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Ronald Lippitt
Abstract
Ron Lippitt, an innovator throughout his distinguished career, was one of the founders of group dynamics and the “T-group” (sensitivity group), a cofounder of the National Training Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and again later was a cofounder of the Center on the Research for the Utilization of Scientific Knowledge at the University of Michigan. A pioneer in the development of experimental social psychology, he is renowned for his classic work on the effects of democratic, autocratic and laissez faire leadership of small groups, and for his later work on planned change. Throughout his life, he demonstrated the power of controlled research in natural settings, creating scientific foundations for small group, organizational and societal change. His hundreds of writings span articles, chapters, and books that contribute his insights and methods to resolve organizational and social problems. He leaves behind a rich legacy for researchers, consultants, organizational and societal leaders, and students.
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Six patterns of use of scientific resources are identified and illustrated: (1) derivation of action designs from relevant research findings; (2) the adoption of experimentally tested models of practice; (3) diffusion between practitioners; (4) diagnostic team with feedback; (5) internal action-research process; (6) the training of consumers to be open to the use of science. Six differences between social science utilization and the use of physical and biological science are identified. The role of the research utilization agent is explored.
The guide, intended for group and organization leaders, presents activities and exercises to aid in personal and group goal-setting and planning for the future. The objective is to help groups choose goals which are sensitive to and oriented toward the evolving future with its rapid rate of change. The guide is presented in eight chapters. Chapters I through IV suggest exercises for training participants in observation and analysis techniques. They focus on current futurist thought; feelings about the possible futures of each participant and his organization; historic trends of the world, the participant, and the organization; perspectives about the present from the three viewpoints; and an analysis of assumptions and values that guide decision making. Chapters V through VIII present step by step goal-setting exercises. They include analyzing sources for determining goals; projecting and assessing individual and group futures and alternative futures; connecting images of the future to specific actions; and exploring the necessity of celebrating progress rather than dwelling on the gap between reality and possibility. Each exercise identifies purpose and procedure; and suggests various activities such as group discussion, brainstorming, listing and prioritizing, analyzing trends, and role playing. A bibliography concludes the guide. (CK)
The study herein reported was carried out in two different parts: an exploratory experiment and a second more extensive research. The primary aim of the first study was to develop techniques for creating and describing the "social atmosphere" of children's clubs and for quantitatively recording the effects of varied social atmospheres upon group life and individual behavior. Chiefly because of practical interests two degrees of adult social control of group life, labeled "democratic" and "authoritarian," were selected as the experimental variables. The second experiment, utilizing in large measure the most fruitful techniques of the first study, had as its primary aims: (a) the intensive study of the effects upon individual and group behavior of three variations in social atmosphere, labeled "democratic," "authoritarian," and "laissez-faire"; (b) the study of the transition from one atmosphere to another of the same group of children; and (c) the relationship between the individual child's home "social climate" and his adjustment to a particular club atmosphere. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Notes that complex dynamics of the consultative relationship demand well-trained and personally competent practitioners. However, only recently has this need been recognized with the development of workshops and courses aimed at promoting consultant's skills. Though a professional helper, a consultant also needs help in practicing interpersonal intervention techniques, such as those enabling him to stimulate a need for help, develop a contract for collaboration, be supportive in working through resistance, and conceptualize criteria for making choices among alternatives. In addition to skills, it is suggested that the consultant must develop the right values, attitudes, and ethics if he is to hold the confidence of those within the client system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This paper describes the goals and methods of the future search conference, a large group planning meeting for people seeking common ground for action in organizations and communities. Underlying assumptions and an overview of the approach are provided. Next case studies describing outcomes of future searches in various organizations and communities are discussed. Limitations of the approach are outlined as well. Distinctions between future search and traditional organization development strategies are discussed next. The authors conclude by describing the paper as a progress report on an approach with much promise.
An experiment with young people under democratic, autocratic, and laissez-faire atmospheres
- D C Adler
- R Lippitt
- R K White
The humanized future: Some new images
- R Fox
- R Lippitt
- E Schindler-Raiman
Needed research on research utilization
- R Lippitt
- R Havelock
The practical theorist
- A F Marrow
- AF Marrow
Building a democratic work group
- R Lippitt
- L Bradford
The Multocular process. Unpublished Paper
- R Lippitt
- G Lippitt
Helping: How to offer, give and receive help
- E H Schein
- EH Schein
Interpersonal perceptions in the classroom The adolescent
- R Lippitt
- D Jenkins
The Flint youth studies. A progress report on social psychological studies on juvenile delinquency
- R Lippitt
- S Withey
Creative practices developed by teachers for improving classroom atmospheres. Document #14 in document series of Inter-Center Program on Children, Youth and Family Life
- R Lippitt
- M Kaufman
- R Schmuck
T-group theory and the laboratory method
- L P Bradford
- J R Gibb
- K D Benne
- LP Bradford
An analysis of group reaction to three types of experimentally created social climate (Doctoral Dissertation)
- R Lippitt
The individual pupil and the classroom group
- R Lippitt
The learner and the classroom group
- R Lippitt
Flint youth study. Flint community leaders seminar reports (with Flint Action-Research Team). Flint-ISR
- R Lippitt
Dreaming the possible: Futuring with its feet on the ground. Futuring book project
- R Lippitt
Unplanned maintenance and planned change in the group work process
- R Lippitt
Research implications for educational diffusion - Major papers presented at the National Conference on the Diffusion of Educational Ideas
- R Lippitt
- R Havelock
The research utilization conference: An illustrative model, Working paper
- R Lippitt
Autocracy and democracy
- R H White
- R Lippitt
- RH White