Content uploaded by Subramanyam Vemulpad
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Subramanyam Vemulpad
Content may be subject to copyright.
Antibacterial and Antifungal activity of tan essential oils in vitro
Abstract
The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested for antibacterial activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the disc diffusion method. Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria; patchouli and ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were inhibited by seven oils (aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil was inhibitory to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to > 20 microliters ml-1 for eighteen bacteria and from 0.25 to 10 microliters ml-1 for twelve fungi.
... We furthermore added one drop of clove bud essential oil per 3g of adhesive for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Other oils such as aegle, citronella, or eucalyptus are applicable as well [92]. We store the resulting paste in an airtight container, yielding an extended lifespan of 6-8 days (vs. 3 days without) during which the paste remains sufficiently stable for stencil painting circuits. ...
... While its fruits and leaves are used in Ayurveda for specic indications, the roots/root bark are specically suggested for use in anti-inammatory combination of Dasha Moola. The crude extracts of (5,6) Bilva are reported widely to act as anti-diabetic , anti-inammatory (7) (8) and analgesic , antiulcer, anti-microbial , antihyperglycemic and anti ( 9 ) ( 1 0 ) , ( 1 1 ) d y s l i p i d e m i c , a n t i d i a r r h e a l o r a l h y p o g l y c a e m i c (12) (14) antifungal ,gastric mucosal protective, antioxidant , anticancer , (15,16) (20) Serum levels of Total Bilirubin by Modied Diazo , ALT by (22) ...
Introduction: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a group of intestinal symptoms which lasts at least three months for at least three days per month. The symptoms of IBS typically include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating and gas, constipation, diarrhoea. IBS also affects other organs like liver, kidney, pancreas also. BILVA is considered to have antioxidant, anti- inammatory, immunomodulator, soothing and lubricating inuence on the body. In the present study, effect of Bilva on biochemical parameters in patients of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have been studied. Biochemical evaluation of irritable bowel syndromeAim & Objectives: patients before & after Bilva treatment. 30 diagnosed patients of irritable bowel syndrome were tested for biochemicalMaterial And Methods: parameters including liver function test (LFT), renal function test (RFT), serum electrolytes, amylase, uric acid and minerals (Calcium, phosphorus). All patients were treated with Bilva (Formulation prepared by ayurvedic medical college & hospital) at dosage of 3 gms BD for 2 months. Biochemical evaluation was repeated 15 days after the last dose of Bilva. Results obtained were statistically analysed by usingResults: paired t test. Post treatment analysis of samples showed signicant (p<0.05) decrease in levels of Total bilirubin, ALT, BUN, uric acid, Creatinine, & signicant (p>0.05) increase in levels of total protein, albumin, calcium, sodium, potassium & phosphorus. It can be concludedConclusion: that BILVA treatment has benecial effect on the patients of irritable bowel syndrome & should be included as a routine treatment in management of such patients.
... Different disinfectants used for large-scale disinfection of broiler houses work through different mechanisms, and therefore, the effectiveness of their disinfection also varies. Chlorine-containing compounds (sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder, chlorine dioxide, etc.) are widely used as disinfectants in livestock and poultry [14]. ...
The results of the study of antimicrobial and fungicidal properties of the experimental preparation “Sukhodez” against microorganisms E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi Candida albicans in the laboratory are presented.
The aim of the research. To study the antimicrobial and fungicidal properties of powdered disinfectant and analyze the prospects for its further use in a set of anti-epizootic measures in particular in poultry farms.
Materials and methods. The research was conducted during 2021 at the Department of Veterinary Examination, Microbiology, Zoohygiene and Safety and Quality of Animal Products of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Sumy National Agrarian University. Evaluation of bactericidal properties of the experimental agent “Sukhodez” was determined on museum strains of E. coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, fungicidal properties were studied on fungi Candida albicans. All cultures were standardized to 109 CFU / cm3.
Results. It is established that as a result of the conducted researches at studying preparation “Sukhodez” antimicrobic properties, it had high efficiency concerning action on strains of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It had a detrimental effect on bacteria when applied to concrete at an exposure of 1 hour with a rate of 75 mg per 1 m2, and had the same effect as when applied to a wooden surface, where it expressed antimicrobial action at a rate of 50 mg/m2 after 4 hours. When determining the fungicidal properties, it was found that when exposed to 5 hours, the preparation “Sukhodez” had an effect on study contaminated objects with a rate of 50 mg/m2, and with a rate of 75 mg/m2 inhibited the growth of fungi for 1 hour.
Conclusions. It was found that the most sensitive to the preparation “Sukhodez” were the culture of Salmonella enteritidis – at a rate of 25 g / m2 and action on concrete and wooden surfaces, the disinfectant inhibited the growth of the culture when exposed to 5 hours, and at a rate of 50 g / m2 – for 2 years. Staphylococcus aureus was the most stable bacterial culture, so at a rate of 50 g / m2 on concrete and wood surfaces, bacterial growth was inhibited for 4 and 5 hours, respectively. At the same time, in the study of fungicidal properties, “Sukhodez” showed a fungicidal effect on Candida albicans when applied to a concrete surface at a rate of 50 mg / m2 for 3 hours, when applied to a wooden surface – for 4 hours.
In general, at a rate of 75 g / m2, “Sukhodez” has an instant bactericidal and fungicidal effect on bacteria and fungi applied to concrete and wooden surfaces
Norovirus (NoV) causes serious gastrointestinal disease worldwide and is regarded as an important foodborne pathogen. Due the difficulties of in vitro cultivation for human NoV, alternative caliciviruses (i.e., feline calicivirus, FCV, or murine NoV) have long been used as surrogates for in vitro assessment of the efficacy of antivirals. Essential oils (EOs) are natural compounds that have displayed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
We report in vitro the virucidal efficacy of four EOs, Melissa officinalis L. EO (MEO), Thymus vulgaris L. EO (TEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. EO (REO), and Salvia officinalis L. EO (SEO) against FCV at different time contacts (10, 30 min, 1, 4 and 8 h). At the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration and at 10- and 100- fold concentrations over the cytotoxic threshold, the EOs did not decrease significantly FCV viral titers. However, MEO at 12,302.70 μg/mL exhibited a significant efficacy decreasing the viral titer by 0.75 log10 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50)/50 μl after 10 min as compared to virus control.
In this study, virucidal activity of four EOs against FCV, was investigated. A lack of virucidal efficacy of TEO, REO and SEO at different compound concentrations and time contacts against FCV was observed whilst MEO was able to significantly decrease FCV titer.
Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli) is a significant herb of Lamiaceae family with broad range of therapeutic advantages and it is extensively used in cosmetics as well as pharmaceutical industries. P. cablin owing to its tremendous commercial, economic as well as potential medicinal properties, it has been grown in various parts of Southeast Asia and China for more than 1000 years. P. cablin is a native plant of Philippine and prefers tropical and sub-tropical countries for its optimum growth and production. Understanding biology as well as chemistry of any plant is very necessary for its relevant uses in any field. Therefore, this chapter in addition to biological and pharmacological applications, provides a brief description of chemical composition as well as nutritive status of P. cablin. There are approximately one 140 beneficial compounds discovered so far from P. cablin, some of the top-notch compound which are responsible for its medicinal values includes terpenoids, flavonoids, alcohol and several glycosides along with various phytochemical compounds. Moreover, in this chapter we will discuss major advantageous application of P. cablin in detail. P. cablin is used for the treatment of colds, fever, emetic problems, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain as well as it is used to fight against various insect pests and snake bites. Furthermore, many other biological aspects regarding P. cablin involves defensive action against oxidative damages instigated by certain xenobiotics, exerts anti-analgesic actions, anti-platelet, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-depressant, anti-emetic along with antimutagenic as well as cytotoxic and fibrinolytic capabilities. In aromatherapy, P. cablin is reported to relieve against depression and have potential role to control nerves, stress and appetite as well as significantly improve the libido of exposed individuals.
Legumes are ubiquitous, low-cost meals that are abundant in protein, vitamins, minerals, and calories. Several biotic constraints are to blame for the global output of legumes not meeting expectations. Fungi, in particular, are substantial restrictions that not only hinder production but also pose a serious health risk to both human and livestock consumption. Athelia rolfsii (Syn. Sclerotium rolfsii) is a dangerous pathogenic fungus that attacks most crops, causing massive yield losses. Legumes are no longer immune to this dreadful fungus, which can potentially result in a 100% yield loss. The initial disease symptoms based on the formation of brown color lesions at the point of infection and further development of mycelia, followed by yellowing and wilting of the whole plant. To tackle such situation, various strategies, i.e., management in cultural practices, disease-free plant growth, genetic changes, crop hybridization and in vitro culture techniques have been undertaken. This present review encapsulates the entire situation, from sclerotial dissemination through infection development and control in legume crops, with the goal of developing a tangible understanding of sustainable legume production improvements. Further study in this area might be led in an integrated manner as a result of this information, which could contribute to a better understanding of the processes of disease incidence, resistance mechanism, and its control, and fostering greater inventiveness in the production of legumes.
Background:
Dental/oral diseases are one of the significant public health problems globally. Herbal medicines for managing oral diseases are considered an effective alternative to synthetic compounds due to their lower side effect. Azadirachta indica, Terminalia chebula, Camellia sinensis, and Piper nigrum are used to control and prevent oral inflammations in dentistry. In this study, we have evaluated the protease inhibition activity of these plant extracts, and further, the binding mode of the active ingredient of these plants with trypsin was studied using molecular docking.
Methods:
In this study, protease inhibition activity was carried out using aqueous extracts of the plant parts such as Azadirachta indica (neem) twig, Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) fruit, Camellia sinensis (green tea) powder, and Piper nigrum (kali miri) seed. Next, to explore the binding mode of active ingredients azadirachtin, chebuligenic acid, catechin, and piperine with trypsin, we employed a molecular docking study using AutoDock4.2.
Results:
The results revealed that the Azadirachta indica plant extract showed an IC50 value of 96.19 μg mL-1, Camellia sinensis IC50 value of 188.50 μg mL-1, Piper nigrum IC50 value of 371.20 μg mL-1, and Terminalia chebula IC50 value of 639.48 μg mL-1, when compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium, had IC50 value 93.00 μg mL-1. Further, the docking result reveals that all the main active ingredients of these plants have significant binding affinity and prefer the same binding pocket of trypsin.
Conclusion:
Hence, our results show the importance of traditional plants Azadirachta indica, Terminalia chebula, green tea, and Piper nigrum to control oral disease conditions. As they show significant protease inhibition activity, hence, the active ingredient could act as a potential anti-inflammatory agent and further help to prevent or control oral disease conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis.
Antibiotic resistance, and, in a broader perspective, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), continues to evolve and spread beyond all boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases have become more challenging or even impossible to treat, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, traditional antimicrobial therapy, in the past two decades, no novel class of antibiotics has been introduced. Consequently, several novel alternative strategies to combat these (multi-) drug-resistant infectious microorganisms have been identified. The purpose of this review is to gather and consider the strategies that are being applied or proposed as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These strategies include combination therapy, techniques that target the enzymes or proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance, resistant bacteria, drug delivery systems, physicochemical methods, and unconventional techniques, including the CRISPR-Cas system. These alternative strategies may have the potential to change the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in human clinical settings.
Timber suffers from various biological damages. Recent efforts aim on nature-friendly sustainable technologies of wood protection to replace classical synthetic agents having usually negative impact on many non-target organisms including man. This research investigated the biocidal effectiveness of lavender oil (LO) in protecting the Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood against the termites Reticulitermes flavipes and the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta. Following, selected physical characteristics of spruce wood treated with LO were evaluated: colour changes, roughness, surface wetting with water and surface free energy (SFE). Experiments showed that LO increased the resistance of spruce wood to termites nearly to the level of its treatment with commercial biocide based on trivalent boron and quaternary ammonium salt. The additional hydrophobic treatment of wood ensured its full termite-resistance even after artificial weathering in Xenotest and leaching in water according to EN 84, respectively. It shows a high potential of LO to protect wood against termites. Adversely, the effectiveness of 5% LO against rot was not sufficient. The colour of the oil-treated wood was preserved, its roughness increased slightly, and wetting and SFE led to a positive change, improving the adhesion of potentially applied coatings or adhesives for exterior exposures.
Pogostone, a compound with various pharmaceutical activities, is a major constituent of the essential oil preparation called Pogostemonis Herba, which is obtained from the plant Pogostemon cablin. The biosynthesis of pogostone has not been elucidated, but 4-methylvaleryl-CoA (4MVCoA) is a likely precursor. We analyzed the distribution of pogostone in P. cablin using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found that pogostone accumulates at high levels in main stems and leaves of young plants. A search for the acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) that catalyzes the formation of 4MVCoA from 4-methylvaleric acid was launched, using an RNAseq-based approach to identify 31 unigenes encoding putative AAEs including the PcAAE2, the transcript profile of which shows a strong positive correlation with the distribution pattern of pogostone. The protein encoded by PcAAE2 was biochemically characterized in vitro and shown to catalyze the formation of 4MVCoA from 4-methylvaleric acid. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PcAAE2 is closely related to other AAE proteins in P. cablin and other species that are localized to the peroxisomes. However, PcAAE2 lacks a peroxisome targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) and is localized in the cytosol.