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How Web Design Influences User Experience: a Multi-Modal Method for Real-Time Assessment during Web Browsing
Abstract
The World Wide Web is a place where people can shop, read articles, search for information of all kinds. Like other activities that are carried out by people offline, browsing the Web involves very complex cognitive processes. According to the Cognitive Load Theory, the human cognitive capacity is limited to processing a few pieces of information at a given time, because the cognitive resources available during the execution of a task are limited too. Many authors have pointed out that browsing the Web generally implies a high cognitive load. Interestingly, recent research studies have shown that it is possible to decrease the cognitive load during Web browsing by following specific Web design rule sets and guidelines. Despite this knowledge and the potential relevance of the topic, at the best of our knowledge no study has yet investigated how specific task have an impact in terms of cognitive load and user experience. There is also a lack of knowledge on how web design techniques can actually reduce cognitive load. On the basis of these observations, the proposed study has two main objectives: (1) to investigate the user experience while performing comprehension task on the Web through the adoption of a real-time multi-level assessment, with particular attention on cognitive load; (2) to test the relationship between specific aspects of web design and users experience. The experimental design and protocol of the study will be presented and discussed.
... Navigating the web represents a complex cognitive activity, similar to many activities carried out offline. Nonetheless, tasks such as reading, buying products, or seeking information online require a correct processing and integration of a variety of different stimuli, as well as the correct functioning of several cognitive capacities, including attention, perception, and working memory [13][14][15]. The availability of cognitive resources during the execution of a task is limited, and such resources are selectively used to achieve an aim or a specific objective [9][10][11]. ...
... The availability of cognitive resources during the execution of a task is limited, and such resources are selectively used to achieve an aim or a specific objective [9][10][11]. Some studies [14,16,17] have pointed out that the web generally requires a high cognitive effort, and, therefore, it is often the cause of cognitive load increase [18,19]. Previous literature has drawn a link between the Cognitive Load Theory and the principles of web usability. ...
... information-seeking and text reading) and to how web design can positively or negatively affect cognitive load [16,[24][25][26][27][28][29]. Among the most frequently studied activities, information-seeking resulted to be particularly relevant in the examination of users' behaviour on the web and of their cognitive load [14,17,[30][31][32][33]. ...
Navigating the web represents a complex cognitive activity that requires effective integration of different stimuli and the correct functioning of numerous cognitive abilities (including attention, perception, and working memory). Despite the potential relevance of the topic, numerous limitations are present throughout the literature about the cognitive load during online activities. The main aim of this study is to investigate cognitive load during comprehension and information-seeking tasks. In particular, we here focus on the comparison of the cognitive load required while performing those tasks using mobile or PC-based devices. This topic has become even more crucial due to the massive adoption of smart working and distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A great effort is nowadays devoted to the detection and quantification of stressful states induced by working and learning activities. Continuous stress and excessive cognitive load are two of the main causes of mental and physical illnesses such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive load was measured through electroencephalography (EEG), acquired via a low-cost wireless EEG headset. Two different tasks were considered: reading comprehension (CO) of online text and online information-seeking (IS). Moreover, two experimental conditions were compared, administering the two tasks using mobile (MB) and desktop (PC) devices. Eleven participants were involved in each experimental condition, MB and PC, performing both the tasks on the same device, for a total of twenty-two people, recruited from students, researchers, and employees of the university. The following two research questions were investigated: Q1: Is there a difference in the cognitive load while performing the comprehension and the information-seeking tasks? Q2: Does the adopted device influence the cognitive load? The results obtained show that the baseline (BL) requires the lower cognitive load in both the conditions, while in IS task, the requirement reaches its highest value, especially using a mobile phone. In general, the power of all the brain wave bands increased in all conditions (MB and PC) during the two tasks (CO and IS), except for alpha, which is usually high in a state of relaxation and low cognitive load. People include website navigation into their daily routines, and for this, it is important to create an interaction that is as easy and barrier-free as possible. An effective design allows a user to focus on interesting information: many website architectures, instead, are an obstacle to be overcome; they impose a high cognitive load and poor user experience. All these aspects draw cognitive resources away from the user’s primary task of finding and comprehending the site’s information. Having information about how the cognitive load varies based on the device adopted and the considered task can provide useful indicators in this direction. This work suggests that using an EEG low-cost wearable device could be useful to quantify the cognitive load induced, allowing the development of new experiments to analyse these dependencies deeper, and to provide suggestions for better interaction with the web.
... The Web server mounts HTML pages and sends data files to the WEB client through Ajax. In this way, the client can quickly refresh device data [3]. ...
A loom monitoring system was designed and developed to realize monitoring loom in both industrial field and remote network environments and to meet the on-site workers’ convenient operation and centralized management of enterprises. This article uses the touch screen as the main carrier of the field system and cooperates with configuration technology and expert system to realize fault diagnosis. And this article uses the B/S architecture as the remote system cloud platform network architecture which builds the Redis database and Nginx server operating environment, and the front-end technology such as HTML5 is used to design a web client interface to meet the functional needs. This implementation method has three advantages: First, it breaks the traditional way of mechanical button matching with touch screens in the textile manufacturing industry; second, it can quickly find out the reason for loom failure; and third, it lifts the regional restrictions, thus improving the intelligence and information level of textile machinery and equipment.
Article Highlights
This monitoring system combines configuration technology with computer technology to realize monitoring in both industrial fields and remote environments. Industrial site workers quickly and directly operate the loom through the on-site touch screen. Enterprise management personnel centrally manage the loom through remote means. Therefore, the system is convenient for different types of users in the enterprise.
The industrial field monitoring system has comprehensive functions and friendly interface operation, which realizes the comprehensive monitoring and operating parameter setting of each link of the loom production. It can also meet functional requirements such as fault alarm and debugging and maintenance.
The use of the cloud platform and other technologies to achieve remote monitoring of the loom, breaking through the geographical restrictions. It is possible to log in to the remote system anytime and anywhere to monitor the running status and production information of the loom, which also provides convenience for later maintenance and upgrades.
... Jenis -jenis blockchain tersebut memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya masingmasing. Tipe paling umum yang digunakan yaitu blockchain tipe publik yang memiliki sifat terbuka dan mengawal mula dari blockchain ini harus memiliki kesepakatan dari sejumlah pengguna atau forum online untuk dikerjakan secara bersamaan (Caldiroli et al., 2017;Feng, He, Zeadally, Khan, & Kumar, 2019;Judmayer et al., 2017). Blockchain konsorsium berbeda dengan tipe publik yang dikerjakan secara bersamaan oleh sejumlah komunitas. ...
Waqf has an important role in one aspect of Islamic in the economic sector. For document and evidence, waqf noted by nazir (receiver, guard, who maintains waqf) with paper and receipt. That is very vulnerable to losing waqf data which is because it is only documented by paper which is easy to lose or damaged. Based on that problem, then the waqf application based blockchain technology was developed which Aims to securing record data of waqf transaction so as not to be lost or hacked by irresponsible people, other than that for increase effectiveness in executing waqf transaction from wakif (a person who donates his property) side and nazhir (receiver, guard, who maintains waqf) side. The data collection methods used in this article are questionnaires and also interviews. This article confirms that waqf could be stored even better in security effort and saving data which is done digitally via website and android application. The results of the research which got a total result 95% with very feasible criteria, therefore the result of this research from this application have a very feasible score to be implemented for available waqf transaction because it has given more secure and effectiveness for the user.
... The left part of Fig. 5 can be converted into the right one, by setting X as x X in (4). In reality, human cognitive capacity can only process a few elements of information at a given time because of their limited cognitive resources [20,21,22]. In our method, 0 X affects the selection of the given time and N I is constant and embodies individual working memory capacity. ...
... From this conceptual change of usability for UX, new challenges arise among HCI professionals to deal with the evolution of interaction design. Recent research has reported a major effort by researchers to measure UX on the Web, specifically with respect to the subjective aspects that emerge during web interactions [25] [1] [2] [6] [26]. ...
With the emergence of new web design trends, as the Responsive Web design, new problems concerning users experience emerges, such as the importance of investigating the impact of these new web trends on blind user's experience. Thus, this work identifies and ranks the emotional impact and barriers faced by blind and sighted users experience when interacting with responsive and non-responsive web designs. Six websites were selected, three responsive and three non-responsive. The users performed six tasks in each website. To understand the emotional responses of blind and sighted users, we used the Affect Grid Method to classify user's emotions during interactions. We also applied statistical tests during data analysis. The results show that non-responsive websites presented a higher percentage of pleasant emotions and high excitement when compared to responsive ones. We also found evidence that barriers faced by users during interactions that impacted on the emotions of users have been triggered by non-compliance to WCAG guidelines. The main impacts identified in this study were the barriers to accessibility, navigability and content faced by blind users caused by the lack of robust web content.
... The authors evaluated performance and design of mobile application satisfying the user expectations and experience. Cristina et al. (2017) performed a research study with real time multi-level assessment. Firstly the aim was to investigate the user experience while performing a comprehension task on the web. ...
The rapid development of Internet and its associated content delivery technologies and use of interactive and innovative web application portals has led to a situation where the Web can be accessed on a multitude of different platforms. These range from desktops, laptops and tablets to smart phones like Android, Blackberry and Apple. Web designers are always on the lookout for innovative interface options. This helps easing web navigation and user experience as well as offers better enhancements and performance. Web site and application design involves use of various types of menus like Top down, Simultaneous or Sequential as interactive alternative options for the users. The menu structure defines the extent of control which is provided to the user in performing a task. Success of web applications also depends a lot on the complexity or ease of information retrieval but also the manner in which information is presented during retrieval tasks. This research paper compares the use of Simultaneous and Sequential menus on e-Commerce web application portals. This involves a survey with users browsing web content using different system for computer-human interactions with regards to user experience and web portal performance.
... The authors evaluated performance and design of mobile application satisfying the user expectations and experience. Cristina et al. (2017) performed a research study with real time multi-level assessment. Firstly the aim was to investigate the user experience while performing a comprehension task on the web. ...
The rapid development of Internet and its associated content delivery technologies and use of interactive and innovative web application portals has led to a situation where the Web can be accessed on a multitude of different platforms. These range from desktops, laptops and tablets to smart phones like Android, Blackberry and Apple. Web designers are always on the lookout for innovative interface options. This helps easing web navigation and user experience as well as offers better enhancements and performance. Web site and application design involves use of various types of menus like Top down, Simultaneous or Sequential as interactive alternative options for the users. The menu structure defines the extent of control which is provided to the user in performing a task. Success of web applications also depends a lot on the complexity or ease of information retrieval but also the manner in which information is presented during retrieval tasks. This research paper compares the use of Simultaneous and Sequential menus on e-Commerce web application portals. This involves a survey with users browsing web content using different system for computer-human interactions with regards to user experience and web portal performance.
This study aims to introduce ihsan value to the style of entrepreneurship in e-business, namely ihsan digipreneurship. In running an entrepreneurial business in this digital era, it is necessary the spirit of religiosity and religious identity as a solution to create an image and gain public trust. For this reason, the application of religious values for entrepreneurs in carrying out their business is very important because they can affect the survival of the business. Entrepreneurs who apply the religious values of honesty, trustworthiness, and hard work can reflect entrepreneurial values and always instill kindness.KeywordsEntrepreneurship orientationReligious valueDigital entrepreneurshipIhsan digipreneurship
Waqf has an important role in Islam in the socio-economic sector, it needs to manage properly in order to be able help government to settle part national debt. Waqf potential in Indonesia is very huge, however, the volume still reaches 5%. It is because of the poor management of Waqf. These institutions have not been supported by technology that can increase trust, transparency, reliability, accountability, security, honesty, and efficiency. It is believed if the Waqf institution is equipped with blockchain, the trust of the waqif and the management of Waqf will be better. Therefore, this research aims to design a Blockchain model for Waqf. The research method is descriptive qualitative research, using library, and literature study. To design the model, this study used the IDC (intelligent, design, and choice) method. The resulted design is expected to increase transparency, trust, reliability, accountability, security, and efficiency. Besides that a quantitative approach also used to measure respondents perceptions. Hence, the volume of new Waqf will increase sharply and Waqf management can be carried out properly, and finally, Waqf is expected to contribute to the social, education, and the economic welfare of the community.KeywordsBlockchainWaqfTrustTransparencyProsperity
People with dyslexia often face difficulties on consuming written content at the Web. This occurs mainly because websites' designs do not consider the barriers faced by them, since dyslexia is not taken into account as often as other functional limitations. Guidelines for designing accessible Web pages are being consolidated and studied. Meanwhile, people with dyslexia face barriers and develop workarounds to overcome these difficulties. This work presents a customization toolbar called Firefixia, especially designed to support people with dyslexia to adapt the presentation of Web content according to their preferences. Firefixia was tested by 4 participants with diagnosed dyslexia. The participants evaluated and provided us feedback regarding the toolbar most/least useful features. From the presented results, one expects to highlight the need for end-user customization features that are easy to access, easy to use, and easy to explore. Participants reported that the most useful customization features are the text size, the text alignment, and the link color. Finally, this work indicates promising directions for end-user customization tools such as Firefixia.
Web content has been identified as one of the main factors contributing to repeat visits. As content on the web includes text, pictures, graphics, layout, sound, motion and, someday, even smell, making the right web content decisions are critical to effective web design. While an understanding of marketing strategies that attract visitors to websites is beginning to emerge, how to convert web surfers to repeat visitors is a less well-understood phenomenon. Through an empirical study, the authors develop the Website Preference Scale (WSPS) based upon the work in environmental psychology of Rachel Kaplan and Stephen Kaplan. The results identify underlying dimensions of effective website design and provide insight into site design characteristics, which may lead to a higher likelihood of revisit.
Available accessibility guidelines do not necessarily guarantee usable Web sites, particularly when specific groups of users with special needs are considered. We have identified 15 Web design criteria aiming to provide integrated support of accessibility and usability for vision-impaired users. In this article, we present the results of a study investigating whether the application of such guidelines for vision-impaired users can actually improve their task performance when accessing Web applications. We report on two user tests, both involving vision-impaired users, that aim to provide empirical validation of the design criteria. During each test, users had to access and navigate two versions of a Web site, one version supporting the selected design criteria and one obtained with traditional techniques. Our results indicate that the 15 design criteria improved Web site usability both quantitatively and qualitatively by reducing the navigation time needed to perform the assigned tasks and by making the Web sites easier to navigate for blind and low-vision users.
When new information is presented to learners, it must be processed in a severely limited working memory. Learning reduces working memory limitations by enabling the use of schemas, stored in long-term memory, to process information more efficiently. Several instructional techniques have been designed to facilitate schema construction and automation by reducing working memory load. Recently, however, strong evidence has emerged that the effectiveness of these techniques depends very much on levels of learner expertise. Instructional techniques that are highly effective with inexperienced learners can lose their effectiveness and even have negative consequences when used with more experienced learners. We call this phenomenon the expertise reversal effect. In this article, we review the empirical literature on the interaction between instructional techniques and levels of learner experience that led to the identification of the expertise reversal effect.
Cognitive load theory suggests that effective instructional material facilitates learning by directing cognitive resources toward activities that are relevant to learning rather than toward preliminaries to learning. One example of ineffective instruction occurs if learners unnecessarily are required to mentally integrate disparate sources of mutually referring information such as separate text and diagrams. Such split-source infonnation may generate a heavy cognitive load, because material must be mentally integrated before learning can commence. This article reports findings from six experiments testing the consequences of split-source and integrated information using electrical engineering and biology instructional materials. Experiment 1 was designed to compare conventional instructions with integrated instructions over a period of several months in an industrial training setting. The materials chosen were unintelligible without mental integration. Results favored integrated instructions throughout the 3-month study. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the possible differences between conventional and integrated instructions in areas in which it was not essential for sources of information to be integrated to be understood. The results suggest that integrated instructions were no better than split-source infonnation in such areas. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 indicate that the introduction of seemingly useful but nonessential explanatory material (e.g., a commentary on a diagram) could have deleterious effects even when presented in integrated format. Experiment 6 found that the need for physical integration was restored if the material was organized in such a manner that individual units could not be understood alone. In light of these results and previous findings, suggestions are made for cognitively guided instructional packages.
Proliferating Web-user interface studies prompt a need for theoretical approaches. This study presents a two-factor model that can guide Website design and evaluation. According to the model, there are two types of Website design factors: hygiene and motivator. Hygiene factors are those whose presence make a Website functional and serviceable, and whose absence causes user dissatisfaction (thus dissatisfiers). Motivator factors, on the other hand, are those that add value to the Website by contributing to user satisfaction (thus satisfiers). An empirical study is conducted in two phases. In Phase I, 44 core features and 12 categories of features were identified by a total of 16 subjects as Web design factors. In Phase II, 79 different subjects distinguished hygiene and motivator factors in the context of a particular Website (CNN.com). The results showed that the two-factor model provides a means for Web-user interface studies. In addition, Subjects in Phase II commented that, as time passes or familiarity increases with certain design factors, their identification of what are hygiene and motivator factors might change, promoting further investigation and possible expansion of the model. Suggestions for Website designs and evaluation, and further research directions are provided.
How can we help students understand scientific systems? One promising approach involves multimedia presentations of explanations in visual and verbal formats, such as presenting a computer-generated animation synchronized with narration or on-screen text. In this paper, we present a cognitive theory of multimedia learning from which the following six principles of instructional design are derived and tested: the split-attention principle, the spatial contiguity principle, the temporal contiguity principle, the modality principle, the redundancy principle, and the coherence principle.
The Web is an essential resource widely used by many organizations, affecting the lives of countless people. Thus, it is essential to ensure that Websites are accessible in order for people with disabilities to enjoy all its benefits. Many studies have been dedicated to investigate Web accessibility issues for users with visual or motor disabilities. However, comparatively fewer studies have addressed accessibility for users with specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia. Furthermore, few tools provide support for dyslexic users during reading and browsing in Web content. The present study involved the design and implementation of a prototype extension for a Web browser that offers customization features of Web pages, based on requirements from problems encountered by users with dyslexia in related studies in the literature. The research involved the design, implementation and a preliminary user evaluation involving users with dyslexia in two iterative cycles. The implemented prototype included features to adjust layout characteristics of text and other features identified by means of feedback from users to aid concentration and dealing with difficult words, such as a “reading ruler”. The results obtained from this study highlighted the importance of providing further support in user agents to help dyslexic users and provide tools to help with linguistic issues.
A WebQuest is an inquiry-based online learning technique. This technique has been widely adopted in K–16 education. Therefore, it is important that conditions of effective WebQuest design are defined. Through this article the author presents techniques for improving WebQuest design based on current research. More specifically, the author analyzes the WebQuest technique in terms of the principles of cognitive load theory, interactivity, accessibility, and usability and visual appearance. The author argues that several factors must be taken into consideration in order to effectively design WebQuests that will educate without impeding the learning process.
This study investigates and compares the relative importance of Web module design dimensions and their attributes as perceived by student participants in a research study and those defined by a selected group of researchers in the literature. We aim to understand whether the dimensions of clarity, organization, structure, visual/aesthetical attractiveness, simplicity, and excitement defined by students agree with the definitions in the literature. Content analysis methodology was used to extract the common language between the two groups and the attributes that best describe each dimension. The results show both similarities and differences between the two groups. The results suggest that organization and structure are different design dimensions, as are simplicity and clarity. The studied dimensions showed the following order in decreasing importance: clarity, organization, simplicity, structure, visual/aesthetical attractiveness, and excitement. Further, the characteristics of “text” and how it is used in a Web module appear to be a design attribute that influences all the design dimensions.
As Seymour Sarason (1959), a major early contributor to theory and research on test anxiety, observed, “We live in a test-conscious, test-giving culture in which the lives of people are in part determined by their test performance” (p. 26). Consequently, it is not surprising that test anxiety is a pervasive problem for many students who are so disturbed by the stress associated with taking tests that they experience substantial decrements in performance in evaluative situations. During examinations, individuals high in test anxiety are more likely to experience frequent and intense elevations in anxiety as an emotional state (S-Anxiety), greater activation of the autonomic nervous system, and more self-centered worry and task-irrelevant thoughts that interfere with attention and performance. Given these characteristics, test anxiety can be viewed as a situation-specific personality trait (Spielberger, Gonzalez, Taylor, Algaze, & Anton, 1978).
Keywords:
stress;
test anxiety;
TAI;
worry;
emotionality
A process model of hypertext reading was used to generate predictions about the effects of hypertext features on cognitive processing during text navigation and comprehension. We evaluated the predictions of the model with respect to the extant literature, focusing on studies in which versions of hypertexts were compared. Consistent with our predictions, the increased demands of decision-making and visual processing in hypertext impaired reading performance. Individual differences in readers, such as working memory capacity and prior knowledge, mediated the impact of hypertext features. For example, readers with low working memory and low prior knowledge were usually disadvantaged in hypertext. Some benefits were observed for learners with low prior knowledge, however, if the hypertext structure was hierarchical and consistent with that of the knowledge domain. We also surveyed the effectiveness of structural features designed to reduce cognitive load, including graphical overviews, restricted access to links, and visible link types. Complex graphical overviews did not reliably enable learning and navigation, whereas navigational support from restricted access and visible link types were helpful. We identified gaps in the empirical literature and suggested future studies to investigate cognitive processes in hypertext reading.
A survey of the 113 academic libraries of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) was administered to investigate whether Web usability Policies/Standards/Guidelines (PSGs) are in place, the levels of difficulty surrounding implementation, the impact of PSGs on actual usability practice, e.g., testing, resources, etc., and the relationship between ARL ranking and usability practice or PSGs. The response rate was over 74%. Results show that 25 (30%) libraries have PSGs dedicated to Web usability. Seventy-one (85%) libraries have conducted usability testing on their main Web sites, online public access catalogs (OPAC), or lower-level pages. Nevertheless, only seven libraries performed iterative testing of these platforms at pre-, during, and post-design stages. Statistical analysis indicates that having PSGs does not affect the amount of usability testing performed or the resources available for library Web usability initiatives. In addition, ARL ranking has no or little impact on PSGs, testing, or resources.
User interface standards can be hard to use for developers.
In a laboratory experiment, 26 students achieved only 71
The search task and the system both affect the demand on cognitive resources during information search. In some situations, the demands may become too high for a person. This article has a three-fold goal. First, it presents and critiques methods to measure cognitive load. Second, it explores the distribution of load across search task stages. Finally, it seeks to improve our understanding of factors affecting cognitive load levels in information search. To this end, a controlled Web search experiment with forty-eight participants was conducted. Interaction logs were used to segment search tasks semi-automatically into task stages. Cognitive load was assessed using a new variant of the dual-task method. Average cognitive load was found to vary by search task stages. It was significantly higher during query formulation and user description of a relevant document as compared to examining search results and viewing individual documents. Semantic information shown next to the search results lists in one of the studied interfaces was found to decrease mental demands during query formulation and examination of the search results list. These findings demonstrate that changes in dynamic cognitive load can be detected within search tasks. Dynamic assessment of cognitive load is of core interest to information science because it enriches our understanding of cognitive demands imposed on people engaged in the search process by a task and the interactive information retrieval system employed. Comment: To appear in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (JASIST)
This edited volume brings together researchers from a variety of disciplines to discuss the contribution of social and technological networks to human cognition. The book contains the following chapters:
1. Smart, P. R. Network-Enabled Cognition: An Overview.
2. Simpkins, B., Sieck, W. R., Smart, P. R., & Mueller, S. T. Idea Propagation in Social Networks: The Role of ‘Cognitive Advantage’.
3. Smart, P. R., Huynh, T. D., Braines, D., Sycara, K., & Shadbolt, N. R. Collective Cognition: Exploring the Dynamics of Belief Propagation and Collective Problem Solving in Multi-Agent Systems.
4. Poltrock, S., & Smart, P. R. Network-Enabled Collaborative Problem-Solving.
5. Smart, P. R., Shadbolt, N. R., & Hendler, J. A. Web-Enabled Intelligence.
6. Huynh, T. D. Trusting the Network: The Role of Trust in Network-Enabled Cognition.
7. Smart, P. R., O'Hara, K., Engelbrecht, P., Giammanco, C., & Braines, D. Memory, Networks and the Extended Mind: Individual Memory and Technology-Mediated Memory Enhancement.
8. Bahrami, A., Yuan, J., & Braines, D. Context Widgets and Cognitive Enhancement
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Layout guidelines for web text and a web service to improve accessibility for dyslexics
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Valutare la rapiditae la correttezza della lettura di brani. nuove norme e alcune chiarificazioni per luso delle prove mt
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Cognition and the Web
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