Content uploaded by Sakhawat Ali
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sakhawat Ali on May 10, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
59
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
Journal of Applied Agriculture and Biotechnology 2016 1(1): 59−65
ISSN (print): 2415-6728
ISSN (online): 2415-6736
Research article
Breeding ecology of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) in Deva Vatala
National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Maqsood Anwar*, Sakhawat Ali, Muhammad Rais, Tariq Mahmood
HIGHLIGHTS
Red Jungle Fowl was reported for the first time in 2010 in Pakistan
The breeding season of Red Jungle Fowl lasts from January to July with peaks in spring season
The males formed harem of females during March to May
Dominant male reproduced with a group of females throughout the breeding season
Maximum chicks with hen were observed in June and July
Authors’ affiliation
Department of Wildlife
Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, 46300,
Pakistan
*Corresponding author
Maqsood Anwar
Email: maqsoodanwar@uaar.edu.pk
How to cite
Anwar M., S. Ali, M. Rais and T.
Mahmood. 2016. Breeding ecology
of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) in
Deva Vatala National Park, Azad
Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. J. Appl.
Agric. Biotechnol., 1(1): 59-65
ABSTRACT
ed Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus murghi) was reported for the first
time in 2010 from Pakistan in Deva Vatala National Park, Azad
Jammu and Kashmir. The present study investigated breeding
aspects such as nesting, breeding season, clutch size and hatching success
of the species at 10 selected sites in the national park. Nests were mostly
found on slopes with dense vegetation cover dominated by Lantana
camara and Adhatoda zeylanica. The nesting material consisted of dry
leaves, downy feathers, and twigs of plants. The nests were found at
sloppy areas as a small depression of 2.5-4 inches in soil made with the
help of feet and beak for laying eggs. The breeding season of Red Jungle
Fowl expanded from January till July with peak in spring season. Red
Jungle Fowl formed harem with dominant male maintaining a territory
and reproduced with a group of females throughout the breeding season.
Harem formation in Red Jungle Fowl was observed from March to May
with average harem size of three females with one male. The average
clutch size of Red Jungle Fowl in the study area was 5.5±1.5 eggs per nest.
Maximum chicks with hen were observed in June (3.1±0.43) and July
(3.3±0.36). The forests in Deva Vatala National Park had thick vegetation
cover due to occurrence of heavy rains during Monsoon season, when
insects were abundant. The thick cover provided shelter to chicks and
insects provide food to them. Our results provide some valuable baseline
information on breeding aspects of this least studied species in Pakistan
which can be used for its conservation in the park.
Key words: Red Jungle Fowl, Deva Vatala National Park, Breeding
aspects, Azad Jammu & Kashmir
R
Anwar et al. 2016 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2016 1(1): 59−65
60
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
1. Introduction Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus
murghi) is distributed in the foothills of Himalayas from
Myanmar to north-western India extending southward
into peninsular India (Ali and Ripley, 1987). It also
occurs in tropical and subtropical habitats in southern
China and Southeast Asia. It has been introduced at
various places (Delacour, 1951). Historically Red Jungle
Fowl occurred from Indus River down through India
eastward across and down to Malaysia, Java and Lesser
Sunda Islands. Red Jungle Fowl is primarily forest and
scrub loving species, particularly in the vicinity of
scattered cultivated or overgrown fields where some
water is available throughout the year. Undergrowth
may be fairly dense in its habitat including a
considerable number of thicker clumps such as Bamboo
and Lantana (Lantana camara) and leaves, small
shrubs, herbs and grass, often in clumps, usually form a
rather open ground cover (Bump and Bohl, 1961).
Breeding season of Red Jungle Fowl in India lasts from
March to May but the nests have also been found from
January to October (Collias et al., 1966). Males form a
harem and have a polygynous mating system,
maintaining a territory and monopolizing mating in a
group of females throughout the breeding season
(Collias and Collias, 1967). It resides in small flocks
during the non-breading season i.e. summer, autumn
and winter. In the spring at the onset of the breeding
season, each of the stronger cocks maintains a territory
with three to five hens (Delacour, 1951). Hens produce
four to seven eggs per clutch, which are incubated for
19-21 days by the female only (del Hoyo et al. 2001).
During the breeding season, the male birds announce
their presence with the well-known “cock-a-doodle-
doo” call which serves both to attract potential mates
and to announce breeding territory. Their call structure
is complex including distinctive alarm calls for aerial
and ground predators to which others react
appropriately (Evans et al., 1993; Collias, 1987). The
males of Red Jungle Fowl and Kalij Pheasant sometimes
fight to the death during breeding season (Bump and
Bohl, 1961 in Johusgard, 1986). Nests of Red Jungle
Fowl are well hidden in a bushy clump, often in
overgrown openings in the forest, in edge cover, or in
open sites at the base of a tree or log. Re-nesting is the
rule when the eggs have been destroyed before
hatchling. Usually only one brood produced in a year
(Bump and Bohl, 1961).
Red Jungle Fowl is subject to pressures from illegal
hunting and egg collection, stray dog predation, and
habitat destruction (Arshad and Zakaria, 1999).
However, small carnivores, birds of prey and snakes are
also its natural predators. It is a game-bird species and
hunting is mainly for consumption, especially in rural
areas. Apart from that, it is trapped and bred with
domestic fowl by local people for increasing vitality of
their domestic breed. The hybridization with domestic
fowl causes the species to be infrequent in the wild
(Peterson and Brisbin, 1998). Red Jungle Fowl is
considered common and widespread despite habitat
loss and poaching within its range (Brisbin, 1997). The
bird is affected relatively little by habitat loss because it
can occupy a variety of habitats, including secondary
vegetation, man-made habitats and planted fields on
forest edges (del Hoyo et al., 2001). Red Jungle Fowl has
been listed as Least Concern (LC) in the IUCN Red List
(IUCN, 2010).
Red Jungle Fowl has been documented for the first time
in Pakistan in Deva Vatala National Park, Azad Jammu
and Kashmir (AJ&K) by Subhani et al. (2010), where it
inhibits the areas with a mix of slopes and plains having
Lantana camara, Ziziphus mauritiana, Saccharum
spontaneum, Dalbergia sissoo, Butea monosperma,
Acacia nilotica and grassy patches. Present study
investigated the breeding habits such as nesting,
breeding season, clutch size and hatching success of
Red Jungle Fowl in the park. Our results would provide
valuable baseline information on breeding aspects of
Red Jungle Fowl which can be used for the conservation
of this species.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in Deva Vatala National Park
(32° 54ʹ.505ʺ North 74° 21ʹ.656ʺ East). The park has an
area of 2,993 ha. It is located in district Bhimber in
south-east AJ&K, bordered in the east with Line of
Control. Elevation ranges from 306 - 411 m and
temperature from 5 to 46°C. Study area consists of two
ranges (Deva & Vatala) and falls under dry sub-tropical
climatic conditions. Major vegetation includes Acacia
nilotica, Butea monosperma Lamk, Mangifera indica,
Anwar et al. 2016 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2016 1(1): 59−65
61
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
Cassia oceidentalis, Dalbergia sissoo, Launea
coromendaliana, Zanthoxylum armatum, Lantana
camara, Ziziphus mauritiana, Saccharum spontaneum
and Trichodesma indica. Dodonea viscosa and Lantana
camara are the most dominating species in the area
with patches of grasses (Anwar et al, 2012).
Data were collected from August 2010 to July 2011 at
10 study sites in the park selected based on frequency
of bird sighting, calls, and indirect signs of its presence
(Table 1). For determining breeding season, study sites
were regularly visited in addition to noting breeding
calls which indicate their breeding season. These calls
come shortly after dawn, and followed by a secondary
peak before sunrise (Collias and Collias, 1967).
Presence of fresh eggs and newly hatched chicks also
indicate the breeding time of Red Jungle Fowl (Arshad
and Zakaria, 1999). During field observations, number
of males and females in a group were noted to assess
harem formation. Nesting sites from the study area
were located, its structure and composition was noted
and dominant vegetation surrounding the nest was
sampled. The process of nest building is roughly divided
into three steps: (1) Preparing the site or support (e.g.
scratching a depression), (2) Constructing the floor and
sides, (3) Lining the nest (Verma and Pande, 2002).
Number of eggs was counted from each nest with
regular intervals in located nests. Hatching success was
monitored by observing the number of eggs hatched
and un-hatched in the nest in addition to counting
number of hatchlings with hens outside the nests. The
data collected was analyzed by Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) without replication. Probability value p<0.05
was taken as significant confidence interval.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Breeding Season
Frequency of calls indicated that breeding season lasts
from January till July in the study area; February, March
and April having maximum average number of breeding
calls of 5.6±1.46, 8.1±1.91 and 6.6±1.11, respectively
(Table 2). Pause between first and second call was 14-
16 seconds during breeding season and 50-60 seconds
or even 2-3 minutes in non-breeding season. The
results indicated that breeding season of Red Jungle
Fowl ended in May. Breeding calls in Deva Range
showed significant difference between the months, F >
F 0.05 (6, 28) =2.445 and F calculated = 4.832, similar
results were found at Vatala Range, F > F 0.05 (6, 28)
=2.445 and F calculated = 6.348. Breeding season of Red
Jungle Fowl was reported from February to July in
Hainan, China (Ling, 2009). Arshad and Zakaria (1999),
however, found that the Red Jungle Fowl breeds
throughout the year in Malaysia, where continuous
supply of food and pruned oil-palm fronds provide good
cover, protecting the females against being detected by
predators throughout the year. Collias et al., (1966)
reported the highest number of Red Jungle Fowl brood
in the month of May and the lowest in September to
October while in India its breeding season is principally
from March to May, thus happens together with the dry
season in the spring (Ali, 1961), with peak breeding
months of May and June (Bump and Bohl, 1961). Thus,
results of present study are in line the earlier studies
conducted on breeding season of Red Jungle Fowl in
other areas of its distribution range. During the
breeding season, the male birds announce their
presence with the well-known “cock-a-doodle-doo” call
(Evans et al., 1993; Collias, 1987). In the study area,
most of the fowls established territories and calls were
given from a definite position by each male. If one bird
called, others responded to it.
3.2. Harem Formation
Harem formation in Red Jungle Fowl was observed
from February to May having average number of
females with one male as 1.2±0.55, 2.7±0.59, 2.2±0.47
and 2.1±0.56, respectively during these months. Hence,
sex ratio (male: female) was noted as 1:3 during
February, March and May and 1:2.81 in April. Average
harem size was three females with one male (Table 3).
Earlier studies reported two to five hens with one male
during breeding season (Collias and Collias, 1967);
Bump and Bohl, 1961; Johnson, 1963). Males hold
definite breeding territories which can be easily located
by predawn calling. Extra cocks, with no hens, move
silently about the periphery of harems. Ling (2009)
reported the flock size of Red Jungle Fowl as 3.0±1.3
with no significant difference between
Anwar et al. 2016 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2016 1(1): 59−65
62
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
Table 1: Distribution of Red Jungle Fowl in Deva Vatala National Park
S.
No.
Site
Coordinates
Dominant
vegetation
Bird
Sighted
Calls
heard
Signs
noted
(Feathers,
Dropping)
Total
% age
1
Upper Vatala
N 32° 54.505 E 74° 18.656
Mangifera indica,
Butea monosperma
0
4
7
11
5.39
2
Bancheer
N 32° 55.062 E 74° 18.268
Dalbergia sissoo,
Mangifera indica
0
5
11
16
7.84
3
Sori Gali
(No Signal)
Ficus bengalensis,
Adhatoda zeylanica
0
7
14
21
10.29
4
Barnali
Nullah
N 32° 54.972 E 74° 17.567
Adhatoda zeylanica,
Ziziphus jujuba
0
6
10
16
7.84
5
Goojan
Nullah
N 32° 54.676 E 74° 18.380
Adhatoda zeylanica,
Lantana camara
0
5
5
10
4.90
6
Main Deva
N 32° 54 866 E 74° 21 297
Lantana camara,
Ziziphus mauritiana
2
16
8
26
12.74
7
Mandiala
N 32° 52 490 E 74° 24 129
Lantana camara,
Saccharum
spontaneum
1
12
8
21
10.29
8
Sartao
Nullah
N 32° 54 210 E 74° 23 020
Dalbergia sissoo,
Saccharum
spontaneum
2
14
9
25
12.25
9
Puthi Kassi
N 32° 53 870 E 74° 23 482
Dalbergia sissoo,
Ziziphus mauritiana
3
21
12
36
17.64
10
Chakala
(No Signal)
Ziziphus jujuba,
Lantana camara
2
9
11
22
10.78
Table 2: Intensity of breeding Calls of Red Jungle Fowl at Deva Vatala National Park
S. No.
Site Name
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
1
Upper Vatal
1
2.5
3.5
4
5
4
2
2
Bancheer
1.5
2.5
6.5
4.5
5.5
3.5
3.5
3
Sori Gali
1.5
2.5
7.5
6.5
7.5
8
5
4
Barnali Nulla
1
1.5
4.5
5.5
8
4
2.5
5
GoojanNullah
0.5
1.5
2.5
4.5
3.5
1.5
1.5
6
Main Deva
12
13
17
13
7
3.5
2
7
Mandiala
6.5
7
6.5
5
2.5
1.5
1.5
8
Sartao Nullah
7.5
7
8
7
4
2.5
1.5
9
Puthi Kassi
10
14
21
13
6
3.5
2.5
10
Chakala
6.5
5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
1
Mean value
4.8±1.33
5.6±1.46
8.1±1.91
6.6±1.11
5.1±0.63
3.3±0.61
2.3±0.37
Anwar et al. 2016 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2016 1(1): 59−65
63
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
Table 3: Harem Size and Sex Ratio of Red Jungle Fowl at Deva Vatala National Park
S. No.
Site Name
February
March
April
May
Total
♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
♂
1
Upper Vatala
0
0
2.5
1
2.5
1
2.5
1
7.5
3
2
Bancheer
0
0
1
1
2.5
1
2.5
1
6
3
3
Sori Gali
0
0
4
1
4.5
1
4.5
1
13
3
4
Barnali Nullah
0
0
4
1
3
1
4.5
1
11.5
3
5
Goojan Nullah
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
6
Main Deva
4
1
5.5
1
2
1
1
1
12.5
4
7
Mandiala
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
8
Sartao Nullah
3
1
4.5
1
3.5
1
3
1
14
4
9
Puthi Kassi
4
1
4
1
3.5
1
3.5
1
15
4
10
Chakala
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mean value ♀
1.2±0.55
2.7±0.59
2.2±0.47
2.1±0.56
8.3±1.76
Total ♂ Red Jungle Fowl
4
9
8
7
28
7.0
Total ♀ Red Jungle Fowl
12
27.5
22.5
21.5
83.5
20.87
Sex Ratio (M:F)
1:3
1:3
1:2.81
1:3
1:2.98
1:2.98
Table 4: Hatching observations of Red Jungle Fowl chicks at Deva Vatala National Park
breeding and non-breeding season. This study
observed that number of females with male during the
non-breeding season was less than the breeding season
which supports Delacour (1951) observation that Red
Jungle Fowl resides in small flocks during the non-
breading season and stronger cocks maintains a
territory with three to five hens in the breeding season.
3.3. Nesting sites and nesting material
Five nests of Red Jungle Fowl located from the study
area were found on slopes with dense vegetation cover
of Lantana camara and Adhatoda zeylanica. The slopes
probably prevent the eggs from rain water and are not
usually accessed by people. Nesting material consisted
of dry leaves, downy feathers, and few twigs of plants.
At sloppy area a small depression of 2.5 - 4 inches in soil
was made for laying eggs. Bump and Bohl (1961) also
reported that its nests were at well-hidden places in
brushy clump, however, Ling (2009) observed its nests
in relatively open places near road and forest edge,
with less leaf litter. Collias and Collias (1967) found that
Red Jungle Fowl nest consisted of a small depression
lined with just few leaves and couple of small feathers.
Ramesh (2008) concluded that the canopy cover,
ground cover, shrub cover, litter cover, litter depth and
distance to human footpath were significant variables
S. No
Site Name
March
April
May
June
July
Total
1
Upper Vatala
0
0
2
4
5
11
2
Bancheer
0
0
0
3
3
6
3
Sori Gali
0
0
3
0
2
5
4
Barnali Nullah
0
0
4
3
4
11
5
Goojan Nullah
0
0
0
3
2
5
6
Main Deva
0
3
2
4
3
12
7
Mandiala
0
0
3
5
2
10
8
Sartao Nullah
0
2
4
3
3
12
9
Puthi Kassi
3
0
6
2
5
16
10
Chakala
0
5
0
4
4
13
Mean value
0.3±0.90
1±0.55
2.4±0.63
3.1±0.43
3.3±0.36
10.1±1.15
Anwar et al. 2016 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2016 1(1): 59−65
64
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
for their nest selection. Subhani et al. (2010) observed
that Lantana camara, and Ziziphus mauritiana in Deva
Vatala National Park provide shelter, nesting sites and
escape cover to Red Jungle Fowl.
3.4. Clutch size and hatchling
Only two active nests of Red Jungle Fowl could be
located in study area having four and seven eggs.
Earlier, Ling (2009) reported average clutch size of red
jungle fowl as 6.1 ±2.3 eggs. Arshad and Zakaria (1999)
reported their mean clutch size of 4.076 eggs with most
clutches have three to five eggs. delHoyo et al. (2001)
observed that the hens produced four to seven eggs per
clutch. Study conducted in Peninsular Malaysia found
that clutch size ranged from two to twelve eggs
(Nishida et al., 1975) whilst in Burma it was five to six
eggs (Ali and Ripley, 1987). Meijer and Siemers (1993)
reported that in captivity, the first clutch ranged from
five to seven eggs and second from six to eleven eggs.
Bump and Bohl (1961) observed that in India the first
clutch size was between five to seven eggs, while
second clutch of three to four eggs.
Present study showed maximum number of chicks with
hen in July (3.3±0.36), followed by June (3.1±0.43) and
May (2.4±0.63) (Table 4). The forests at Deva Vatala
National Park have very thick vegetation cover due to
rains in the month of June and July, when nsect fauna
were also abundant. The thick vegetation cover
provided shelter to chicks and insects provided food.
The chicks were, however, difficult to locate in dense
vegetation. Successful chicks-rearing cover present at
North-central India was in the form of patches of
Saccharum arundinaceum that leads to successful
hatching (Collias and Collias, 1967). Most of the chicks
were concentrated in or near the patches of this grass;
the tall and spreading leaves of which provided good
concealment for partly grown chicks. Arshad and
Zakaria (1999) reported the percentage of egg hatching
in nature up to 99% in suitable habitats. After the chicks
are hatched, hen spent most of the time with chicks and
before the appearance of chicks, it is rare to see a hen
alone (Collias and Collias, 1967).
Most of the Vatala Range of the park is easily accessible
to local people and their livestock which disturbs the
Red Jungle Fowl, pushing them closer to LoC in low
disturbance area or under the dense vegetation of
Lantana camara. Deva Range, being close to LoC and
due to presence of army, has comparatively less
disturbance to Red Jungle fowl population and low
poaching of eggs due to restricted entry of local people.
The situation favors the Red Jungle Fowl to survive and
having larger population at this site. Vatala range
should also be protected from human activities
including livestock grazing, fuel wood collection, eggs
collection etc. in order to provide safe habitat and
undisturbed breeding ground to Red Jungle Fowl for its
long term conservation in the park.
4. Conclusion
Red Jungle Fowl occupies a narrow distribution range in
and around Deva Vatala National Park and is least
studies species in Pakistan. Present study showed that
this species is successfully breeding during spring
season in the park. However, human activities are
affecting its population and habitat in its distribution
range. It needs protection for its long term survival and
conservation in Pakistan.
References
Ali, S. 1961. The book of Indian birds. 6th edition.
Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay India.
Ali, S. and S.D. Ripley 1987. The Compact Handbook of
the Birds of India and Pakistan. Oxford University
Press, Bombay, India.
Anwar, M., I. Hussain and U. Hafeez. 2012. Final
technical report: Baseline studies on Wildlife
diversity in selected protected areas of Pakistan.
Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS Arid
Agriculture University Rawalpindi. 80 pp.
Arshad, M.I. and M. Zakaria. 1999. Breeding ecology of
Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in
Malaysia. Malayn Nat. J., 53(4): 355-365.
Brisbin, I. 1997. Concern for the Genetic Integrity and
Conservation Status of Red Jungle Fowl. SPPA Bull.,
2(3): 1-2.
Bump, G. and W.H. Bohl. 1961. Red Jungle Fowl and
Kalij Pheasants. US. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, D.C. Special Scientific Report, Wildlife
No. 62.
Anwar et al. 2016 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2016 1(1): 59−65
65
Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
Collias, N.E., E.C. Collias, D. Hunsaker and I. Minning.
1966. Locality fixation, mobility and social
organization within an unconfined population of
red jungle fowl. Behav., 14: 550-559.
Collias, N.E. and E.C. Collias. 1967. A field study of the
Red Jungle Fowl in north-central India. Condor, 69:
360-389.
Collias, N.E. 1987. The vocal repertoire of Red Jungle
Fowl: A spectrographic classification and the
code of communication. Condor, 89: 510-524.
Delacour, J. 1951. The pheasants of the world. Country
Life Ltd, London.
Del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott and J. Sargatal. 2001. Hand Book
of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World
Vultures to Guinea fowl. Lynx Editions, Barcelona.
Evans, C. S., J. M Macedonia and P. Marter. 1993.
Effects of apparent size and speed on the response
of chickens (Gallus gallus) to computer-generator
stimulations of aerial predators. Anim. Behav., 46:
1-11.
IUCN, 2010. IUCN Red List. International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Gland, Switzerland.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1986. The pheasants of the World.
Oxford University Press, New York
Johnson, R. A. 1963. Habitat preference and behavior
of breeding jungle fowl in central western
Thailand. Wilson Bull., 75: 270-272.
Ling, Y. 2009. Field studies on Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus
gallus jabouillei) in Hainan, China. M.Sc. thesis. The
graduate university of Chinese Academy of
Sciences. Zuangzhou, China.
Meijer, T. and I. Siemers. 1993. Incubation
development and asynchronous hatching in Jungle
fowl. Behav., 127: 309-322.
Peterson, T. and L. Brisbin. 1999. Genetic
endangerment of wild Red Jungle Fowl Gallus
gallus. Bird Conserv. Int., 9: 387-394.
Ramesh, N. 2008. Breeding ecology of grey jungle fowl
Gallus sonneratti in Gudular Range, Theni Forest
Division, Western Ghats Tamilnadu, South India.
Thesis A.V.C. College, Mannampandal,
Mayiladuthrai.
Subhani, A, M.S. Awan, M. Anwar, U. Ali and N.I. Dar.
2010. Population status and distribution of Red
Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus murghi) in Deva Vatala
National Park, Azda Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.
Pak. J. Zool., 42(6): 701-706.
Verma, P.K. and N. Pande. 2002. Learning birds through
latest portfolio of theory and practice. Dominant
publishers and distribution, New Delhi, India.