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Flora epífita de los manglares de Tabasco, México

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Abstract

Se determinó la flora epífita de los manglares del Estado de Tabasco en 15 localidades. Se eligieron los manglares más conservados en los municipios de Cárdenas, Centla, Comalcalco y Paraíso. En cada sitio se establecieron al azar dos cuadros de 15x15 m (225 m2) y se colectaron las epífitas presentes y muestras de los mangles sobre los que se encontraban creciendo. Se obtuvo un número de 18 especies de epífitas y una hemiepífita distribuidas en cuatros familias y ocho géneros. La familia con mayor número de especies fue Bromeliaceae (10 especies). La especie Prosthechea boothiana (Orchidaceae) representó un nuevo registro para la flora de Tabasco. De las tres especies de hospederos; Rhizophora mangle presentó el mayor número de epífitas con un 78% y fueron la zona I y II (raíces y tallo) la más colonizada por las epífitas con un 66%.
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      

        
               
             
             
                   
                  
                 
                
           
               
           
        
                 
      
           
                 
      
       
        
  
       
        
        
               
                 
                    
             
                 
               
                
        
                  
         



 

 


            
                
          
             
               
                 
                
             
               
        
         
       
                 
              
        
             
                
                 
                
                
               
            
         
              
                     
                
           
              
                
                
            
      
               
             
             
       
           
                
            
               
                  
            
             
                
           
     

  
       
                
            
                 
              
              
         
                
               
          
         
          
             
        
        
       
      
  
       
        
         
         
      
     
        
      
        
        
         
       
              
           
                
                
             
              
        
      
       
         
                  
                  
               
                 
               



                
         
                
                  
      
   
       
         
        
                  
             
                
              
    
         
         
        
                
              
                 
              
             
        
                
            
        
   
        
                  
                   
         
                  
      
                
                        
            
    
     
     
      
          
   
     


            
  

      
     
         
         
        
       
   
        
       
 
        
    
       
       
         
      
       
      


        
       
       
 


          
          
                 
                  
    
             
            
        
   
      
             
        
       
            
      
          
    
        
               
         
  
           
               
            
    
          
         
             
          
    
        
            
         
     
       
          
        
             
        

            
      
      
     
             
           
        


          
      
              
        
 
                 
              
                   
               
      
            
        
    
      
                
            
       
            
       
 
         
                
          
       
                 
         
            
    
          
                
        
        
    
                
           
          
     
           
          
                
        
       
    

... Bajo ciertos ambientes se ha registrado una relación entre el DAP y la altura de los forófitos con la riqueza de Esta distribución se ha observado en diferentes ecosistemas, en donde las epífitas frecuentemente colonizan la altura baja y media de los forófitos, y la mayor abundancia de los individuos podría estar relacionada con menor intensidad de luz y temperatura, así como mayor humedad, más que del forófito o la ubicación de su hábitat (Benzing, 1990; Castro Las epífitas de cactáceas y aráceas, están representadas por una y dos especies, respectivamente; este resultado es similar a otros estudios en manglares (Valdez-Hernández, 2002;Díaz-Jiménez, 2007;Jiménez-López et al., 2017;2018;Kupec, 2018). ...
... En cuanto a la diversidad, Olmsted y Gómez-Juárez (1996), mencionan que las epífitas de la Península de Yucatán no son muy diversas, si se comparan con otras comunidades de epífitas de México y otros países (material complementario 1); algunos estudios han encontrado una riqueza alta, sobre todo para Tabasco y Campeche (Díaz-Jiménez, 2007;Jiménez-López et al., 2018;Noguera-Savelli et al., 2021). Hondo, Quintana Roo, por lo que se requiere continuar con proyectos que aporten más información de las interrelaciones de los hospederos y las epífitas y el ambiente que los rodea. ...
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Mangroves are biologically rich ecosystems. Although it is rare to find epiphytes on mangrove trees, some orchids, bromeliads, cacti, and aroids have been recorded; however, studies on species diversity of vascular epiphytes in mangrove ecosystems are scarce. The objective of this work was to determine the floristic composition and vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes associated with the riparian mangrove phorophytes in the community of Ramonal, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo. The relationship between height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the phorophytes with epiphyte richness was evaluated, along with the colonization height in the phorophyte. Epiphytes and phorophytes wer2e also counted and measured. Epiphyte diversity analysis was performed using the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices. A total area of 769.3 m was assessed, where five phorophyte species were recorded (n = 60). The main phorophyte was Rizophora mangle. The epiphyte family with the most species was Orchidaceae (five), followed by Bromeliaceae (three), Araceae (two), and finally Cactaceae (one), similar to findings in other Neotropical ecosystems. Diversity indices suggest a medium diversity of vascular epiphytes. Epiphyte colonization was more frequent in R. mangle stems and roots, probably influenced by its bark, microclimate, abundance, and architecture, facilitating their establishment. So far, this study represents the most comprehensive record for this valuable ecosystem, so it could be an important tool to integrate conservation and management strategies.
... The number of species found in El Cometa Lagoon is equivalent to 17.13% of all the species reported in mangroves in Mexico (Carmona-Díaz & Hernández 2015). This means that in terms of vascular epiphyte richness, El Cometa Lagoon is currently ranked as the second richest mangrove forest in Mexico, after Sontecomapan (Magaña 1999; Valdez-Hernández 2000;Carmona-Díaz et al. 2004;Díaz-Jiménez 2007). ...
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This study presents an updated checklist of vascular epiphytes found in the highly-conserved mangrove forest surrounding El Cometa Lagoon inside Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. In order to perform this task, 25 sampling units were established at the study site and were visited at two stages, once in 2014 and next in 2016. Inside each sampling unit, all the epiphyte species found on host trees with a diameter at breast height 10cm were recorded. The complete epiphyte species list included 25 species belonging to 18 different genera. The richest family was Orchidaceaewith nine species and the richest genus was Tillandsia with seven species. Additionally, the total epiphyte richness found in this study was among the highest reported for mangrove forests in Mexico. Epiphyte studies in mangrove forests are uncommon; therefore, this list is the first step to identify vascular epiphytes in the region and contribute to its proper conservation.
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Many bromeliads occur in habitats that are potentially affected by salt. Pitcairnia halophila is a particularly interesting case in this context due to its growing sites in the spray zone of coastal cliffs in Central America. We conducted an experimental/observational study that explored the physiological and ecological basis of the occurrence of this species. Germination of P. halophila was as affected by increasing salinity as that of congeneric species from other natural growing sites, but seedling growth was less impaired in comparison and remained positive even at exposure to half-strength seawater. Interestingly, in situ plant nutrient concentrations documented over an entire growing season suggest that this capacity to tolerate salt stress is not tested at the natural growing site – Na ⁺ concentrations were consistently low in leaves and shoots and comparable to those of seedlings watered with distilled water in the laboratory. We conclude that P. halophila shows the physiological ability to deal with medium levels of salinity, but ecological conditions at the humid tropical growing site allow these plants to avoid salt stress entirely in spite of the close proximity to the sea.
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Presentamos un listado de orquídeas para la laguna El Cometa, una zona de mangal de gran importancia biológica y económica pero que ha sido escasamente estudiada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue contribuir al conocimiento de la riqueza de orquídeas en esta región de Tabasco, México. El listado se elaboró a partir de trabajo de campo durante salidas entre 2014 y 2016. Se obtuvo una lista de ocho géneros y nueve especies; la mayoría con amplia distribución en el neotrópico. La riqueza de orquídeas es baja comparada con otros tipos de vegetación. El conocimiento de listados florísticos en ecosistemas de manglar es importante para su conservación y uso racional. Palabras clave: Biodiversidad, florística, Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla, manglares; Orchidaceae
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To date, there is no comprehensive and updated work on the orchids of Tabasco, despite the existence of several floristic studies that include Orchidaceae and citations of material available in local herbaria. The objective of this research was to collect, update, and expand our knowledge of the Orchidaceae of Tabasco, by compiling a list with all available taxonomic information, conservation status, and geographic distribution of species. The checklist includes a total of 109 species and one variety in 58 genera. Twelve taxa are new records for the state: Anathallis yucatanensis, Cyrtopodium macrobulbon, Oeceoclades maculata, Maxillariella variabilis, Myrmecophila christinae var. Christinae, Polystachya clavata, Prescottia stachyodes, Rhetinantha aciantha, Sarcoglottis assurgens, Stanhopea oculata, Stelis cobanensis, and Trichosalpinx ciliaris. Six of the species are found in some risk category according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The municipalities with high diversity of species are Teapa (66 species), Tacotalpa (55), and Huimanguillo (40). The vegetation types with the highest diversity are the evergreen tropical forest (79 species), the high evergreen forest (52), the lowland floodplain (28), and secondary vegetation (25). The lowest diversity was recorded in the lowland evergreen and mangrove, both with eight species, followed by the aquatic vegetation with seven species and cloud forest with five species.
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