/value
– Given the paucity of research on employment relations in Islam, the paper offers an original perspective on this topic.
Despite the widespread development of entrepreneurship education initiatives in the last decades, a consensus definition about it has not been reached. As a consequence, there is also a lack of consistent classifications of educational activities. In this paper, our main objective is to develop a view of entrepreneurship education based on entrepreneurial intention models. Given the wide variety of this kind of training programmes being implemented, and their different effects on participants, it is also important for the proposed definition to allow the establishing of a useful classification. Finally, a preliminary test has been carried out, both on the validity of intention models and on the subsequent derived classification. Empirical results tend to validate the theoretical approach adopted.
Religions are depositories of values. Reviewing literature from the past century, this article argues that there is considerable empirical support for the thesis that religion and related beliefs influence values and thus shape entrepreneurship. This article shows that: (1) various religions value entrepreneurship to different degrees; (2) different religions yield dissimilar patterns of entrepreneurship; (3) specialization along religious lines shapes entrepreneurship; (4) credit networks, employment networks, information networks and supply networks of co-religionists affect entrepreneurship; (5) religions provide opportunities for entrepreneurship; (6) religious beliefs may also hamper entrepreneurial spirit; and (7) religions have built-in mechanisms for the perpetuation of values. Regardless of whether a person is religious, he or she is influenced by the values propagated by religion.
Tests Shapero's intentions-based model of new venture initiation. This model assumes that the intent to start a new business is the result of perceived desirability, feasibility, and the individual's propensity to act upon opportunities. Entrepreneurial intention is defined as the commitment to starting a new business. An understanding of these intentions is important as it helps to identify key characteristics for new firms. The decision to start a new business requires the perception that starting a new business is credible and some type of precipitating event. Data used in the analysis were collected from 126 upper-division university business students – 75 males and 51 females. The data itself show perception measures and propensity to act have a significant correlation with entrepreneurial intentions. Breadth of experience has a strong correlation to perceived feasibility while positiveness of experience is strongly correlated with perceived desirability. Results demonstrate support for Shapero's model and further indicate that measures of prior entrepreneurial exposure can be added. Implications of this analysis for researchers, training entrepreneurs, and practitioners are discussed. (SRD)
Cognitive developmental psychology and constructivism offer possibilities for the future of entrepreneurial cognition research to explore: (1) deeply seated beliefs and belief structures that ultimately anchor entrepreneurial thinking and (2) how they change as entrepreneurs move toward a more professional, expert mind-set. Such insights aid the field in identifying those developmental experiences that are the sources of those critical deep beliefs intrinsic to our mental models regarding entrepreneurship. As a field, entrepreneurship is lauded for the effectiveness of its teaching, and this essay offers strong theory to explain that our pedagogical best practices reflect important, well-known cognitive phenomena.
The author reflects on the development of the meaning of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is the process of doing something different and new to develop wealth for individual and adding value of the society. He emphasizes that the domain of the entrepreneurship is not only limited to business arena. He adds that its spectrum has also covered the scope of activities of several institutions and organizations.
Entrepreneurship is in fact a part of Islamic culture and Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him, PBUH) and his companions are examples of this," there are a lot of Muslims that are successful entrepreneurs in the world and Islam always invite all Muslims to be innovative, entrepreneur and active but unfortunately however, through time Muslims have lost their confidence . This paper aims to explore the Islamic Entrepreneurship notion in detailed. And concludes that not only Islam is not opposite with entrepreneurship but also warmly invites all Muslims to be entrepreneurs in their life
Although culture and subcultural norms have been subjected to increased scrutiny in recent years as explanatory constructs for various dimensions of consumer behavior, religion as an element of culture has received only slight attention in the marketing literature. This study seeks to examine the influence of religiosity on one aspect of consumer behavior - shopping orientation. The findings revealed that three shopping orientation factors, namely quality consciousness, impulsive shopping and price consciousness were related to religiosity. It is suggested that religiosity should be included as a possible determinant of shopping orientations in consumer behavior models.
This study argues that religion and enterprise enjoy a complex and interdependent relationship. Analyzing the relationship between society, religion, and enterprise illustrates that religion operates as an environmental munificence factor. Investigating the relationship between the individual religion and enterprise shows that religion affects believers’ entrepreneurial activity, influencing the decision to become an entrepreneur, enterprise management, and the entrepreneur's contact network. Turning to theory, enterprise, and religion, we note that the spectre of Weber still haunts some analyses of the entrepreneurial middle class, and the literature does not clarify the extent of religiosity among entrepreneurs. Using quantitative techniques to study the level of religiosity among a sample of British entrepreneurs we found it to be similar to that of non-entrepreneurial samples. The low levels of religious belief and practice in Britain suggests that religion may not be a significant environmental munificence factor for British entrepreneurship.
The results of studies attempting to link achievement motivation and entrepreneurship are reviewed. Despite variability among the studies regarding samples, operationalization of achievement motivation, and its measurement, a fairly consistent relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurship was found. This review of the research suggests that the study of psychological traits and motives should be continued, but that these variables should be more precisely operationalized, measured with valid instruments, and included as one dimension in theory-driven, multidimensional research models of entrepreneurship.
'I wish this book had been around when I tried to teach about entrepreneurship in its social context, life would have been much easier with these informed sources.' - Alistair R. Anderson, Aberdeen Business School, UK.
This paper presents an overview of entrepreneurship within the framework of Shari'ah. It presents the impact that the Islamic religion has in the areas of realm of operation, financing, the forms of business, innovation, consumerism, female entrepreneurship, and social interest.
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of planning on U.S. small business failures. A “failure” was defined as a bankruptcy with losses to creditors; firms with fewer than 500 employees were considered “small.” Recently failed firms were selected randomly and matched with non-failed firms on the basis of age, size, industry, and location. The sampling frame was businesses listed in the Dun & Bradstreet credit reporting database. A paired-sample t-test was used to investigate differences between the failed firms and matched non-failed firms. The main conclusion was that very little formal planning goes on in U.S. small businesses; however, non-failed firms do more planning than similar failed firms did prior to failure.
Cloud computing is one of the most important trends in technology innovation but its widespread adoption by individual’s remains unexplored. The main purpose of this paper is to examine behavioural intentions towards cloud computing in an educational setting through the use of social cognitive theory. A survey questionnaire was tested amongst a sample of young consumers to develop an understanding of entrepreneurial inclination, ethical tendencies, technology marketing, computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on behavioural intention and learning effectiveness of cloud computing technology. The results indicated that ethical tendencies and technology marketing are indicators of behavioural intention to adopt cloud computing as an educational learning resource. The statistical analysis conducted supports the view that social cognitive theory can help to understand the main internal and external drivers of increasing an individual’s intention to adopt cloud computing as a learning instrument. This paper contributes to the interactive technology, educational and technology marketing literature by integrating social cognitive theory with cloud computing services to highlight the importance of individual’s learning about innovations and adopting them in a higher educational setting.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine entrepreneurship in Egypt, an Islamic society in transition to a free market, and makes general comparisons with entrepreneurship in the United States, a secular society with a highly developed market economy.
Design/methodology/approach
American and Egyptian entrepreneurial differences are discussed within a number of themes related to cultural and environmental factors: the transition to a free market including transparency; money and its cultural meanings; locus of control; attitude towards risk; and work‐life equilibrium.
Findings
This paper argues that social and economic changes and environmental adversity, such as competition, which accompany the transition to a free market, create pressure on the emergent market (Egypt) to adopt a model of environment that is hospitable to entrepreneurs who seek to create new organizations or implement change through new organizational and programmatic initiatives.
Practical implications
Managers in an emergent market who are trying to improve competitiveness and efficiency should be aware of how most people from specific cultures value money, and also be aware of cultural differences with regard to the importance and the role of money.
Originality/value
It may be that insufficient attention is given to the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics and national culture, as well as structural elements influenced by or directly related to culture. This paper attempts to bring some light to this issue.
Content analysis is a method for analysing the content of a variety of data, such as visual and verbal data. It enables the reduction of phenomena or events into defined categories so as to better analyse and interpret them. This paper provides an overview of content analysis from a marketing perspective. The basic concepts and techniques are presented for operationalising content analyses. As a methodology, it can be both qualitative, usually in developmental stages of research, and quantitative where it is applied to determine frequency of phenomena. Thus, it lends itself to the use of computers to analyse data and, therefore, some of the main packages currently available to researchers are mentioned. The benefits and limitations of adopting content analysis are discussed along with an introduction to sequential analysis, a complementary approach which may be used to enhance understanding and strengthen research design.
This article uses Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to build an entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (EIQ) and analyzes its psychometric properties. The entrepreneurial intention model is then tested on a 519-individual sample from two rather diverse countries: Spain and Taiwan. EIQ and structural equation techniques have been used to try to overcome previous research limitations. The role of culture in explaining motivational perceptions has been specifically considered. Results indicate EIQ properties are satisfactory and strong support for the model is found. Relevant insights are derived about how cultural values modify the way individuals in each society perceive entrepreneurship.
This paper uses a causal map methodology to consider the contrasts between entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes. In evaluating a series of propositions drawn from the extant literature the study finds that the elicited causal maps are consistent with contrasts in entrepreneurial intentions, but not outcomes. This suggests that the existing emphasis on entrepreneurial strategies being deliberate, conscious processes may be misplaced: non-deliberate, emergent strategies may be just as influential in producing entrepreneurial outcomes. The study develops a series of output propositions suggesting that entrepreneurial outcomes are associated with causal maps which connect the internal operations of the business with the external environment. This implies that entrepreneurial success may be a result of intuitive systems thinking in which connections are made between the environment and the internal operations of the business.
Despite intensive inquiry, relatively little is known about the entrepreneur, the central figure in entrepreneurship. The question of how an individual who operates his or her own business differs from a corporate manager remains unanswered. In addressing this question, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of psychological constructs to predict a proclivity for entrepreneurship. The research model includes three classic themes in the literature: achievement motivation, risk-taking propensity, and preference for innovation.A survey of 767 small business owner-managers and corporate managers was assembled from a 20-state region, primarily the southeastern United States. The participants completed a questionnaire composed of the Achievement Scale of the Personality Research Form, the Risk-Taking and Innovation Scales of the Jackson Personality Inventory and questions pertaining to numerous individual and organizational variables. Respondents were first divided into two groups, managers and small business owner-managers. Subsequently, due to the often cited variations in entrepreneurs, the owner-managers were further categorized as either an entrepreneur or small business owner, using the widely cited Carland et al. (1984) theoretical definitions. Entrepreneurs are defined by their goals of profit and growth for their ventures and by their use of strategic planning. Alternatively, small business owners focus on providing family income and view the venture as an extension of their personalities. In this study, both groups of owner-managers were simultaneously compared with managers using hierarchical set multinomial LOGIT regression.The results indicated that the psychological constructs are associated with small business ownership, but with some important caveats. As hypothesized, those labeled entrepreneurs were higher in achievement motivation, risk-taking propensity, and preference for innovation than were both the corporate managers and the small business owners. This profile of the entrepreneur as a driven, creative risk-taker is consistent with much of the classic literature concerning the entrepreneur. Nonetheless, not all of the owner-managers fit this profile. When compared with managers, the small business owners demonstrated only a significantly higher risk-taking propensity. In terms of the constructs studied, the small business owners were more comparable to managers than to entrepreneurs.In addition to theoretical and methodological implications, the results presented here have important implications for small business owner-managers of both types. A major issue is the connection between the owner’s psychological profile and the characteristics of the venture, including performance. It would appear that psychological antecedents are associated with owner goals for the venture. Some owners will be more growth oriented than will others, and performance should be assessed in light of the owner’s aspirations for the venture. Moreover, owners should be aware of their own personality sets, including risk preferences, which may be more or less suited to different venture circumstances, including those with relatively high levels of risk.Planning in small businesses appears to enhance venture performance. Research has demonstrated the connections between psychological factors and planning behaviors in small businesses. Those labeled entrepreneurs in this study have goals of profit and growth, and tend to engage in more planning. An awareness of these psychological preferences and concomitant attention to planning behaviors have the potential to improve the performance of the venture, irrespective of owner aspirations.Venture teaming is becoming more popular among entrepreneurs. Balanced venture teams appear to improve the chances of entrepreneurial success (Timmons 1990), but a common source of conflict among venture team members is inconsistent or ambiguous motives for the new venture. Awareness of venture partners’ psychological predispositions in areas such as risk-taking could be used to identify and reconcile areas of potential conflict, and enhance the planning process in the small firm. In sum, an individual’s awareness of his or her psychological profile provides a number of advantages, not only to existing entrepreneurs, but also to aspiring entrepreneurs who should assess their perceived entrepreneurial opportunities against the backdrop of their psychological proclivity for entrepreneurship.
The purpose of this article is to create the foundation for a contingency theory of leadership based on the inner values and worldviews of five major religious traditions: Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism. The article identifies similarities and differences in the implicit leadership models among these five religious traditions. It further explores the implications of this model for organizational leadership in an increasingly uncertain and evolving global economy, where not only cultures but also religions, their belief systems and their values, are in increasing contact and interaction. We develop and describe a multiple-level ontological model of being to expand upon and enlarge the currently accepted behavior-based contingency theories of leadership. The article proposes and creates an integrative model of organizational leadership based on inner meaning, leader values, vision and moral examples at multiple levels of being as an extension to prior behavior-based contingency theories of organizational leadership.
Throughout the world, entrepreneurship is viewed as a savior of stagnant economies (Tiffin, 1987; Gupta, 1989; Meredith, 1989; Giamartino, 1991; Guthrie, 2004). This study investigates the motivation of Moroccans to become entrepreneurs. It provides an overview of entrepreneurial theory, describing common characteristics and motivations of entrepreneurs worldwide. This is followed by an analysis of the Moroccan business environment. A model of Moroccan entrepreneurship is then developed. The data used to determine the relevant model factors were gathered from a survey conducted among 201 Moroccan entrepreneurs.
Content analysis research methodology is detailed, its procedures are described, some examples of its application are provided, and the controversial issues surrounding its use are discussed. Unlike strictly qualitative designs, content analysis has external validity as a goal. Because of its focus on human communication, content analysis offers practical applicability, promise, and relevance for research involving the practice and education of nurses and other helping professionals.
One of the most paralyzing moments in conducting qualitative research is beginning analysis, when researchers must first look at their data in order to see what they should look for in their data. Although temporally and conceptually overlapping processes, data analysis should be distinguished from interpretation. Practical suggestions for beginning analysis include getting a sense of the whole, extracting the facts, identifying key topics or major storylines and dimensionalizing their informational content, and using frameworks to reduce data.
Entrepreneurs create economic growth in their communities by forming new firms. Each year during the past decade, more than half a million businesses were started that added new jobs in the United States. In the 1990s, during the longest economic expansion in the United States economy, the majority of new jobs were created by small and medium-sized entrepreneurs operating high-growth businesses.> Because entrepreneurs are such a wellspring of growth in the economy, many rural policymakers have shifted their long-time focus of recruiting existing firms, such as branch plants, to developing new entrepreneurs. New policies generally support a wide range of entrepreneurs. However, policies often fail to recognize that the benefits of entrepreneurs can vary dramatically, depending on the entrepreneur’s desire to build a high-growth business. And rural areas often lack these high-growth entrepreneurs.> Henderson reviews entrepreneurial activity in rural America and discusses some of the new ways policymakers are beginning to encourage high-growth entrepreneurs in their communities. After discussing the benefits entrepreneurs offer communities, he examines the pattern of entrepreneurship in rural areas and the difficulties many rural communities face in supporting high-growth entrepreneurs. Finally, he discusses some of the policies supporting the startup and growth of this valuable resource.
This study investigated if the career anchors of research scientists and engineers (RSEs) influenced their entrepreneurial intentions and the types of businesses they intended to found. The results showed that the security anchor negatively impacted on entrepreneurial intentions, while the managerial anchor had a positive impact. Mixed results were found for the technical and creativity anchors, while no impact was found for the autonomy anchor. Those with a technical anchor intended to found businesses within their technical field, whose those involved in applied research intended to found businesses outside their technical field. Situational factors did not moderate the RSEs' entrepreneurial intentions.
Learning styles of successful entrepreneurs
- J K Bailey
- R Hornaday
- R Peterson
- R Vesper
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