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Smile intensity in social networking profile photographs is related to greater scientific achievements
Abstract
*** A MUST-READ FOR ALL RESEARCHGATE USERS ***
Theory and research indicates that individuals with more frequent positive emotions are better at attaining goals at work and in everyday life. In the current study we examined whether the expression of genuine positive emotions by scientists was positively correlated with work-related accomplishments, defined by bibliometric (e.g., number of citations) and sociometric (number of followers for scholarly updates) indices. Using a sample of 440 scientists from a social networking site for researchers, multiple raters coded smile intensity (full smile, partial smile, or no smile) in publicly available photographs. We found that scientists who presented a full smile had the same quantity of publications yet of higher quality (e.g., citations per paper) and attracted more followers to their updates compared to less positive emotionally expressive peers; results remained after controlling for age and sex. Thin-slicing approaches to the beneficial effects of positive emotionality (e.g., Danner, Snowdon, & Friesen, 2001; Harker & Keltner, 2001) offer an ecologically valid approach to complement experimental and longitudinal evidence. Evidence linking positive emotional expressions to scientific impact and social influence provides further support for broaden and build models of positive emotions.
... Research showed that individuals smiling in pro le photos more intensely are more competent [11] and achieve greater professional success [12]. Individuals who tend to smile in photos are also more socially competent [11], that might be relevant to team sports performance. ...
... Ten raters blind to the research questions evaluated players' pro le pictures. Raters coded smiles using three categories -Duchenne smile (full smile), partial smile or asymmetrical smile, and no smile [12,15]. A Duchenne smile is a facial expression characterized by the contraction of muscles around the mouth and the eyes that is closely related to the pleasant experience. ...
... Finally, although the validity and accuracy of the thin-slicing methodology using pro le photo smiles have been evidenced [7,11,12], inferring emotions based on facial movements is considered risky [27]. For decades, Duchenne smile was considered a genuine positive emotions indicator [1]. ...
Studies indicated that individuals who tend to smile while taking their photographs tend to experience more positive emotions in their life and, in turn, achieve superior outcomes in several life domains. However, little is known whether positive emotionality revealed in players' profile photographs is related to sports performance. This study examined whether the smiling intensity in volleyball players' profiles (full, partial, and no smile) predicted individual (e.g., points scored, service, and reception errors) and team performance (winning a match). Building upon previous studies on positive emotions, we expected that players presenting full (Duchenne) smiles would achieve better results. We analyzed 196 volleyball players' profiles from the Polish highest-level professional league competition (PlusLiga). Raters coded smile intensity. Using three-level path models, we found that teams with more frequent Duchenne smiles performed as well as those who presented Duchenne smiles less often. We conclude that positive emotionality (as reflected in profile photo smiling) might be independent of male volleyball accomplishments.
... Research showed that individuals smiling in pro le photos more intensely live longer [7], have higher life and marital satisfaction [11] [12] [13], are more competent [11], and achieve greater professional success [14]. Individuals who tend to smile in photos are also more caring for others, sociable, and interpersonally warm [11], factors that might be relevant to team sports performance. ...
... Ten raters blind to the research questions evaluated players' pro le pictures. Raters coded smiles using three categories -Duchenne smile (full smile), partial smile or asymmetrical smile, and no smile [14] [17]. A Duchenne smile is a facial expression characterized by the contraction of muscles around the mouth and the eyes that is closely related to the pleasant experience. ...
... Finally, although the validity and accuracy of the thin-slicing methodology using pro le photo smiles have been evidenced [7] [11] [14], inferring emotions based on facial movements is considered risky [27]. ...
Studies indicated that individuals who tend to smile while taking their photographs tend to experience more positive emotions in their life and, in turn, achieve superior outcomes in several life domains. However, little is known whether positive emotionality revealed in players' profile photographs is related to sports performance. This study examined whether the smiling intensity in volleyball players' profiles (full, partial, and no smile) predicted individual (e.g., points scored, service, and reception errors) and team performance (winning a match). Building upon previous studies on positive emotions, we expected that players presenting full (Duchenne) smiles would achieve better results. We analyzed 196 volleyball players' profiles from the Polish highest-level professional league competition (PlusLiga). Raters coded smile intensity. Using three-level path models, we found that teams with more frequent Duchenne smiles performed as well as those who presented Duchenne smiles less often. We conclude that positive emotionality (as reflected in profile photo smiling) might be independent of male volleyball accomplishments.
... Other authors (Abel & Kruger, 2010;Freese, Meland, & Irwin, 2006;Kaczmarek et al., 2017) developed a trichotomous scoring system to rate the smiling intensity of people in pictures. This system was developed to allow fast scoring of a high number of images. ...
... In contrast to Harker and Keltner (2001) scale, the SIS provides an overall score that is not the result of the sum of the individual intensity of the eyes and mouth muscular contraction. In contrast to the system used by Abel and Kruger (2010), Freese et al. (2006), and Kaczmarek et al. (2017), the SIS allows for more precision by rating smiling intensity on a five-point scale. Smiling is primarily identified with a muscular contraction in the mouth area (AU12) that causes the corners of the mouth to move upward: If there is no upward movement of the corners of the mouth, there is no smiling. ...
This study investigates the function of smiling intensity as a non-discrete marker of humor in conversation. The smiling intensity of participants in eight conversational dyads was measured relative to the occurrence of humorous and non-humorous events in the conversation. A relationship was found between higher smiling intensity and the occurrence of humorous event across conversations, thus confirming the value of smiling as a marker of humor. The results show that the occurrence of humor correlates positively with an increase of smiling intensity relative to the nonhumorous stretches of talk, and it is foreshadowed by a localized increase of smiling both generally and when humor is predictable. Moreover, during humorous events participants displayed framing smiling patterns, often preceded or followed by smiling accommodation or inverted smiling gestures, which are representative of the conversational dynamics of the dyad and the ongoing negotiation of meaning.
... Other authors (Abel & Kruger, 2010;Freese, Meland, & Irwin, 2006;Kaczmarek et al., 2017) developed a trichotomous scoring system to rate the smiling intensity of people in pictures. This system was developed to allow fast scoring of a high number of images. ...
... In contrast to Harker and Keltner (2001) scale, the SIS provides an overall score that is not the result of the sum of the individual intensity of the eyes and mouth muscular contraction. In contrast to the system used by Abel and Kruger (2010), Freese et al. (2006), and Kaczmarek et al. (2017), the SIS allows for more precision by rating smiling intensity on a five-point scale. Smiling is primarily identified with a muscular contraction in the mouth area (AU12) that causes the corners of the mouth to move upward: If there is no upward movement of the corners of the mouth, there is no smiling. ...
This workshop introduces a set of tools and methods to perform a multimodal analysis of humor in spoken discourse. The hands-on approach will provide the attendees with practical materials, templates, and procedures to perform methodologically sound analyses. No prior knowledge assumed. All materials included.
... Other authors (Abel & Kruger, 2010;Freese, Meland, & Irwin, 2006;Kaczmarek et al., 2017) developed a trichotomous scoring system to rate the smiling intensity of people in pictures. This system was developed to allow fast scoring of a high number of images. ...
... In contrast to Harker and Keltner (2001) scale, the SIS provides an overall score that is not the result of the sum of the individual intensity of the eyes and mouth muscular contraction. In contrast to the system used by Abel and Kruger (2010), Freese et al. (2006), and Kaczmarek et al. (2017), the SIS allows for more precision by rating smiling intensity on a five-point scale. Smiling is primarily identified with a muscular contraction in the mouth area (AU12) that causes the corners of the mouth to move upward: If there is no upward movement of the corners of the mouth, there is no smiling. ...
The study of smiling has been traditionally approached from two contrasting models: a model that focuses on smiling as an emotion-expressing behavior (Ekman, Davidson, & Friesen, 1990; Ekman, Rolls, Perrett, & Ellis, 1992), and a model that focuses on the communicative function of smiling in social interaction (Fridlung, 1994, but see also Messinger & Fogel, 2007). After presenting an overview of the current debate on smiling as an expressive or communicative behavior, this paper will argue that, from a linguistic perspective and regardless of its originating purposes, smiling may be used by speakers to negotiate the humorous nature of a text. This claim will be supported by results of an experimental multimodal research of smiling in humorous discourse (Attardo, Pickering, Lomotey, & Menjo, 2013; Gironzetti, Pickering, & Attardo, forthcoming; Gironzetti, Pickering, Huang, Zhang, Menjo, & Attardo, forthcoming). Data show that speakers jointly negotiate the humorous nature of a segment of conversation by means of smiling and thus contribute to the ongoing discussion on humor performance and humor marking in conversation.
References
Attardo, S; Pickering, L; Lomotey, F; Menjo, S. (2013). Multimodality in Conversational Humor. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 11(2), 400–414.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 342–353. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ekman, P., Rolls, E. T., Perrett, D. I., & Ellis, H. D. (1992). Facial Expressions of Emotion: An Old Controversy and New Findings [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 335(1273), 63–69. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1992.0008
Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Gironzetti, E., Attardo, S., & Pickering, L. (forthcoming). Smiling, Gaze, and Humor in Conversation: A Pilot Study. In Ruiz-Gurillo, L. (ed.) Metapragmatics of humor: Current Research Trends. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gironzetti, E., Pickering, L., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., Menjo, S., & Attardo, S. (forthcoming). Smiling Synchronicity and Gaze Patterns in Dyadic Humorous Conversations. HUMOR - International Journal of Humor Research.
Parkinson, B. (2005). Do Facial Movements Express Emotions or Communicate Motives? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(4), 278–311.
Messinger, D. & Fogel, A. (2007). The interactive development of social smiling. In Robert Kail (ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 35, 327-366. Oxford: Elsevier.
... Other authors (Abel & Kruger, 2010;Freese, Meland, & Irwin, 2006;Kaczmarek et al., 2017) developed a trichotomous scoring system to rate the smiling intensity of people in pictures. This system was developed to allow fast scoring of a high number of images. ...
... In contrast to Harker and Keltner (2001) scale, the SIS provides an overall score that is not the result of the sum of the individual intensity of the eyes and mouth muscular contraction. In contrast to the system used by Abel and Kruger (2010), Freese et al. (2006), and Kaczmarek et al. (2017), the SIS allows for more precision by rating smiling intensity on a five-point scale. Smiling is primarily identified with a muscular contraction in the mouth area (AU12) that causes the corners of the mouth to move upward: If there is no upward movement of the corners of the mouth, there is no smiling. ...
... For example, previous research has found that hair colors and facial expressions of Airbnb hosts' online profile photos affect guest ratings (Jang, 2022). Moreover, scholars' smile intensity in their online profile pictures on EJM ResearchGate is found to be positively related to the number of citations per article and research followers (Kaczmarek et al., 2018). Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore the impact of other visual cues such as age-or ethnicity-related facial features on consumers' perceptions of the salespeople (Wood, 2020). ...
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the impact of a salesperson’s babyface in his/her profile picture on the number of online reviews the salesperson receives. In addition to testing the direct relationship, this study explores the moderating roles of salesperson gender and consumer involvement.
Design/methodology/approach
Responding to the call for field-based consumer research, the authors test their theory using an experimental design and a field study. Study 1 employs an experimental design in high and low involvement service settings to test the effect of a babyface on consumers’ intention to write online reviews. Study 2 uses field data, utilising real estate salespeople’s online profile pictures to test the effect of salespeople’s babyface on the number of online reviews they receive. It does so by using an artificial intelligence facial recognition application interface.
Findings
A salesperson’s babyface results in fewer online reviews in situations in which consumers are highly involved in the purchase process. By contrast, a salesperson’s babyface engenders more online reviews when consumers purchase low involvement services. The adverse effect of a babyface on the number of online reviews, however, attenuates when a salesperson is female.
Research limitations/implications
Limited information about salespeople, a skewed number of online reviews and blurry online profile pictures from a real-world data set constitute the study’s limitations.
Practical implications
When consumers are highly involved in the purchase process, salespeople should appear mature in their online profile photos to engender more online reviews. However, salespeople providing low involvement services should opt for online profile pictures reflecting babyish facial features to generate more online reviews.
Originality/value
Research has shown that salespeople’s physical appearance plays an important role in consumers’ perceptions of salespeople and their performance. Although abundant research and practice have shown the importance of online reviews, less is known about how online profile pictures affect online reviews. Thus, building on well-studied cases of an overgeneralization effect, this work examines the extent to which salespeople’s babyface features in their online profile picture affects the number of online reviews received in a real-world setting.
... Naïve observers who have never met an individual can provide accurate ratings in a number of unique domains based on brief periods of observed behavior or still images (Ambady & Rosenthal, 1992;Borkenau et al., 2004;Murphy et al., 2015Murphy et al., , 2019Slepian et al., 2014). These observers reach consensus and make accurate judgements about characteristics as diverse as personality (Borkenau et al., 2004), scientific achievements (Kaczmarek et al., 2017) and socioeconomic status (Kraus et al., 2019;Kraus & Keltner, 2009). Short, "thin-slice" assessments involve naïve observers who view approximately 30-s to one-minute videos of a person in different contexts. ...
Obesity is a major public health problem and cause of significant burden across the lifespan. Longitudinal samples, beginning in early childhood offer an advantageous approach to studying obesity, given the potential to observe within-individual changes over time. Yet among the many available longitudinal studies of children, particularly those studying psychological disorders, do not assess for overweight/obesity status or related constructs necessary to compute BMI. We offer a unique thin slice approach for assessing obesity/overweight status using previously collected video data. The current study observationally coded overweight/obesity status in a clinically enriched sample of preschoolers oversampled for depression (N = 299). Preschoolers (ages 3–6 years) completed 1–8 structured observational tasks with an experimenter. Overweight/obesity was coded using a “thin slice” technique with 7820 unique ratings available for analysis. Parent-reported physical health problems were assessed throughout the study and BMI percentiles were available from ages 8–19 years. Thin-slice ratings of overweight/obesity were reliably observed in preschoolers’ ages 3–6 years. Thin-slice ratings of overweight/obesity during preschool significantly predicted adolescent BMI percentiles at six separate assessments spanning ages 8–19 years. Further, preschool overweight/obese thin-slice ratings were associated with more physical health problems over time and less sport/activity participation during preschool. Overweight/obesity can be observationally identified in preschool-age children and offers a reliable estimate of future BMI percentile. Study findings highlight how previously collected data could be utilized to study the developmental trajectories of overweight/obesity to inform this critical public health problem.
... Self-confidence encourages a can-do attitude that builds upon the robust and satisfying mental state. Mental energy deflects negativity and conflict, inspiring creativity, success, and even longevity (Inzlicht et al. 2018;Kaczmarek et al. 2017;Stellar et al. 2015;Diener and Chan 2011;Aknin et al. 2012;Steptoe and Wardle 2005;Ryan and Deci 2017). ...
The living state is low entropy, highly complex organization, yet it is part of the energy cycle of the environment. Due to the recurring presence of the resting state, stimulus and its response form a thermodynamic cycle of perception that can be modeled by the Carnot engine. The endothermic reversed Carnot engine relies on energy from the environment to increase entropy (i.e., the synaptic complexity of the resting state). High entropy relies on mental energy, which represents intrinsic motivation and focuses on the future. It increases freedom of action. The Carnot engine can model exothermic, negative emotional states, which direct the focus on the past. The organism dumps entropy and energy to its environment, in the form of aggravation, anxiety, criticism, and physical violence. The loss of mental energy curtails freedom of action, forming apathy, depression, mental diseases, and immune problems. Our improving intuition about the brain's intelligent computations will allow the development of new treatments for mental disease and novel find applications in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). .
... Low frequencies (positive emotions) lack details and reflect higher degrees of freedom, which permit associative representations. Expanded time perception (Neupert and Allaire 2012;Rudd et al. 2012) encourages satisfaction, relaxation, and trust (Kaczmarek et al. 2017). ...
Scientific investigations in the past decades have revealed that the brain’s electric activities correlate with the phenomenology of consciousness. Thus, cognitive science increasingly utilizes physical principles for its analyses. Recently, the Fermionic Mind Hypothesis (FMH) was suggested to explain the hard problem of consciousness. Quantum cognition has considered quantum theory for modeling cognitive phenomena such as memory, language, decision-making, and social interaction for decades. String theory can explain social comparisons and the aptitude for proportionality. The evoked cycle represents an energy-information cycle between the cortex and the limbic brain that is built on the brain’s resting state. Because gravity operates via pressure, time perception informs motivation via emotions. Sensory information, which reflects spatial relationships, is transformed into temporal relationships of memories and decisions. Positive emotions represent an endothermic cycle, which orients toward the future. Negative emotions correspond to information overload; the exothermic process imposes a high energy need on the brain. The energetic consequences of emotions might explain the evolution of intellect as well as mental disease.
... Positive emotions and awe expand time perception (Rudd et al., 2012;Neupert & Allaire, 2012;Csikszentmihalyi & Hunter, 2003). The sense of temporal excess encourages patience and persistence, which makes success and achievement possible (Boehm & Lyubomirsky, 2008;Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002;Kaczmarek et al., 2017). ...
The recognition that the brain's electric activities correlate with psychophysiology has encouraged the application of physical principles in the analysis of cognitive processes. Perception is an orthogonal transformation of the spatial organization of the physical world into a temporally organized system-the discrete processing of stimulus centers on the resting-state. Information overload formulates a time pressure of stress and temporal excess spurs satisfaction. Both conditions enhance time perception but correspond to opposite emotions and attitudes. Emotions underlie all cognitive and processes by forming the fundamental motivations, attachments, and personal boundaries. Emotions have irresistible power over our behavior; by operating behind conscious awareness, they modulate what we see, hear, and think. The fermionic mind hypothesis (FMH) establishes consciousness as the smallest unit of intellect that operates via the principles of string theory, general relativity, and quantum mechanics. Adopting physical laws ensures survival by integrating the mind into the environment.
... The state of the art suggests that the formation of first impressions is an automatic, extremely rapid process based on whatever evaluative information is available (Bar et al., 2006;Cone et al., 2017). Research on thin slicing (i.e., the ability of people to extract information about individual traits of others based on narrow windows of experience; Lykourentzou et al., 2017), has shown that when exposed to brief patterns of behavioral expressions, observers are even capable of making quite accurate judgments about a wide range of individual characteristics, such as socioeconomic status (Kraus and Keltner, 2009), scientific achievements (Kaczmarek et al., 2018), likelihood of being an appropriate teammate (Lykourentzou et al., 2017), among others. ...
With an estimated 50 million or more users worldwide, Tinder has become one of the most popular mobile dating applications. Although judgments of physical attractiveness are assumed to drive the “swiping” decisions that lead to matches, we propose that there is an additional evaluative dimension driving behind these decisions: judgments of moral character. With the aim of adding empirical support for this proposition, we critically review the most striking findings about first impressions extracted from faces, moral character in person perception, creepiness, and the uncanny valley, as they apply to Tinder behavior. Drawing on this research and the evolutionary theory of biological markets, we formulate several hypotheses that offer directions for future studies of Tinder and other dating apps. We conclude that research on face perception of novel targets supports the plausibility of moral character as a potential factor affecting the swiping decisions and subsequent behavior of Tinder users.
One of the research directions of Internet public data is the social profiling task. Various analytical tools and technologies are used to quickly process large arrays of heterogeneous data within this task. The result is a social profile or a set of profiles. It represents value in various socio-economic spheres.
Women’s representation in science has changed substantially, but unevenly, over the past 40 years. In health and biological sciences, for example, women’s representation among U.S. scientists is now on par with or greater than men’s, while in physical sciences and engineering they remain a clear minority. We investigated whether variation in proportions of women in scientific disciplines is related to differing levels of male-favoring explicit or implicit stereotypes held by students and scientists in each discipline. We hypothesized that science-is-male stereotypes would be weaker in disciplines where women are better represented. This prediction was tested with a sample of 176,935 college-educated participants (70% female), including thousands of engineers, physicians, and scientists. The prediction was supported for the explicit stereotype, but not for the implicit stereotype. Implicit stereotype strength did not correspond with disciplines’ gender ratios, but, rather, correlated with two indicators of disciplines’ scientific intensity, positively for men and negatively for women. From age 18 on, women who majored or worked in disciplines perceived as more scientific had substantially weaker science-is-male stereotypes than did men in the same disciplines, with gender differences larger than 0.8 standard deviations in the most scientifically-perceived disciplines. Further, particularly for women, differences in the strength of implicit stereotypes across scientific disciplines corresponded with the strength of scientific values held by women in the disciplines. These results are discussed in the context of dual process theory of mental operation and balanced identity theory. The findings point to the need for longitudinal study of the factors’ affecting development of adults’ and, especially, children’s implicit gender stereotypes and scientific identity.
Adaptation has been widely used to probe how experience shapes the visual encoding of faces, but the pattern of perceptual changes produced by adaptation and the neural mechanisms these imply remain poorly characterized. We explored how adaptation alters the perceived age of faces, a fundamental facial attribute which can uniquely and reliably be scaled by observers. This allowed us to measure how adaptation to one age level affected the full continuum of perceived ages. Participants guessed the ages of faces ranging from 18-89, before or after adapting to a different set of faces composed of younger, older, or middle-aged adults. Adapting to young or old faces induced opposite linear shifts in perceived age that were independent of the model's age. Specifically, after adapting to younger or older faces, faces of all ages appeared 2 to 3 years older or younger, respectively. In contrast, middle-aged adaptors induced no aftereffects. This pattern suggests that adaptation leads to a simple and uniform renormalization of age perception, and is consistent with a norm-based neural code for the mechanisms mediating the perception of facial age.
The authors propose a theoretical model linking emotions, self-regulated learning, and motivation to academic achievement. This model was tested with 5,805 undergraduate students. They completed the Self-Regulated Learning, Emotions, and Motivation Computerized Battery (LEM–B) composed of 3 self-report questionnaires: the Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (LQ), the Emotions Questionnaire (EQ), and the Motivation Questionnaire (MQ). The findings were consistent with the authors’ hypotheses and appeared to support all aspects of the proposed model. The structural equation model showed that students’ emotions influence their self-regulated learning and their motivation, and these, in turn, affect academic achievement. Thus, self-regulated learning and motivation mediate the effects of emotions on academic achievement. Moreover, positive emotions foster academic achievement only when they are mediated by self-regulated learning and motivation. The results are discussed with regard to the key role of emotions in academic settings and in terms of theoretical implications for researchers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Does the extent to which people are smiling in their Facebook photos predict future life satisfaction? In two longitudinal studies, the authors showed that smile intensity coded from a single Facebook profile photograph from male and female participants’ first semester at college was a robust predictor of self-reported life satisfaction 3.5 years later—as they were about to graduate from college. Controlling for first-semester life satisfaction, the authors also determined that smile intensity was a unique predictor of changes in life satisfaction over time. In addition, the authors demonstrated that the results were not due to extraversion or to sex differences in smile intensity. Finally, the authors showed that participants who exhibited a more intense smile in their Facebook photo had better social relationships during their first semester at college and that the association between smile intensity and life satisfaction 3.5 years later was partially mediated by first-semester social relationships satisfaction.
In content analysis and similar methods, data are typically generated by trained human observers who record or transcribe textual, pictorial, or audible matter in terms suitable for analysis. Conclusions from such data can be trusted only after demonstrating their reliability. Unfortunately, the content analysis literature is full of proposals for so-called reliability coefficients, leaving investigators easily confused, not knowing which to choose. After describing the criteria for a good measure of reliability, we propose Krippendorff's alpha as the standard reliability measure. It is general in that it can be used regardless of the number of observers, levels of measurement, sample sizes, and presence or absence of missing data. To facilitate the adoption of this recommendation, we describe a freely available macro written for SPSS and SAS to calculate Krippendorff's alpha and illustrate its use with a simple example.
How many scholarly research articles are there in existence? Journal articles first
appeared in 1665, and the cumulative total is estimated here to have passed 50 million in
2009. This sum was arrived at based on published figures for global annual output for 2006,
and analyses of annual output and growth rates published in the last decade.
Based on social–functional accounts of emotion, we conducted two studies examining whether the degree to which people smiled
in photographs predicts the likelihood of divorce. Along with other theorists, we posited that smiling behavior in photographs
is potentially indicative of underlying emotional dispositions that have direct and indirect life consequences. In the first
study, we examined participants’ positive expressive behavior in college yearbook photos and in Study 2 we examined a variety
of participants’ photos from childhood through early adulthood. In both studies, divorce was predicted by the degree to which
subjects smiled in their photos.
G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
This longitudinal study provides an analysis of the relationship between personality traits and work experiences with a special focus on the relationship between changes in personality and work experiences in young adulthood. Longitudinal analyses uncovered 3 findings. First, measures of personality taken at age 18 predicted both objective and subjective work experiences at age 26. Second, work experiences were related to changes in personality traits from age 18 to 26. Third, the predictive and change relations between personality traits and work experiences were corresponsive: Traits that "selected" people into specific work experiences were the same traits that changed in response to those same work experiences. The relevance of the findings to theories of personality development is discussed.
Although expressing positive emotions is typically socially rewarded, in the present work, we predicted that people suppress positive emotions and thereby experience social benefits when outperformed others are present. We tested our predictions in three experimental studies with high school students. In Studies 1 and 2, we manipulated the type of social situation (outperformance vs. non-outperformance) and assessed suppression of positive emotions. In both studies, individuals reported suppressing positive emotions more in outperformance situations than in non-outperformance situations. In Study 3, we manipulated the social situation (outperformance vs. non-outperformance) as well as the videotaped person's expression of positive emotions (suppression vs. expression). The findings showed that when outperforming others, individuals were indeed evaluated more positively when they suppressed rather than expressed their positive emotions, and demonstrate the importance of the specific social situation with respect to the effects of suppression.
Male and female subjects performed several tasks either in the presence or absence of an environmental source of positive affect (pleasant artificial scents produced by two commercially manufactured air-fresheners). Consistent with the findings of previous research on the impact of positive affect, results indicated that several aspects of subjects' behavior were influenced by this variable. Participants exposed to pleasant scents set higher goals on a clerical coding task and were more likely to adopt an efficient strategy for performing this task than subjects not exposed to such conditions. In addition, males (but not females) reported higher self-efficacy in the presence of pleasant artificial scents than in their absence. Participants exposed to pleasant scents also set higher monetary goals and made more concessions during face-to-face negotiations with an accomplice. Finally, subjects exposed to pleasant scents reported weaker preferences for handling future conflicts with the accomplice through avoidance and competition. Analyses of covariance suggested that these differences stemmed largely from contrasting levels of positive affect among subjects in the neutral and pleasant scent conditions. Together, these results suggest that pleasant artificial scents may provide a potentially useful means for enhancing the environmental quality of work settings, and hence the performance and attitudes of persons in them.
Giant academic social networks have taken off to a degree that no one expected even a few years ago. A Nature survey explores why.
Abstract A previous study of females at an elite liberal arts college found that the degree of positive emo- tion expressed in persons’ college yearbook photos was correlated with personality, marital, and health outcomes ,decades ,later in life. We examine ,whether ,the same ,pattern is observed ,among respondents in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, using high school yearbook photographs and out- come,measures,obtained,mostly,when,respondents,were in their Wfties. Despite some,seeming,advan- tages of our design, we were unable, with a few exceptions, to replicate the Wndings of the previous study. Possible explanations for this divergence in Wndings are discussed, including diVerences in measurement, the sample, and the photographic occasion itself. ©2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Personality; Emotion; Marriage; Health; Attractiveness; Longitudinal studies We thank Robert Hauser, Richard Davidson, and members of both the Social Psychology and Microsociolo-
Past research has demonstrated a relationship between happiness and workplace success. For example, compared with their less happy peers, happy people earn more money, display superior performance, and perform more helpful acts. Researchers have often assumed that an employee is happy and satisfied because he or she is successful. In this article, the authors review evidence in support of an alternative hypothesis—namely, that happiness is a source of why particular employees are more successful than others. To this end, the authors consider evidence from three types of studies—cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental—that relate happiness to various work outcomes. Taken together, the evidence suggests that happiness is not only correlated with workplace success but that happiness often precedes measures of success and that induction of positive affect leads to improved workplace outcomes.
Few studies include associations of emotions, or of individual differences in emotionality, to academic competence, and there are virtually no empirical data on when or why relations exist (or do not exist). The few studies of emotion and achievement have largely focused on anxiety, but there has been scant theoretical and empirical attention devoted to the treatment of other emotions. It is suggested that considering the moderated and indirect effects of students' emotions on their academic functioning may provide an understanding of whether and under what circumstances emotions are related to achievement. This article briefly reviews findings linking situational and dispositional negative or positive emotions to academic achievement and suggests that researchers can learn much about relations between emotions and achievement by considering the potential moderating role of effortful control, as well as considering the mediating roles that cognitive processes, motivational mechanisms, and classroom relationships play in linking emotions and achievement.
Two laboratory experiments and 3 field studies, with 100 undergraduates and 351 US Coast Guard Academy cadets, were conducted to test the idea that focusing attention on instances of self-efficacy and pleasant experiences stimulates positive affect and cognitions that increase coping effectiveness. The effects of recording of classes of everyday personal events were examined. The laboratory studies showed a significant relation between the type of personal events the undergraduates were requested to recall and record and their task persistence and cognitive interference. The field studies showed significant differences between positive and negative recording with regard to how cadets responded to entering a complex, stress-arousing organizational setting. Overall findings indicate that recall and recording of positive events had a salutary effect on performance, cognitive interference, and self-evaluation and suggest that both psychological theory and organizational effectiveness might be significantly advanced with an increase in knowledge about how people deal with self-related attentional cues. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This longitudinal study examines the influence of dispositional affect,defined as self-rated cheerfulness at college entry, on three job outcomes – current income, job satisfaction, and unemployment history – assessedabout 19 years later. Analysis shows that individuals with a highercheerfulness rating at college entry have a higher current income and ahigher job satisfaction rating and are less likely ever to have beenunemployed than individuals with a lower cheerfulness rating. Althoughcheerfulness generally has a positive effect on current income, this effectis curvilinear, with current income increasing more rapidly at lower thanat higher cheerfulness ratings; the effect is also moderated by parentalincome, with the increase in current income between any two cheerfulnessratings becoming greater as the level of parental income increases. Theeffect of cheerfulness on current income is not moderated by sex; the effectof cheerfulness on job satisfaction and on unemployment history is notmoderated by either sex or parental income.
Following the research of Goffman (1976) and Henley (1977) on sex differences in nonverbal behavior, 1,296 portrait photographs from high school and university yearbooks and from the media files of a university were analyzed for sex differences. Females smiled with a significantly greater frequency and expansiveness than males and head canted significantly more than males. Results supporting the hypothesis that males would face the camera more directly than females failed to reach the acceptable significance level. The prediction that persons working in opposite-sex roles would deintensify their gender displays failed to gain support.
This article opens by noting that positive emotions do not fit existing models of emotions. Consequently, a new model is advanced to describe the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment, and love. This new model posits that these positive emotions serve to broaden an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, which in turn has the effect of building that individual's physical, intellectual, and social resources. Empirical evidence to support this broaden-and-build model of positive emotions is reviewed, and implications for emotion regulation and health promotion are discussed.
The field of positive psychology rests on the assumption that certain psychological traits and processes are inherently beneficial for well-being. We review evidence that challenges this assumption. First, we review data from 4 independent longitudinal studies of marriage revealing that 4 ostensibly positive processes-forgiveness, optimistic expectations, positive thoughts, and kindness-can either benefit or harm well-being depending on the context in which they operate. Although all 4 processes predicted better relationship well-being among spouses in healthy marriages, they predicted worse relationship well-being in more troubled marriages. Then, we review evidence from other research that reveals that whether ostensibly positive psychological traits and processes benefit or harm well-being depends on the context of various noninterpersonal domains as well. Finally, we conclude by arguing that any movement to promote well-being may be most successful to the extent that it (a) examines the conditions under which the same traits and processes may promote versus threaten well-being, (b) examines both healthy and unhealthy people, (c) examines well-being over substantial periods of time, and (d) avoids labeling psychological traits and processes as positive or negative.
This meta-analysis synthesized 102 effect sizes reflecting the relation between specific moods and creativity. Effect sizes overall revealed that positive moods produce more creativity than mood-neutral controls (r= .15), but no significant differences between negative moods and mood-neutral controls (r= -.03) or between positive and negative moods (r= .04) were observed. Creativity is enhanced most by positive mood states that are activating and associated with an approach motivation and promotion focus (e.g., happiness), rather than those that are deactivating and associated with an avoidance motivation and prevention focus (e.g., relaxed). Negative, deactivating moods with an approach motivation and a promotion focus (e.g., sadness) were not associated with creativity, but negative, activating moods with an avoidance motivation and a prevention focus (fear, anxiety) were associated with lower creativity, especially when assessed as cognitive flexibility. With a few exceptions, these results generalized across experimental and correlational designs, populations (students vs. general adult population), and facet of creativity (e.g., fluency, flexibility, originality, eureka/insight). The authors discuss theoretical implications and highlight avenues for future research on specific moods, creativity, and their relationships.
Four experiments indicated that positive affect, induced by means of seeing a few minutes of a comedy film or by means of receiving a small bag of candy, improved performance on two tasks that are generally regarded as requiring creative ingenuity: Duncker's (1945) candle task and M. T. Mednick, S. A. Mednick, and E. V. Mednick's (1964) Remote Associates Test. One condition in which negative affect was induced and two in which subjects engaged in physical exercise (intended to represent affectless arousal) failed to produce comparable improvements in creative performance. The influence of positive affect on creativity was discussed in terms of a broader theory of the impact of positive affect on cognitive organization.
To test hypotheses about positive emotion, the authors examined the relationship of positive emotional expression in women's college pictures to personality, observer ratings, and life outcomes. Consistent with the notion that positive emotions help build personal resources, positive emotional expression correlated with the self-reported personality traits of affiliation, competence, and low negative emotionality across adulthood and predicted changes in competence and negative emotionality. Observers rated women displaying more positive emotion more favorably on several personality dimensions and expected interactions with them to be more rewarding; thus, demonstrating the beneficial social consequences of positive emotions. Finally, positive emotional expression predicted favorable outcomes in marriage and personal well-being up to 30 years later. Controlling for physical attractiveness and social desirability had little impact on these findings.
on the inside: The social benefits of suppressing positive emotions in outperformance situations
- L P Naumann
- S Vazire
- P J Rentfrow
- S D Gosling
Naumann, L. P., Vazire, S., Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2009).
Personality judgments based on physical appearance.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1661-1671.
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emotions in outperformance situations. Personality and
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Fact sheet about ResearchGate [Fact sheet] Retrieved from https://www. researchgate Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood
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ResearchGate GmbH. (2016, November 16). Fact sheet about
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Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Work experiences
and personality development in young adulthood. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 84, 582-593.
Fact sheet about ResearchGate [Fact sheet
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ResearchGate GmbH. (2016, November 16). Fact sheet about
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researchgate.net/press