Building Healthy Individuals, Families, and Communities
Chapters (7)
Before providing an analysis of our program, it is helpful to view a “snapshot” of current trends in youths’ alcohol and other drug use, and to review several historical approaches to prevention in the United States. It is important to understand the extent, nature, and historical context of any social problems we are trying to alleviate through policies and programs. Thus, we will briefly track the history of policies and approaches already attempted. In doing so, we will see that many of the approaches used to address problems such as youth substance abuse prevention have been misguided, uninformed, and largely unsuccessful.
It is doubtful that research will ever be able to fully explain why some youth engage in alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and others do not. It has, however, identified a number of conditions that correlate with the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs among children and youth. These correlates, or risk factors, can be grouped into six major life areas or “domains”—the individual, family, school, peer group, neighborhood/community, and society/media. Each domain represents an important sphere of influence in the lives of children and youth. This view of correlates by life domains has evolved from ecological theory and is visually represented in Figure 2.1. Although our research was conducted on substance abuse prevention, it is known that virtually all other problem behaviors share many (if not most) of these same risk factors.
In Chapter 2, we began explaining the “why” of our approach to youth substance abuse prevention. We pointed out that research has shown relationships between young people’s access to a variety of resiliency factors in a number of domains and their susceptibility to substance abuse. We also noted that a key step in developing a scientific prevention program is to identify the specific domains in which it will be implemented and the resiliency factors it is expected to affect.
In this chapter, we will present examples of specific training exercises used in the CLFC parent and youth trainings. By exploring these illustrative exercises and reviewing typical experiences that occur during the implementation of the exercises, the reader will get a clearer sense of how the program plays out in local communities.
In Chapters 3 and 4 we focused extensively on the parent and youth training component of CLFC. Chapter 3 also emphasized that while we commonly think of the training component as the main component of a program like ours, we should not overlook the significance of community mobilization.
This chapter addresses the kinds of questions we now receive from those interested in our program. We approached this task by going first to those who have been involved both within and outside of our agency in implementing our programs. We asked them what questions they would still have after reading the information contained in the preceding chapters of this book. Their questions ranged from needing more details on the implementation and evaluation of our program to a more specific concern about how interested organizations and individuals can obtain ongoing information about CLFC.
We wrote in the introduction that we are not the first generation of adults to experience pain, frustration, and even fear in dealing with our youth. It is important that parents, teachers, and all others who interact with youth also recognize and validate these feelings as they arise in themselves and in others. Equally important is to recognize that our youth embody all hope and aspirations we share for the future of humanity. They are worth the considerable effort, expense, and personal investment we are required to make. Our own generation’s historical worth and value may be, and probably will be, measured by the extent to which we succeed or fail to socialize our youth. We are inextricably connected to them for better or worse.
... Hold family-oriented social activities for highrisk families. Brounstein et al., 1999;Ficaro, 1999Horn, 1998Johnson et al., 1996;Strader et al., 2000. ...
... Train high-risk parents in relevant alcohol and drug issues. Horn, 1998;Johnson, et al., 1996;Strader et al., 2000 Parents Barnes & Welte, 1986 Permissive parental attitudes toward children's drug use predicted alcohol use among 7 th -12 th graders. ...
... Offer community service activities so that teens can provide services to others and become involved in constructive activities outside of school. Johnson et al., 1996;Strader et al., 2000 A community based intervention program indicated that the level of community involvement mediated childparent bonding and sustained reduction in alcohol abuse. ...
Despite increased awareness of the need to begin educating young children about the potential dangers of gambling, empirical knowledge of the prevention of adolescent problem gambling and its translation into science-based prevention initiatives is scarce. This paper poses the question of whether or not the common elements of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse prevention programs can be applied to gambling prevention. Common risk and protective factors across addictions, including gambling, appear to point to the need to develop a general model of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The authors present the need for science-based prevention initiatives and describe a general adolescent risk-taking model as a basis for science-based prevention of adolescent problem gambling and other risk behaviors.
... En quinto lugar, fortalecen las redes sociales informales, resaltando el papel de la comunidad y el grupo como escenarios de intervención (Price, Cowen, Lorion y Ramos-McKay, 1988;Becoma, 1994). Se ha demostrado que la implicación de la familia y otras figuras de apego adultas en el programa de modo que se fortalezcan las relaciones y se desarrollen lazos duraderos contribuye al éxito de los programas preventivos en relación al consumo de drogas y alcohol (Strader, Collins y Noe, 2000). Asimismo, la interacción de los adolescentes con sus compañeros y los sistemas de apoyo social son fundamentales para aumentar la conciencia del problema y cambiar comportamientos de riesgo en este colectivo (Fahs, Smith, Atav, Britten, Collins, Morgan y Spencer, 1999). ...
... This approach elicits diverse participation and perspectives, promotes the development of common goals and allows the community to pool resources and to take shared action in order to seek comprehensive solutions (Treno and Holder, 1997). Engaging community members in planning and problemsolving to benefit their community allows for infusion of local values and needs, problem-solving on multiple levels, and encourages adaptation and increased chances for sustainability of changes (Strader et al., 2000;Minkler et al., 2003). Diverse community involvement provides the opportunity to bring together those sectors that may be targeted for change such as health and social services, business, faith, government, education and others. ...
Despite two recent government-sponsored 'wars on drugs', methamphetamine use continues to be a pervasive problem in Thailand. Out of concern for reported human rights abuses, there has been a call from the international community to take a different approach from the government's 'zero tolerance'. This paper describes the adaptation of the Connect to Protect® coalition formation process from urban U.S. cities to three districts in northern Thailand's Chiang Mai province, aimed to reduce methamphetamine use by altering the risk environment. Project materials, including manuals and materials (e.g. key actor maps and research staff memos), were reviewed to describe partnering procedures and selection criteria. Potential community partners were identified from various government and community sectors with a focus on including representatives from health, police, district and sub-district government officials. Of the 64 potential partners approached, 59 agreed to join one of three district-level coalitions. Partner makeup included 25% from the health sector, 22% who were sub-district government officials and 10% were representatives from the police sector. Key partners necessary for endorsement of and commitment to the coalition work included district-level governors, police chiefs and hospital directors for each district. Initial coalition strategic planning has resulted in policies and programs to address school retention, youth development initiatives and establishment of a new drug treatment and rehabilitation clinic in addition to other developing interventions. Similarities in building coalitions, such as the need to strategically develop buy-in with key constituencies, as well as differences of whom and how partners were identified are explored.
... Finally, the CLFC program is based on Risk and Resiliency Theory with an emphasis on strengthening resiliency factors for individuals, their families, and their communities (Strader, Collins, & Noe, 2000). Much research has been devoted to factors that may account for successful outcomes for individuals who face high risks (Garmezy, 1985;Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). ...
There is increasing evidence of the effectiveness of continued care after reentry for those who have participated in prison-based substance abuse treatment. This article presents results from analyses of program and comparison group data from two community-based programs that implemented a culturally adapted version of the Creating Lasting Family Connections (CLFC) curriculum. Both programs sought to strengthen individuals (and their families) recently reentering the community after incarceration. Results suggested that the first program had effects on increasing HIV knowledge and spirituality, while reducing intentions to binge drink and recidivism. The second program similarly showed effects on recidivism, and participants also showed an increase in nine separate relationship skills. The policy implications of the results are discussed.
Multicultural and feminist perspectives are characterized by a variety of similarities, and the integration of multicultural and feminist perspectives in counseling psychology has been a key aim of those in these fields for decades. However, the effective implementation this approach often has been proven challenging and elusive, with difficulties defining the complexity of feminist and multicultural factors in inclusive and meaningful ways. Integrating multicultural and feminist perspectives, The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Multicultural Counseling features the accumulated knowledge of approximately forty years of scholarship that flows out of feminist and multicultural efforts within counseling psychology. It brings a feminist multicultural perspective to core domains within counseling psychology such as ethical frameworks, lifespan development, identify formation and change, growth-oriented and ecological assessment, and career theory and practice. Emphasis is placed on the intersections among social identities related to gender, ethnicity/race, sexual orientation, social class and socioeconomic status, religion, disability, and nationality. Articles provide insights and perspectives about specific groups of women include African American women, Latinas, women with disabilities, women in poverty, women who have experienced trauma, and American Muslim women. Also featured are a range of additional multicultural feminist psychological practices such as feminist multicultural mentoring, teaching, training, and social activism.
The purpose of this study is to measure the implementation of a 2014 Act creating a McDonaldised "early release under constraint" procedure - i.e. bad fast early release devoid of reentry work or support, this in four Northern France jurisdictions.
Cette recherche portait sur la procédure de libération sous contrainte (LSC) de l’article 720 du C. pr. pén. créée par la loi n° 2014-896 du 15 août 2014. L’article 720 représentait la troisième tentative de création d’une procédure écartant le débat contradictoire (DC) en pensant ainsi favoriser le prononcé d’aménagements de peine. Les deux précédentes avaient échoué sur ce point. Notre méthodologie a été « grounded in theory », mais « réaliste », soit élaborée empiriquement dans le cadre de théories éprouvées et visant, de manière ultime, à proposer une nouvelle théorie. Nous avons ainsi proposé une théorie cadre permettant de lier l’ensemble des théories pertinentes. Celles-ci ont emprunté au droit, à la criminologie, aux sciences politiques et sociologiques, à la psychologie, voire parfois à l’économie, à la philosophie ou à la médecine. L’étude a commencé par une analyse juridique de la LSC : procédure et non mesure. Sur le plan empirique, elle a consisté en deux années et demie d’observation des audiences contradictoires (DC) et commissions de l’application des peines (CAP)-LSC, et d’entretiens avec les praticiens et avec des personnes condamnées en sortie de CAP-LSC. Ce travail a été réalisé outre nous-même par vingt-deux étudiants de Master ainsi que d’un doctorant tous formés aux protocoles établis et monitorés. Nous avons également analysé des rapports de CPIP et des jugements et ordonnances de JAP.
Une première question a porté sur la réussite ou, au contraire, de l’échec de la mise en œuvre de la procédure de LSC et notamment en nombre d’aménagements de peine. L’analyse des données a été menée grâce aux théories de l’implémentation et celles relatives à la diffusion de l’innovation. L’ensemble des critères mis en lumière par ces théories a permis de comprendre pourquoi la LSC ne pouvait que constituer un échec, ce que nos données locales, ainsi que des données nationales (Delbos, 2016) ont confirmé.
Nous avons, en deuxième lieu, observé les situations procédurales (DC, CAP-LSC avec et sans comparution) à l’aune du paradigme LJ-PJ-TJ (légitimité de la justice, justice procédurale, jurisprudence « thérapeutique »), mais aussi des théories de la compliance et de l’autonomie. L’analyse sur ce point a hélas confirmé que les situations de LSC sans comparution et, à un moindre degré, avec comparution offraient un contexte violant fortement – la personnalité du JAP pouvant réduire l’impact nocébo – les principes d’une justice respectueuse et légitime. Les entretiens avec les condamnés ont confirmé la colère qu’ils pouvaient en ressentir. La littérature empirique LJ-PJ-TJ nous enseigne que, plus gravement, la conséquence risque d’en être une très faible compliance, voire une résistance ainsi que de la récidive. La conclusion sur ce point est que le respect procédural est une arme criminologique qu’il est dangereux d’écarter.
Enfin, nous nous sommes interrogée sur la question à la fois théorique et pratique de l’accompagnement des sortants de détention et avons questionné le choix d’aménagements de peine obtenus de manière rapide et sans exigence substantielle. Le législateur en pensant « simplifier » les procédures a confondu emballage juridique et contenu : on ne peut faire l’économie d’une préparation de la sortie et d’un projet viable pour les justiciables et pour la société, ni d’un traitement criminologique adapté ; c’est au demeurant le sens des recommandations de l’ONU. Tant les praticiens qui donnent leur avis, que les JAP qui se prononcent, que les condamnés ainsi non accompagnés, rejettent en majorité des processus dénués de contenu. Au surplus, le temps de CPIP serait mieux utilisé à préparer de manière substantielle des projets de sortie plutôt qu’à produire des écrits de manière industrielle. Le cœur de leur métier devrait être le traitement criminologique et multi-partenarial et la transition qualitative avec le monde libre.
The Creating Lasting Family Connections® (CLFC) program is designed to help improve relationship skills and reduce antisocial behaviors. Strader and colleagues propose that prosocial connectedness is responsible for program outcomes. We propose that the intersection of high agreeableness and low impulsivity represent an operational definition. We examined this definition in the context of a RCT with 246 men in prison reentry. CLFCFP increased the number of connected individuals. Being connected and the program independently impacted relationship skills, but no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that the program impacts would be more pronounced among those who were connected.
This chapter describes the Creating Lasting Family Connections Marriage Enhancement Program (CLFCMEP). This model is currently in use throughout the United States. Further, this chapter describes the CLFCMEP program's theoretical framework and populations of focus, along with the strategies and techniques used in the program to achieve positive outcomes with couples. Research about the model is provided along with case studies and includes references and cross-references.
This chapter describes the Creating Lasting Family Connections Fatherhood Program: Family Reintegration (CLFCFP). This personal and family strengthening curriculum model is currently in use throughout the United States. This chapter describes the CLFCFP program's theoretical framework and populations of focus, along with the strategies and techniques used in the program to achieve positive outcomes with adults. Research about the model is provided along with case studies and includes references and cross-references.
This chapter describes the Creating Lasting Family Connections (CLFC) personal and family strengthening curriculum model currently in use throughout the United States and six other countries. Further, this chapter describes the CLFC program's theoretical framework and populations of focus, along with the strategies and techniques used in the program to achieve positive outcomes with parents and youth. Research about the model is provided along with case studies and includes references and cross-references.
The present study is a replication of the Creating Lasting Family Connections Fatherhood Program (CLFCFP) using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). CLFCFP has been shown in prior studies to have a positive impact on relationship skills and recidivism using weaker quasi-experimental designs (McKiernan et al., 2013 Shamblen, S. R., Arnold, B. B., McKiernan, P., Collins, D. A., & Strader, T. N. (2013). Applying the Creating Lasting Family Connections marriage enhancement program to marriages affected by prison reentry. Family Process, 52(3), 477–498. doi:10.1111/famp.12003[CrossRef], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). Survey data on relationship skills and recidivism data came from 280 men in prison reentry. Findings for relationship skills were replicated in this RCT, suggesting CLFCFP participants had larger sustained improvements in relationship skills. Policy changes occurring shortly before the study possibly serve as an explanation for our inability to replicate recidivism findings.
This article surveys the literature on charity in the Dutch Republic, while also presenting the principles of our social science history approach to understanding charity in past societies. We specify a threefold theory on giving in the past, looking at characteristics of donors, characteristics of charitable causes, and at the giving structure at large. We discuss the research design we employ to test this theory on Dutch charity in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Giving in the Golden Age, or GIGA, project.
Divorce proportions are currently high in the US and they are even higher among those who are incarcerated with substance abuse problems. Although much research has examined marital interventions, only two studies have examined marital interventions with prison populations. There is some empirical evidence that incarcerated couples benefit from traditional marital therapy (O'Farrell and Fals-Stewart, 1999, Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook, New York, Oxford University Press). An adaptation of the evidence-based Creating Lasting Family Connections program was implemented with 144 married couples, where one spouse was incarcerated, in a southern state with particularly high divorce and incarceration proportions. Results suggested that married men exposed to the program had larger improvements in some relationship skills relative to a convenience sample of men not so exposed. Both husbands and wives exposed to the program exhibited similar and significant increases in relationship skills. The results were comparable to a Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program adaptation for inmates. The implications of the findings for prevention practitioners are discussed.
Fragestellung: Wie evidenzbasiert sind familienbasierte Programme zur selektiven Suchtpravention? Lasst sich ein vorbildhaftes Programm identifizieren? Methodik: Uberblick uber entsprechende Ansatze und Programm-Merkmale als Ergebnis einer systematischen Literaturrecherche in verschiedenen Datenbanken. Ergebnisse: Das Strengthening Families Program 10–14 aus Iowa/USA (SFP 10–14) ist das wohl zurzeit best evaluierte familienbasierte universelle Praventionsprogramm; so liesen sich nachhaltige Effekte auch im 6-Jahres-Follow-up nachweisen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die kultursensitive Adaptation und Evaluation von SFP 10–14 fur die Bundesrepublik kann die Pravention von Suchtstorungen wirkungsvoll erganzen. Eine Adaptation fur den deutschen Sprachraum hat verschiedene kultursensitive Aspekte zu berucksichtigen sowie den Umstand, dass SFP 10–14 aufwandig durchzufuhren ist.
This strength-based psychotherapy with adolescent girls and their families is derived from feminist psychology, positive psychology, and strength-based interventions with teens. Research reviewed by the American Psychological Association's Presidential Task Force on Adolescent Girls formed the basis of specific interventions within this approach. Research findings that contributed are the effects on teen girls of positive parental relationships; utilizing strengths of their race, ethnicity, class, and gender; positive body images; being outspoken in relationships; problem-solving skills that foster independence; and family support for independence. The strength-based approach is illustrated by a case example of a 13-year-old European American girl with acting-out behaviors, depression, and subclinical attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The case illustrates how to empower adolescent girls within therapy, when and how to include parents, how to change the focus to strengths, and how to help the parents assess and build upon their daughters' strengths.
The study examines the dynamic relationship between school bonding, beliefs about the deleterious effects of substance use on future aspirations, and subsequent substance use among a sample of 1065 male and female middle school students. First, a mediation model was assessed. Adolescents' perceptions about the harmful effects of substance use on their future aspirations emerged as a salient mediator of the relationship between school bonding and subsequent substance use. Second, the intraindividual variability of school bonding and its effect on students' beliefs about the potential harm of substance use on future aspirations was assessed through random-coefficient models. Students who tended to be poorly bonded to school were less likely to perceive that substance use may impede the attainment of their future goals. Furthermore, a strong intraindividual effect of school bonding was observed, indicating that as a student became more or less bonded to school his/her belief that substance use could affect future aspirations similarly changed.
Despite the considerable resources that have been dedicated to HIV prevention interventions and services over the past decade, HIV incidence among young people in the United States remains alarmingly high. One reason is that the majority of prevention efforts continue to focus solely on modifying individual behavior, even though public health research strongly suggests that changes to a community's structural elements, such as their programs, practices, and laws or policies, may result in more effective and sustainable outcomes. Connect to Protect is a multi-city community mobilization intervention that focuses on altering or creating community structural elements in ways that will ultimately reduce youth HIV incidence and prevalence. The project, which spans 6 years, is sponsored by the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions at multiple urban clinical research sites. This paper provides an overview of the study's three phases and describes key factors in setting a firm foundation for the initiation and execution of this type of undertaking. Connect to Protect's community mobilization approach to achieving structural change represents a relatively new and broad direction in HIV prevention research. To optimize opportunities for its success, time and resources must be initially placed into laying the groundwork. This includes activities such as building a strong overarching study infrastructure to ensure protocol tasks can be met across sites; tapping into local site and community expertise and knowledge; forming collaborative relationships between sites and community organizations and members; and fostering community input on and support for changes at a structural level. Failing to take steps such as these may lead to insurmountable implementation problems for an intervention of this kind.
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