No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
We look like our names: The manifestation of name stereotypes in facial appearance
Abstract
Research demonstrates that facial appearance affects social perceptions. The current research investigates the reverse possibility: Can social perceptions influence facial appearance? We examine a social tag that is associated with us early in life-our given name. The hypothesis is that name stereotypes can be manifested in facial appearance, producing a face-name matching effect, whereby both a social perceiver and a computer are able to accurately match a person's name to his or her face. In 8 studies we demonstrate the existence of this effect, as participants examining an unfamiliar face accurately select the person's true name from a list of several names, significantly above chance level. We replicate the effect in 2 countries and find that it extends beyond the limits of socioeconomic cues. We also find the effect using a computer-based paradigm and 94,000 faces. In our exploration of the underlying mechanism, we show that existing name stereotypes produce the effect, as its occurrence is culture-dependent. A self-fulfilling prophecy seems to be at work, as initial evidence shows that facial appearance regions that are controlled by the individual (e.g., hairstyle) are sufficient to produce the effect, and socially using one's given name is necessary to generate the effect. Together, these studies suggest that facial appearance represents social expectations of how a person with a specific name should look. In this way a social tag may influence one's facial appearance.
... Thus Study 2 allowed a more controlled setting of the targets (e.g., all images were taken by the same photographer, etc.). In all studies, we made certain that the participants and the people in the images were from the same nationality, since cultural familiarity is critical for the face-name matching effect to occur (5). We also ensured that all participants could read instructions and answer surveys. ...
... Adult targets. We used the adult target faces from Study 1B of Zwebner et al. (5). We randomly selected 16 images (8 women) out of 50 from the original study and used the names of the remaining images as filler names. ...
Our given name is a social tag associated with us early in life. This study investigates the possibility of a self-fulfilling prophecy effect wherein individuals’ facial appearance develops over time to resemble the social stereotypes associated with given names. Leveraging the face–name matching effect, which demonstrates an ability to match adults’ names to their faces, we hypothesized that individuals would resemble their social stereotype (name) in adulthood but not in childhood. To test this hypothesis, children and adults were asked to match faces and names of children and adults. Results revealed that both adults and children correctly matched adult faces to their corresponding names, significantly above the chance level. However, when it came to children’s faces and names, participants were unable to make accurate associations. Complementing our lab studies, we employed a machine-learning framework to process facial image data and found that facial representations of adults with the same name were more similar to each other than to those of adults with different names. This pattern of similarity was absent among the facial representations of children, thereby strengthening the case for the self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis. Furthermore, the face–name matching effect was evident for adults but not for children’s faces that were artificially aged to resemble adults, supporting the conjectured role of social development in this effect. Together, these findings suggest that even our facial appearance can be influenced by a social factor such as our name, confirming the potent impact of social expectations.
... The stereotype would even change how one looks like: Zwebner et al. found that people and computers can match faces and names with a much higher probability than chance (Zwebner et al., 2017). They demonstrate that existing name stereotypes have such an effect because their occurrence varies by culture. ...
... This finding may explain the "face-name matching effect": the way a person with a particular name looks on the face reflects social expectations. This is how a social tag could affect someone's appearance (Zwebner et al., 2017). ...
How a name influences its holder has been studied for a long time. This paper labels the fundamental literature in this discipline into three categories: how a name influences its owner’s personality, decision-making, and life outcomes. We also provide suggestions for future studies concerning this topic.
... Evidence from other sources that are consistent with the Biblical Naming Concept has shown that names given to humans are not mere tags or labels but are also symbols of spiritual identity and keys, as it were, to the nature and essence of the name bearer [8] and [9]. Researchers agree with BNC that names given to humans can shape even the faces of individuals [8] and [10] Zwebner, et al., 2017). ...
... The name tells a story of who we are, what we shall be and become [12], [11], and [6]. A name has both spiritual and social meaning that can significantly impact the bearer's hopes, calling, and ministry, both positive and negative [10]. ...
Globally, works of literature have significantly revealed that everything that existed has a name. The name has significant importance in realizing the sustainable identity, purpose, performance, or destiny of what is named. Despite these laudable significances, numerous investigations have shown that the impact of these naming supposition, ideas, and explanations among the conceptual, factual, and biblical or covenant naming concepts are obscure. The King James Bible was adopted as the conceptual framework for this study because all things (including the significance of naming) are made and upheld by the word of God. The researcher explored a narrative review, analysis, and synthesis of vast works of literature that revealed significant information and insights on the symbolism, purpose, characteristics, importance, and significance of names, especially in Igbo, Nigeria, Africa. The researcher also extracted some documentaries from King James Bible, and peer-reviewed articles within the last five years from electronic databases, engaging some keywords like "Significance of naming in Africa”, “Covenant naming”, “purpose of naming”, etc. Results show that names are not mere tags for simple identification, but that names connect the name bearers to their hopes, calling, and destiny in life. Results also show that names have cultural and historical connections that can impact the significant personality of the person named, his sense of belonging in a community, and his hope for his glorious destiny, and place in the world at large. Results and insights from this study may have a positive social impact on naming, research and innovations on the significance of names.
... We next examined whether the effects observed in Experiments 1 and 2 might have real world effects on personality. Recent work has suggested that individuals might adjust their appearance to match stereotypes of their name (Zwebner, Sellier, Rosenfeld, Goldenberg, & Mayo, 2017). Although it seems somewhat implausible, to understand the real-world limits of the effect we observed in the first two laboratory-based experiments reported here we felt we should test whether a similar process could take place with personality, with individuals subtly adjusting their personality to match sound symbolic associations of their names. ...
... Note that this was not an association that we observed in Experiments 1 and 2. The lack of an association between names and self-reported personality is not altogether surprising. While research has shown that individuals might subtly change their appearance to match stereotypes of their names (Zwebner et al., 2017), some-one's personality is much less malleable (see Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000). And of course, when parents give a child a name, they do not yet have insight into their personality. ...
Sound symbolism has typically been demonstrated as an association between certain phonemes and perceptual dimensions (e.g., size or shape). For instance, the maluma-takete effect is the sound symbolic association between sonorant and voiceless stop phonemes and round and sharp visual shapes, respectively. Here we explored a novel association between phonemes and a more abstract dimension: personality. Further, although sound symbolism has often been examined using nonwords, here we studied it in the context of existing first names. In Experiments 1 and 2, we presented first names containing sonorant versus voiceless stop consonants and found that participants associated these with different personality factors from the HEXACO model of personality. In general, names with sonorant phonemes (e.g., Mona, Owen) were associated with high Emotionality, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, whereas names with voiceless stop phonemes (e.g., Katie, Curtis) were associated with high Extraversion. In Experiment 3, we examined whether the associations of a person’s name predict their personality. A sample of 1,071 individuals provided their names and completed a HEXACO personality inventory. We found no real-world evidence of the associations we observed in the lab. In Experiment 4, we used invented names and tested participants in the lab once again, finding evidence of the same associations as in Experiment 1 and 2. This suggests that phonemes, and not just existing knowledge of individuals with particular names, are key to the associations observed. Finally, in Experiment 5, we found that these effects are not mediated by likability. We discuss potential mechanisms for the observed associations.
... Whether a perception renders a favorable or unfavorable verdict regarding a person's social desirability depends on a hidden calculation that manifests in how the perceiver, such as a teacher, interacts with the perceived student bearing specific attributes. When this dynamic happens among teachers who engage students of many walks, the literature suggests that "social coding" or labeling during teacher-student interactions can ensue (Zwebner et al., 2017). Social coding may partially explain how stereotypes evolve in a teacher's experience, as unfamiliar names or familiar names within a particular context become assigned to codes that bind unrelated experiences with categories of students, such as Black, white, rich, and poor, that become treated as predictive indicators of academic potential. ...
Past and current research has explored the link between the “blackness” of a person’s name and socioeconomic outcomes in American society. Black-sounding names were shown to influence employment prospects, access to credit markets, and choice of housing among other opportunities. While education research had identified a relationship between teachers’ perceptions of students with distinctively Black names and perceived academic potential, it had yet to examine how targeted students perceive and internalize nameism, a portmanteau of name and racism, in predominantly white learning environments. A qualitative study examined nameism and its influence on students’ selfconceptions and learning experiences. Using a phenomenological gaze to study participants’ experiences, the results revealed mixed, contradictory views on Blacksounding names within the sample. Study participants expressed feeling compelled to maintain varying situational identities to avoid name-identity threats expressed through implicit bias and microaggressions. Participatory action research was used to construct a multimodal, evidence-based intervention to address nameism as a problem of practice in classrooms where experiences with nameism are most likely to occur.
... Name is not only a symbolic manifestation of a person, but also a sociocultural product carrying rich implications. As an individual characteristic, name manifests potential influences on human psychology and behavior, including self-evaluation , social perception (Sidhu et al., 2019), interpersonal relationships (Gebauer et al., 2012), facial appearance (Zwebner et al., 2017), and life decisions (for a review, see . ...
Uncommon personal names have become increasingly popular in many countries and cultures over the past decades. However, little is known about the causes. We propose that the emphasis on uniqueness, manifested both as a cultural value at the macro level and as an individual need at the micro level, may account for the widely observed increase in unique-naming practices. We tested these hypotheses in China. Study 1 found that the increasing cultural emphasis on uniqueness (rather than on independence or competition), as a Granger cause, explained the increasing name uniqueness. Study 2 revealed that the increasing individual need for uniqueness (rather than narcissism or self-esteem) explained the higher preference for unique baby names among younger than older generations. Study 3 showed that, in actual naming practices, younger parents emphasized name uniqueness (rather than modernity, positivity, or other features) more than older cohorts. These findings convergently support our hypotheses, highlighting the importance of identifying specific mechanisms underlying psychological and behavioral changes, rather than assuming the rising individualism as a general explanation.
... Stereotypes are often implied from facial appearances and physical attributes [26]. Similarly, superhero figures are often evaluated by their appearance and attributes [27]. ...
The present multimethod research examines different stereotypes about race and ethnicity via a comic book superhero lens. This study focuses on the ascription of traits to a superhero figure developed specifically for this research, examining differences in trait ascription based on the race and sexual orientation of the hero. A diverse sample of participants (N = 371) were presented random drawings of either White, African American, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Asian, or Native American superhero images and asked questions about their perceptions of the hero’s traits, character role (hero, villain, and sidekick), powers, and socio-economic status. Additionally, hero sexual orientation was manipulated (Heterosexual × Gay), bringing 12 conditions of hero identity that were randomly assigned to participants in a 6 (Race: White × Black × Latinx × Asian × Arab × Native American) × 2 (Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual × Gay) cross-sectional design. Results indicated that participants ascribed certain traits differently based on the race of the hero as well as how race and sexuality of the hero interacted. Additionally, results supported the use of original, fictional images as a means of examining participant perceptions of race and sexuality. These empirical findings can be helpful in the creation and real-world adaptations of comic book superhero media and understanding effects of comic media on the development and dissemination of stereotypes.
... Research on proper names increasingly suggests that unknown names influence consumer perceptions (Miller & Kahn, 2005;Paludi & Strayer, 1985;Salciuviene et al., 2010;Yorkston & Menon, 2004). This is because proper names carry a lot of information and can predict income and education attainment (Abel, 2010), facial appearance (Zwebner, Sellier, Rosenfeld, Goldenberg, & Mayo, 2017), and longevity (Abel & Kruger, 2007). Proper names are also extensively used by both high-quality and low-quality brands in the marketplace. ...
The usage of proper names to advertise a product is ubiquitous in the marketplace. In many cases, there is very little information about these names. For example, treatment lotion by “Lady Aiko.” This research examines whether such a strategy effectively increases evaluations for a product. If so, is this strategy more effective when used by a high‐quality brand or a low‐quality brand? Across one field study, one text analytics study, and two experimental studies, we find that the proper name strategy can lead to higher product evaluations and that such names are more effective when advertised for a low‐quality brand. We first propose, using contagion effects, that products advertised with a proper name are more likely to contain the essence of human creation, resulting in greater product effectiveness than identical products without such proper names. Furthermore, we employ the expectation‐disconfirmation account to propose that when the brand has a higher (vs. lower) quality (expectation stage), the product with a proper name strategy (postexpectation stage) leads to small (vs. large) positive disconfirmation, which thereby results in assimilation (vs. contrast) and forming product evaluations similar (vs. higher) to the original assessments of the brand. We offer implications for new product marketers on how to be most effective in influencing product evaluations, as well as policymakers looking to improve consumer welfare by encouraging manufacturers of generic products to consider using a proper name strategy.
... Stereotypes are often implied from facial appearances and physical attributes (Zwebner, Sellier, Rosenfeld, Goldenberg, & Mayo, 2017). Similarly, superhero figures are often evaluated by their appearance and attributes (Singer, 2002). ...
The present multimethod research examines different stereotypes about race via a comic book superhero lens. This study focuses on the ascription of traits to a superhero figure developed specifically for this research, examining differences in trait ascription based on the race and sexual orientation of the hero. A diverse sample of participants (N= 371) were presented random drawings of either White, African American, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Asian, or Native American superhero images and asked questions about their perceptions of the hero’s traits, character role (hero, villain, sidekick), powers, and socioeconomic status. Additionally, hero sexual orientation was manipulated (Heterosexual x Gay), bringing 12 conditions of hero identity that were randomly assigned to participants in a 6 (Race: White x Black x Latinx x Asian x Arab x Native American) x 2 (Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual x Gay) cross-sectional design. Results indicated that participants ascribed certain traits differently based on the race of the hero as well as how race and sexuality of the hero interacted. Additionally, results supported the use of original, fictional images as a means of examining participant perceptions of race and sexuality. These empirical findings can be helpful in the creation and real-world adaptations of comic book superhero media and understanding effects of comic media on the development and dissemination of stereotypes.
... It is not useful to force authors to retroactively apply a theory to their findings if the study was not conducted based on said theory or was data-driven. The quality of this descriptive research should be judged based on its methodological rigor (great recent examples provide Smith and Hofmann, 2016;Zwebner et al., 2017;Ray et al., 2019). Better descriptive research has higher internal and external validity. ...
Psychological science is maturing and therefore transitioning from explorative to theory-driven research. While explorative research seeks to find something “new,” theory-driven research seeks to elaborate on already known and hence predictable effects. A consequence of these differences is that the quality of explorative and theory-driven research needs to be judged by distinct criterions that optimally support their respective development. Especially, theory-driven research needs to be judged by its methodological rigor. A focus on innovativeness, which is typical for explorative research, will instead incentivize bad research practices (e.g., imprecise theorizing, ignoring previous research, parallel theories). To support the advancement of psychology, we must drop the innovation requirement for theory-driven research and instead require the strongest methods, which are marked by high internal and external validity. Precise theorizing needs to substitute novelty. Theories are advanced by requiring explicit, testable assumptions, and an explicit preference for one theory over another. These explicit and potentially wrong assumptions should not be silenced within the peer-review process, but instead be scrutinized in new publications. Importantly, these changes in scientific conduct need to be supported by senior researchers, especially, in their roles as editors, reviewers, and in the hiring process. An important obstacle to further theory-driven research is to measure scientific merit using researchers’ number of publications, which favors theoretically shallow and imprecise writing. Additionally, it makes publications the central target of scientific misconduct even though they are the main source of information for the scientific community and the public. To advance the field, researchers should be judged by their contribution to the scientific community (e.g., exchange with and support of colleagues, and mentoring). Another step to advance psychology is to clearly differentiate between measurement model and theory, and not to overgeneralize based on few stimuli, incidences, or studies. We will use ideas from the theory of science to underline the changes necessary within the field of psychology to overcome this existential replication crisis.
... We can merely hypothesize that this is so because job titles are capable of eliciting visual associations with (stereo) typical features (for example when we hear the job title 'cook', we immediately imagine a person in a white coat, wearing a hat). Names, on the other hand, are more neutral and freer from such stereotypes (but not completely unaffected, see Zwebner et al., 2017). This makes it likely that the OFA, a dominantly visual region, might be less involved in the association of faces with names than with job titles. ...
Faces are processed in a network of areas within regions of the ventral visual stream. However, familiar faces typically are characterized by additional associated information, such as episodic memories or semantic biographical information as well. The acquisition of such non-sensory, identity-specific knowledge plays a crucial role in our ability to recognize and identify someone we know. The occipital face area (OFA), an early part of the core face-processing network, is recently found to be involved in the formation of identity-specific memory traces but it is currently unclear if this role is limited to unimodal visual information. The current experiments used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test whether the OFA is involved in the association of a face with identity-specific semantic information, such as the name or job title of a person. We applied an identity-learning task where unfamiliar faces were presented together with a name and a job title in the first encoding phase. Simultaneously, TMS pulses were applied either to the left or right OFA or to Cz, as a control. In the subsequent retrieval phase, the previously seen faces were presented either with two names or with two job titles and the task of the participants was to select the semantic information previously learned. We found that the stimulation of the right or left OFA reduced subsequent retrieval performance for the face-associated job titles. This suggests a causal role of the OFA in the association of faces and related semantic information. Furthermore, in contrast to prior findings, we did not observe hemispherical differences of the TMS intervention, suggesting a similar role of the left and right OFAs in the formation of the visual-semantic associations. Our results suggest the necessity to reconsider the hierarchical face-perception models and support the distributed and recurrent models.
... En outre, les prénoms ont une influence relativement importante sur de nombreux aspects de la vie sociale des individus. Par exemple, il a été rapporté que les prénoms pouvaient impacter la perception de divers aspects physiques dont le visage et le corps (Erwin, 1993 ;Hassebrauck, 1988 ;Hensley & Spencer, 1985 ;Zwebner, Sellier, Rosenfeld, Goldenberg, & Mayo, 2017), l'attribution de certains traits de personnalité comme l'intelligence, la compétence et l'extraversion (Leirer, Hamilton, & Carpenter, 1982 ;Mehrabian, 2001 ;Young, Kennedy, Newhouse, Browne, & Thiessen, 1993), modifier les attitudes et les comportements des conspécifiques (Figlio, 2007 ;Pelham, Mirenberg, & Jones, 2002), influencer la désirabilité sociale (Busse & Seraydarian, 1978;Gebauer, Leary, & Neberich, 2012) et le succès dans différents contextes sociaux (Cotton, O'Neill, & Griffin, 2008 ;D. Figlio, 2005 ;Harari & McDavid, 1973). ...
Il a été suggéré que la voix grave des hommes résulterait de l’action de la compétition intrasexuelle pour signaler aux compétiteurs la dominance, la menace et la masculinité, tandis que la voix relativement aiguë des femmes serait le produit de la compétition intersexuelle pour signaler la fertilité et la féminité. En effet, au-delà du message linguistique, la voix humaine révèle de précieuses informations biologiques et sociales sur la qualité et la condition des locuteurs telles que le sexe, l’âge, la dimension corporelle, la personnalité et possiblement le statut social. Ces indices prennent toutes leur importance lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer des compétiteurs et d’éventuels partenaires sexuels. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons ainsi étudié le rôle fonctionnel de la voix humaine sous l’angle de la sélection sexuelle. Premièrement, nos travaux suggèrent que les préférences vocales ne sont pas universelles et qu’elles dépendent de l’environnement culturel en question, puisque plusieurs de nos résultats dans une population de locuteurs francophones montrent que les hommes sont attirés par des voix relativement graves chez les femmes, contrairement à ce qui est majoritairement observée dans les populations anglophones. De même, la plupart des études se sont focalisées sur la hauteur et le timbre, mais nos résultats suggèrent que la qualité phénotypique peut être exprimée par d’autres éléments de la qualité vocale tels que la raucité, le souffle et divers éléments prosodiques. Deuxièmement, les interprétations évolutives jusque-là évoquées dans la littérature pour expliquer ces préférences restent insatisfaisantes. En effet, nos résultats montrent d’une part que la voix des hommes n’est pas corrélée au taux de testostérone, remettant en question l’idée d’un signal « honnête » de l’immunocompétence et, d’autre part, que la modulation vocale, correspondant à un pattern dynamique de la voix en contexte interactionnel, souligne l’importance d’étudier la voix dans des situations écologiquement valides. Enfin, nous avons montré via le principe du symbolisme phonétique que le dimorphisme sexuel de la voix humaine se traduit également au niveau de la composition sonore des prénoms et de leur attribution en fonction du sexe. Pour conclure, notre travail offre de nouvelles pistes de réflexion et établit la sélection sexuelle comme un paradigme de choix pour étudier la voix humaine.
... This could be of particular interest as individuals attribute characteristics to people based on their given name (Mehrabian, 2001) such as lower social status or negative impressions (Laham et al., 2012). This process called "name stereotype" (Zwebner et al., 2017) could extend to mental disorder labels such as schizophrenia and thus further encourage changing the name of schizophrenia for a less stigmatizing one. Japan was the first country to change the name of schizophrenia. ...
Abstract: Most individuals with schizophrenia will be confronted with some form of stigma. In recent years, clinicians and family members have increasingly contested the term "schizophrenia". Many of them discuss changing this name, as a means to fight stigma. Up until now, surprisingly, most research has been conducted using self-reports and behavioural research is lacking. The aim of our study was to assess through an experimental design if the term "schizophrenia" itself modifies social behaviours. Forty participants were asked to engage in a synchronization task with a dot displayed on a screen and moved by another person. Non-clinicians participants had to synchronize their movements as accurately as possible with either a schizophrenia patient, a patient with "neuro-emotional integration disorder" or a healthy subject, kept out of sight. Each condition was counterbalanced between participants. In fact, the movements of the dot were pre-recorded (five trajectories) and were therefore identical for all three conditions. Measuring the error between the displayed and performed trajectories, participants exhibited more errors when they thought they were interacting with a patient in comparison to the "healthy" subject. Post- hoc analysis revealed an even higher difference between "schizophrenia" and "healthy" conditions. Altogether, our results show a significant behavioral impact of the term "schizophrenia" with possibly negative consequences on social interactions. The effect of changing the name reduces this impact but remains unclear.
... Cette pratique appartient exclusivement à des catégories sociales dont ces mêmes marques sont très éloignées des pratiques de consommation. Le prénom possède une réalité multidi-mensionnelle, des significations variables selon les contextes socioreligieux, l'appartenance communautaire [7,8]. D'individuelle, son appropriation devient collective et fera que nous finirons par ressembler à notre prénom [9]. ...
... Le prénom possède une réalité multidimensionnelle avec des propriétés intrinsèques (structure, sonorité) et des significations variables selon les contextes socioreligieux, l'appartenance communautaire [7,8]. Son appropriation d'individuelle devient collective et fera que nous finirons par ressembler à notre prénom [9]. ...
49 This study investigates how an agent's name (masculine, feminine, neutral, technical, no-50 name) and type (human, robot) can impact evaluations of autonomy, which is characterized 51 both by explicit and implicit measurements. Explicit measurements include questions 52 regarding agency, anthropomorphism, competency, and (gender) identity attribution. 53 Implicit measurements are assessed using the implicit association task. Participants viewed 54 18 videos and responded to autonomy-related questions for the explicit part. They also 55 completed three implicit association tasks for the implicit part regarding the variable's 56 agent type, independence, and gender. Correlation analyses were also conducted to 57 evaluate the relationship between explicit and implicit responses. Finally, a thematic 58 analysis was conducted to analyze qualitative inputs in the explicit part, which were then 59 categorized into nine themes. Our explicit results indicate that agent type has a main effect 60 on agency-level attribution. However, regarding competency and gender attribution, agents 61 did not differ from each other. On the other hand, the effect of the agent's name remained 62 marginal, suggesting that effective manipulation of names may influence our perceptions 63 of agents' autonomy. In the implicit part, man participants showed strong bias to 64 men/independent and women/dependent associations whereas woman participants showed 65 a reverse pattern (IAT-1). Both groups of participants showed a strong bias to 66 robot/dependent and human/independent associations (IAT-2). Lastly, woman participants 67 showed strong biases to men/robot and women/human associations whereas men showed 68 a reverse pattern (IAT-3). However, participants' explicit and implicit perceptions differed, 69 indicating biases at implicit levels. 70 71
While prior research has shown that facial images signal personal information, publications in this field tend to assess the predictability of a single variable or a small set of variables at a time, which is problematic. Reported prediction quality is hard to compare and generalize across studies due to different study conditions. Another issue is selection bias: researchers may choose to study variables intuitively expected to be predictable and underreport unpredictable variables (the ‘file drawer’ problem). Policy makers thus have an incomplete picture for a risk-benefit analysis of facial analysis technology. To address these limitations, we perform a megastudy—a survey-based study that reports the predictability of numerous personal attributes (349 binary variables) from 2646 distinct facial images of 969 individuals. Using deep learning, we find 82/349 personal attributes (23%) are predictable better than random from facial image pixels. Adding facial images substantially boosts prediction quality versus demographics-only benchmark model. Our unexpected finding of strong predictability of iPhone versus Galaxy preference variable shows how testing many hypotheses simultaneously can facilitate knowledge discovery. Our proposed L1-regularized image decomposition method and other techniques point to smartphone camera artifacts, BMI, skin properties, and facial hair as top candidate non-demographic signals in facial images.
Er zijn aanzienlijke verschillen tussen sociale klassen in Nederland. Deze structurele ongelijkheid gaat gepaard met verschillen in opvattingen, is hardnekkig en heeft grote gevolgen. Zowel voor mensen zelf als voor de samenleving.
In het SCP rapport Eigentijdse Ongelijkheid kijken we niet alleen naar opleiding, beroep, inkomen en financieel vermogen (economisch kapitaal), maar ook naar ‘wie je kent’ (sociaal kapitaal), ‘waar je bij past’ (cultureel kapitaal) en ‘wie je bent’ (persoonskapitaal: gezondheid en aantrekkelijkheid).
De analyse van deze vier kapitaalvormen levert zeven sociale klassen op:
1. Werkende bovenlaag (19,9%). Beschikt op alle kapitaalvormen over veel kapitaal. Actief op de arbeidsmarkt. Grootste aandeel zelfstandigen.
2. Jongere kansrijken (8,6%). Hoogopgeleid en ook in andere opzichten veel hulpbronnen, kunnen groeien in inkomen en vermogen.
3. Rentenierende bovenlaag (12,2%). In meerderheid gepensioneerd. Gemiddeld hoogste vermogen. Doorgaans goed inkomen en vaak hogeropgeleid. Door gevorderde leeftijd staan gezondheid en sociale netwerken onder druk.
4. Werkende middengroep (24,9%). Omvangrijke groep; bij vrijwel alle kapitaalvormen een middenpositie. Daarom te karakteriseren als een middenklasse.
5. Laagopgeleide gepensioneerden (18,1%). Grotendeels niet meer actief op de arbeidsmarkt. Opleidingsniveau doorgaans lager dan mbo-2. Vrij veel fnancieel vermogen en redelijk inkomen. Weinig cultureel kapitaal. Fysiek vaak ongezond, relatief beperkte sociale netwerken.
6. Onzekere werkenden (10,0%). Wankele maatschappelijke positie. Moeite aan te haken op de arbeidsmarkt. Minste mentale kapitaal. Ook in veel andere opzichten minder hulpbronnen: veel lage inkomens, mensen met schulden. Fysiek tamelijk ongezond, beperkt sociaal netwerk, sobere leefstijl.
7. Het precariaat (6,3%) komt bij alle vier kapitaaltypen het laagst uit. Vier op de tien is gepensioneerd. Even grote groep verricht geen betaald werk, en zoekt daar ook niet naar (bv. vanwege arbeidsongeschiktheid).
Deze structurele ongelijkheid gaat gepaard met andere opvattingen. De lagere sociale klassen zijn minder tevreden over hun leven; vinden vaker dat de overheid te weinig doet voor mensen zoals zij; hebben vaker een laag vertrouwen in andere mensen, het kabinet en de overheid; en gaan relatief vaak niet stemmen. Dit kan de sociale cohesie in de samenleving onder druk zetten. De klassentegenstellingen verdienen daarom aandacht van het beleid. We schetsen zes beleidsrichtingen.
Drie minder kansrijke beleidsrichtingen.
* alleen aan ‘economische knoppen’ draaien
* klassiek doelgroepenbeleid
* mensen uitsluitend zelf verantwoordelijk maken voor het verbeteren van hun positie
Drie beleidsrichtingen met potentie:
* kapitaaltekorten gericht aanvullen
* stelsel anders inrichten
* meer oog voor het verband tussen de sociale klassen en visies
The present study examined age‐related differences among Israeli youth regarding the complexity of their mental images of Jews and Arabs, two groups that are adversaries in the Middle East conflict. The participants, 494 Jewish children and adolescents ranging from 8–16 years old each, drew two human figures, one Jewish and one Arab, and then attributed a forename and a profession to each drawn image. Four complexity variables were scored as follows: image complexity (number of items included in the figure), embellishments (number of items added to the drawing and in the space around the figure), image name, and image profession. Overall, participants depicted members of their in‐group as more complex. However, early adolescence was found to be a critical age at which differences emerged. The findings suggest that introducing complexity to social representations in early adolescence may facilitate prevention of negative associations related to outgroups and enhance intervention to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and racism.
Purpose:
Describe and position the state-of-the-art of text and image mining methods in business research. By providing a detailed conceptual and technical review of both methods, it aims to increase their utilization in service research.
Design/methodology/approach:
On a first stage, the authors review business literature in marketing, operations and management concerning the use of text and image mining methods. On a second stage, the authors identify and analyze empirical papers that used text and image mining methods in services journals and premier business. Finally, avenues for further research in services are provided.
Findings:
The manuscript identifies seven text mining methods and describes their approaches, processes, techniques and algorithms, involved in their implementation. Four of these methods are positioned similarly for image mining. There are 39 papers using text mining in service research, with a focus on measuring consumer sentiment, experiences, and service quality. Due to the nonexistent use of image mining service journals, the authors review their application in marketing and management, and suggest ideas for further research in services.
Research limitations/implications:
This manuscript focuses on the different methods and their implementation in service research, but it does not offer a complete review of business literature using text and image mining methods.
Practical implications:
The results have a number of implications for the discipline that are presented and discussed. The authors provide research directions using text and image mining methods in service priority areas such as artificial intelligence, frontline employees, transformative consumer research and customer experience.
Originality/value:
The manuscript provides an introduction to text and image mining methods to service researchers and practitioners interested in the analysis of unstructured data. This paper provides several suggestions concerning the use of new sources of data (e.g. customer reviews, social media images, employee reviews and emails), measurement of new constructs (beyond sentiment and valence) and the use of more recent methods (e.g. deep learning).
Statistical learning (SL) is involved in a wide range of basic and higher-order cognitive functions and is taken to be an important building block of virtually all current theories of information processing. In the last 2 decades, a large and continuously growing research community has therefore focused on the ability to extract embedded patterns of regularity in time and space. This work has mostly focused on transitional probabilities, in vision, audition, by newborns, children, adults, in normal developing and clinical populations. Here we appraise this research approach and we critically assess what it has achieved, what it has not, and why it is so. We then center on present SL research to examine whether it has adopted novel perspectives. These discussions lead us to outline possible blueprints for a novel research agenda. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
The processing of people's names is contrasted with face recognition and word recognition. The effects of the familiarity of initial and surnames and frequency of surnames (the number of people with the same surname) were investigated in several tasks. It was found that the effects of name familiarity and surname frequency were analogous to the effects of word frequency in tasks which did not require access to memory for individuals (a nationality decision and naming latency). In tasks which do require access to memory for individuals (familiarity decision and a semantic classification), the effect of surname frequency was analogous to the effect of distinctive-ness in face recognition. The results are discussed in terms of a functional model of name processing in which name recognition units mediate between the output of word recognition units and access to identity-specific semantics.