Conference Paper

Reconsidering Nature: The Dialectics of Fair Chase in the Practices of American Midwest Hunters

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Abstract

In this paper, we describe an ethnographic study consisting of 14 interviews with hunters and participant observations in the American Midwest. We find that the ethos of "fair chase" serves to unite an eclectic group of hunters under a single moral compass. Fair chase posits, for example, that hunters must not have an improper advantage over animals. The actual practices of hunters in different communities (e.g., communities revolving around different weapons or professions), however, reveals a series of opposing points of view among hunters at large on what actually constitutes fair chase. We suggest that an understanding of fair chase and its dialectics can constructively problematize nature for human-computer interaction.

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... Technology can frame an interaction significantly, and with hunting, the ethos is inseparable from the activity due to the severity of the outcome of killing (Su & Cheon 2017). As described in all of the papers, especially in papers II and III, hunting is about self-imposed restrictions (Morris 2014) not only for the sake of creating a challenging game, but also to balance the principles of fair chase and quick kill (von ) as explained in paper II. ...
... A report released in 2021 provides an initial investigation into the legalization of bow hunting in Sweden which might become a possibility in the future (see Berg et al. 2021). In the US, bow hunters describe that rifle hunters do not reach the same level of ethics with reference to fair chase as well as skill needed to hunt successfully (Su & Cheon 2017). Nevertheless, the need for skills to compensate for technology also poses a risk to injuring wildlife. ...
... Either way, although the atavistic approach such as bow hunting and tech minimalism fall in line with the more labour intensive ideal and skill of hunting, technology always forms some part of hunting. Hence, although technology sometimes is intrusive it may also add challenge and enhance engagement with nature (Su & Cheon 2017). The initial point with technology in hunting is that it is adapted to the interests and motivations of the hunter who can negotiate their choice of technology and the 'challenge level'. ...
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What do hunters consider an ethical hunt? Ethics are a central part of hunting as it concerns the killing of wildlife. Modern developments are exerting pressures on hunting affecting its practice and ethics. Normative ideals, such as animal welfare and sustainability, are growing in signi-ficance and questioning the legitimacy of hunting, pushing the question of ethical conduct. This research explores how modern developments shape contemporary hunting ethics and examines hunters’ concerns about the emerging dilemmas from various pressures affecting hunting. Exploring the prescriptions that hunters voice in relation to these developments reveals broader ethics and values held by hunters beyond communicated principles of ‘fair chase’ and ‘quick kill’. An applied ethics approach is taken, utilizing qualitative empirical data to analyse hunters’ perceptions of their own and other hunters’ ethical conduct in the face of modern developments, specifically technological innovation, commercialisation, demographic change and centralisation. The thesis thus sheds light on how hunters accommodate, reflect on, or resist these developments, providing insight into held values among hunters and their relationship with wildlife. Each of these developments are investigated, focusing on ethical issues and the emergence of dilemmas for hunters involving trade-offs between moral principles around fair chase, animal welfare and ecology. Results show that these developments affect how hunting is and should be practiced, causing tensions between different values and perspectives on the purpose of hunting and its continued role in society. The research concludes that ethical principles alone are not enough to guide modern hunters and that the hunting process, which is essential to ethical conduct and experience, is being compromised by modern pressures. Finally, three elements of hunting consisting of effort, knowledge, and purpose, are proposed as a complement to ethical principles to buffer against modern pressures and guide hunters towards an ethical hunting process.
... They highlight the impact of these photos on a sense of local identity, -an important aspect of rural culture. More speculatively, Su and colleagues examines how hunting culture could inform technology design [148]. ...
... For example, Leshed et al. [95] discuss the potential role of the seasonal rhythms of agriculture for the design of technologies to facilitate temporal coordination. Two studies also examined the implications of food practices (e.g., hunting and foraging) for design [22,148]. One study also focused on developing scenic driving routes for visitors [105]. ...
... The existing conversation in HCI also largely misses opportunity to engage with the unique depth of local knowledge related to the natural world and the importance of environmental stewardship for the livelihoods of rural communities. Following the work of Su and Cheon [148], how might rural HCI research better engage with the unique relationships with nature that rural people have? ...
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... Altogether, scholars observe an overall, albeit often slow, shift from a utilitarian to a relational orientation among many Western hunters over the past thirty years, reflecting trends in the non-hunting population (Ljung, 2014;Manfredo et al., 2016). From being concerned with meat, an increasing number of hunters today report enjoying being able to watch deer grow and recognize when they are pregnant and give birth (Makoto & Cheon, 2017). The 'eco-buddy' and 'compassionate transcendental' are popular categories of hunters (Littlefield & Ozanne, 2011). ...
... This argument certainly applies to human warfare: it is a great deal easier to remote-operate a drone strike, killing dozens of people, than it is to deliver such death in person and be confronted with the violence at first hand. Remotely triggered rifles in virtual hunting, and heli-hunting are extreme examples of imparted physical distance in the kill relation in a way that has been called "shooting an animal that doesn't have a clue" (Makoto & Cheon, 2017). Taking aim from beyond the prey's sensory range, violates the intercorporeality in hunting that hunting defenders take as an essential component in establishing a relation of care. ...
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‘Care’ is a term that hunters increasingly apply to diverse practices pertaining to their interactions with wildlife. In this article, we investigated the extent and durability of hunters’ use of care language, including appeals made to sentiment, relation, compassion, embodiedness and situated morality. After establishing the use of such language in contemporary hunting media, we discuss two case studies of contemporary sport hunting that tease out dimensions of care. These case studies show how hunters’ appeal to care is deeply problematic and oppositely, how these hunting forms bring out new relations and scopes of care with wildlife unanticipated by critics. Without discounting hunters’ sincerity, we note that hunters may use this language opportunistically rather than with consistent philosophical appeal. We conclude by discussing the possible role of hunters’ appeal to care language in mediating public acceptance of hunting.
... Some trade-offs may be more acceptable than others depending on perspective. A common case of trade-off between principles in hunting is the negotiation of 'fair chase' versus 'quick kill', where efficient technology is assessed against an animal's ability to escape the hunter, giving the animal a chance to escape but also a sport for the hunter (Su & Cheon, 2017). In our study, an example of such a trade-off concerned the use of night vision scopes (infrared or thermal) on their rifles. ...
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Although hunting is declining in western countries, numbers of people taking the hunting exam in Sweden are stable and new demographic groups are becoming hunters. Through interviews done in Sweden with both new and experienced hunters, as well as focus groups with young hunters at agricultural colleges, we investigate how they navigate praxis and ethical frameworks taught in hunting. Using theories on moral learning, as well as Walzer's thick and thin moral argument, we contrast the views of these young hunters with the ethical principles outlined in the educational literature for the hunting exam. We then present how young hunters reasoned around issues regarding hunting ethics, animal welfare, and the place of hunting in modern society, both inside and outside the classroom. The young hunters we spoke to acted as moderators of modern trends in hunting, often bringing ‘destabilizing’ influences like social media and female hunters. Young hunters are enculturated into traditional hunting structures and, in the process, caught in a dialectic between modern influences and traditional hunting culture. Our findings highlight challenges such as ‘false consensus’ and ‘ethical trade‐offs’ in the learning of hunting ethics, that emerge potentially due to a lack of space for deliberation on hunting ethics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
... Over the recent years, HCI has investigated how technology can support human activities related to Nature (Bidwell and Browning, 2010;Häkkilä et al., 2018;McCrickard et al., 2020;Su and Cheon, 2017), such as learning (Fails et al., 2014), outdoor sports (Anderson et al., 2017;Cheverst et al., 2020;Tholander and Nylander, 2015;Woźniak et al., 2017), adventure (Müller and Pell, 2016), and 'citizen science', an activity where citizens are involved in data collections for environmental sciences projects (Cottman-Fields et al., 2013;Moran et al., 2014;Phillips et al., 2014;Tinati et al., 2015). In these practices, Nature is typically conceived as a place where to find restoration, silence, and liberation from routines (Häkkilä et al., 2018). ...
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In this paper, we present a qualitative study on speleology that aims to widen the current understanding of people's practices in Nature and identify a design space for technology that supports such practices. Speleology is a practice based on the discovery, study, and dissemination of natural cavities. Speleologists are amateur experts who often collaborate with scientists and local institutions to understand the geology, hydrology, and biology of a territory. Their skills are at the same time physical, technical, and theoretical; this is why speleology is defined as a 'sporting science'. Being at the boundary between outdoor adventure sports and citizen science, speleology is an interesting case study for investigating the variety and complexity of activities carried out in the natural context. We interviewed 15 experienced speleologists to explore their goals, routines, vision of the outdoors, and attitude towards technology. From our study, it emerged that i) the excitement of discovery and the unpredictability of an explorative trip are the strongest motivations for people to engage in speleology; ii) physical skilfulness is a means for knowledge generation; iii) the practice is necessarily collective and requires group coordination. From these findings, an ambivalent attitude towards technology emerged: on the one hand, the scientific vocation of speleology welcomes technology supporting the development of knowledge; on the other hand, aspects typical of adventure sports lead to resistance to technology facilitating the physical performance. We conclude the article by presenting design considerations for devices supporting speleology, as well as a few reflections on how communities of speleologists can inspire citizen science projects.
... General discussions of the need for honest assessments of the values of stakeholders involved in digital projects have become a common concern in a variety of fields. As scholars develop historical collections and exhibits [15,16], musical archives [17], and even natural resource tools [18], they have been working to see what people might think of the resources and how they might be used to meet user needs. Our project, dealing with government actions and records, has many similarities with the ways that institutions interact with local communities. ...
Chapter
Urban renewal was a project of the American government that aimed to reconstruct poorly-managed neighborhoods. Because community-level data that shows underlying mechanisms of urban renewal has not been curated systematically, due to the complexity and volume of relevant archival collections, we aim to digitally curate property acquisition documents from the urban renewal projects that affected the Southside neighborhood of Asheville, North Carolina, in the form of a map-based, interactive web application. This paper presents part of the interview analysis to understand how Asheville citizens of different generations remember their neighborhood before and after the gentrifications that they have experienced. The result of this analysis provides design implications for the archival system we are developing by revealing generation-driven value structures of potential users.
... Over the recent years, HCI has investigated how technology can support human activities related to Nature (Bidwell and Browning, 2010;Häkkilä et al., 2018;McCrickard et al., 2020;Su and Cheon, 2017), such as learning (Fails et al., 2014), outdoor sports (Anderson et al., 2017;Cheverst et al., 2020;Tholander and Nylander, 2015;Woźniak et al., 2017), adventure (Müller and Pell, 2016), and 'citizen science', an activity where citizens are involved in data collections for environmental sciences projects (Cottman-Fields et al., 2013;Moran et al., 2014;Phillips et al., 2014;Tinati et al., 2015). In these practices, Nature is typically conceived as a place where to find restoration, silence, and liberation from routines (Häkkilä et al., 2018). ...
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In this paper, we present a qualitative study on speleology that aims to widen the current understanding of people's practices in Nature and identify a design space for technology that supports such practices. Speleology is a practice based on the discovery, study, and dissemination of natural cavities. Speleologists are amateur experts who often collaborate with scientists and local institutions to understand the geology, hydrology, and biology of a territory. Their skills are at the same time physical, technical, and theoretical; this is why speleology is defined as a ‘sporting science’. Being at the boundary between outdoor adventure sports and citizen science, speleology is an interesting case study for investigating the variety and complexity of activities carried out in the natural context. We interviewed 15 experienced speleologists to explore their goals, routines, vision of the outdoors, and attitude towards technology. From our study, it emerged that i) the excitement of discovery and the unpredictability of an explorative trip are the strongest motivations for people to engage in speleology; ii) physical skilfulness is a means for knowledge generation; iii) the practice is necessarily collective and requires group coordination. From these findings, an ambivalent attitude towards technology emerged: on the one hand, the scientific vocation of speleology welcomes technology supporting the development of knowledge; on the other hand, aspects typical of adventure sports lead to resistance to technology facilitating the physical performance. We conclude the article by presenting design considerations for devices supporting speleology, as well as a few reflections on how communities of speleologists can inspire citizen science projects.
... In recent years, many HCI projects have sought to fuse nature and outdoor activities with technology. Several studies have explored users' technological needs within specific outdoor application areas, for example, technology preferences of hikers [1], information sharing practices while trail running, climbing and skiing [75], key tensions while on a trail [45], social engagement and experiences while walking [3], the practices of hunters [66], and motivations for amateur runners [34]. Some research prototypes have also been built to support specific outdoor activities using technologies, such as a mobile app to support hiking [55], AR for skiing [20], and haptic communication and wearables for rock climbing [35,46]. ...
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The livestreaming industry in China is gaining greater traction than its European and North American counterparts and has a profound impact on the stakeholders' online and offline lives. An emerging genre of livestreaming that has become increasingly popular in China is outdoor livestreaming. With outdoor livestreams, streamers broadcast outdoor activities, travel, or socialize with passersby in outdoor settings, often for 6 or more hours, and viewers watch such streams for hours each day. However, given that professionally produced content about travel and outdoor activities are not very popular, it is currently unknown what makes this category of livestreams so engaging and how these techniques can be applied to other content or genres. Thus, we conducted a mixed methods study consisting of a survey (N=287) and interviews (N = 20) to understand how viewers watch and engage with outdoor livestreams in China. The data revealed that outdoor livestreams encompass many categories of content, environments and passersby behaviors create challenges and uncertainty for viewers and streamers, and viewers watch livestreams for surprising lengths of time (e.g., sometimes more than 5 continuous hours). We also gained insights into how live commenting and virtual gifting encourage engagement. Lastly, we detail how the behaviors of dedicated fans and casual viewers differ and provide implications for the design of livestreaming services that support outdoor activities.
... This effort was part of a larger Technology on the Trail initiative that seeks to explore the influences of technology when used on extended trail settings. Our recent Technology on the Trail workshop focused on a handful of the many aspects of this topic: extended adventures on trails, looking at technology impacts [4,8], science and education in the outdoors [6,10], and conflicting communities on the trail [7,14]. Other efforts consider how to design technologies not for urban environments but instead tailored for interactions with nature [2,11]. ...
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Hiking provides the opportunity to connect with nature, with accompanying technology challenges and opportunities. This paper presents a personal narrative experience project toward understanding the impact of technology on extended hikes, seeking to put into practice the preparation, experience , and reflection that is necessary in hiking. Specifically , the first author undertook a week-long hike with a companion, describing three technologies (a smartwatch, a wearable camera, and a smartphone) with initial promise to match the needs of the planned experience and the desire for subsequent reflection. The paper concludes with recommendations for selecting, connecting, designing for, and using technology on the trail.
... Hence, we found that minimalists are an information-rich case for not only understanding how people judge their material possessions [85] but also the relationship of their objects to their home, others, and society [71, p.169]. As with previous studies [34,52,54,82,93,94] on specialized groups, we believe that minimalist values and lifestyle-people especially attuned to objects and values-could offer a valuable insight into design spaces for us all. ...
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We describe more than 19 months of ethnographic fieldwork with people who have embraced minimalism, a lifestyle movement focused on reducing modern life's clutter. We found that for minimalists, the home is a central but porous site for making and staging their values around objects. The home's porous boundary allows minimalists to reinforce their values around objects for others and themselves, but it also necessitates adopting strategies to assert their values when objects---entangled with others' values---move in and out the boundaries of the home. Drawing from our fieldwork, we introduce the concept of the porous boundary. "Porosity" impels us to consider the coupling of objects with values as we do boundary practices for the home. A porous boundary perspective, we argue, can open new design spaces in the development of novel technologies for the home.
... We suggest that bridging these divides is especially timely given increased urban interest in traditionally "rural" skills such as farming, bee-keeping, and hunting [2]. Despite their expertise, HCI work has shown that the knowledge of rural users is often undervalued [22]. ...
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... Tension can exist in the roles of groups in outdoor settings. Hunters, for example, agree on the ethos of "fair chase" [10], but different types of hunters differ on how they interpret this notion depending on their attitude towards the role of weapon technology (crossbows vs bows, rifles vs muzzleloaders, rifles vs bows) in hunting. The role of technology enhances personal experience on the trail, such as the use of fitbits and headphones [1]; citizen scientist water quality monitoring [9], and logistical planning of trail practicalities (e.g., campsite reservations, rest-room facilities). ...
Preprint
This paper compares the needs of groups and communities in outdoor settings, seeking to identify subtle but important differences in the ways that their needs can be supported. We first examine the questions of who uses technology in outdoor settings, what their technological uses and needs are, and what conflicts exist between different trail users regarding technology use and experience. We then consider selected categories of people to understand their distinct needs when acting as groups and as communities. We conclude that it is important to explore the tensions between groups and communities to identify design opportunities.
... Tension can exist in the roles of groups on the trail. Hunters, for example, agree on the ethos of "fair chase" [3], but different subgroups differ on how they interpret this notion depending on their attitude towards the role of weapon technology (crossbows vs bows, rifles vs muzzleloaders, rifles vs bows) in hunting. The role of technology enhances personal experience on the trail, such as the use of fitbits and headphones [1]; citizen scientist water quality monitoring [?], and logistical planning of trail practicalities (e.g., campsite reservations, rest-room facilities). ...
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... Prior HCI research has also looked at the integration of ICTs in recreational hobbies, such as archery [25], bird watching [15], and hunting [50]. ROTC students engage in a diverse array of outdoor activities, which may aid in reducing their overall stress and improving their mental health. ...
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This paper describes an interactive device, the Periscope, designed to be used as an educational tool featured during a children's digitally enhanced field trip in a woodland setting. The Periscope assembly, includ- ing a display and RFID equipped tangibles, is controlled using handles that enable it to be raised and rotated. The display is controlled by rotating the Periscope, or alternatively by twisting the handles. A set of tangibles, a collection of Petri dishes fitted with RFID tags, enable the children to carry out experiments with the results being shown on the display. Field trials are also outlined in which the effectiveness of this design is established. In conclusion, we discuss the aesthetic design issues raised by introducing digital technology into everyday envi- ronments.
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Chapter
I report on two years of participant observation of traditional musicians in Dublin, Ireland. In Irish traditional music, players from all walks of life gather at pub sessions to play tunes together. Due to the ethos of traditional music, the representation of tunes is a constant aesthetic concern. Drawing on the aesthetics of reception, I show how arriving at the proper “text” of a tune poses unique challenges. Rather than simply reading notes on sheet music, traditional musicians must imaginatively read the creative text on a “virtual space” to create art. Making music involves a nuanced process of learning, knowing, and retaining a tune. The tune is not a static entity but one dynamically shaped by its social context and provenance. The social life of tunes suggests that technologies ought to support the practice of practicing seamlessly across the performance-oriented session and the solitary pursuit of skill, while allowing novices a way to conceptualize the historical flexibility of the tune. I will outline a new agenda of surveilling tradition to represent the aesthetics of reception. With the burgeoning interest in the collaborative work of tradition, this work provides new perspectives into the creative processes involved in representation.
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Chapter
We present the iterative development of a 3D simulator for traditional archery and the design of a gaming level that should attract visitors at trade fairs and exhibitions. We want to provide users with a believable archery experience and support novel users in practicing the motion sequence of traditional archery using a virtual 3D environment. To provide a realistic haptic feedback we used a real bow interaction device and wind output in our simulation. We extended a bow damping system by electronic sensors to detect draw and release of the bow, aiming at a virtual target and user movement in front of a large projection screen. To entertain visitors at trade fairs and exhibitions we designed a two-player mode and a small 3D adventure with different tasks.
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We developed a mobile learning application that permits users to explore and learn a natural environment. By using PDA, learners seek various kinds of sound in surroundings, and record them. Sounds are stored in PDA with position information obtained from GPS receiver, which is embedded in PDA. Sounds are layered on an aerial photo, based on the position information. As the network technology spread to school education, visual information (such as text, photo, etc) will be large in quantity. This project aim at stimulate children's awareness or creativity, by paying attention to audible information that is gained from surroundings.
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Hunting is an activity that appears to provoke – often immediate and strongly pronounced – moral assessments, i.e., judgments of what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. A large body of literature explores these moral arguments, often from a philosophical or normative perspective, focusing on specific types of hunting. However, studies that ground such explorations in empirical, systematically analysed, yet contextualised data seem to be missing. We argue that such an approach is essential to understand conflicts over hunting and wildlife management, and present data from focus group discussions and interviews with hunters, non-hunters and hunting critics across six countries in Europe and eastern Africa. Our findings suggest that moral arguments play an extremely important role in the legitimation and delegitimation of hunting practices through discourse. In particular, study participants referred to the motives of hunters as a factor that, in their eyes, determined the acceptability of hunting practices. Moral argumentations exhibited patterns that were common across study sites, such as a perceived moral superiority of the ‘moderate’ and ‘measured’, and a lack of legitimacy of the ‘excessive’. Implicit orders of hunting motives were used to legitimise types of hunting that were suspected to be contested. On the basis of these findings, we discuss how the moral elements of hunting discourses relate to broader discourses on environmental management, and how these are used to establish (or dispute) the legitimacy of hunting. Our analysis also suggests that there might be more overlap between moral arguments of hunters, non-hunters and hunting critics than popularly assumed, which, where required, could be used as a starting point for conflict management.
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Discusses legitimation processes characteristic of social worlds: sets of common or joint activities bound together by a network of communication. The activities include discovering and claiming worth; distancing an emergent "social sub-world" from earlier, establishing social worlds; developing theory; establishing standards and modes of judgment; and setting and challenging boundaries. The intersection and segmentation of social worlds are seen as important general conditions for contemporary legitimation problems, and a potentially useful approach to the study of these issues is proposed. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Ubicomp developers are increasingly borrowing from other disciplines, such as anthropology and creative design, to inform their design process. In this paper, we demonstrate that the discipline of history similarly has much to offer ubicomp research. Specifically, we describe a historically-grounded approach to designing ubicomp systems and applications for the home. We present findings from a study examining aging and housework that demonstrate how our approach can be useful to sensitize ubicomp developers to the impact of cultural values on household technology, to reunderstand the home space, and to spur development of new design spaces. Our findings suggest that historically-grounded research approaches may be useful in more deeply understanding and designing for context both in and outside of the home.
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The Value Sensitive Design (VSD) methodology provides a comprehensive framework for advancing a value-centered researchand designagenda. AlthoughVSDprovideshelpful ways of thinking about and designing value-centered com- putational systems, we argue that the specific mechanics of VSD create thorny tensions with respect to value sensitivity. In particular, we examine limitations due to value classifica- tions, inadequateguidanceon empiricaltools for design, and the ways in which the design process is ordered. In this pa- per, we propose ways of maturing the VSD methodology to overcome these limitations and present three empirical case studies that illustrate a family of methods to effectively en- gage local expressions of values. The findings from our case studies provide evidence of how we can mature the VSD methodology to mitigate the pitfalls of classification and en- gender a commitment to reflect on and respond to local con- texts of design.
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Whereas communication technology to connect people has long been an integral part of our everyday lives, it has only recently expanded to offer applications for dogs and dog-owners. In this paper, we present two explorative studies to understand the experiences and expectations of dog owners for communication technology to support their interaction with dogs. These studies look at two different user groups, hunters and pet owners, charting the lessons learnt from the current technology and exploring the aspects that should be taken into account when designing future applications and services. Our findings reveal that usability problems are still the dominant issue with current applications. We also suggest key design implications which can be utilized in the development of future human-dog interaction systems.
Conference Paper
In this paper we describe the design of a virtual reality simulator for traditional intuitive archery. Traditional archers aim without a target figure. Good shooting results require an excellent body-eye coordination that allows the user to perform identical movements when drawing the bow. Our simulator provides a virtual archery experience and supports the user to learn and to practice the motion sequence of traditional archery in a virtual environment. We use a low-cost tracking system to capture the user's motion in order to correct his movement. To provide a realistic haptic feedback a real bow is used as interaction device. Our system should provide a believable user experience and support the user to learn how to shoot in the traditional way. Following a user-centered iterative design approach we developed a number of prototypes and evaluated them for refinement in sequent iteration cycles.
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The design of online collaborative computer games and pervasive games can learn from the everyday practice of deer hunting. We present an ethnographic study revealing how hunters fine-tune their experience through temporal and spatial organization. The hunt is organized in a way that allows the hunters to balance between forms of collaboration ranging from solitude to face-to-face interaction, as well as between attentiveness and relaxation. Thus, the hunters deal with the task -- hunting down the prey -- while managing issues of enjoyment. We argue that understanding these experiential qualities is relevant for collaborative gaming, and adds to our understanding of leisure.
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Human computer interaction (HCI) has little explored everyday life and enriching experiences in rural, wilderness and other predominantly “natural” places despite their socioeconomic importance. Beyond simply addressing the challenge arising from applying an urban perspective to designing technologies for use in natural places, we wish to provoke integration of the natural and computational worlds. To stimulate design that both draws upon and affords such integration, we propose seven themes we have distilled from the literature and supplement these with our own research observations. Bodies Imagine and Remember recognizes the inseparability of meanings and corporeal experience of natural places for design. Indexicality and Habitus refers to the need for design to be sensitive to the processes by which natural features become intelligible in our actions and communication. Values and Story-spaces observes the way representations and infrastructures, infused with particular values, become dominant. Identity and Belonging, suggests the need to reconcile designs with couplings between physical settings, processes of community and personal identity. Rhythm and Dynamism considers links between people’s daily routines, nature’s events and patterns and spatial and social issues pertinent to design and in Revealing and Receding we suggest that design must simultaneously fade into the background and provoke seeing natural places differently. Fragility, Liability and Spirituality refers to technological opportunities to support positive relations within ecosystems and recognizing the limits of technological control.
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Paul Shepard has been one of the most brilliant and original thinkers in the field of human evolution and ecology for more than forty years. His thought-provoking ideas on the role of animals in human thought, dreams, personal identity, and other psychological and religious contexts have been presented in a series of seminal writings, including Thinking Animals, The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game, and now The Others, his most eloquent book to date.The Others is a fascinating and wide-ranging examination of how diverse cultures have thought about, reacted to, and interacted with animals. Shepard argues that humans evolved watching other animal species, participating in their world, suffering them as parasites, wearing their feathers and skins, and making tools of their bones and antlers. For millennia, we have communicated their significance by dancing, sculpting, performing, imaging, narrating, and thinking them. The human species cannot be fully itself without these others.Shepard considers animals as others in a world where otherness of all kinds is in danger, and in which otherness is essential to the discovery of the true self. We must understand what to make of our encounters with animals, because as we prosper they vanish, and ultimately our prosperity may amount to nothing without them.
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In this rugged account of a rugged profession, Matthew Desmond explores the heart and soul of the wildland firefighter. Having joined a firecrew in Northern Arizona as a young man, Desmond relates his experiences with intimate knowledge and native ease, adroitly balancing emotion with analysis and action with insight. On the Fireline shows that these firefighters aren’t the adrenaline junkies or romantic heroes as they’re so often portrayed. An immersion into a dangerous world, On the Fireline is also a sophisticated analysis of a high-risk profession—and a captivating read. “Gripping . . . a masterful account of how young men are able to face down wildfire, and why they volunteer for such an enterprise in the first place.”—David Grazian, Sociological Forum “Along with the risks and sorrow, Desmond also presents the humor and comaraderie of ordinary men performing extraordinary tasks. . . . A good complement to Norman Maclean's Young Men and Fire. Recommended.”—Library Journal
The Glass Cage: Automation and Us
  • Nicholas Carr
Nicholas Carr. 2014. The Glass Cage: Automation and Us (1 edition ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, New York.
Kierkegaard: Fear and Trembling
  • Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Kierkegaard. 2006. Kierkegaard: Fear and Trembling. Cambridge University Press, New York. Edited by C. Stephen Evans and Sylvia Walsh.
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie In Kierkegaard's Philosophy: Self Deception and Cowardice in the Present Age. The New American Library
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The Hunter: Developmental Stages and Ethics
  • Bob Norton
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Bob Norton. 2007. The Hunter: Developmental Stages and Ethics. Riverbend Publishing, Helena, MT.
Meditations on Hunting
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José Ortega y Gasset. 1972. Meditations on Hunting. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Translated by Howard B. Wescott.
The Boone and Crockett Club on Fair Chase
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  • Crockett Club
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The Boone and Crockett Club. 2016. The Boone and Crockett Club on Fair Chase. (Sept. 2016).
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie. In Kierkegaard's Philosophy: Self Deception and Cowardice in the Present Age
  • John Mullen
  • Mullen John
John Mullen. 1981. The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie. In Kierkegaard's Philosophy: Self Deception and Cowardice in the Present Age. The New American Library, Inc., New York, 23-33.
Anke Fischer Vesna Kereži Beatriz Arroyo Miguel Mateos-Delibes Degu Tadie Asanterabi Lowassa Olve Krange and Ketil Skogen. 2013. (De)legitimising Hunting -- Discourses Over the Morality of Hunting in Europe and Eastern Africa
Olve Krange , and Ketil Skogen . 2013. (De)legitimising Hunting -- Discourses Over the Morality of Hunting in Europe and Eastern Africa
  • Anke Fischer
  • Vesna Kereži
  • Beatriz Arroyo
  • Miguel Mateos-Delibes
  • Degu Tadie
  • Asanterabi Lowassa
  • Fischer Anke