Content uploaded by Dorit Geva
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Dorit Geva on May 04, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
!
"!
Title:'Globalizing'Gender'
Author:'Dorit'Geva'
#$%&!%&!'!()&*+(,,-!-,.%,/!(-,+0)(1+,2%*!.,-&%)3!)4!*$,!0$'(*,-5!#$,!4%3'6!0$'(*,-!
/%66!7,!(876%&$,2!%39!Social'Theory'Now,!,2%*,2!71!:)3%;'!<-'8&,=!>6'82%)!
?,3@,0-1=!'32!A&''0!B-%'%6!C,,2=!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>$%0'E)!F-,&&=!*)!7,!(876%&$,2!%3!
B8E8&*!GH"I5!
!
B.'%6'76,!)36%3,!'*9!!
$**(9JJ(-,&&580$%0'E)5,28J80(J7));&J7));J0$%0'E)JKJ7)GLMNMOOP5$*Q6!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
B6*$)8E$!*$,!2%&0%(6%3,!)4!&)0%)6)E1!%&!&*%66!'*!%*&!0)-,!*$,!&*821!)4!Q)2,-3%*1=!'32!
'6*$)8E$!*$,!&)0%)6)E1!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%&!)3,!)4!*$,!Q)&*!213'Q%0!'32!
(-)280*%.,!&874%,62&!/%*$%3!&)0%)6)E1=!*$,-,!-,Q'%3&!Q80$!/)-;!*)!7,!2)3,!%3!
,6'7)-'*%3E!8()3!*$,!-,6'*%)3&$%(!7,*/,,3!E,32,-=!&,R8'6%*1!'32!Q)2,-3%*15!#$%&!
0$'(*,-!'-E8,&!*$'*!/%*$)8*!%2,3*%41%3E!*$,!0)-,!Q)2,-3%&*!S8,&*%)3&!'*!*$,!
$,'-*!)4!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!'32!/%*$)8*!
0)Q(-,$,3&%.,61!%2,3*%41%3E!$)/!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!'-,!0)3&*%*8*%.,!)4!
Q)2,-3%*1=!/,!'-,!(,-$'(&!2,&*%3,2!*)!'&;!,.,-1!4,/!1,'-&!/$'*!T82%*$!K*'0,1!
'32!?'--%,!#$)-3,!'&;,2!%3!"ONPU!3'Q,61=!/$1!$'&!*$,-,!3)*!7,,3!'!4,Q%3%&*!
-,.)68*%)3!%3!&)0%)6)E1V"!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"!K,,!'6&)!B0;,-!"OOG5!
!
G!
T)'3!B6/'1!-,&*'*,2!*$,!S8,&*%)3!'!2,0'2,!6'*,-=!78*!/%*$!'!Q)-,!&(,0%4%0!
4)08&!)3!*$,!Q%&&%3E!4,Q%3%&*!-,.)68*%)3!/%*$%3!&)0%)6)E%0'6!theory5G!B6/'1!
&8EE,&*,2!*$'*!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!2,&*'7%6%@,&!*$,!7'&%0!S8,&*%)3&!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!'&;&!71!4)08&%3E!)3!*$,!0'*,E)-1!)4!E,32,-=!-'*$,-!*$'3!)3!
Q)2,-3%*1!%*&,64!W"OOPX5!A!'-E8,=!$)/,.,-=!*$'*!&%2,6%3%3E!S8,&*%)3&!'7)8*!
Q)2,-3%*1!%&!3)*!'!.%-*8,=!78*!'!(-)76,Q!4)-!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!A!'Q!3)*!
'-E8%3E!*$'*!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!)8E$*!*)!7,0)Q,!*$,!%3&*%*8*%)3'6!
Q'%3&*-,'Q!)4!&)0%)6)E1!Y!%32,,2!*$,-,!'-,!0)Q(,66%3E!'-E8Q,3*&!(8*!4)-*$!71!
T)'3!B6/'1!'32!Q'31!)*$,-&!*$'*!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E1!%&!'*!%*&!7,&*!/$,3!)008(1%3E!
'!0-%*%0'6!2%&*'30,!4-)Q!*$,!2%&0%(6%3'-1!0,3*,-5!C'*$,-=!A!'-E8,!*$'*!*-,'*%3E!
Q)2,-3%*1!'&!'!76'0;!7)R!/%*$%3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!$'&!
$'2!*$-,,!(-)76,Q'*%0!,44,0*&5!Z%-&*61=!%*!$'&!0)3*-%78*,2!*)!*$,!&(6%3*,-%3E!)4!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E1!%3*)!'3!'--'1!)4!&874%,62&!*$'*!2)!3)*!-,0)E3%@,!'!&$'-,2!
'E,32'5!K,0)3261=!%*!$'&!(6'1,2!'!-)6,!%3!*$,!&%2,6%3%3E!)4!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!
*$,)-1!'&!'!Q%3)-!&(,0%'6%@'*%)3!/%*$%3!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1=!)3,!/$%0$!Q)-,!
[Q'%3&*-,'Q\!'((-)'0$,&!3,,2!3)*!&,-%)8&61!'0;3)/6,2E,5!B32!4%3'661=!%*!$'&!
&8&*'%3,2!'!])-*$,-3+0,3*-%0!.,%3!)4!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-%@%3E=!*$,-,4)-,!06)&%3E!)44!
)(()-*83%*%,&!4)-!%30-,'&,2!])-*$+K)8*$!2%'6)E8,&=!'32!4)-!*-861!E6)7'6!4,Q%3%&*!
*$,)-%@%3E5!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
G!C'6($!:%6%7'32^&!,&&'1!)3![>6'&&!B3'61&%&\!%3!Social'Theory'Today!W"ONIX!%&!*$,!
)361!0$'(*,-!%3!*$,!E,3,-'*%)3+2,4%3%3E!7));!*)!Q';,!'31!Q,3*%)3!)4!4,Q%3%&Q5!
_$%6,!'-E8%3E!4)-!'3!'3*%+-,280*%)3%&*!'00)83*!)4!06'&&=!*$,!)*$,-/%&,!7-%66%'3*61!
38'30,2!:%6%7'32!06'%Q,2!*$'*!&,R%&Q=!.%)6,30,!'E'%3&*!/)Q,3=!'32!-'0%&Q!'-,!
[(,-4,0*61!&8&0,(*%76,!*)!06'&&!'3'61&%&\!W(5!M``X5!
!
M!
a4!0)8-&,!*$,-,!/'&!3)!(6'0,!4)-!/)Q,3!*$,)-%&*&=!)-!/$'*!/,!Q%E$*!
*)2'1!6'7,6!'&!bc?#d!*$,)-%&*&=!'*!*$,!*%Q,!/$,3!&/,,(%3E!&)0%'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!
Q)2,-3%*1!/,-,!4%-&*!4)-Q86'*,2!4)66)/%3E!*$,!E-,'*!*,Q()-'6!'32!086*8-'6!!
[-8(*8-,&\!%3!e8-)(,!%3!*$,!6'*,!3%3,*,,3*$!'32!,'-61!*/,3*%,*$!0,3*8-%,&5M!#$,!
&)0%)6)E1!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!$'&!3)!<'-6!:'-R=!fQ%6,!g8-;$,%Q=!:'R!_,7,-=!
)-!c,)-E!K%QQ,6!*)!*8-3!*)!%3!)44,-%3E!4'-+-,'0$%3E!'32!&1&*,Q'*%0!'00)83*&!)4!
E,32,-=!&,R8'6%*1=!'32!Q)2,-3%*15!_,!6%.,!/%*$!*$,!832,-+*$,)-%@,2=!'32!)4*,3!
0-%3E,+%3280%3E=!.%,/&!)4!/)Q,3!'32!*$,!$,*,-)&,R8'6!3806,'-!4'Q%61!)44,-,2!71!
*$,!a62!:'&*,-&!'&!/,!&*821=!)-!*,'0$=![06'&&%0'6\!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15`!A3&*,'2=!4)-!
Q'31!4,Q%3%&*!&0$)6'-&!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$=!*$,!)-%E%3'-1!0-'26,!)4!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!%&!*)!7,!4)832!/%*$%3!"OIH&!:'-R%&*+Z,Q%3%&Q=!/$,3!4,Q%3%&*!
0)3&0%)8&3,&&!'Q)3E!&)0%'6!*$,)-%&*&!%3*,3&%4%,2!/%*$%3!*$,!4,-*%6,=!'32!1,*!
86*%Q'*,61!-,&*-%0*%.,=!0)34%3,&!)4!*$,!3,/!_,&*,-3!:'-R%&Q5!!
#$%&!0$'(*,-!4%-&*!%2,3*%4%,&!&)Q,!)4!*$,!83%S8,!0)3*-%78*%)3&!)4!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$,&!*)!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!&%30,!*$,!"OIH&5!B*!*$,!&'Q,!
*%Q,=!%3!&8-.,1%3E!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%@%3E!).,-!*$,!('&*!4)-*1+4%.,!1,'-&=!A!
'6&)!2%&*%3E8%&$!&)Q,!-,6'*%.,!&*-,3E*$&!'32!/,';3,&&,&!%3!*$%&!&0$)6'-&$%(!%3!
*,-Q&!)4!%*&!-,0)E3%*%)3!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!'&!0,3*-'6!*)!*$,)-%@%3E!'7)8*!E,32,-!'32!
&,R8'6%*15!A!4%-&*!(-,&,3*!*$,!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'3'61&%&!)4!E,32,-!'32!
&,R8'6%*1!'&!'!2%&*%30*61!&)0%)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$!*)!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15!e&(,0%'661!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
M!K,,!?$'Q7-'!GHHI'=!)3!*$,!%Q()-*'30,!)4!*$,!%2,'!)4!,()0$'6!'32!E,)E-'($%0!
[-8(*8-,&\!*)!&)0%)6)E1^&!&,64+%2,3*%*1!'&!*$,!&0%,30,!)4!Q)2,-3%*15!
`!K,,!>)66%3&!GH"M=!)3!*$,!(,2'E)E%0'6!0$'66,3E,&!&$,!$'&!,30)83*,-,2!/$,3!
*-1%3E!*)!-,0*%41!*$%&!&*'*,!)4!'44'%-&5!
!
`!
4)66)/%3E!>'32'0,!_,&*!'32!g)3!h%QQ,-Q'3^&!"ONI!&1Q7)6%0!%3*,-'0*%)3%&*!
*$,)-1!)4![2)%3E!E,32,-=\!*$%&!/)-;!$'&!,32,'.)8-,2!*)!&$)/!$)/!E,32,-!%&!'!
&%*8'*,2!%3*,-'0*%)3'6!'00)Q(6%&$Q,3*=!'32!$)/!3'*8-'6%@,2!E,32,-!7%3'-%,&!'-,!
0)3&*'3*61!-,(-)280,2!%3!.'-%)8&!%3*,-'0*%)3'6!&,**%3E&5!i)/,.,-=!/$%6,!
,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'00)83*&!)4!2)%3E!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!$'.,!0)3*-%78*,2!'!
83%S8,61!&)0%)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$!*)!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!*$,1!$'.,!6%**6,!&,3&,!)4!
$%&*)-1!)-!Q)2,-3%*15!#$%&!%&!'6&)!-,.,'6,2!%3!*$%&!/)-;^&!,*$3)0,3*-%0%&Q=!*$'*!%&=!
%3!%*&!*,32,301!*)!E,3,-'6%@,!'7)8*![2)%3E!E,32,-\!/%*$)8*!&,64+-,46,R%.%*1!
-,E'-2%3E!*$,!*%Q,=!(6'0,=!'32!,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6!0'*,E)-%,&!,Q(6)1,2!71!)7&,-.,-&!
'32!)7&,-.,25!!
A!'6&)!(-,&,3*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!&0$)6'-&$%(!)3!&,R8'6%*1!%3468,30,2!71!:%0$,6!
Z)80'86*^&!/)-;!)3!Q)2,-3!;3)/6,2E,+(-)280*%)3=!,R(,-*%&,=!'32!&,R8'6%*15!#$%&!
&0$)6'-&$%(!&$)/&!E-,'*,-!-,46,0*%.%*1!-,E'-2%3E!*$,!Q8*8'6!0)3&*%*8*%)3!)4!
Q)2,-3%*1!'32!&,R8'6%*15!K)Q,!)4!*$%&!/)-;=!$)/,.,-=!*,32&!*)!Q,3*%)3!
Q)2,-3%*1!%3!('&&%3E=!'&!'!0)3*,R*8'6!4-'Q,!4)-!'3'61&%&=!-'*$,-!*$'3!(6'0%3E!
Q)2,-3%*1!4-)3*!'32!0,3*-,!%3!*$,)-%@'*%)3&!)4!&,R8'6%*15!?1!0)3*-'&*=!)*$,-!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$,&!*)!&,R8'6%*1!$'.,!'!Q)-,!-)78&*!'00)83*!)4!Q)2,-3%*1=!
,&(,0%'661!*$)&,!*$'*!48-*$,-!2,.,6)(!Z)80'862%'3!'00)83*&!)4!Q)2,-3!&,R8'6%*1!
'32!,(%&*,Q)6)E15!b%;,!*$,!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$=!$)/,.,-=!*$%&!/)-;!
6'-E,61!(-,&8Q,&!])-*$,-3!Q)2,-3%*1!%3!%*&!'3'61&,&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!'32!-,E%Q,&!)4!
;3)/6,2E,+(-)280*%)35!
B3)*$,-!7)21!)4!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!&0$)6'-&$%(=!$)/,.,-=!$'&!(6'0,2!
$%&*)-1!'32!Q)2,-3%*1!'*!*$,!0)-,!)4!%*&!'3'61&%&5!Z,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!%3!
*$,!"OIH&!%3087'*,2!/%*$%3!'!:'-R%&*!Q%6%,8!*$'*!(-%Q'-%61!0)30,-3,2!%*&,64!/%*$!
6'7)-!'&!*$,!,&&,30,!)4!$8Q'3!3'*8-,=!'32!0'(%*'6%&Q!'&!'3!,()0$'6!-,+
!
P!
)-E'3%@'*%)3!)4!6'7)-5!Z,Q%3%&*&!/%*$%3!*$%&!4-'Q,/)-;!/,-,!2%&&'*%&4%,2!/%*$!
:'-R%&Q^&!())-!'00)83*!)4!/)Q,3^&!%3,S8'6%*1=!'32!*$,-,4)-,!/)-;,2!*)!
%3*,E-'*,!'!28'6!'3'61&%&!)4!('*-%'-0$1!'32!0'(%*'6%&Q5!#$%&!:'-R%&*+4,Q%3%&*!/)-;!
86*%Q'*,61!E'.,!7%-*$!*)!)3,!)4!*$,!Q)&*!&%E3%4%0'3*!4,Q%3%&*!-,&,'-0$!(-)E-'Q&!
/%*$%3!&)0%)6)E1=!/$%0$!$'&!&%30,!*-'0,2!$)/!*$,!Q)2,-3!&*'*,!'32!*$,!&,R8'6!
2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-!$'.,!2,.,6)(,2!%3!*'32,Q5!B!('-*%086'-!4)08&!$'&!7,,3!
2,.,6)(Q,3*!)4!&)0%'6!()6%0%,&!'-)832!*$,!4,Q'6,!0'-,E%.,-JQ'6,!7-,'2/%33,-!
Q)2,6=!'32!*$,!-%&,!W'32!2,06%3,X!)4!*$,!Q)2,-3!/,64'-,!&*'*,5!i)/,.,-=!/$%6&*!
Q'%3*'%3%3E!'!&*-)3E!&,3&,!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!%3!*$,!4)-Q!)4!*$,!&*'*,!'32!*$,!&,R8'6!
2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-=!*$%&!/)-;!$'&!7-'0;,*,2!S8,&*%)3&!'7)8*!$)/!*)!0)30,%.,!)4!
E,32,-!7,1)32!*$,!&,R8'6!2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-=!'32!$)/!*)!0)30,%.,!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!
7,1)32!*$,!&*'*,5!!
B4*,-!-,.%,/%3E!*$,&,!&874%,62&^!-,&(,0*%.,!'((-)'0$,&!*)!E,32,-=!
&,R8'6%*1=!'32!Q)2,-3%*1=!'32!'4*,-!$%E$6%E$*%3E!*$,%-!83%S8,!0)3*-%78*%)3&=!F'-*!
AA!)4!*$%&!0$'(*,-!'%Q&!*)!(8&$!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!*)!48-*$,-!0)3&%2,-!*$,!
(-)76,Q'*%0!)4!Q)2,-3%*15!A!2)!&)!%3!*/)!/'1&5!!A!4%-&*!&*'-*!71!*8-3%3E!*)!&)Q,!
-,0,3*!0'66&!4)-!'!()&*0)6)3%'6!0-%*%S8,!)4!])-*$,-3!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1=!'!(-)0,&&!
/$%0$!&,.,-'6!&%&*,-!2%&0%(6%3,&!%3!*$,!$8Q'3%*%,&!'32!*$,!&)0%'6!&0%,30,&!$'.,!
'6-,'21!832,-*';,3!W,5E5!:0>6%3*)0;!"OOPU!:)$'3*1!GHHM5!K,,!c)!%3!*$%&!
.)68Q,X5!!B&!)(()&,2!*)!Q80$!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1!)-%E%3'*%3E!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$=!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%&*&!&*821%3E!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!'-,!(-)4)83261!'/'-,!)4!*$,!
Q8*8'6!0)3&*%*8*%)3!)4!E,32,-=!&,R8'6%*1=!'32!Q)2,-3%*15!!#$,1!0'33)*!0)30,%.,!
)4!-,E%Q,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!/%*$)8*!'00)83*%3E!4)-!$%&*)-%,&!)4!
0)6)3%'6%&Q=!0)3S8,&*=!'32!('&*!'32!(-,&,3*!3'*%)3'6!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!(-)j,0*&5!
K0$)6'-&$%(!)3!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!()%3*&!*)!$)/!
!
L!
4,Q%3%3%*1=!Q'&086%3%*1=!'32!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1!'-,!%2,)6)E%0'661!Q)7%6%@,2!'&!
-'2%)E-'($%0!%Q'E,&!)4!3'*%)3'6!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!(-)j,0*&5!!])*!)361!2)!*$,1!()%3*!
*)!*$,!0,3*-'6%*1!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!0)3&*%*8*%3E![*$,!Q)2,-3=\!*$,1!'6&)!
()%3*!*)!$)/!Q)2,-3%*1!%&!'3!%2,)6)E%0'661!6)'2,2!0)3&*-80*5!!
#$%&!0$'(*,-!'-E8,&!*$'*!-,&()32%3E!*)!()&*0)6)3%'6!0-%*%S8,&!'32!*$,!0'66!
4)-!'**,3*%)3!*)![K)8*$,-3!*$,)-1\!0'3!(-)280,!'!Q)-,!'Q7%*%)8&!-,&,'-0$!
(-)E-'Q!4)-!&)0%)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$,&!*)!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15!!Z,Q%3%&*!
*$,)-%@%3E!)4!'32!'7)8*!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!0'3!(8&$!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-%@%3E!)4!'32!
'7)8*!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$!*)!Q)-,!,R(6%0%*61!0)3&%2,-!*$,!-,6'*%)3&$%(!7,*/,,3!
Q)2,-3%*1=!E,32,-=!'32!&,R8'6%*15!c%.%3E!'!E6)7'6!E6)&&!*)!7,66!$));&^!0'66!*)!Q';,!
&('0,!4)-!Q'-E%3'6%@,2!/)Q,3^&!.)%0,&!*)!,3*,-!*$,!0,3*,-!W"ON`X=!C',/13!
>)33,66!$'&!-,0,3*61!'-E8,2!*$'*!71!,3E'E%3E!%3!'!0-%*%S8,!)4!])-*$,-3!*$,)-1=!
K)8*$,-3!*$,)-1!)8E$*!*)!Q).,!Q)-,!%3*)!*$,!0,3*,-!WGH"`'X5!!A3!*$,!&'Q,!&(%-%*=!
A!'-E8,!*$'*!-,E%Q,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!)8E$*!*)!7,!
-,46,0*,2!7'0;!8()3!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$5!#$%&!0'3!7-%3E!*)!
6%E$*!*$,!*';,3+4)-+E-'3*,2!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!*$,&,&!'32!,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6!0'*,E)-%,&!
*$'*!&*%66!2,6%Q%*!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!
A!'6&)!'-E8,=!$)/,.,-=!*$'*!'3)*$,-!2%44%086*!*'&;!7,0;)3&=!'32!*$'*!%&!4)-!
])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-1!*)!,R'Q%3,!%*&!)/3!Q)2,-3%&*!Q,*'($1&%0&=!*$'*!
%&=!*$,![4%-&*!(-%30%(6,&\!*$'*!)-E'3%@,!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!
&,R8'6%*15!g,&(%*,!'!-%0$!4,Q%3%&*!()&*Q)2,-3!0-%*%S8,!4-)Q!*$,!$8Q'3%*%,&!
28-%3E!*$,!"OOH&=!/$%0$!(-)7,2!*$,!0)30,(*8'6!0'*,E)-%,&!'32!'&&8Q(*%)3&!*$'*!
0)3*%38,!*)!)(,-'*,!/%*$%3!/,&*,-3!4,Q%3%&Q=!3)!&%Q%6'-!&8&*'%3,2!&,64+'3'61&%&!
,Q,-E,2!/%*$%3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!4-)Q!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$5!B6*$)8E$!
-,E86'-61!Q';%3E!'((,'-'30,&!'&![4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1\!)3!0)8-&,!&166'7%=!*$,!
!
I!
()&*Q)2,-3!0-%*%S8,!$'&!7,,3!6'-E,61!-,j,0*,2!71!sociological!*$,)-%&*&!)4!E,32,-!
'32!&,R8'6%*15!!
F)&*Q)2,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1!$'&!7,,3!('-*%086'-61!&*-)3E!/%*$%3!*,R*8'661+
7'&,2!2%&0%(6%3,&!&80$!'&!6%*,-'*8-,=!($%6)&)($1=!'32!Q,2%'!&*82%,&=!'32!$'&!7,,3!
6,&&!0)3.%30%3E!*)!,Q(%-%0'661+)-%,3*,2!&)0%'6!&0%,3*%&*&5!K)0%)6)E%&*&!$'.,!3)*!
7,,3!(,-&8'2,2!71!&,.,-'6!0,3*-'6!06'%Q&!Q'2,!71!()&*Q)2,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1=!
,&(,0%'661!*$,!06'%Q!*$'*!*$,!0'*,E)-1!)4![/)Q,3\!3,,2,2!*)!7,!S8,&*%)3,2!W,5E5!
Z6'R!"ONIU!]%0$)6&)3!"OO`X=!'32!*$,!06'%Q!*$'*!E,32,-!%&!'3!)(,3+,32,2!
(,-4)-Q'30,!&8&0,(*%76,!*)!0)3&*'3*!&87.,-&%)3!W,5E5!?8*6,-!"OOHX5!B&!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!&0$)6'-&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!$'.,!'-E8,2=!()&*Q)2,-3!*$,)-1!%&!*$%3!%3!%*&!
0)30,(*%)3!)4![*$,!&)0%'6=\!)-!&*'*,2!)*$,-/%&,=!%3!E%.%3E!'00)83*&!)4!*$,!$'-2!
-,'6%*%,&!)4!&)0%'6!)-2,-%3E!'32!%*&!0)3&*'3*!-,(-)280*%)35!!A3&*,'2=!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%&*&!$'.,!7,,3!Q)-,!0)3.%30,2!71!*$,!4-'Q,/)-;!)4!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1!'&!
)3,!/$%0$=!)3!*$,!)3,!$'32=!2),&!3)*!(-,&8Q,!'!/$%*,=!/,&*,-3!Q%226,!06'&&!
83%.,-&'6%@'*%)3!)4!/)Q,3^&!,R(,-%,30,&!)4!%3,S8'6%*1=!'32!/$'*!%*!Q,'3&!*)!7,!'!
4,Q%3%&*U!'32!/$%0$=!)3!*$,!)*$,-!$'32=!,3'76,&!,R*,3&%.,!,Q(%-%0'6!,R'Q%3'*%)3!
/$%6,!'6&)!7,%3E!'!(-)280*%.,!*))6!4)-!0)'6%*%)3'6!4,Q%3%&*!()6%*%0&!W&,,!:0>'66!
GHHP=!'32!>$)=!>-,3&$'/=!'32!:0>'66!GH"M!4)-!-,.%,/&X5!!
_$%6,!A!'00,(*!*$'*!()&*Q)2,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1!$'&!7,,3!*$%3!%3!%*&!
0)30,(*%)3!)4!*$,![&)0%'6=\!'32!*$'*!%*!$'&!3)*!(-)280,2!'!-)78&*!-,&,'-0$!
(-)E-'Q!/%*$%3!&)0%)6)E1=!A!/%&$!*)!()%3*!)8*!*$'*!836%;,!*$,)-%@'*%)3&!)4!
%3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1=!()&*Q)2,-3!*$,)-1!%Q()-*'3*61!0'66,2!4)-!'3!%3*,--)E'*%)3!)4!
*$,!Q)2,-3%&*!0'*,E)-%,&!/,!,Q(6)15!#$,!0$'66,3E,!/'&!3)*!)361!
,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6=!78*!Q,*'($1&%0'65!A!'-E8,!*$'*!/,!3,,2!3)*!2,&*-)1!*$)&,!
0'*,E)-%,&!)30,!%2,3*%4%,25!!A3&*,'2=!/,!0'3!-,0)E3%@,!$)/!*$)&,!Q,*'($1&%0'6!
!
N!
0'*,E)-%,&!4)-Q!*$,!7'0;7)3,!)4!*$,!)*$,-/%&,!6))&,!0)3E6)Q,-'*%)3!)4!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15!A32,,2=!*$'*!7'0;7)3,!is!*$,!83%S8,!
0)3*-%78*%)3!])-*$,-3!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!)44,-!*)!*$,!
2%&0%(6%3,!)4!&)0%)6)E1=!'32!7,1)325!
A!(%3()%3*!*$,!0,3*-'6!0'*,E)-%,&!832,-(%33%3E!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!
E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!71!-,*8-3%3E!*)!K%Q)3,!2,!?,'8.)%-^&!The'Second'Sex,''3!
%QQ,3&,61!%3468,3*%'6!Q%2+*/,3*%,*$!0,3*8-1!])-*$,-3!*$,)-%@'*%)3!)4!E,32,-!
'32!&,R8'6%*1=!'32!&$)/!$)/!*$,!0,3*-'6!(-)76,Q!)4!*$,!Q'QQ)*$!.)68Q,!/'&!
*)!830).,-!*$,!2%'6,0*%0!7,*/,,3![(6'&*%0!,Q7)2%Q,3*\!'32!$'-2,3,2!&)0%'6!
)-2,-5!#$%&!2%'6,0*%0!-,Q'%3&!'*!*$,!0,3*-,!)4!0)3*,Q()-'-1!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!
*$,)-1=!'32!)44,-&!'!Q,*'($1&%0&!)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*!*$'*!$'&!7,0)Q,!*$,!&%3,!S8'!
3)3!)4!])-*$+Q)2,-3!&)0%'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15'#$%&!0$'(*,-!8-E,&!
])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-%&*&!*)!*$,-,4)-,!E-'((6,!/%*$!%*&!)/3!Q)2,-3%&Q!
71!,3E'E%3E!%3!48-*$,-!2%&08&&%)3!'0-)&&!&874%,62&!/$)&,!-,6'*%.,!&*-,3E*$&!0'3!
7,!7-)8E$*!*)E,*$,-!%3*)!'!E-,'*,-!/$)6,U!71!0)3&%2,-%3E!W'32!-,0)3&%2,-%3EX!*$,!
()&*0)6)3%'6!'32!()&*Q)2,-3!0-%*%S8,&!)4!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1U!'32!71!
-,0)E3%@%3E=!*$-)8E$!0-%*%0'6!'&&,&&Q,3*=!*$,!Q,*'($1&%0'6!6,E'0%,&!7,S8,'*$,2!
71!])-*$+Q)2,-3%&*!4)832'*%)3'6!*$%3;,-&5!!
!
I.'SOCIOLOGICAL'THEORIES'OF'GENDER'AND'SEXUALITY:'
Modernity*as*Contextual*Framework:*
#$,!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$!*)!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%&!'-E8'761!
&)0%)6)E1^&!Q)&*!2%&*%30*!0)3*-%78*%)3!*)!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15!
?8%62%3E!8()3!>'32'0,!_,&*!'32!g)3!h%QQ,-Q'3^&!6'32Q'-;!"ONI!'-*%06,=!
[g)%3E!c,32,-=\!*$%&!/)-;!&$)/&!E,32,-!*)!7,!'!&%*8'*,2!'00)Q(6%&$Q,3*=!)3,!
!
O!
/$%0$!%&!-,Q'-;'761!)-2,-,2!'32!-,(-)280,2!/%*$%3!2%.,-&,!%3*,-'0*%)3'6!
&,**%3E&5!!_,&*!'32!h%QQ,-Q'3!2-,/!4-)Q!i'-)62!c'-4%3;,6^&!06'&&%0!
,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'00)83*!)4!BE3,&=!'!Q'6,+*)+4,Q'6,!*-'3&E,32,-!(&10$%'*-%0!
('*%,3*!/$)Q!c'-4%3;,6!2,&0-%7,2!'&!$'.%3E!&800,&&48661!Q'3'E,2!$,-!
'((,'-'30,!&)!'&!*)![('&&\!'&!'!/)Q'3!W&,,!c'-4%3;,6!"OLIX5!!_,&*!'32!
h%QQ,-Q'3!8&,!*$,!0'&,!)4!BE3,&!*)!E)!7,1)32!c'-4%3;,6^&!'00)83*!)4!
*-'3&E,32,-!('&&%3E=!'32!-'*$,-!'-E8,!*$'*!/,!'66![2)\!E,32,-5!#$%&!%&!2)3,!%3!'3!
%3*,-(6'1!7,*/,,3!&,R=!)-![&)0%'661!'E-,,2!8()3!7%)6)E%0'6!0-%*,-%'!4)-!06'&&%41%3E!
(,-&)3&!'&!4,Q'6,!)-!Q'6,&\!W"ONI=!(5!"GIXU![&,R!0'*,E)-1=\!/$%0$!0)33)*,&!*$,!
,.,-12'1!,3'0*Q,3*&!&%E3'6%3E!*)!)*$,-&!)8-!7%)6)E%0'6!&,RU!'32!4%3'661=![E,32,-=\!
*$,!Q1-%'2!'22,2!6'1,-&!)4!'0*%.%*%,&!'32!Q'3'E,2!0)3280*!/$%0$!'-,!(-,&8Q,2!
*)!Q'*0$!Y!'32!*$8&!&%E3'6!+!)8-!&,R!0'*,E)-15!B&!)*$,-!&0$)6'-&!$'.,!&%30,!
&$)/3=!E,32,-!7%3'-%,&!'-,!3'*8-'6%@,2!%3!Q1-%'2!&%*8'*%)3&=!&80$!'&!'*!/)-;!W,5E5!
K0$%6*!GH"HU!g,3%&&,3!'32!K'E81!GH"`X=!%3!(-%&)3!WT,33,&&!GH"`X=!'32!%3!-,6%E%)8&!
%3&*%*8*%)3&!WK8Q,-'8!GH"GX5!!
K0$)6'-&!&80$!'&!b'8-,6!_,&*7-));!'32!<-%&*,3!K0$%6*!$'.,!&%2,&*,((,2!
*$,!()&*Q)2,-3!Q)Q,3*=!S8%,*61!'32!0)34%2,3*61!,&0$,/%3E!*$,!.%,/!)4!E,32,-!
'&!(6'1486!(,-4)-Q'30,5P!#$,%-!%3E,3%)8&61!0-'4*,2=!'32!0)Q('&&%)3'*,61!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
P!_,&*7-));!'32!K0$%6*=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!4)66)/!$)/!0%&E,32,-!(,)(6,=!)-!%32%.%28'6&!
/$)Q!i'-)62!c'-4%3;,6!0'66,2![E,32,-!3)-Q'6&=\!-,&()32!*)!*-'3&E,32,-!(,)(6,5!
#$,1!4%32!*$'*!*-'3&E,32,-!%32%.%28'6&!2)!3)*!)361!()&,!'!*$-,'*!*)!*$,!
3'*8-'6%@,2!E,32,-!7%3'-1=!78*!48-*$,-Q)-,!()&,!'!*$-,'*!*)!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1!
WGHHOX5!#$,!E,32,-!7%3'-1=!'32!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1=!'-,!*$,-,4)-,!4'-!4-)Q!'!(6'1486!
(,-4)-Q'30,=!78*!'-,!-'*$,-!(-)*,0*,2!'&!0'-,48661!E8'-2,2!(-%.%6,E,&5!
!
"H!
-,32,-,2=!&*82%,&!&$)/!$)/!$,*,-)3)-Q'*%.,!%2,)6)E%,&!0)3*%38,!*)!&*-80*8-,!
'32!()6%0,!,.,-12'1!%3*,-'0*%)3&5!A3468,30,2!71!d8,,-!*$,)-1^&!0)3*,3*%)3!*$'*!
$,*,-)&,R8'6!2,&%-,!%&!'3!%2,)6)E%0'661!3'*8-'6%@,2!0)3&*-80*!/$,-,%3![)(()&%*,&\!
'**-'0*=!'32!*$'*!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1!*$,-,4)-,!'6&)!3'*8-'6%@,&!*$,!Q'6,J4,Q'6,!
7%3'-1=!*$,&,!&0$)6'-&!2)!3)*!*-,'*!&,R8'6%*1!'&!'!2%&*%30*=!3)-!3'*8-'6=!0'*,E)-1!
8()3!/$%0$!E,32,-!2-,&&,&!%*&,645!A3&*,'2=!*$,%-!/)-;!&$)/&!$)/!&,R8'6%*1=!
,&(,0%'661!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!D3%*,2!K*'*,&=!%&!%*&,64!'!0)3&*-80*!*$'*!
3'*8-'6%@,&!E,32,-!2%44,-,30,&5!C,0,3*!&0$)6'-&$%(!)3!$,*,-)3)-Q'*%.%*1!'32!
E,32,-!'6&)!()%3*&!*)!*$,!&('0,&!'32!(6'0,&!4)-![832)%3E!E,32,-!*$-)8E$!
%3*,-'0*%)3&!*$'*!-,280,!E,32,-!2%44,-,30,&!-'*$,-!*$'3!-,(-)280,!*$,Q!W,5E5!
g,8*&0$!GHHIU!>)33,66!GH"HU!_$%*6,1!GH"MU!F4,44,-!GH"`X5!
! k,*=!*$%&!/)-;!Q'%3*'%3&!/$'*!$%&*)-%0'6!&)0%)6)E%&*&!T86%'!B2'Q&=!
e6%&'7,*$!>6,Q,3&!'32!B33!a-6)44!$'.,!%2,3*%4%,2!'&!*$,![(-,&,3*%&*\!)-%,3*'*%)3!
*1(%0'6!)4!Q80$!BQ,-%0'3!&)0%)6)E1!WGHHPX5!#';%3E!4)-!E-'3*,2!*$'*!*$,!
%3*,-'0*%)3'6!&,**%3E&!'-,!3,&*,2!/%*$%3!Q)2,-3%*1!Y!%32,,2=!*';%3E!4)-!E-'3*,2!
*$'*!*$%&!-,&,'-0$!%&!'6Q)&*!,3*%-,61!'7)8*!*$,!0)3*,Q()-'-1!D3%*,2!K*'*,&!Y!!
*$,-,!'-,!&,.,-'6!76'0;!7)R,&!%*!6,'.,&!83,R'Q%3,25!K)Q,!)4!*$,!&0$)6'-&!
/)-;%3E!/%*$%3!*$%&!*-'2%*%)3!$'.,!Q).,2!*)!%3*,E-'*,!'!&1Q7)6%0!%3*,-'0*%)3%&*!
'((-)'0$!/%*$!'3'61&,&!)4!Q)-,!2%'0$-)3%0'661!6'1,-,2!%3&*%*8*%)3&5!!b'8-,6!
_,&*7-));!'32!<-%&*,3!K0$%6*!%30)-()-'*,!%3*,-'0*%)3%&*!'((-)'0$,&!%3*)!'!
7-)'2,-!'3'61&%&!)4!$)/!E,32,-!%&!2,*,-Q%3,2!4)-!*-'3&+Q,3!'32!*-'3&+/)Q,3!
'0-)&&!'!/%2,!.'-%,*1!)4!&('0,&!'32!%3&*%*8*%)3&=!%30682%3E!/)-;=!&()-*&=!'32!
4'Q%61!6'/5!#$%&!'((-)'0$!,3'76,&!*$,Q!*)!)44,-!'!*1()6)E1!)4!$)/!2%&*%30*!
0-%*,-%'!4)-![2,*,-Q%3%3E!!E,32,-\!'-,!'((6%,2!/%*$%3!3)3&,R8'6!E,32,-+
%3*,E-'*,2!&('0,&=!3)3&,R8'6!E,32,-+&,E-,E'*,2!0)3*,R*&=!'32!$,*,-)&,R8'6!
!
""!
0)3*,R*&!WGH"`X5!#$,!'8*$)-&!78%62!8()3!&1Q7)6%0!%3*,-'0*%)3%&*!4-'Q,/)-;&=!'*!
*$,!&'Q,!*%Q,!'&!*$,1!&$)/!&)Q,!2%&&'*%&4'0*%)3!/%*$!'!4)08&!)3!4'0,+*)+4'0,!
%3*,-'0*%)3&!%3!'00)83*%3E!4)-!*$,!0)3&*-80*%)3!)4!E,32,-5!!#$,1!*$,-,4)-,!)44,-!
'3!%3.,3*)-1!)4!,.,-12'1!%3*,-'0*%)3&=!'6)3E&%2,!$)/!/%*$%3!6'/=!()6%01=!'32![*$,!
%Q'E%3'-1=\!'0*)-&!'-*%086'*,!/$'*!*$,1!832,-&*'32!*)!7,!*$,![*-8,\!0-%*,-%'!4)-!
2,4%3%3E!/$'*!0)3&*%*8*,&!'!Q'3!)-!'!/)Q'35!!
!#$%&!/)-;!&*'32&!)8*!'&!'!-%0$!&)0%)6)E%0'6!4%,62!)4!*$,)-%@%3E!'7)8*!
E,32,-=!%3E,3%)8&61!0)Q7%3%3E!,Q(%-%0'6!,.%2,30,!/%*$!Q)-,!'7&*-'0*!
*$,)-,*%0'6!'00)83*&!)4!$)/!E,32,-!%&!'!&)0%'6!'0$%,.,Q,3*5!i)/,.,-=!%*&!
(-,&,3*%&Q=!'32!%*&!4)08&!'6Q)&*!,R068&%.,61!)3!*$,!D3%*,2!K*'*,&=!6%Q%*&!*$%&!
/)-;^&!'7%6%*1!*)!'0*!'&!'!0,3*-'6!7'0;7)3,!4)-!'!48-*$,-+-'3E%3E!0)3*-%78*%)3!*)!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!#$,-,!%&!6%**6,!'**,Q(*=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!*)!3,&*!*$,!%3*,-'0*%)3'6!
-,(-)280*%)3!)4!E,32,-!7%3'-%,&!*$-)8E$!'!Q)-,!&/,,(%3E!'00)83*!)4!$)/!
Q)2,-3%*1!%&!7)832!*)!*$,!&'%6&!)4!&0%,30,=!'32!*$,!($,3)Q,3)6)E%0'6!,R(,-%,30,!
)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*=!/%*$!&0%,30,!'&!'!;,1!&%*,!4)-!*$,!,.,-12'1!3'*8-'6%@'*%)3!'32!
6%.,2!,R(,-%,30,!)4!&,R8'6!2%44,-,30,!W,5E5!b)-7,-!"OO`U!Z'8&*)+K*,-6%3E!GHHHX5!
A4!/,!-,+,R'Q%3,!*$,!0'&,!)4!BE3,&=!*$,!&*'-*%3E!()%3*!4)-!4,Q%3%&*!
,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$,&!*)!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!/,!0'3!&,,!*$'*!*$,&,!
*$,Q,&!'-,!'(('-,3*!-%E$*!'*!*$,!&8-4'0,5!A*!%&!&%E3%4%0'3*!*$'*!i'-)62!c'-4%3;,6^&!
'00,&&!*)!BE3,&!/'&!Q'2,!()&&%76,!*$-)8E$!$%&!0)66'7)-'*%)3!/%*$!'!(&10$%'*-%&*!
/$)!/'&!BE3,&^&!2)0*)-!'*!D>bB5!!i,-!(-,&,3*'*%)3!'&!'!(&10$%'*-%0![0'&,!&*821\!
$'&!7,,3!)2261!,-'&,2!&%30,!_,&*!'32!h%QQ,-Q'3^&!/)-;!'32!7,1)325!c'-4%3;,6!
,R(6'%3&!%3!$%&!0$'(*,-!)3!BE3,&!*$'*!$,-!2)0*)-&!2,*,-Q%3,2!*$'*!&$,!$'2!'!-'-,!
2%&)-2,-!/$%0$!$'2!0'8&,2!$,-!*,&*%06,&!*)!(-)280,!Q)-,!,&*-)E,3!*$'3!
*,&*)&*,-)3,=!'6*$)8E$!$,-!0'&,!0)348&,2!2)0*)-&!'32!/'&!3)*!0)3&%&*,3*!/%*$!
!
"G!
)*$,-!;3)/3!0'&,&5!!BE3,&!$'2!*)!832,-E)!'!Q,2%0'6!(&10$%'*-%0!,.'68'*%)3!
7,4)-,!&$,!/'&!(,-Q%**,2!*)!832,-E)!&,R!-,'&&%E3Q,3*!&8-E,-1=!&)!*$'*!$,-!7)21!
/)862!48661!['6%E3\!/%*$!7,%3E!'!/)Q'35!!!
Z8-*$,-Q)-,=!'*!*$,!,32!)4!c'-4%3;,6^&!Studies'in'Ethnomethodology,!&%*&!
*$,!76'3261!*%*6,2=![B((,32%R!*)!>$'(*,-!Z%.,=\!%3!/$%0$!c'-4%3;,6!2%&06)&,&!'!
&(,0*'086'-!-,.,6'*%)3!/$%0$!0'Q,!'&!'!&$)0;!*)!$%Q!'32!BE3,&^&!2)0*)-&9!!j8&*!'*!
*$,!*%Q,!)4!*$,!7));^&!(876%0'*%)3=!c'-4%3;,6!6,'-3,2!*$'*!$,-!Q,2%0'6!$%&*)-1!/'&!
-'*$,-!2%44,-,3*!*$'3!/$'*!$,!'32!$,-!2)0*)-&!$'2!2,*,-Q%3,2!7,4)-,!$,-!&,R!
-,'&&%E3Q,3*!&8-E,-15!Z%.,!1,'-&!'4*,-!*$,!&8-E,-1!&$,!-,.,'6,2!*)!$,-!2)0*)-&!
*$'*!&$,!$'2!7,,3!&,0-,*61!&*,'6%3E!,&*-)E,3!(%66&!4-)Q!$,-!Q)*$,-!&%30,!*$,!'E,!
)4!*/,6.,=!'32!/'&!3)*!7)-3!/%*$!'!E,3,*%0!2%&)-2,-5!#$,!Q,2%0'6!-,()-*!(-).%2,2!
*)!c'-4%3;,6!'32!0%*,2!%3!$%&!7));^&!'((,32%R!,R(6'%3&9![K$,!2%2!3)*!;3)/!/$'*!
*$,!,44,0*&!/)862!7,=!)361!*$'*!*$%&!/'&!'!4,Q'6,!&87&*'30,\!W"OLI=!(5!GNIX5!BE3,&!
'(('-,3*61!0)3*%38,2!&,64+Q,2%0'*%3E!$,-&,64!/%*$!,&*-)E,3!(%66&!*$-)8E$)8*!$,-!
'2)6,&0,30,=!*$,-,71!(-,.,3*%3E!2,.,6)(Q,3*!)4!Q'6,!&,0)32'-1!&,R!
0$'-'0*,-%&*%0&5!c'-4%3;,6!'32!6'*,-!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'00)83*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!
&,R8'6%*1!$'.,!,Q($'&%@,2!$)/!BE3,&!Q'3'E,2!$,-![('&&%3E5\!i)/,.,-=!
%Q()-*'3*61=!BE3,&!&)8E$*!Q,2%0'6!,R(,-*%&,!*)!6,E%*%Q'*,!$,-!'8*$,3*%0%*1!'&!'3!
'286*!/)Q'35!K$,!48-*$,-Q)-,!*));!Q,2%0'6!&0%,30,!%3*)!$,-!)/3!$'32&=!,.,3!%4!
)361!.'E8,61!832,-&*'32%3E!*)!/$'*!,44,0*5!i,-!&*)-1!%&!*$,-,4)-,!0,3*-'661!'7)8*!
Q)2,-3!&0%,30,=!($'-Q'0)6)E1=!'32!,R(,-*%&,=!'32!0)3&*-80*%)3!)4!*$,!2%Q)-($%0!
Q'6,J4,Q'6,!7%3'-1!'&!'!0,3*-'6!(%66'-!%3!'00)Q(6%&$%3E!'32!6,E%*%Q'*%3E!E,32,-5!!!
B*!*$,!&'Q,!*%Q,=!*$,-,!'-,!&0$)6'-&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!/$)!,R$%7%*!'!&%E3%4%0'3*61!
2,,(,-!'/'-,3,&&!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!%3!*$,%-!/)-;5!#$,&,!'-,!&)0%)6)E%&*&!/$)!$'.,!
7,,3!%3468,30,2!71!d8,,-!*$,)-1=!/$%0$!(6'0,&!*$,!()6%*%0&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!4-)3*!'32!
!
"M!
0,3*,-5!d8,,-!*$,)-1!$'&!&)8E$*!*)!%668&*-'*,!$)/!&,R8'6%*1!'32!&,R8'6!()/,-!
832,-(%3&!Q80$!)4!&)0%'6!6%4,=!,&(,0%'661!,32,'.)-%3E!*)!830).,-!*$,!0)3&*'3*!
/)-;%3E&!)4!$,*,-)3)-Q'*%.%*1!%3!Q)2,-3!6%4,!WK*,%3!'32!F68QQ,-!"OOLX5!_%*$%3!
*$%&!/)-;=!d8,,-!*$,)-1=!6%;,!()&*Q)2,-3!'32!()&*+&*-80*8-'6%&*!*$,)-1=!$'&!'6&)!
7,,3!0-%*%0%@,2!4)-!6'0;%3E!'!&*-)3E!'00)83*!)4![*$,!&)0%'6\!E%.,3!%*&!'30$)-%3E!%3!
/$'*!B2'Q!A&'%'$!c-,,3!$'&!680%261!2,&0-%7,2!'&!%*&![2%&08-&%.,61!78-2,3,2\!
*,R*8'6!%2,'6%&Q!Wc-,,3!GHHG=!(5!PGGX5!c-,,3=!'32!)*$,-&!A!3)*,!7,6)/=!$'.,!
/)-;,2!*)!(-).%2,!'!E,38%3,61!&)0%)6)E%0'6!'00)83*!)4!*$,!&)0%'6!&*-80*8-%3E!)4!
&,R8'6%*15!#$,1!E%.,!&87&*'30,!*)!d8,,-!*$,)-1^&!06'%Q!*$'*!Q)2,-3!&,R8'6%*1!
&*-80*8-,&!E,32,-5!B&!:%Q%!K0$%((,-&!,6,E'3*61!,R(6%0'*,&9!!
A3!0)3*,Q()-'-1!_,&*,-3!&)0%,*%,&=!$,*,-)&,R8'6!2,&%-,!%&!2,4%3,2!
'&!'3!,-)*%0!'**'0$Q,3*!*)!2%44,-,30,=!'32!'&!&80$=!%*!2),&!*$,!
$,E,Q)3%0!/)-;!)4!48&%3E!Q'&086%3%*1!'32!4,Q%3%3%*1!*)E,*$,-!'&!
0)Q(6,Q,3*'-1!)(()&%*,&!lmn!#$,!0)3&*-80*%)3!)4!$,*,-)+2,&%-,!
'&!*$,!)3*)6)E%0'6!,&&,30,!)4!E,32,-!2%44,-,30,!,&*'76%&$,&!*$,!
Q,'3%3E!)4!*$,!-,6'*%)3&$%(!7,*/,,3!Q'&086%3%*1!'32!4,Q%3%3%*15!
C,E'-26,&&!)4!)3,^&!&,R!0'*,E)-1=!*$,!()&&,&&%)3!)4!,-)*%0!2,&%-,!
4)-!*$,!4,Q%3%3,!)7j,0*!%&!0)3&*-80*,2!'&!Q'&086%3,!'32!7,%3E!*$,!
)7j,0*!)4!Q'&086%3,!2,&%-,!%&!4,Q%3%3,!WGHHI9!OHX5!!!
i)/,.,-=!-,*8-3%3E!*)!*$,!(-)76,Q!)4!)-2,-!/$%0$!$'&!(-,)008(%,2!&)0%'6!
*$,)-1!4-)Q!%*&!%30,(*%)3=!*$,&,!&0$)6'-&!$'.,!*';,3!&)Q,!2%&*'30,!4-)Q!d8,,-!
*$,)-1!71!()%3*%3E!*)!%*&!(-)Q%&,!)4!,.,-+(-,&,3*!&87.,-&%)35!B2'Q!A&'%'$!c-,,3!
$'&!,&(,0%'661!S8,&*%)3,2!d8,,-!*$,)-%&*&^!06'%Q&!*$'*!7,%3E!E'1!Q,'3&!)3,!
3,0,&&'-%61!%2,3*%4%,&!/%*$!'3!)(()&%*%)3'6!&87j,0*%.%*15!!A3468,30,2!71!C',/13!
>)33,66^&!'3'61&%&!)4!*$,!%3*,--,6'*%)3&$%(!7,*/,,3!$,E,Q)3%0!Q'&086%3%*1!'32!
!
"`!
[E'13,&&\!W>)33,66!"OOGX=!c-,,3!3)*,&!*$'*!,Q(%-%0'6!,.%2,30,!71!&)0%)6)E%&*&!
&$)/&!$)/!d8,,-3,&&!%&!3,%*$,-![&(,0*'086'-61!2%&-8(*%.,=\!3)-!'!/$)6,&'6,!
-,(-)280*%)3!)4!$,E,Q)3%0!&*-80*8-,&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!'32!E,32,-5!!C'*$,-=!!
l#n$,!(-)0,&&!)4!2,.,6)(%3E!'32!'0*%3E!)3!&,R8'6!'32!E,32,-!%2,3*%*1!
%&!Q8221=!0)346%0*,2=!'32!(-).%&%)3'6=!'32!%3!*$%&!&,3&,!Y!,.,3!%4!4)-!
)361!'!46,,*%3E!Q)Q,3*!Y!83'.)%2'761!&,64+0)3&0%)8&5!#$,30,!*$,!
-,08(,-'*%)3!)4!*$,!S8,,-!(-)j,0*=!%5,5!*$,!0'*,E)-%0'6!%3&*'7%6%*1!
(-)Q%&,2!71!S8,,-!*$,)-15!A32,,2=!$,-,!%&!*$,!$,'-*!)4!'!()&*+S8,,-!
&,R8'6%*1!&*82%,&!*$'*!-,0)E3%@,&!*$,!&87.,-&%.,!()*,3*%'6!)4!&,R8'6!
Q'-E%3'6%*1!/%*$%3!*$,!&*-)3E!('-'Q,*-,&!)4!'3!,Q(%-%0'6!&)0%)6)E1\!
WGHHG=!(5!PMOX5!!!
c-,,3^&!Q)-,!-,0,3*!0)30,(*!)4!&,R8'6!4%,62&!&$)/&!3)*!)361!*$,!&)0%'6!
&*-80*8-%3E!)4!&,R8'6!6%4,=!78*!48-*$,-Q)-,=!$)/!&,R8'6!4%,62&!'-,!&)0%'6!&*-80*8-,&!
/%*$%3!/$%0$![,-)*%0!(6'1,-&\!Q8&*!3'.%E'*,!('-*3,-&=!3,%E$7)8-$))2&=!'32!
.'68'*%)3&!)4!/)-*$!WGHHN=!GH"`X5!!K80$!&0$)6'-&$%(!4864%66&!*$,!(-)Q%&,!)4!'!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!'00)83*!)4!&,R8'6%*1!'&!'!(-%30%(6,!)4!0)66,0*%.,!&)0%'6!)-E'3%@'*%)35!
#$%&!/)-;=!$)/,.,-=!*-,'*&!Q)2,-3%*1!'&!*$,!*,Q()-'6!4-'Q,/)-;!/%*$%3!/$%0$!
&,R8'6%*1!)(,-'*,&5!A*!2),&!3)*!%3*,--)E'*,!*$,!.,-1!Q,'3%3E!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!%3!
*,-Q&!)4!%*&!,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6=!'32!A!/)862!'-E8,=!Q,*'($1&%0'6!0'*,E)-%,&5!
a*$,-!&0$)6'-&!)4!&,R8'6%*1=!71!0)3*-'&*=!2)!(6'0,!Q)2,-3%*1!4-)3*!'32!
0,3*-,=!,&(,0%'661!%3!-,6'*%)3!*)!&0%,30,!'32!,R(,-*!;3)/6,2E,5!!K80$!/)-;!$'&!
&)8E$*!*)!46,&$!)8*!:%0$,6!Z)80'86*^&!&/,,(%3E=!78*!&)0%)6)E%0'661!*$%3=!06'%Q&!
'7)8*!$)/!&,R8'6%*1!%&!)-E'3%@,2!28-%3E!Q)2,-3%*1=!'32!$)/!Q)2,-3%*1!%&!
)-E'3%@,2!71!*$,!(-)4,&&%)3'6!;3)/6,2E,W&X!*$'*!&$'(,!)8-!Q)&*!%3*%Q'*,!6%.,&!
W&,,!Z)80'86*!"OOH5!!K,,!'6&)!K,2E/%0;!"OOHX5!_-%*%3E!%3!"OO`=!K*,.,3!e(&*,%3!
!
"P!
3)*,2=!$)/,.,-=!*$'*!'6*$)8E$!Z)80'86*^&!/)-;!)3!&,R8'6%*1!'32!Q)2,-3%*1!$'2!
4'-+-,'0$%3E!%3468,30,!%3!*$,!$8Q'3%*%,&=!%*!/'&!6'-E,61!).,-6));,2!/%*$%3!*$,!
&)0%'6!&0%,30,&!W"OO`=!(5!"OLX5!Z)80'86*^&!/)-;!$'&!83S8,&*%)3'761!*';,3!'3!
%Q()-*'3*!(6'0,!%3!*$,!2%&0%(6%3,!)4!&)0%)6)E1=!78*!(-%Q'-%61!%3!*$,!&*821!)4!
()6%*%0&=!0-%Q%3)6)E1=!'32!*$,!&*'*,=!/$%6,!$%&!,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6!06'%Q&!$'.,!3)*!
-,0,%.,2!*$,!&'Q,!'**,3*%)35!])3,*$,6,&&=!&)Q,!&0$)6'-&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!'-,!'6&)!
E%.%3E!Q)-,!&)0%)6)E%0'6!&87&*'30,!*)!&*82%,&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!'32!Q)2,-3!
,(%&*,Q)6)E1=!/%*$!'3!,1,!*)/'-2&!$)/!Q)2,-3!-,E%Q,&!)4!;3)/6,2E,!-,6'*,!*)!
*$,!()6%*%0&!)4!&,R8'6%*15!K*,.,3!e(&*,%3^&!)/3!/)-;!%&!0,3*-'661!0)30,-3,2!/%*$!
$)/!,R(,-*!;3)/6,2E,!%3*,-/,'.,&!/%*$!0)3*,Q()-'-1!&,R8'6!()6%*%0&!W,5E5!
"OOL=!GHHIX5!
!#,1!:,'2)/^&!'00)83*!)4!$)/!('-,3*&!Q';,!&,3&,!)4!*$,%-!*-'3&E,32,-!
0$%62-,3^&!E,32,-!%2,3*%*1!(6'0,&![*$%&!$%&*)-%0'6!Q)Q,3*\!4-)3*!'32!0,3*-,!%3!
'3'61@%3E!*$,!7%)Q,2%0'6=!(&10$%'*-%0=!'32!&(%-%*8'6!*-)(,&!('-,3*&!8&,!*)!
832,-&*'32!*$,%-!0$%62-,3!WGH""X5!C'*$,-!*$'3!.%,/%3E!,R(,-*!;3)/6,2E,!'&!
&)8-0,&!)4!&*%EQ'*%@'*%)3!'32!-,(-,&&%)3=!:,'2)/!-'*$,-!'-E8,&!*$'*!*$,!
&*-'*,E%,&!,Q(6)1,2!71!('-,3*&!)4!*-'3&E,32,-!0$%62-,3=!'32!*$,&,!('-,3*&^!8&,!
)4!()(86'-!&0%,3*%4%0!'32!&(%-%*8'6!*$,Q,&=!'-,!%3!4'0*!*1(%0'6!)4!$)/!/,!'00)83*!
4)-!*$,!Q)2,-3!&,645!#$)8E$!$,-!/)-;!0)862!8&,!&)Q,!Q)-,!&(,0%4%0%*1!-,E'-2%3E!
*$,!BQ,-%0'3!6'*,!Q)2,-3!Q)Q,3*=!:,'2)/^&!/)-;!%668&*-'*,&!$)/!,R'Q%3'*%)3!
)4!0)3*,Q()-'-1!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!)-!*)!7,!Q)-,!&(,0%4%0=!$)/!*$,!
,R(,-%,30,!)4!'!('-*%086'-!;%32!)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*=!is!'3!,R'Q%3'*%)3!)4!6'*,!
Q)2,-3%*1=!'32!$)/!'3!,R'Q%3'*%)3!)4!6'*,!Q)2,-3%*1!is!'3!,R'Q%3'*%)3!)4!'!
('-*%086'-!,R(,-%,30,!)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*5!
! #$,-,4)-,=!&)Q,!&)0%)6)E%0'6!'00)83*&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!()%3*!*)!*/)!%Q()-*'3*!
!
"L!
4,'*8-,&!)4!])-*$,-3!Q)2,-3%*1=!,.,3!%4!*$,&,!*$,)-%&*&!*$,Q&,6.,&!2)!3)*!48661!
&(,66!)8*!*$,&,!4,'*8-,&5!!#$,!4%-&*!%&!$)/!7%)6)E%0'6!&,R=!)-!*$,![&,R,2!7)21=\!%&!
*-,'*,2!'&!'3!)3*)6)E%0'6!*-8*$!71!,R(,-*&=!'32!%3!,.,-12'1!%3*,-'0*%)3&=!/$%0$!
*$,3!3'*8-'6%@,&!E,32,-!2%44,-,30,&5!#$%&!)-2,-%3E!%&!'!0,3*-'6!)-2,-%3E!)4!
])-*$,-3!Q)2,-3%*1=!'32!%*!%&!&,,3!71!&)0%'6!*$,)-%&*&!)4!&,R8'6%*1!'&!'3!
$%&*)-%0'661!0)3*%3E,3*!)-2,-%3E5!#$,!&,0)32!%&!$)/!&0%,30,!'32!,R(,-*!
;3)/6,2E,!%&!'!2%&*%30*61!Q)2,-3!'8*$)-%*1=!)3,!/$%0$!0)3*%38,&!*)!(,-Q,'*,!
6'*,!Q)2,-3!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3&!%3!Q';%3E!&,3&,!)4!E,32,-=!%30682%3E!*-'3&E,32,-5!!
i)/,.,-=!,.,3!*$)8E$!*$%&!/)-;!%&!Q)-,!'**83,2!*)!6%3;%3E!'00)83*&!)4!
&,R8'6%*1!*)!*$,!,()0$'6!-8(*8-,&!)4!Q)2,-3%*1=!%*!-,Q'%3&!83'/'-,!)4!%*&!
2%&*%30*61!])-*$,-3!3'*8-,5!!A*!()%3*&!*)!*$,!$%&*)-%0'661!&(,0%4%0=!])-*$+Q)2,-3!
'-*%4%0,!*$'*!E,3%*'6%'!&$'(,!2,&%-,!'32!E,32,-5!#$,1!0)83*,-!*$%&!'-*%4%0,!/%*$!'!
*-8*$+06'%Q=!'32!*$'*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*-8*$+06'%Q!%&!)8-!Q'66,'76,=!(6'&*%0!
,Q7)2%Q,3*5!B&!A!/%66!48-*$,-!,R(6'%3!%3!F'-*!AA=!*$%&!Q).,!%&!3)*!'2,S8'*,61!
-,0)E3%@,2!71!,R%&*%3E!&)0%'6!*$,)-%&*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!'&!'!])-*$+
Q)2,-3%&*!Q,*'($1&%0'6!.%,/!)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*!'32!&)0%'6!)-2,-5!!
!
History*and*Pseudohistory;*Epistemology*and*Metaphysics:*
D36%;,!4,Q%3%&*!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E1=!4,Q%3%&*!$%&*)-%0'6!'32!()6%*%0'6!&)0%)6)E1!$'&!
'!Q80$!&*-)3E,-!&,3&,!)4!$%&*)-1!'32!Q)2,-3%*15!!i)/,.,-=!%*!%&!/,';,-!%3!%*&!
,R(6%0%*!*$,)-%@'*%)3&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15!#$%&!&0$)6'-&$%(!%&!0,3*-'661!
0)30,-3,2!/%*$!%2,3*%41%3E!*$,!(6'0,!)4!E,32,-!'32!*$,!&,R8'6!2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-!%3!
*$,!0)3&*%*8*%)3!)4!Q)2,-3%*15!i'.%3E!,Q,-E,2!4-)Q!:'-R%&*+4,Q%3%&*!
&0$)6'-&$%(!%3!*$,!"OIH&!'32!"ONH&=!*$%&!/)-;!&)8E$*!*)!%2,3*%41!*$,!-,6'*%)3&$%(!
7,*/,,3!0'(%*'6%&Q=!Q)2,-3%*1!'32!*$,!&*'*,5!Z)-!*$,!3,/!E,3,-'*%)3!)4!_,&*,-3!
!
"I!
:'-R%&*&!%3!*$,!"OIH&=!*$,!()&*/'-!e8-)(,'3!/,64'-,!&*'*,!7,0'Q,!'!0,3*-'6!
)7j,0*!)4!'3'61&%&!W,5E5!F)86'3*@'&!"OIMX5!!:'-R%&*+4,Q%3%&*!*$)8E$*!%3087'*,2!%3!
*$%&!Q%6%,85!!g%&&'*%&4%,2!/%*$!:'-R%&Q^&!())-!'00)83*!)4!/)Q,3^&!%3,S8'6%*1=!%*!
&)8E$*!*)!%2,3*%41!$)/!('*-%'-0$1!)(,-'*,&=!%3!i,%2%!i'-*Q'33^&!*,-Q&=!'&!'![&,*!
)4!&)0%'6!-,6'*%)3&!7,*/,,3!Q,3=!/$%0$!$'.,!'!Q'*,-%'6!7'&,=!'32!/$%0$=!*$)8E$!
$%,-'-0$%0'6=!,&*'76%&$!)-!0-,'*,!%3*,-2,(,32,30,!'32!&)6%2'-%*1!'Q)3E!Q,3!*$'*!
,3'76,!*$,Q!*)!2)Q%3'*,!/)Q,3\!W"OIO=!(5!""X5!!Z8-*$,-Q)-,=!&0$)6'-&!&80$!'&!
i'-*Q'33!'-E8,2!*$'*!('*-%'-0$1^&!Q'*,-%'6!7'&%&!-,&*,2!%3!Q,3^&!0)3*-)6!).,-!
/)Q,3^&!83('%2=!)-!())-61!('%2=!-,(-)280*%.,!'32!(-)280*%.,!6'7)-5!!:'-R%&*+
4,Q%3%&*&!%2,3*%4%,2!*$,!Q)2,-3!&*'*,!'&!(,-(,*8'*%3E!*$%&!'--'3E,Q,3*5!#$,!
0'(%*'6%&*!&*'*,!/'&!&,,3!'&!(-,&,-.%3E!7)*$!E,32,-!'32!06'&&!%3,S8'6%*1!71!
Q'%3*'%3%3E!/)Q,3^&!,R(6)%*'*%)3!/%*$%3!*$,!&,R8'6!2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-!'*!$)Q,!
'32!%3!6'7)-!Q'-;,*&!W,5E5!i'-*Q'33!"OILU!?)-%&!'32!?'-2'E6%)!"ONMU!
B7-'Q).%*@!"ONNX5!
Z,Q%3%&*&!E-,/!%30-,'&%3E61!2%&&'*%&4%,2!/%*$!:'-R%&Q^&!%3'7%6%*1!*)!
,R(6'%3!Q)2,-3!&*'*,&^!/,';,-!&8(()-*!)4!/)Q,3!'&!/)-;,-&!'32!Q)*$,-&=!
,&(,0%'661!71!*$,!6'*,!"ONH&5!K$';%3E!)44!%*&!:'-R%&*!)-%E%3&=!'32!,.,3*8'661!
-,j,0*%3E!*$,!0'*,E)-1!)4!('*-%'-0$1!'&!*))!&%Q(6%&*%0=!0)30,-3!/%*$!*$,!&*'*,!'32!
*$,!&,R8'6!2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-!$'&!0)3*%38,2!'&!*$,!0,3*-'6!(%.)*!)4!4,Q%3%&*!
$%&*)-%0'6!'32!()6%*%0'6!&)0%)6)E1!W,5E5!b%&*,-!"OOHU!a-6)44!"OOM=!"OOLX5!_%*$%3!
0)Q('-'*%.,!'32!$%&*)-%0'6!&)0%)6)E1=!4,Q%3%&*&!$'.,!&%30,!'Q'&&,2!'3!
%Q(-,&&%.,!7)21!)4!/)-;!)3!&)0%'6!()6%01!'32!/,64'-,!&*'*,!2,.,6)(Q,3*5!
B6*$)8E$!4,Q%3%&*&!$'.,!6'Q,3*,2!*$'*!Q80$!$%&*)-%0'6!&)0%)6)E1!&*%66!
Q'-E%3'6%@,&!'3'61&,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!W&,,!B2'Q&!"OONU!?-)/3!"OONU!
:)-'/&;'!"OONX=!'!Q'-E%3'6%@'*%)3!/$%0$!832)87*,261!(,-&%&*&=!%*!%&!3)/!
!
"N!
%Q()&&%76,!*)!0)30,%.,!)4!/,64'-,!&*'*,!2,.,6)(Q,3*=!'32!0)3*,Q()-'-1!-,4)-Q&=!
/%*$)8*!*';%3E!%3*)!'00)83*!$)/!&*'*,&!'32!*$,!&,R8'6!2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-!'-,!
%3*,--,6'*,25L!!
A*!%&!3)*'76,=!$)/,.,-=!*$'*!6'7)-!0)3*%38,&!*)!7,!)4!0,3*-'6!0)30,-3!*)!*$%&!
&0$)6'-&$%(!W&,,!'6&)!c,.'!GH""'=!GH"`X5!!B6*$)8E$!4,Q%3%&*!$%&*)-%0'6!'32!
0)Q('-'*%.,!&)0%)6)E1!%&!*)!7,!6'82,2!4)-!%*&!&,3&,!)4!$%&*)-1!'32!Q)2,-3%*1=!%*!
$'&!%3'2.,-*,3*61!Q'%3*'%3,2!'!;,-3,6!)4!:'-R%&*!Q,*'($1&%0&!71!Q'%3*'%3%3E!
*$'*!6'7)-!%&!'!0,3*-'6!6,3&!*$-)8E$!/$%0$!E,32,-!-,6'*%)3&!'-,!,R'Q%3,25I!A3!*$%&!
&0$)6'-&$%(!WQ1!)/3!%30682,2X=![E,32,-\!$'&!8&8'661!-,4,--,2!*)!*$,!&,R8'6!
2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-5!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
L!#$%&!/)-;!%&!&)!(-)6%4%0!*$'*!A!0'33)*!()&&%761!2)!%*!j8&*%0,!%3!)3,!&$)-*!0$'(*,-5!
K,,!a-6)44!WGHHOX!'32!c,.'!WGH"`=!GH"PX!4)-!-,0,3*!-,.%,/&5!
I!K,,!,&(,0%'661!:'-R!)3![,&*-'3E,2!6'7)-\!%3![#$,!e0)3)Q%0!'32!F$%6)&)($%0!
:'38&0-%(*&!)4!"N``\!W"OIN=!((5!IH+N"X5!!A!/%66!3)*!,3*,-!$,-,!%3*)!2,7'*,&!'&!*)!
/$,*$,-!*$,![1)83E!:'-R\!)8E$*!*)!7,!%E3)-,2!%3!6%E$*!)4!$%&!6'*,-!/)-;5!A!/%66!
3)*,=!$)/,.,-=!*$'*!Capital'Y!*$,!6'*,=!E-,'*=!'32!4%3'6!:'-R'-'7,E%3&!/%*$!'3!
'3'61&%&!)4!*$,!0)QQ)2%*1!4)-Q=!/$,-,!*$,!Q1&*%41%3E!(,086%'-%*1!)4!*$,!
0)QQ)2%*1!4)-Q=!'00)-2%3E!*)!:'-R=!%3$,-,&!%3!*$,!(,086%'-%*1!)4!*$,!6'7)-!
-,6'*%)3&$%(!'32!['7&*-'0*!6'7)-\!832,-(%33%3E!*$,!0)QQ)2%*1!4)-Q!W"OIN=!((5!
MHG+MGOX5!!:'-R^&!0)30,(*!)4!'7&*-'0*!6'7)-!%&!*$,!'3'61*%0!7'&%&!4)-!$%&!'00)83*!)4!
0'(%*'6%&Q!%3!Capital=!'32!$,30,!)4!Q)2,-3%*15!b'7)-=!4)-!*$,!Q'*8-,!:'-R=!%&!3)*!
'!Q,*'($1&%0'6!0'*,E)-1=!78*!'3!$%&*)-%0'661!&(,0%4%0!0'*,E)-15!!])3,*$,6,&&=!A!
Q'%3*'%3!*$'*!6'7)-+'&+Q,*'($1&%0&=!'32!6'7)-+'&+$%&*)-%0'6+0'*,E)-1=!%Q(6%0%*61!
832,-(%3!Q80$!4,Q%3%&*!$%&*)-%0'6!'32!()6%*%0'6!&)0%)6)E15!
!
"O!
Z,Q%3%&*!$%&*)-%0'6!&)0%)6)E1!%3!*$,!"OOH&!2,.,6)(,2!%3!6,'(&!'32!7)832&!
j8&*!'&!()&*Q)2,-3!'32!()&*&*-80*8-'6%&*!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!,Q'3'*%3E!4-)Q!*$,!
$8Q'3%*%,&!/,-,!*';%3E!46%E$*5!#$,2'!K;)0()6^&!'E,32'+&,**%3E!Protecting'Soldiers'
and'Mothers:'The'Political'Origins'of'Social'Policy'in'the'United'States!/'&!
(876%&$,2!%3!"OOG=!*/)!1,'-&!'4*,-!(876%0'*%)3!)4!T82%*$!?8*6,-^&!2'@@6%3E!Gender'
Trouble:'Feminism'and'the'Subversion'of'Identity!W"OOHX5!T82%*$!?8*6,-!'3'61@,2!
*,R*&!71!&0$)6'-&!&80$!'&!b80,!A-%E'-'1=!T'0S8,&!g,--%2'=!'32!T'0S8,&!b'0'3!*)!
'-E8,!*$'*!E,32,-!0'3!7,!'!&87.,-&%.,!(,-4)-Q'30,5!?1!0)3*-'&*=!()6%*%0'6!
&)0%)6)E%&*!#$,2'!K;)0()6!&$)/,2!$)/!()&*+>%.%6!_'-!(,3&%)3!&0$,Q,&!%3!*$,!
D3%*,2!K*'*,&!/,-,!78%6*!8()3!()/,-486!%2,)6)E%,&!-,E'-2%3E!/)Q,3^&!
0%*%@,3&$%(!-)6,&!'&!Q)*$,-&!'32!/%2)/&=!'&!)(()&,2!*)!Q,3^&!0%*%@,3&$%(!-)6,&!
'&!&)62%,-&=!'32!7-,'2/%33%3E!$,'2&!)4!4'Q%6%,&5!_$,-,'&!?8*6,-!%3*,--)E'*,2!*$,!
,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6!)-%E%3&!)4![E,32,-=\!K;)0()6^&!/)-;!'3'61@,2!*$,!%3&*%*8*%)3'6!
*-'j,0*)-1!)4!()6%0%,&!'32!()6%*%0&5!!
Z,Q%3%&*!$%&*)-%0'6!'32!()6%*%0'6!&)0%)6)E%&*&!%3468,30,2!71!#$,2'!
K;)0()6^&!/)-;!)3!E,32,-!'32!*$,!&*'*,!/,-,!;,,361!'/'-,!)4!*$,&,!)*$,-!
2,.,6)(Q,3*&!%3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-15!?8*!%*!/'&=!*)!(8*!%*!Q%6261=!0$'66,3E%3E!*)!
0)Q7%3,!2,*'%6,2!'00)83*&!)4!%3&*%*8*%)3'6!2,.,6)(Q,3*&!*$'*!&*-)3E61!
2%44,-,3*%'*,2!7,*/,,3!Q,3!'32!/)Q,3=!/%*$!*$,)-,*%0'6!0)3*,3*%)3&!*$'*!*$,!
.,-1!0'*,E)-1!)4![/)Q,3\!/'&!'!(-)76,Q'*%0'661!83%.,-&'6%@%3E!/,&*,-3!0'*,E)-1!
/$%0$!2,3%,2!%Q()-*'30,!2%44,-,30,&!7,*/,,3!/)Q,3!W,5E5!Z6'R!"ONIU!]%0$)6&)3!
"OO`X=!'32!/$%0$!0)862!7,!2,&*'7%6%@,2!*$-)8E$!,.,-12'1!(,-4)-Q'30,5!#$,!
-,&86*!/'&!*/)!('-'66,6!6%3,&!)4!%3S8%-15!A4=!4)66)/%3E!T82%*$!K*'0,1!'32!?'--%,!
#$)-3,=!*$,!'%Q!)4!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!)8E$*!*)!7,!*)!(-).%2,!'3'61*%0!
%3&%E$*!%3*)!'3'61&,&!)4!0)Q(6,R!&)0%,*%,&!W&,,!"ONP=!(5!M"HX!Y!*$'*!%&=!*)!'%2!%3!
!
GH!
2%&0,-3%3E!)-2,-!'32!('**,-3!/%*$%3!*$,!0)Q(6,R!Q,&&!*$'*!Q';,&!8(!
0)3*,Q()-'-1!&)0%,*%,&=!*$,3!&)Q,!*/,3*1+4%.,!1,'-&!)3!%*!%&!&'4,!*)!&'1!*$'*!
4,Q%3%&*!()&*+Q)2,-3!*$,)-1!$'&!3)*!4864%66,2!*$'*!-)6,5!
F,-$'(&!*$%&!%&=!%3!>-'%E!>'6$)83^&!*,-Q&=!28,!*)!()&*Q)2,-3%&*!*$,)-1^&!
[(&,82)$%&*)-%0%&Q\!W>'6$)83!"OOMX5N!!A*&!S8,&*%)3'76,!06'%Q&!*)/'-2&!'3!
,()0$'6!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3!$'.,!3)*!&*))2!*$,!*,&*!)4!*%Q,=!'32!%32,,2!/,-,!
&;,(*%0'661!.%,/,2!71!&)0%)6)E%&*&!'*!*$,!*%Q,!)4!*$,%-!(-)280*%)35!_$,-,'&!
4,Q%3%&*!$%&*)-%0'6!'32!()6%*%0'6!&)0%)6)E%&*&!%2,3*%41!$)/!*$,!(-,&,3*!%&!
%3&*%*8*%)3'661!&*-80*8-,2!71!*$,!('&*=!'32!E)!*)!E-,'*!('%3&!*)!,R(6'%3!0$'3E,!
/$,-,!0$'3E,!$'&!)008--,2!W,5E5!#,)!GH"PX=!()&*Q)2,-3%&*!*$,)-1^&!&/,,(%3E!
06'%Q&!'7)8*!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3=!0'*,E)-%0'6!2,0)3&*-80*%)3=!'32!,.,-12'1!
&87.,-&%)3=!/,-,!&%Q(61!3)*!0)3.%30%3E!4)-!&0$)6'-&!/$)&,!/)-;!0,3*,-&!)3!
%2,3*%41%3E!*$,!$%&*)-%0'6!0)32%*%)3&!)4!()&&%7%6%*1!4)-!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3!'32!
-,&%&*'30,=!'32!*$,!&'6%,30,!)4!&)0%'6!'32!()6%*%0'6!0'*,E)-%,&5!
A3&*,'2=!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E1!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$!$'&!7,,3!&%E3%4%0'3*61!
Q)-,!0)3.%30,2!71!*$,)-%,&!)4!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1=!/$%0$!'6&)!,Q,-E,2!%3!*$,!,'-61!
"OOH&^!0-%*%S8,!)4!/$%*,!/,&*,-3!4,Q%3%&Q5!<%Q7,-6o!_%66%'Q&!>-,3&$'/^&!
)-%E%3'6!'-*%086'*%)3!)4!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1!&$,2!6%E$*!)3!$)/!/$%*,!Q%226,!06'&&!
/)Q,3^&!,R(,-%,30,!)4!-'0,=!06'&&=!'32!('*-%'-0$1!0)862!3)*!7,!83%.,-&'6%@,2!*)!
,30)Q('&&!*$,!,R(,-%,30,&!)4!'66!/)Q,3!%3!*$,!D3%*,2!K*'*,&!W"OO"X5!A3&*,'2=!
>-,3&$'/!'-E8,2!*$'*!-'0%&Q!'32!&,R%&Q!/%*$%3!*$,!D3%*,2!K*'*,&!'-,!0)+
0)3&*%*8*%.,=!()&%*%)3%3E!/)Q,3!)4!0)6)-!%3!2%&*%30*!$%,-'-0$%,&!)4!2)Q%3'*%)3!'&!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
N!B6*$)8E$!*$,-,!%&!3)!Q,3*%)3!)4!feminist!()&*Q)2,-3!*$,)-1!%3!>'6$)83^&!
-,.%,/!)4!()&*Q)2,-3%&*!*$,)-15!
!
G"!
0)Q('-,2!*)!/$%*,!/)Q,3!'32!Q,3!)4!0)6)-!W&,,!'6&)!>)66%3&!"OOHX5!
A3*,-&,0*%)3'6!'3'61&%&!$'&!&%30,!*-'.,66,2!/,66!7,1)32!*$,!D3%*,2!K*'*,&=!
(-).%2%3E!%3&%E$*!%3*)!4,Q%3%&*!'0*%.%&Q!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$=!c6)7'6!K)8*$=!'32!
'0-)&&!*$)&,!2%.%2,&!W,5E5!Z,--,,!'32!F82-).&;'!GHHLX5!!p-8&$'6%!F'*%6!$'&!'6&)!
&%30,!()%3*,2!)8*!*$'*!4,Q%3%&*!&0$)6'-&!)4!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$!)8E$*!*)!-,0)E3%@,!
*$'*!$%,-'-0$%,&!)4!2)Q%3'*%)3!/%*$%3!Q)2,-3!3'*%)3+&*'*,&!)4*,3!$'.,!E6)7'6=!
0)6)3%'6!)-%E%3&!WGH"MX5!
#$'3;&!*)!*$,!%3*,-.,3*%)3&!Q'2,!71!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6!'3'61&*&!'32!'0*%.%&*&=!
4,Q%3%&*&!*)2'1!*$%3;!%3!7-)'2=!0)'6%*%)3'6!*,-Q&=!/%*$!2,,(,-!'/'-,3,&&!)4!*$,%-!
('-*%086'-!()&%*%)3'6%*%,&!'&!0)Q('-,2!*)!,'-6%,-!E,3,-'*%)3&!)4!4,Q%3%&*&5!
B3'61&,&!)4!0'*,E)-%0'6!&,EQ,3*'*%)3!'32!()%3*&!)4!0'*,E)-%0'6!%3*,-&,0*%)3!
%2,3*%41!,R068&%)3&=!2)Q%3'*%)3&=!'32!()&&%76,!0)'6%*%)3&=!'66!)4!/$%0$!$'.,!7,,3!
4)-Q'*%.,!%3!&$'(%3E!0)3*,Q()-'-1!4,Q%3%&*!'0*%.%&Q!W&,,!>$)=!>-,3&$'/=!'32!
:0>'66!GH"MX5!i)/,.,-=!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6!'3'61&%&!'6&)!*,32&!*)!&844,-!4-)Q!'!6%Q%*,2!
4)08&!)3!*$,!(-,&,3*=!/%*$)8*!0)3&%2,-%3E!$)/!0'*,E)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!-'0,!
0'Q,!*)!7,=!6,*!'6)3,!$)/!*$,1!$'.,!7,,3!'32!'-,!Q8*8'661!0)3&*%*8*%.,5!_%*$!'!
4,/!%Q()-*'3*!,R0,(*%)3&!W,5E5!F'*%6!GH"MX=!'&!/%*$!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!
'((-)'0$,&=!*$,-,!%&!6%**6,!&,3&,!)4!$%&*)-1=!'32!)4*,3!3)!-,46,R%.%*1!-,E'-2%3E!*$,!
,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6!)-%E%3&!)4!*$,!.,-1!0'*,E)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!-'0,!W'32!)*$,-!
0'*,E)-%,&!&80$!'&!,*$3%0%*1=!06'&&=!&,R8'6%*1=!'32!'E,X5!_$%6,!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1!$'&!
832)87*,261!(-)280,2!'!-%0$!-,&,'-0$!(-)E-'Q=!%*!*))!2),&!3)*!)44,-!'!
&'*%&4'0*)-1!'00)83*!)4!*$,!Q8*8'6!0)3&*%*8*%)3!)4!E,32,-=!&,R8'6%*1=!-'0,=!'32!
Q)2,-3%*15!])-!%&!%*!-,46,R%.,!/%*$!-,E'-2&!*)!*$,!Q)2,-3%&*!4-'Q,/)-;!%*!
,Q(6)1&5!
#$,-,4)-,=!%*!%&!/)-*$!-,*8-3%3E!*)!&)Q,!)4!*$,!S8,&*%)3&=!%4!3)*!*$,!
!
GG!
'3&/,-&=!()&,2!71!()&*Q)2,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-15!!Z,Q%3%&*!()&*Q)2,-3!*$,)-%&*&!
2%2!3)*!)361!(-)()&,!*$,!()&&%7%6%*1!)4!0)3&*'3*!&87.,-&%)3=!3)-!)4!,()0$'6!
$%&*)-%0'6!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3=!3)-!)4!2,0)3&*-80*%)3!)4!*$,!0'*,E)-1![/)Q,35\!#$,1!
'6&)!'&;,2!4,Q%3%&*!&0$)6'-&!*)!-,46,0*!8()3!*$,!Q,*'($1&%0'6!832,-(%33%3E&!)4!
)8-!)/3!0)-(8&5!A3!&)Q,!&,3&,&!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%&*&!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$!$'.,!
*';,3!*$,!,'&1!-)'2=!/$,*$,-!'&!$%&*)-%0'6+()6%*%0'6!&)0%)6)E%&*&=!()&*+d8,,-!
&)0%)6)E%&*&=!)-!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%&*&5!_,!'-,!(,086%'-61!0)Q4)-*'76,!/%*$!
*,'0$%3E!4,Q%3%&*!()&*Q)2,-3!*$,)-1!%3!)8-!0)8-&,!&166'7%=!/$%6,!2%&Q%&&%3E!%*!'&!
&)0%)6)E%0'661!W'32!$%&*)-%0'661X!46%Q&15!B32!1,*!4,Q%3%&*!()&*Q)2,-3!*$,)-1!
%3*,32,2!*)!Q';,!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&Q!830)Q4)-*'76,5!#$,!4)66)/%3E!&,0*%)3!%&!
*$,-,4)-,!'%Q,2!'*!(8&$%3E!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!7,1)32!%*&!0)Q4)-*!@)3,5!
A!*8-3!*)!()&*0)6)3%'6=!'32!*$,3!()&*Q)2,-3%&*=!0-%*%S8,&!%3!)-2,-!*)!2)!&)5!
!
!
AA5!Ce>apeCA]c!:ageC]A#AeK!
1.'Reflecting'South-Modernity'onto'North-Modernity!!
K,.,-'6!&0$)6'-&!$'.,!-,0,3*61!'-*%086'*,2!()/,-486!'-E8Q,3*&!'E'%3&*!*$,!
e8-)0,3*-%0!0'*,E)-%,&!*$'*!&*%66!832,-(%3!0)3*,Q()-'-1!&)0%)6)E1!W&,,!>)33,66!
GHHIU!K*,%3Q,*@!GH"MU!c)!%3!*$%&!.)68Q,X5!c8-Q%32,-!<5!?$'Q7-'=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!
0)3*%38,&!*)!&,,!&)0%)6)E1^&!2%&*%30*!-)6,!'&!7,%3E!*$,!&0%,30,!)4!Q)2,-3%*1=!'*!*$,!
&'Q,!*%Q,!'&!&$,!0-%*%0%@,&!*$,!&%6,30%3E!)4!*$,!/)-62!)8*&%2,!)4!e8-)(,!'32!
])-*$!BQ,-%0'!/%*$%3!4)832'*%)3'6!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1^&!0)30,(*8'6%@'*%)3&!)4!
Q)2,-3%*15!!
_$,-,'&!*$,-,!$'&!*$8&!4'-!7,,3!6%**6,!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3!/%*$%3!&)0%)6)E1!%3!
-,&()3&,!*)!()&*0)6)3%'6!0-%*%S8,&=!?$'Q7-'!'-E8,&!*$'*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!&0$)6'-&$%(!
!
GM!
$'&!'*!6,'&*!%3*,E-'*,2!Q)-,!4)0%!)3!/)Q,3!'32!bc?#d!(,-&)3&!%3*)!.'-%)8&!
Q)2,-3%*1!3'--'*%.,&5!K$,!%&!*$,-,4)-,!&6%E$*61!Q)-,!)(*%Q%&*%0!'7)8*!*$,!-)6,!
*$'*!4,Q%3%&Q!'32!bc?#d!Q).,Q,3*&!$'.,!(6'1,2!%3!%3468,30%3E!Q'%3&*-,'Q!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!B*!*$,!&'Q,!*%Q,=!?$'Q7-'!3)*,&!*$'*!/$%6,!Q'%3&*-,'Q!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!$'&!%3*,E-'*,2!Q)-,!'00)83*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!*$,!
,&&,30,!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!3'--'*%.,&!$'&!3)*!*-'3&4)-Q,2!W?$'Q7-'!GHHI=!(5!NIPX5!
b,*!8&!7,!Q)-,!&(,0%4%0!'&!*)!/$'*!*$)&,!3'--'*%.,&!'-,5!!#$,1!'-,!6'-E,61!'7)8*!
*$,!&,R8'6!2%.%&%)3!)4!6'7)-=!*$,!,Q,-E,30,!)4!*$,!(-%.'*,J(876%0!2%&*%30*%)3=!
%32%.%28'*%)3=!/)Q,3^&!,0)3)Q%0!'8*)3)Q1!/%*$%3!'32!)8*&%2,!*$,!3806,'-!
4'Q%61=!'32!-,(-)280*%.,!'8*)3)Q15!!
B22%*%)3'661=!?$'Q7-'!'-E8,&!*$'*!'6*$)8E$!4,Q%3%&*!0-%*%S8,&!$'.,!7,,3!
%3*,E-'*,2!Q)-,!*$'3!*$,!()&*0)6)3%'6!0-%*%S8,&=!*$,!0'*,E)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!
&,R8'6%*1!'-,!*-,'*,2!/%*$%3!&)0%'6!*$,)-1!'&!('-*%086'-&!)4![*$,!&)0%'6=\!'&!
)(()&,2!*)!&1&*,Q%0!83%.,-&'6&!WGHHI7X5!C',/13!>)33,66!48-*$,-!'-E8,&!*$'*!*$,!
&)0%)6)E1!)4!E,32,-!$'&!Q'%3*'%3,2!'!])-*$,-3!7%'&!6%;,!*$'*!4)832!%3!*$,!-,&*!)4!
*$,!2%&0%(6%3,!WGH"`7=!GH"`0X5!F)&*0)6)3%'6!0-%*%0&!)4!])-*$,-3!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!
'&;!*$'*!])-*$,-3!*$,)-%&*&!-,0)E3%@,!*$,!('-*%'6%*1!)4!*$,%-!()%3*!)4!.%,/!&)!*$'*!
*$)&,!.%,/&!0'3!7,!-,0)3&*-80*,2!W?$'Q7-'!GH"MX5!#$%&!%Q(6%,&!*$'*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!
*$,)-1!)8E$*!*)!,R'Q%3,!%*&,64=!'32!3)*%0,!/$'*!%*!$'&!*';,3!4)-!E-'3*,2!'32!*$'*!
/$%0$!$'&!-,Q'%3,2!83Q'-;,2!W&,,!'6&)!?-,;$8&!"OONU!i,'*$!GH"MX5!!
A!&8EE,&*!2)%3E!&)!71!,R'Q%3%3E!-,E%Q,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!
c6)7'6!K)8*$=!%3!)-2,-!*)!3)*,!/$'*!%&!*';,3!4)-!E-'3*,2!%3!&)0%'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!
E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$5!K)0%)6)E%&*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!
*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!/$)!2)!3)*!,.,3!&,,!*$,Q&,6.,&!'&!(-%Q'-%61!,3E'E,2!/%*$!*$,!
(-)76,Q'*%0!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!'-,!)4*,3!'*!('%3&!*)!,R(6'%3!*$'*!*$,!/)Q,3!'32!Q,3!
!
G`!
*$,1!'-,!&*821%3E!'-,!&%*8'*,2!'*!*$,!%3*,-&*%0,&!)4!0)6)3%'6!6,E'0%,&=!('&*!'32!
(-,&,3*!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!(-)j,0*&=!'32!('-'66,6!'32!%3*,-&,0*%3E!Q)2,-3%*%,&5O!
_$,*$,-!)3,!%&!-,&,'-0$%3E!2)Q,&*%0!/)-;!%3!A32%'!Wd'18Q!'32!C'1!GHHMX=!
,280'*%)3!%3!F';%&*'3!W<$8-&$%2!GH"PX=!0%*%@,3&$%(!-,E%Q,&!%3!K)8*$!<)-,'!W>$))!
GHHLX=!&;%3+/$%*,3%3E!%3!A32)3,&%'!WK'-'&/'*%!GH"HX=!&,R!/)-;,-&!'32!78&%3,&&!
06%,3*&!%3!p%,*3'Q!Wi)'3E!GH"`X=!)-!7,'8*1!('E,'3*&!%3!]%E,-%'!W?'6)E83!GH"GX=!
'3'61&,&!)4!E,32,-!-,6'*%)3&!'-,!(,-&%&*,3*61!6%3;,2!*)!S8,&*%)3&!)4!/$'*!%*!Q,'3&!
*)!7,![Q)2,-35\!Z,Q%3%&*!4-)Q!'32!)4!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!'-,!'6&)!;,,361!'/'-,!*$'*!
4,Q%3%&*!Q).,Q,3*&!)4*,3!,Q,-E,2!4-)Q!/%*$%3!3'*%)3'6!%32,(,32,30,!&*-8EE6,&!
W,5E5!i,3E!"OOIX5!K)8*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&0$)6'-&!832,-&0)-,!*$'*!Q)2,-3%*1!'32!
Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!'-,!%2,)6)E%0'6!0)3&*-80*&=!/$,-,!-,E%Q,&!)4!4,Q%3%3%*1!'32!
Q'&086%3%*1!'0*!'&!;,1!Q'-;,-&!)4!Q)2,-3%*15"H!
_$,-,!0'3!)3,!6)0'*,!*$,&,!$%22,3!78*!,.,-+(-,&,3*!%2,)6)E%0'6!Q'-;,-&!
)4!E,32,-+'&+Q)2,-3%*1!/%*$%3!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1V!?$'Q7-'!$'&!3)*,2!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
O!B&!c8-Q%32-'!?$'Q7-'!$'&!()%3*,2!)8*=!*$,![Q86*%(6,!Q)2,-3%*%,&=\!'32!A!
/)862!'22=![0)83*,-!Q)2,-3%*%,&\!*$,&,&=!&*%66!(-,&8Q,!*$,!e8-)(,'3!_,&*!'&!*$,!
0,3*-,!4-)Q!/$%0$!'!&%3E86'-=!E6)7'6%@%3E!Q)2,-3%*1!,Q,-E,25!K,,!?$'Q7-'!
GHHI'=!GHHI75!A!'Q!*$,-,4)-,!,Q(6)1%3E!*$,!%2,'!)4![('-'66,6\!'32![%3*,-&,0*%3E\!
Q)2,-3%*%,&5!
"H!K0$)6'-&!)4!E,32,-!'32!%QQ%E-'*%)3!()6%*%0&!%3!_,&*,-3!e8-)(,!'-,!)4*,3!Q)-,!
'**83,2!*)!*$,!%2,)6)E%0'661!6)'2,2!*,&*!)4!Q,'&8-%3E!%QQ%E-'3*!E-)8(&^!
Q)2,-3%*1!7'&,2!)3!Q'--%'E,!*-'2%*%)3&=!/)Q,3^&!'8*)3)Q1!4-)Q!(8*'*%.,61!
('*-%'-0$'6!4'Q%61!&*-80*8-,&=!'32!/)Q,3^&!06)*$%3E=!,&(,0%'661!*$,!:8&6%Q!
[$,'2&0'-45\!e5E5!<)-*,/,E!'32!k8-2';86!GH"`U!F'-.,@!GH""5!
!
GP!
*$'*!)3,!2%-,0*%)3!%&!*)!%2,3*%41!*$,!()&*0)6)3%'6!)*$,-!/$)!%&!$%22,3!4-)Q!&%E$*5!
#$'*!%&!'!.,-1!E))2!(6'0,!*)5!B3)*$,-!*'0*%0!A!(-)()&,!*)!0)Q(6,Q,3*!?$'Q7-'^&!
&8EE,&*,2!'(-)'0$=!%&!*)!Q';,!,R(6%0%*!*$,!83Q'-;,2!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!*$,&,&!*$'*!
832,-(%3!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E15!!
Z)-!,R'Q(6,=!'&!A!$'.,!'6-,'21!3)*,2=!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E1!$'&!
,&(,0%'661!(-,&8Q,2!*$,!0'*,E)-1!)4!6'7)-!'&!0,3*-'6!*)!832,-&*'32%3E!E,32,-!
%3,S8'6%*1!3'*%)3'661!'32!E6)7'6615!#$%&!/)-;!$'&!&$)/3!$)/!E,32,-!-,6'*%)3&!
'32!&,R8'6%*1!'-,!8&,2!*)!2%&0%(6%3,!4'0*)-1!/)-;,-&!(-)280%3E!E))2&!/%*$%3!
E6)7'6!0)QQ)2%*1!0$'%3&!Wb,,!"OONU!K'6@%3E,-!GHHMX=!'32!%3!&,-.%0,!/)-;!
Wi'3&,-!GHHPU!a*%&!GHHNX5!:)-,!&0$)6'-&$%(!*$'3!,.,-!%&!3)/!'**83,2!*)!*$,!
3'*8-,!)4!&,R!/)-;!/%*$%3!0)3*,Q()-'-1!E6)7'6!0'(%*'6%&Q!W,5E5!?,-3&*,%3!GHHIU!
i)'3E!GH""U!:'j%0!GH"`X5!K0$)6'-&!)4!E,32,-!%3,S8'6%*1!$'.,!'6&)!&$)/3!$)/!
0'-,E%.%3E!$'&!7,0)Q,!%30-,'&%3E61!0)QQ)2%4%,2!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$=!0-,'*%3E!
*-'3&3'*%)3'6!0$'%3&!)4!0'-,!/$,-,%3!/)Q,3!/$)!'-,!-,6'*%.,61!(-%.%6,E,2!/%*$%3!
*$,%-!0)83*-%,&!)4!)-%E%3=!'32!&)Q,*%Q,&!Q,3=!4-)Q!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!6,'.,!*$,%-!
4'Q%6%,&!7,$%32!'32!'-,!('%2!*)!0'-,!4)-!*$,!Q)-,!(-%.%6,E,2!0%*%@,3&!)4!*$,!c6)7'6!
])-*$!W,5E5!F'--,q'&!GHHPU!Z'--%&!GH"`X5!
C';'!C'1!'32!K,,Q%3!d'18Q=!$)/,.,-=!3)*,!%3!*$,%-!&*821!)4!2)Q,&*%0!
&,-.%*82,!%3!<)6;'*'!*$'*!'!0'-,E%.%3E!4-'Q,/)-;!%&!3)*!'2,S8'*,=!)-!,.,3!
'((-)(-%'*,=!(-%&Q!4)-!Q';%3E!&,3&,!)4!*$,!-,6'*%)3&!)4!2)Q,&*%0!/)-;!*$,1!
)7&,-.,!WGHHOX5!g)Q,&*%0!&,-.%0,!%&!3,&*,2!/%*$%3!*$,!6)3E,-!$%&*)-1!)4!2)Q,&*%0!
&,-.%*82,!/%*$%3!Q%226,+06'&&!$)8&,$)62&!*$,1!'3'61@,=!'32!*$,1!(-%Q'-%61!.%,/!
%*!'&!%Q()-*'3*!%3!)-E'3%@%3E!06'&&!-,6'*%)3&!%3!<)6;'*'5!C';'!C'1!$'&!'&;,2!%3!'!
&87&,S8,3*!'-*%06,!/$%0$!0)3&%2,-&!*$,!(-)Q%&,!)4!K)8*$,-3!*$,)-1=!/$'*!
$'((,3&!%4!)3,!8&,&!*$,%-!)7&,-.'*%)3&!-,E'-2%3E!-,6'*%)3&!)4!2)Q,&*%0!/)-;!%3!
!
GL!
A32%'!*)!-,46,0*!7'0;!)3!D5K5!&)0%,*1V!B00)-2%3E!*)!C'1=!*$,!S8,&*%)3!/$%0$!0)862!
7,!'&;,2!%&=!/$1!%&!%*!*$'*!%3!*$,!D3%*,2!K*'*,&!*)2'1=![('%2!2)Q,&*%0!/)-;!%&!not!
&,,3!'&!0)3&*%*8*%.,!)4!'!06'&&!086*8-,!lmn!78*!'&!'!Q'-;,*!-,&()3&,!*)!'!3,/!
2,Q)E-'($%0!'32!&)0%'6!3,,2\!WGH"M9!(5!"PPXV!!!
#)!C'1^&!S8,&*%)3!A!/)862!'229!/$1!%&!*$,!$)8&,$)62!Q)-,!E,3,-'661!
*-,'*,2!'&!'!&%*,!)4!6'7)-!4)-!4,Q%3%&*!'3'61&%&!/%*$%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$V!_$1!3)*!
.%,/!*$,!$)8&,$)62!'&!&*-80*8-%3E!38Q,-)8&!'R,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!
%30682%3E!W3806,'-X!4'Q%61!&1&*,Q&=!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1=!'32!&*'E,&!%3!6%4,0106,V!
C'*$,-!*$'3!.%,/!*$,!$)8&,$)62!'32!4'Q%6%,&!'&!&%*,&!)4!6'7)-=!&0$)6'-&$%(!)3!*$,!
c6)7'6!K)8*$!&8EE,&*&!*$'*!*$,!&*-80*8-%3E!)4!4,Q%3%3%*1!'32!Q'&086%3%*1=!%*&!
)3E)%3E!2)%3E=!'32!)00'&%)3'6!832)%3E=!%&!4832'Q,3*'661!*%,2!*)!*$,!'44,0*%.,!
-,6'*%)3&!'32!-)6,&!)-E'3%@,2!%3!$)8&,$)62&!'32!4'Q%61!&1&*,Q&5""!!Z8-*$,-Q)-,=!
&*82%,&!)4!-,6'*%)3&!/%*$%3!4'Q%61!'32!;%3&$%(!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!&$)/!$)/!
Q'&086%3%*1!'32!4,Q%3%3%*1!).,-!*$,!6%4,!0)8-&,!'-,!(-)280,2=!-,(-)280,2=!'32!
*-'3&4)-Q,2!%3!0)3&*'3*!-,6'*%)3!*)!)3,^&!()&%*%)3!%3!*$,!4'Q%61=!/%*$!4680*8'*%)3&!
%3!$%,-'-0$1=!2)Q%3'30,=!'8*)3)Q1=!'32!2,4%3%*%)3&!)4!Q'&086%3%*1!'32!
4,Q%3%3%*1!2,(,32%3E!)3!E,3,-'*%)3!'32!6%4,!&*'E,5!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
""!g%&0)Q4)-*!/%*$!.%,/%3E!*$,!4'Q%61!'&!3)*!j8&*!'!&%*,!)4!6'7)-!Q%E$*!'6&)!
'00)83*!4)-!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-1^&!2%&0)Q4)-*!/%*$!(&10$)'3'61&%&5!Z,Q%3%&*!
(&10$)'3'61*%0!*$,)-%,&!.%,/!*$,!4'Q%61!'&!*$,!0,3*-,!)4!(&10$)213'Q%0!2-'Q'&5!
]'301!>$)2)-)/=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!.%,/&!*$,!4'Q%61!'&!*$,!(-)280*!)4![086*8-'6!
E,32,-=\!78*!%&!'6&)!'!83%S8,!&%*,!4)-!(-)280%3E![(,-&)3'6!E,32,-5\!K,,!>$)2)-)/!
"OOP=!"OOO5!
!
GI!
_)-;!)3!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!2),&!7-%3E!%3*)!-,6%,4!
$)/!*$,!&,('-'*%)3!7,*/,,3!*$,!&)0%)6)E1!)4!E,32,-=!'32!*$,!&)0%)6)E1!)4!4'Q%61!
%3!])-*$,-3!&)0%)6)E1=!%&!%*&,64!*$,!(-)280*!)4!*/,3*%,*$!0,3*8-1!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!
*$,&,&!/$%0$!&%($)3,2!)44!*$,!3806,'-!4'Q%61!'&!'!&)0%)6)E%0'661!2%&*%30*=!'32!
%2,)6)E%0'661!6)'2,2=!,3*%*15"G!#-,'*%3E!*$,!4'Q%61!'&!'!&%*,!)4!83('%2!'44,0*%.,!'32!
-,(-)280*%.,!6'7)-!/%*$%3!])-*$,-3!*$,)-1!$'&!3)*!2%&(6'0,2!*$,!83Q'-;,2!
Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!*$,&%&!/$%0$!.%,/&!*$,!3806,'-!$,*,-)&,R8'6!4'Q%61!'&!$'.%3E!'!
4'%-61!0)3*'%3,2!&,*!)4!-)6,&!$'.%3E!*)!2)!/%*$!0$%62-,'-%3E=!&)0%'6%@'*%)3=!'32!
2%&*-%78*%)3!)4!6'7)-!'32!/,'6*$=!'32!/$%0$!,S8'*,&!/,&*,-3!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!/%*$!
%30-,'&,2!%32%.%28'*%)3!W0545!c%22,3&!"OO"=!"OOGX5!#$%&!%&!Q,-,61!)3,!,R'Q(6,!)4!
*$,!83Q'-;,2!7)832'-%,&!-,(-)280,2!71!])-*$+4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-15!b'0;!)4!&,64+
'/'-,3,&&!-,E'-2%3E!*$,!%2,)6)E%0'6!(-)j,0*&!832,-(%33%3E!*$,)-,*%0'6!'32!
,Q(%-%0'6!7)832'-%,&!,3'76,!*$%&!-,(-)280*%)3!*)!)008-5!A!*$,-,4)-,!8-E,!
])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-%&*&!*)!,R'Q%3,!*$,!)3E)%3E!%Q(6%0%*!Q)2,-3%@'*%)3!
*$,&,&!&%6,3*61!-,(-)280,2!%3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-%@%3E!'32!-,&,'-0$=!%3!'22%*%)3!*)!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"G!#)!&)Q,!2,E-,,!A!$'.,!Q'2,!'!&%Q%6'-!Q).,!%3!Q1!$%&*)-%0'6+&)0%)6)E%0'6!/)-;!
W,5E5!c,.'!GH""7X5!A3&(%-,2!71!*$,!/)-;!)4!&0$)6'-&!&80$!'&!:)83%-'!:5!>$'--'2=!
/$)!$'&!&$)/3!$)/!;%3&$%(!&$'(,&!0)3*,Q()-'-1!&*'*,&!%3!()&*0)6)3%'6!])-*$!
B4-%0'=!A!$'.,!8&,2!&80$!/)-;!*)!-,46,0*!7'0;!)3!*$,!(6'0,!)4!4'Q%61!'32!;%3&$%(!%3!
Z-,30$!'32!BQ,-%0'3!&*'*,!2,.,6)(Q,3*5!K,,!>$'--'2!GHH"5!?8*!3)*,!*$'*!4)-!*$,!
&)0%)6)E%&*=!*$,!.,-1!/)-2![;%3&$%(\!0'3!,.);,!'3!'3*$-)()6)E%0'6!'8-'=!%5,5!'!
&,3&,!)4!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$,-3!)*$,-!/$)&,!'3'61&%&!%&!7,&*!6,4*!*)!'3)*$,-!
2%&0%(6%3,5!
!
GN!
('1%3E!Q)-,!'**,3*%)3!*)!*$,!&%6,30,2!0)6)3%'6!'32!%Q(,-%'6!$%&*)-1!%Q(6%0%*61!
2,6%Q%*%3E!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-%&*&!S8,&*%)3&!'32!)7j,0*&!)4!'3'61&%&5!
!
2.'Excavating'the'Modernist'Metaphysics'Underpinning'Northern'Feminist'
Theory'(Or,'why'we'should'all'critically'read'Simone'de'Beauvoir'and'a'
little'bit'of'Judith'Butler'too):'
A!$'.,!'-E8,2!*$'*!-,0).,-%3E!*$,!$%&*)-1!/$%0$!$'&!7,,3!&%6,30,2!%3!,R%&*%3E!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-1!$,6(&!-,0).,-!*$,!(6'0,!)4!Q)2,-3%*1!%3!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1=!,&(,0%'661!*$,!E6)7'6!$%&*)-1!)4!0)6)3%'6!Q)2,-3%*1U!'32!%3!
*8-3=!-,0).,-%3E!*$,!Q)2,-3!%3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!0'3!2,,(,3!'32!
,R('32!*$,!'Q7%*%)3!'32!&0)(,!)4!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1=!,3'76%3E!'!])-*$+
K)8*$!4,Q%3%&*!,R0$'3E,!/$%0$!$'&!1,*!*)!7,!'0*8'6%@,2!/%*$%3!])-*$,-3+7'&,2!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!A3!'22%*%)3!*)!Q'-;%3E!*$,!0)6)3%'6!'32!%Q(,-%'6!
832,-(%33%3E&!)4!0)3*,Q()-'-1!&)0%'6!*$,)-1=!A!'6&)!(-)()&,!*$'*!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!7,0)Q,!Q)-,!'08*,61!'/'-,!)4!*$,!$%&*)-1!)4!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1=!'32!&)Q,!)4!%*&!0,3*-'6!Q,*'($1&%0'6!06'%Q&=!'&!'!&,0)32!
&*-'*,E1!4)-!(8&$%3E!%*!)8*!)4!%*&!0)Q4)-*!@)3,5!!
a3,!'.,38,!%&!*)!&*'-*!/%*$!%&!*)!-,0).,-!K%Q)3,!2,!?,'8.)%-=!*$,!
08-%)8&61!&%6,30,2!Q)*$,-!)4!*/,3*%,*$+0,3*8-1!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-15!!
B6*$)8E$!%QQ,3&,61!%3468,3*%'6!%3!*$,!$8Q'3%*%,&=!%32,,2!%QQ,3&,61!%3468,3*%'6!
%3!*$,!()&*Q)2,-3!*8-3!)4!*$,!"OOH&=!'32!%3!-,6'*,2!&%&*,-!2%&0%(6%3,&!&80$!'&!
()6%*%0'6!*$,)-1=!&$,!%&!&8-(-%&%3E61!%E3)-,2!71!08--,3*!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!
*$,)-15!Z,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!*)2'1!(-)0,,2&!'&!%4!%*!,Q,-E,2!/$)6,!06)*$!
%3!*$,!"OIH&!'32!"ONH&5!#$%&!$'&!0)3*-%78*,2!*)!3'*8-'6%@%3E!%*&!0)-,!S8,&*%)3&5!
!
GO!
Z,Q%3%&*!()6%*%0'6!*$,)-1=!71!0)3*-'&*=!&*'32&!'&!'3!,R,Q(6'-!%3!%*&!&,64+'/'-,3,&&!
'&!*)!$)/!%*!$'&!'--%.,2!*)!/$,-,!%*!%&!*)2'1!W0545!h,-%66%!GHHPX5!
])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!*$,-,4)-,!3,,2&!*)!-,0).,-!%*&!)/3!
$%&*)-1!%3!)-2,-!*)!832,-&*'32!$)/!%*!$'&!'--%.,2!'*!()&%3E!*$,!S8,&*%)3&!%*!2),&=!
%3!)-2,-!*)!%2,3*%41!/$'*!$'&!7,,3!6)&*!)-!&%6,30,2!%3!*$,!(-)0,&&=!'32!%3!)-2,-!*)!
%2,3*%41!*$,!&)8-0,&!)4!%*&!()6%*%0'6!0)QQ%*Q,3*&5!C,0).,-%3E!?,'8.)%-!&$)862!
3)*!(-)0,,2!*$-)8E$!$'E%)E-'($1=!78*!*$-)8E$!0-%*%S8,5!#$%&!%&!2%&*%30*!4-)Q!'!
-%0$!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!,R'Q%3'*%)3!)4!4,Q%3%&*!,(%&*,Q)6)E1!%3!*$,!&)0%'6!
&0%,30,&!/$%0$!$'&!%3*,--)E'*,2!/,&*,-3!'32!Q'&086%3%&*!Q)2,&!)4!;3)/%3E!W,5E5!
KQ%*$!"ONIU!i%66!>)66%3&!"OOH&U!i,;Q'3!"OOHU!K*'36,1!'32!_%&,!"OOHU!i'-2%3E!
"OO"U!i'-*&)0;!"OONX5!A!'Q!'-E8%3E!*$'*!-'*$,-!*$'3!%3*,--)E'*,!$)/!/,!;3)/!
/$'*!/,!;3)/=!/,!3,,2!*)!%2,3*%41!/$'*!])-*$+4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-1!'&&,-*&!W)-!
'&&8Q,&X!,R%&*&!'&!%*&!4%-&*!(-%30%(6,&5!!B&!'!4)832'*%)3'6!*$%3;,-=!?,'8.)%-!)44,-&!
'!0)3.,3%,3*!Q,'3&!4)-!2)%3E!&)5!#$%&!/)862!,3*'%6!'!2)876,!Q).,!)4!06'%Q%3E!
?,'8.)%-!'&!'!0,3*-'6=!])-*$,-3!4%E8-,!%3!*$,)-%@%3E!'7)8*!E,32,-=!&,R8'6%*1!'32!
Q)2,-3%*1=!'*!*$,!&'Q,!*%Q,!'&!*$,!0,3*,-%3E!)4!$,-!/)-;!/)862!,3*'%6!'!
&8&*'%3,2!0-%*%0'6!'((-'%&'6!)4!/$'*!&$,!Y!'32!Q80$!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!Y!'&&,-*&!'&!%*&!0,3*-'6!Q,*'($1&%0'6!7'0;7)3,5!#$%&!/)862!'%2!
%3!%2,3*%41%3E!*$,!83%S8,!0)3*-%78*%)3&!)4!&)0%'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1=!
'32!/)862!,3*'%6!'!0-%*%0'6!'((-'%&'6!)4!*$,&,!0)3*-%78*%)3&5!
!?,'8.)%-!4'Q)8&61!)(,3&!*$,!4%-&*!0$'(*,-!)4!The'Second'Sex'71!*$,!
'(('-,3*61!&%Q(6,!S8,&*%)3=!/$'*!Q';,&!'!/)Q'3!'!/)Q'3V!K$,!'((-)'0$,&!
*$%&!S8,&*%)3!*$-)8E$!'3!,R%&*,3*%'6%&*!4-'Q,=!/$%0$!8-E,&!8&!*)!,Q7-'0,!
4-,,2)Q=!'0*%)3=!'32!'8*)3)Q1!%3!)-2,-!*)!4%32!Q,'3%3E=!6%.,!'8*$,3*%0!6%.,&=!'32!
-,'6%@,!)8-!4866,&*!$8Q'3%*15!k,*=!?,'8.)%-!(-)()&,&!*$'*!,Q7)2%Q,3*!0$'66,3E,&!
!
MH!
)3,^&!'7%6%*1!*)!2)!&)=!,&(,0%'661!4)-!/)Q,35!Z8-*$,-Q)-,=!*$%&!7)21!/,!'-,!7)-3!
%3*)!%&!-%4,!/%*$!'Q7%E8%*%,&=!83(-,2%0*'76,=!'32!*-'3&4)-Q&!).,-!*$,!0)8-&,!)4!
)8-!6%.,&5!!>,3*-'6!*)!The'Second'Sex!%&!?,'8.)%-^&!.%,/!)4!7)2%61!,R(,-%,30,!'&!
83&*'76,!'32!'Q7%E8)8&5!A3!'3!'0*!)4!,()0$'6![%3'8*$,3*%0%*1\!Q,3=!'32!/)Q,3=!
$'.,!*-%,2!*)!2,31!*$%&!'Q7%E8%*1=!'32!*)!'&0-%7,!(-,+2,*,-Q%3,2!Q,'3%3E&!)3*)!
/)Q,3^&!7)2%,&5!!
The'Second'Sex!%&!'!6,3E*$1=!$%E$!])-*$+Q)2,-3!0)3*,Q(6'*%)3!)4!$)/!
/)Q,3^&!7)2%,&!)44,-!'!2%&*%30*!&,*!)4!0$'66,3E,&!%3!*$,!('*$!*)/'-2&!4-,,2)Q!
'32!'8*$,3*%0%*15!!g,&(%*,!*$,!7)21^&!%3&*'7%6%*1=!'32!%*&!0,'&,6,&&!*%31!'32!6'-E,!
*-'3&4)-Q'*%)3&!*$-)8E$)8*!)8-!6%4,0106,=!?,'8.)%-!%3*,--)E'*,&!$)/!*$%&!
'Q7%E8%*1!'32!.)6'*%6%*1!$'.,!0)Q,!*)!7,!2,3%,2!*$-)8E$)8*!$%&*)-1=!as'if!&80$!
'Q7%E8%*%,&!2)!3)*!,R%&*5!?,'8.)%-^&!i,E,6%'3%&Q!,R(-,&&,&!%*&,64!%3!$,-!.%,/!*$'*!
Q,3!$'.,!,&(,0%'661!2,3%,2!*$%&!'Q7%E8%*1!%3!*$,Q&,6.,&=!'32!%3!'!2,4,3&%.,!
Q,0$'3%&Q!/$%0$!$'&!2-,&&,2!%*&,64!2%44,-,3*61!).,-!*%Q,=!$'.,!&*-80*8-,2!
*$,Q&,6.,&!'&!*$,!'7&)68*,!Q'&*,-&!).,-!/)Q,35!_)Q,3!*))!'-,!*)!76'Q,=!'&!
*$,1!$'.,!*';,3!0)Q4)-*!%3!7,%3E!*$,!,3&6'.,2!2,(,32,3*&=!-'*$,-!*$'3!
,Q7-'0%3E!*$,%-!)/3!7)2%61!'Q7%E8%*1=!Q'2,!'66!*$,!Q)-,!0)Q(6%0'*,2!28,!*)!*$,!
,R(,-%,30,&!)4!Q,3&*-8'*%)3=!(-,E3'301=!'32!Q,3)('8&,5! !
#$,!7));!%&!*$8&!'3!,R*,32,2!-,46,0*%)3!)3!*$,!Q,'3%3E!)4!*$,!7)21^&!
.)6'*%6,!Q'*,-%'6%*15!!i)/!Q80$!%&!%*!2,*,-Q%3,2=!'32!$)/!Q80$!2),&!%*!2,6%Q%*!
)8-!4-,,2)QV!i)/!'-,!/,!*)!'0$%,.,!4-,,2)Q!/$,3!E,3%*'6%'=!$)-Q)3,&=!'32!
-,(-)280*%.,!)-E'3&!&)!(-)4)83261!'44,0*!)8-!0$%62$))2!2,.,6)(Q,3*=!'32!)8-!
6'*,-!6%.,&!'&!6).,-&=!('-,3*&=!0%*%@,3&=!'32!/)-;,-&!28-%3E!)8-!-,(-)280*%.,!1,'-&!
'32!'&!/,!'E,V!?,'8.)%-!3,.,-!(%3&!2)/3!'!(-,0%&,!6%3,!7,*/,,3!7)2%61!
2,*,-Q%3'*%)3!'32!4-,,2)Q!4-)Q!%*5!#$,!7));!)44,-&!$832-,2&!'32!$832-,2&!)4!
!
M"!
('E,&!*-'0%3E!*$,!2%'6,0*%0!7,*/,,3!,Q7)2%Q,3*!'32!4-,,2)Q!%3!$8Q'3!$%&*)-1=!
).,-!*$,!%32%.%28'6!6%4,!0106,=!'32!4-)Q!*$,!(,-&(,0*%.,!)4!'!/$%*,!7)8-E,)%&!
/)Q'3!&%**%3E!%3!Q%2+*/,3*%,*$!0,3*8-1!F'-%&5!?,'8.)%-!%&!0)Q(,66,2!*)!'6&)!
-,.%,/!*$,![7%)6)E%0'6!2'*'\!%3!)-2,-!*)!(%3()%3*!/$'*!%&!['6-,'21!*$,-,=\!.,-&8&!
*$,!*$%0;!6'1,-&!)4!Q,'3%3E=!'32!*$,!0)3&*-80*%)3!'32!&8((-,&&%)3!)4!0,-*'%3!
&87j,0*%.%*%,&=!*$'*!2,('-*!4-)Q!*$%&!7%)6)E%0'6!2'*'5!
A&!*$%&!&*'-*%3E!*)!&)832!4'Q%6%'-V!Z)-!%&!*$%&!3)*!*$,!0,3*-'6!(-)76,Q'*%0!
*$'*!$'&!'3%Q'*,2=!'32!0)3*%38,&!*)!'3%Q'*,=!])-*$,-3!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%,&!)4!
E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1V!#$,-,!%&!Q80$!0-%*%0%&Q!)4!?,'8.)%-^&!/)-;!%3!*$,!
$8Q'3%*%,&!'32!%3!()6%*%0'6!*$,)-1=!'32!A!/%66!3)*!-,.%,/!%*!$,-,5!!Z)-!3)/=!6,*!8&!
3)*,!$)/!Q80$!*$,!2%'6,0*%0!&$,!0)3&*-80*&!7,*/,,3!&,64!'32!7)21!'-,!&*%66!
(-,&,3*!/%*$%3!08--,3*!])-*$,-3!'00)83*&!)4!&,RJE,32,-5!?,'8.)%-!2),&!3)*!E%.,!
8&!'3!,R(6%0%*!'00)83*!)4!Q)2,-3%*1=!'&!2)!4)-!,R'Q(6,!fQ%6,!g8-;$,%Q!'32!
c,)-E!K%QQ,65!K$,!'/;/'-261!(%3()%3*&!Q,3^&!2)Q%3'*%)3!).,-!/)Q,3!%3!(-,+
$%&*)-1=!'32!*$,-,4)-,!$,-!'((-)'0$!%&!*)!2,0,3*,-!Q)2,-3%*1!%3!$,-!'00)83*!)4!
E,32,-!%3,S8'6%*15!i)/,.,-=!A!(-)()&,!*$'*!/,!-,'2!?,'8.)%-!'&!'!$%E$!])-*$+
Q)2,-3%&*!*$,)-%&*!)4!*$,!0'*,E)-%,&!'32!&,*&!)4!(-)76,Q&!*$'*!$'.,!(-,)008(%,2!
*$,)-%,&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*15!B-E8'761=!&$,!$'&!7,,3!'!;,1!4%E8-,!%3!E%.%3E!8&!
*$)&,!0'*,E)-%,&5!!
The'Second'Sex!%&!'3!'00)83*!)4!)-2,-%3E!*$-)8E$!*$,!7)21=!)-!7)21+)-2,-&5!
AQ()-*'3*61=!%*!-,Q%32&!8&!*$'*!*$,!0,3*,-%3E!)4!*$,!7)21!0'3!7,!'!Q,*'($1&%0'6!
06'%Q=!'32!(-).%2,&!'3!'6*,-3'*%.,!*)!'!:'-R%&*!Q,*'($1&%0&!/$%0$=!A!$'.,!'-E8,2=!
&*%66!(,-Q,'*,&!0)3*,Q()-'-1!&)0%'6!*$,)-1!W&,,!3)*,!IX5!#';,=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!
?,'8.)%-^&!$)(,486=!3'r.,=!-'2%0'6=!'32!$,*,-)&,R%&*!%2,'6!(-)()&,2!'*!*$,!,32!)4!
!
MG!
*$,!Q'QQ)*$!.)68Q,5!!K$,!(-)()&,&!*$'*!$8Q'3&!)8E$*!*)!,Q7-'0,!*$,%-!7)2%61!
'Q7%E8%*1!*$-)8E$!$,*,-)&,R8'6!&,R9!
A3!4'0*=!Q'3!%&=!6%;,!/)Q'3=!'!46,&$=!*$8&!'!('&&%.%*1=!*$,!(6'1*$%3E!)4!
$%&!$)-Q)3,&!'32!*$,!&(,0%,&=!83,'&1!(-,1!*)!$%&!2,&%-,U!'32!&$,=!
6%;,!$%Q=!%3!*$,!$,'-*!)4!0'-3'6!4,.,-=!%&!0)3&,3*=!.)683*'-1!E%4*=!'32!
'0*%.%*1U!,'0$!)4!*$,Q!6%.,&!*$,!&*-'3E,!'Q7%E8%*1!)4!,R%&*,30,!Q'2,!
7)21!%3!$%&!)-!$,-!)/3!/'15!A3!*$,&,!0)Q7'*&!/$,-,!*$,1!7,6%,.,!
*$,1!'-,!*'0;6%3E!,'0$!)*$,-=!*$,1!'-,!4%E$*%3E!*$,%-!)/3!&,64=!
(-)j,0*%3E!)3*)!*$,%-!('-*3,-!*$,!('-*!)4!*$,Q&,6.,&!*$,1!-,(82%'*,U!
%3&*,'2!)4!6%.%3E!*$,!'Q7%E8%*1!)4!*$,%-!0)32%*%)3=!,'0$!)3,!*-%,&!*)!
Q';,!*$,!)*$,-!'00,(*!*$,!'7j,0*%)3!)4!*$%&!0)32%*%)3!'32!-,&,-.,&!
*$,!$)3)-!)4!%*!4)-!)3,^&!&,645!A4=!$)/,.,-=!7)*$!'&&8Q,2!%*!/%*$!680%2!
Q)2,&*1=!'&!*$,!0)--,6'*,!)4!'8*$,3*%0!(-%2,=!*$,1!/)862!-,0)E3%@,!
,'0$!)*$,-!'&!(,,-&!'32!6%.,!*$,!,-)*%0!2-'Q'!%3!$'-Q)315!WGHHO=!(5!
N`OX!
?,'8.)%-!(-)()&,&!*$'*!%*!%&!3)*!,S8'6!.)*%3E!-%E$*&!)-!*$-)8E$!,S8'6!/'E,&!*$'*!
/)Q,3!'32!Q,3!0'3!E'%3!E,38%3,!,S8'6%*15!!C'*$,-=!&$,!(%3&!$)(,!)3!$8Q'3!
&,R8'6%*1!%*&,64!'&!'!Q,'3&!)4!Q8*8'661!-,0)E3%@%3E!*$'*!/,!'66!6%.,!('-*%086'-!
%3&*'30,&!)4!*$,!&'Q,!'Q7%E8)8&!0)32%*%)35!
i,-!.%,/!)4!(6'&*%0!,Q7)2%Q,3*!'&!'!Q,*'($1&%0'6!&*'*,!-,.,'6&!'!()&%*%)3!
/$%0$!%&!&*%66!'*!*$,!$,'-*!)4!Q80$!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-1=!'32!/$%0$!'6&)!
Q)*%.'*,&!%*&!()6%*%0'6!0)QQ%*Q,3*&!'32!.%&%)3&!)4!/$'*!%&!()&&%76,5!])-*$,-3!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-1!7,E%3&!/%*$!'!.%,/!)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*!'&!%3$,-,3*61!(6'&*%0=!
'32!*$,3!&,,;&!*)!%2,3*%41!*$,!&*-80*8-,&!)4!'8*$)-%*1!/$%0$!E%.,!*$,!%Q(-,&&%)3!
!
MM!
*$'*!,Q7)2%Q,3*!%&!3)*!(6'&*%0=!78*!-'*$,-!'!06,'-!7%3'-1!)4!$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1!'32!
E,32,-5!!
A!'Q!3)*!2%&'E-,,%3E!/%*$!*$%&!Q,*'($1&%0'6!.%,/=!%32,,2!'&!'!4,Q%3%&*!
*-'%3,2!/%*$%3!*$%&!*-'2%*%)3=!A!$'.,!2%44%086*1!&,,%3E!)8*&%2,!)4!%*5!i)/,.,-=!A!'Q!
'-E8%3E!*$'*!/,!&$)862!-,0)E3%@,!*$'*!*$,!.%,/!)4!'!2%'6,0*%0!7,*/,,3!(6'&*%0!
&,R8'6%*1!'32!'Q7%E8)8&!7)21=!.,-&8&!*$,!$'-2,3,2=!-,%4%,2=!&)0%'6!Q,'3%3E&!
'&0-%7,2!*)!*$,!7)21!is!*$,!])-*$+Q)2,-3%&*!7'0;7)3,!)4!Q80$!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%'6!*$,)-15!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1!&,,;&!*)!E%.,!'3!'00)83*!)4!*$'*!&('0,!
7,*/,,3!(6'&*%0!7)21!'32!$'-2,3,2!Q,'3%3E&=!j8&*!'&!?,'8.)%-!2),&=!'32!3,.,-!
,3*%-,61!(%3&!2)/3=!%3!The'Second'Sex5!#$'*!%&!*$,!(-)76,Q!)4!)-2,-!])-*$,-3!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%&*&!$'.,!*-%,2=!'32!0)3*%38,!*)!*-1=!*)!Q';,!&,3&,!)4=!'32!*)!
*-'3&4)-Q5!!A*!$'&!'6&)!7,,3!'*!*$,!$,'-*!)4!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*&^!$)(,&!4)-!&)0%'6!
'32!()6%*%0'6!*-'3&4)-Q'*%)35!Z,Q%3%&*&!'-,!3)*!83%4)-Q!%3!$)/!*$,1!.%,/!*$,!
2%'6,0*%0!7,*/,,3!(6'&*%0!7)21!'32!$'-2,3,2!&)0%'6!)-2,-&!)4!Q,'3%3E!'&0-%7,2!
*)!%*5!g,7'*,&!(%.)*!'-)832!2,E-,,&!)4!(6'&*%0%*1U!/$,*$,-!%*!%&!()&&%76,!*)!,3*%-,61!
4-,,!*$,!7)21!4-)Q!&)0%'6!)-2,-&U!)-!/$,*$,-!/,!)8E$*!*)!'%Q!'*!'0$%,.%3E!&)0%'6!
)-2,-&!*$'*!Q)-,!'((-)(-%'*,61!Q%--)-!*$,!7)21^&!(6'&*%0%*15!!!
A3*,--)E'*%3E!Q)2,-3%&*!0'*,E)-%,&!%&!(-,0%&,61!/$'*!T82%*$!?8*6,-!2%2!
*/,3*1+4%.,!1,'-&!'E)!Y!78*!&$,!2%2!3)*!2)!%*!'&!'!&)0%)6)E%&*5!!A4!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%&*&!%3!*$,!"OOH&!/,-,!&0-'*0$%3E!*$,%-!$,'2&!'&!*)!/$,-,!*$,!
()&*Q)2,-3!0-%*%S8,!/'&!0)Q%3E!4-)Q=!'32!/$'*!,R'0*61!/'&!*$,!(-)76,Q!*$'*!
T82%*$!?8*6,-!'32!)*$,-&!/,-,!*-1%3E!*)!E-'((6,!/%*$=!%*!/'&!3)*!)361!7,0'8&,!)4!
*$'*!/)-;^&!*,R*8'6!%2,'6%&Q5!A*!/'&!7,0'8&,!])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!
*$,)-1!$'&!$'2!'!/,';,-!&,3&,!)4!%*&!)/3!$%&*)-1!'32!%*&!Q,*'($1&%0'6!0'*,E)-%,&5!
!
M`!
#$-)8E$!-,'2%3E!?,'8.)%-=!/,!0'3!0)Q,!*)!-,0)E3%@,!*$%&!])-*$,-3!Q,*'($1&%0&!
)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*!832,-(%33%3E!Q80$!Q)2,-3%&*+4,Q%3%&*!&)0%'6!*$,)-15!
B6*$)8E$!%*!Q%E$*!&,,Q!*$'*!])-*$,-3+7'&,2!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E1!$'&!
0)Q4)-*'761!Q).,2!/,66!7,1)32!*$,!()&*Q)2,-3!Q)Q,3*=!%*!%&!/)-*$!('8&%3E!4)-!
'!Q)Q,3*!*)!-,Q%32!)8-&,6.,&!*$,!0$'66,3E,!?8*6,-!(-,&,3*,2!*)!4,Q%3%&Q5!
g-'/%3E!4-)Q!e-.%3E!c)44Q'3^&!,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E%0'6!'((-)'0$=!?8*6,-!$'&!
'-E8,2!*$'*!E,32,-!%&!0)3&*%*8*,2!71!%*&!2)%3E=!*$'*!E,32,-!%&!0)776,2!*)E,*$,-!
*$-)8E$!*$,!,44,0*&!)4!,Q7)2%,2!,3'0*Q,3*&5!k,*=!836%;,!c)44Q'3=!&$,!2),&!3)*!
&,,!*$,&,!,3'0*Q,3*&!'&!*$,!Q%--)-!)4!&)Q,!(-,+,R%&*%3E!Q,*'($1&%0'6!&87&*'30,.!
?8*6,-^&!Q'%3!06'%Q!%&!3)*!Q,-,61!*$'*!E,32,-!%&!(,-4)-Q'*%.,=!'32!*$'*!
$,*,-)&,R8'6%*1!)-E'3%@,&!E,32,-5!!K$,!'6&)!06'%Q,2!*)!$'.,!%2,3*%4%,2![*$,!
Q,*'($1&%0&!)4!&87&*'30,\!-,'0$%3E!7'0;!4-)Q!B-%&*)*6,!*)!Z)80'86*5!#$%&!
Q,*'($1&%0&!)4!&87&*'30,=!'00)-2%3E!*)!?8*6,-=!%&!*$,!.%,/!)4!*$,!7)21!'&!$'.%3E!'!
(-,+,R%&*%3E!)3*)6)E%0'6!&*'*8&U!*$'*!%*!%&!,R(,-%,3*%'661!'32!($1&%)6)E%0'661!4%R,2=!
'32!*$'*!E,32,-!%2,3*%*1!%&!*$,!)8*/'-2!,R(-,&&%)3!)4!*$%&!4%R%*1!W?8*6,-!"OOH=!((5!
GG+MMX5!A3&*,'2=!&$,!(-)()&,&!*$'*!*$,!2)%3E!)4!E,32,-!-,.,'6&!*$'*=![#$,-,!%&!3)!
E,32,-!%2,3*%*1!7,$%32!*$,!,R(-,&&%)3&!)4!E,32,-=\!'32!$,30,!*$,-,!%&!3)!
Q,*'($1&%0&!)4!&87&*'30,!W(5!GPX5!!
K)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%&*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!$'.,!6'-E,61!-,j,0*,2!*$,!
06'%Q!*$'*!E,32,-!%&!'3!)(,3+,32,2![2)%3E=\!'32!71!S8%,*61!-,*8-3%3E!*)!
,*$3)Q,*$)2)6)E1=!'32!*)!$%&*)-%0'6!'00)83*&!)4!*$,!%3&*%*8*%)3'6!-,(-)280*%)3!)4!
E,32,-!%2,)6)E%,&=!'&&,-*!*$,!$'-2!-,'6%*%,&!)4!*$,!&)0%'6!)-2,-5!k,*=!*$%&!-,j,0*%)3!
$'&!%E3)-,2!/$,*$,-!*$,-,!%&!'!Q,*'($1&%0&!)4!,Q7)2%Q,3*!'*!*$,!$,'-*!)4!
4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!*$'*!0)3*%38,&!*)!)(,-'*,!'*!6,'&*!4-)Q!?,'8.)%-!
*$-)8E$!*)!0)3*,Q()-'-1!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!!b%;,!?8*6,-=!&)0%)6)E%0'6!
!
MP!
*$,)-%&*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!-,j,0*!*$,!Q,*'($1&%0&!)4!&87&*'30,5!?8*=!836%;,!
?8*6,-!/$)!E),&!)3,!&*,(!48-*$,-!71!-,j,0*%3E!'31!%2,'!)4!Q,*'($1&%0&=!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-%&*&!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!%Q(6%0%*61!,Q7-'0,!'!2%44,-,3*!
Q,*'($1&%0&=!*$'*!)4!(6'&*%0!,Q7)2%Q,3*5!
A!*$,-,4)-,!(-)()&,!Q).%3E!4-)Q!'!(&,82)$%&*)-1!)4!E,32,-!'32!&,R8'6%*1!
*)!'!Q)-,!*-861!$%&*)-%0%@,2=!0)3*,R*8'6%@,2!'00)83*!)4!/$'*!A!$'.,!*,-Q,2!*$,!
2%'6,0*%0!7,*/,,3!(6'&*%0!,Q7)2%Q,3*!'32!*$,!&)0%'6!)-2,-%3E!/$%0$!$'-2,3&!*$%&!
(6'&*%0%*15!K%Q)3,!2,!?,'8.)%-!E%.,&!8&!&80$!'!(&,82)$%&*)-1!%3!*-1%3E!*)!6)0'*,!
*$,!*%Q,=!%4!3)*!,R'0*61!*$,!(6'0,=!/$,3!*$,!Q,'3%3E!)4!*$,!7)21!'32!&,R8'6%*1!
-%E%2%4%,2!/%*$!*$,!(-,$%&*)-%0![3)Q'2&\!W&,,!((5!OL+"HH=!GHHOX5!A3'&Q80$!'&!&$,!
2,&,-.,&!E-,'*,-!-,0)E3%*%)3!'&!'!4)832%3E!Q)*$,-!/$)!$,6(,2!E%.,!])-*$,-3!
4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-1!%*&!7'&%0!0'*,E)-%,&!)4!'3'61&%&=!$,-&!%&!(-,0%&,61!*$,!;%32!)4!
])-*$+Q)2,-3%&*!*$,)-%@%3E!6'*,-!0-%*%0%@,2!71!()&*0)6)3%'6!'32!()&*Q)2,-3!
&0$)6'-&!28,!*)!$,-!*,32,301!*)!83%.,-&'6%@,!*$,!,R(,-%,30,!)4!/)Q,3^&!
,Q7)2%Q,3*!'0-)&&!,()0$&=!E,)E-'($%,&=!'32!086*8-,&5!!!
?1!0)3*-'&*=!:'-s'!b8E)3,&!$'&!'-E8,2!*$'*!/,!Q8&*!-,0)E3%@,!*$,!
0)6)3%'6%*1!)4!E,32,-!W&,,!'6&)!a1t/uQs!"OOIU!>$'*,-j,,!GHHGU!K(8-6%3!GHHLX5!
F)%3*%3E!*)!*$,!Q86*%(6%0%*1!'32!&(,0%4%0%*1!)4!$)/!,Q7)2%,2!,R(,-%,30,!'32!
&,R8'6%*1!/,-,!)-E'3%@,2!%3!(-,+0)6)3%'6!&)0%,*%,&=!'32!*$,!E6)7'6!$%&*)-1!)4!
e8-)(,'3!0)6)3%'6!0)3S8,&*&=!/$%0$!*$-)8E$!6'/!'32!&$,,-!.%)6,30,!0-,'*,2!'!
/)-62!%3!%*&!E,32,-,2=!&,R8'6%@,2=!'32!-'0%'6%@,2!%Q'E,=!b8E)3,&!$'&!.%.%261!
'-*%086'*,2!*$,!.%,/!*$'*![*$,!%Q()&%*%)3!)4!*$%&!E,32,-!&1&*,Q!/'&!'&!
0)3&*%*8*%.,!)4!*$,!0)6)3%'6%*1!)4!()/,-!'&!*$,!0)6)3%'6%*1!)4!()/,-!/'&!
0)3&*%*8*%.,!)4!%*\!WGHHI=!(5!GHGX5!b8E)3,&!)44,-&!'3!$%&*)-%0'661+)-%,3*,2!
'((-)'0$=!/$,-,!&$,!(-)280*%.,61!()%3*&!)8*=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!*$'*!*$,-,!%&!'!
!
ML!
&*-80*8-'6+$%&*)-%0'6!-,6'*%)3&$%(!7,*/,,3!-'0,!'32!E,32,-!&)8-0,2!%3!*$,!
0)6)3%'6%*1!)4!E,32,-=!'32!/$%0$!%&!3)*!'2,S8'*,61!E-'&(,2!71!*$,!&3'(&$)*!
'3'61&%&!)4!%3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1!W((5!"OG+MX5!i)/,.,-=!b8E)3,&=!*))=!%&!3)*!'!
&)0%)6)E%&*5!Z,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!0'3!&*'-*!E%.%3E!Q)-,!&87&*'30,!*)!*$,&,!
06'%Q&=!;,,(%3E!%3!%*&!6%3,!)4!&%E$*!*$,!%3*,-/).,3!$%&*)-%,&!)4!*$,!c6)7'6!K)8*$!
'32!])-*$5!#$,!*'&;!'*!$'32!2),&!3)*!-,S8%-,!*$'*!&)0%)6)E%&*&!7,0)Q,!$%&*)-%'3&5!
i)/,.,-=!%*!2),&!-,S8%-,=!*)!-,*8-3!*)!c8-Q%32,-!<5!?$'Q7-'^&!0-%*%S8,!)4!
e8-)0,3*-%0!&)0%)6)E1=!*$'*!/,![2,.,6)(!('-'2%EQ&!'2,S8'*,!4)-!'!E6)7'6!'E,!%3!
/$%0$!*$,!E6)7'6!%&!3)/!832,-&*))2!'&!*$,!condition!)4!*$,!Q)2,-3=!3)*!%*&!
consequence\!WGH""=!(5!LLGX!
!A!/%66!4%3%&$!71!(-)()&%3E!*/)!0)30-,*,!'E,32'&=!/$%0$!0)862!,3'76,!
,R0'.'*%3E!*$,!E6)7'6=!Q)2,-3%&*!Q,*'($1&%0&!'*!*$,!$,'-*!)4!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!
*$,)-15!Z%-&*61=!A!(-)()&,!'!$%&*)-%0'6!&,64+-,46,0*%)3!'32!0)3*,R*8'6%@'*%)3!)4!
])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-15!_$'*!%&!*)!7,!4)832!%3!*$,!&$'2)/1!2'-;+
'E,&!7,*/,,3!K%Q)3,!2,!?,'8.)%-^&!/)-;!%3!()&*+__AA!e8-)(,!'32!6'*,!"OIH&!
:'-R%&*Y4,Q%3%&Q=!'32!/$'*!(-,0,2,2!?,'8.)%-!*))V!_$,3=!/$,-,=!'32!$)/!2%2!
])-*$,-3!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!&*'-*!*)!,Q7-'0,=!,.,3!*';,!4)-!E-'3*,2=!%*&!
.%,/!)4!*$,!2%'6,0*%0!7,*/,,3!(6'&*%0!7)21J&,R8'6%*1!.,-&8&!$'-2,3,2!&)0%'6!
)-2,-V!#)!/$'*!,44,0*V!_$'*!$'&!7,,3!,3'76,2!71!*$%&!.%,/=!'32!/$%0$!6%3,&!)4!
%3*,--)E'*%)3!$'.,!7,,3!4)-,06)&,2V!_$)=!%3!*8-3=!$'&!7,,3!%30682,2=!'32!/$)!%&!
,R0682,2V!!
B&!'!&,0)32!'E,32'=!A!(-)()&,!*$'*!%3!Q).%3E!4-)Q!*$,)-,*%0'6!&,64+
-,46,0*%)3!*)!*$,)-1+78%62%3E=!/,!Q8&*!('1!'**,3*%)3!*)!*$,!E6)7'6!$%&*)-1!)4!
('-'66,6!'32!%3*,-&,0*%3E!Q)2,-3%*%,&=!*)!*$,!0)+0)3&*%*8*%)3!)4!-'0,=!E,32,-=!'32!
&,R8'6%*1=!/$%0$!$'.,!6,2!*)!*$,![4'0*%0%*1\!)4!*$,!4%R,2!7)215!_$%0$!,R(,-*!
!
MI!
;3)/6,2E,W&X!'32!'8*$)-%*%,&!$'.,!(6'1,2=!'32!0)3*%38,!*)!(6'1!*)2'1=!
4832'Q,3*'6!-)6,&!%3!*$%&!0)30,(*8'6%@'*%)3!'32!2,,(61!,R(,-%,30,2!&,3&,!)4!&,64=!
7)21=!'32!2,&%-,V!_$'*!%&=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!*$,!6)3E!E6)7'6!'32!Q)2,-3!$%&*)-1!*$'*!
$,6(&!8&!&%*8'*,!BE3,&!Y!/$)=!'4*,-!'66=!*8-3,2!*)!Q,2%0'6!($'-Q'0)6)E1=!
(&10$%'*-%0!,R(,-*%&,=!'32![0)--,0*%.,\!&8-E,-1=!*)!'6%E3!$,-!7)21!/%*$!$,-![*-8,\!
&,64!'32!&,R8'6%*1V!_$)!/,-,!*$,!-'0%'6%@,2!)*$,-&=!*$,!&,R8'6%@,2!)*$,-&=!*$,!
E6)7'6!)7j,0*&!)4!Q,2%0'6!,R(,-%Q,3*&="M!*$,!2%44,-,3*61+)-E'3%@,2!&)0%,*%,&!
/$)&,!2,&*-80*%)3!'32!-,+)-E'3%@'*%)3!-,4-'0*,2!7'0;!)3*)!*$,!0)3&)6%2'*%)3!)4!'!
])-*$,-3!*,0$3)6)E1!)4!*$,!&,64=!'66!)4!/$%0$!0)3*%38,!*)!&%6,3*61!&*-80*8-,!$)/!
/,!Q'3'E,!%3*,-'0*%)3&=!Q';,!&,3&,!)4!)8-!&,6.,&=![2)\!E,32,-=!'32!)-E'3%@,!)8-!
'44,0*!'32!2,&%-,V!!
B&!A!()&,!*$,&,!S8,&*%)3&=!*$,-,!'-,!3,/!6%3,&!)4!%3.,&*%E'*%)3!,Q,-E%3E!
/%*$%3!*$,!$8Q'3%*%,&!'7)8*![*$,!$8Q'3\!'32![*$,!()&*+$8Q'35\!#$%&!%&!'3)*$,-!
-)832!)4!&,64+,R'Q%3'*%)3=!%3S8%-%3E!%3*)!*$,!,(%&*,Q)6)E%0'6!)-%E%3&!)4![*$,!
$8Q'3=\!'&;%3E!$)/!0)30,(*8'6%@'*%)3!)4!*$,!$8Q'3!$'&!/)-;,2!%3!-,6'*%)3!*)!
0)30,(*8'6%@'*%)3!)4!)*$,-!4)-Q&!)4!6%4,!W,5E5!?-'%2)**%!GH"MX5!a30,!'E'%3=!&80$!
%3*,--)E'*%)3&!'-,!Q)*%.'*,2!71!*-1%3E!*)!830).,-!*$,!Q)2,-3%&*!-))*&!)4!
_,&*,-3!,(%&*,Q)6)E1=!%30682%3E!*$)&,!832,-(%33%3E!4,Q%3%&*!*$,)-15!B32!)30,!
'E'%3=!4,Q%3%&*!&)0%)6)E%&*&!Q%E$*!3)*!/%&$!3)*!*)!&,*!&'%6!/%*$!*$'*!&$%(5!
i)/,.,-=!%3!)-2,-!*)!(8&$!)3/'-2&!&)0%)6)E1^&!)/3!4,Q%3%&*!-,.)68*%)3=!4,Q%3%&*!
&)0%)6)E%0'6!*$,)-1!/)862!E-,'*61!7,3,4%*!4-)Q!E-,'*,-!-,0)E3%*%)3!)4!%*&!'00)83*&!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"M!K,,=!4)-!,R'Q(6,=!b'8-'!?-%EE&^!Reproducing'Empire:'Race,'Sex,'Science,'and'U.S.'
Imperialism'in'Puerto'Rico')3!,&*-)E,3!,R(,-%Q,3*&!%3!"OPH&!'32!"OLH&!F8,-*)!
C%0)!4)-!*$,!(8-()&,&!)4!()(86'*%)3!0)3*-)6!WGHHGX5!!
!
MN!
)4!Q)2,-3%*1=!%*&!)/3!&%6,30,2!E6)7'6!$%&*)-1=!*$,!E6)7'6!$%&*)-%,&!%*!$'&!&%6,30,2=!
'32!*$,!])-*$,-3!Q)2,-3%&*!Q,*'($1&%0&!'*!*$,!$,'-*!)4!%*&!/)-;5!!
!
' '
!
MO!
REFERENCES:!
B7-'Q).%*@=!:%Q%5!"ONN5!Regulating'the'Lives'of'Women:'Social'Welfare'Policy'
from'Colonial'Times'to'the'Present5!?)&*)3=!:B9!K)8*$!e32!F-,&&5!
!
B0;,-=!T)'35!"OOG5![:';%3E!c,32,-!p%&%76,5\!F(5!LPYN"!%3!Feminism'and'
Sociological'Theory=!,2%*,2!71!C8*$!B5!_'66'0,=!b)32)39!K'E,5!
B2'Q&=!T86%'5!"OON5![Z,Q%3%&*!#$,)-1!'&!Z%4*$!>)68Q3%&*!)-!g%&08-&%.,!p'3E8'-2V!
K)Q,!>)3*,&*,2!D&,&!)4!c,32,-!B3'61&%&!%3!i%&*)-%0'6!K)0%)6)E15\!Social'Politics,!
p)65!P=!])5!"9!"+"L5!
!
B2'Q&=!T86%'=!e6%&'7,*$!K5!>6,Q,3&=!B33!K$)6'!a-6)44!5!GHHP5![A3*-)280*%)39!K)0%'6!
#$,)-1=!:)2,-3%*1=!'32!*$,!#$-,,!_'.,&!)4!i%&*)-%0'6!K)0%)6)E15\!F(5!"+I`=!%3!
Remaking'Modernity,!,2%*,2!71!T86%'!B2'Q&=!e6%&'7,*$!K5!>6,Q,3&=!'32!B33!K$)6'!
a-6)445!g8-$'Q!'32!b)32)39!g8;,!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
?'6)E83=!a68/';,Q%5!GH"G5![>86*8-'6!'32!>)&Q)()6%*'39!A2,'6%@,2!Z,Q%3%3%*1!
'32!eQ7)2%,2!]'*%)3'6%&Q!%3!]%E,-%'3!?,'8*1!F'E,'3*&5\!Gender'&'Society,'p)65!
GL=!])5!M9!MPI+!N"5!
?'-)3=!B.'5!"OON5![C)Q'30%3E!*$,!Z%,629!#$,!:'--%'E,!)4!Z,Q%3%&Q!'32!
i%&*)-%0'6!K)0%)6)E15\!Social'Politics,!p)65!P=!])5!"9'"I+MI5!
?,'8.)%-=!K%Q)3,!2,5!GHHO5!The'Second'Sex=!*-'3&6'*,2!71!>)3&*'30,!?)-2,!'32!
K$,%6'!:'6).'31+>$,.'66%,-5!b)32)39!T)3'*$'3!>'(,5!
!
!
`H!
?,-3&*,%3=!e6%@'7,*$5!GHHI5!Temporarily'Yours:'Intimacy,'Authenticity,'and'the'
Commerce'of'Sex5!>$%0'E)9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>$%0'E)!F-,&&5!
!
?$'Q7-'=!c8-Q%32,-!<5!GH"M5![#$,!F)&&%7%6%*%,&!)4=!'32!4)-=!c6)7'6!K)0%)6)E19!B!
F)&*0)6)3%'6!F,-&(,0*%.,5\!Political'Power'and'Social'Theory,'p)65!G`9!GOP!Y!M"`5!!!
!'
?$'Q7-'=!c8-Q%32,-!<5!GH""5![i%&*)-%0'6!K)0%)6)E1=!:)2,-3%*1=!'32!F)&*0)6)3%'6!
>-%*%S8,5\!American'Historical'Review,!p)65!""L=!])5!M9!LPM+LLG5!
!
?$'Q7-'=!c8-Q%32,-!<5!GHHI'5!Rethinking'Modernity:'Postcolonialism'and'the'
Sociological'Imagination.!?'&%3E&*);,9!F'6E-'.,!:'0:%66'35!
!
?$'Q7-'=!c8-Q%32,-!<5!GHHI75![K)0%)6)E1!'32!F)&*0)6)3%'6%&Q9!B3)*$,-!
v:%&&%3E^!C,.)68*%)3V\!Sociology=!p)65!`"=!])5!P9!NI"YNN`5!
?)-%&=!e%6,,3!'32!F,*,-!?'-2'E6%)5!"ONM5!w#$,!#-'3&4)-Q'*%)3!)4!F'*-%'-0$19!#$,!
i%&*)-%0!C)6,!)4!*$,!K*'*,5w!F(5!IH+OM!%3!Families,'Politics'and'Public'Policy=!,2%*,2!
71!A5!g%'Q)325!],/!k)-;9!b)3EQ'35!
!
?-'%2)**%=!C)&%5!GH"M5!The'Posthuman5!>'Q7-%2E,=!D<U!:'62,3=!:B9!F)6%*1!F-,&&5!
!
?-,;$8&!_'13,5!"OON5![B!K)0%)6)E1!)4!*$,!D3Q'-;,29!C,2%-,0*%3E!)8-!Z)08&5\!
Sociological'Theory,!p)65!"L=!])5"9!M`+P"5!
!
!
`"!
?-%EE&=!b'8-'5!GHHG5!Reproducing'Empire:'Race,'Sex,'Science'and'U.S.'Imperialism'
in'Puerto'Rico.!?,-;,6,19!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>'6%4)-3%'!F-,&&5!
!
?8*6,-=!T82%*$5!"OOH5!Gender'Trouble:'Feminism'and'the'Subversion'of'Identity5!
],/!k)-;9!C)8*6,2E,5!
'
>'6$)83=!>-'%E!W"OOMX!F)&*Q)2,-3%&Q!'&!F&,82)$%&*)-15\!Theory,'Culture'&'
Society!"HW"X9!IP+OL5!
!
>$'--'2=!:)83%-'!:5!GHH"5!States'and'Women’s'Rights:'The'Making'of'
Postcolonial'Tunisia,'Algeria,'and'Morocco5!?,-;,6,19!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>'6%4)-3%'!
F-,&&5!
!
>$'**,-j,,=!A32-'3%5!GHHG5![B6%,3'*%)3=!A3*%Q'01=!'32!c,32,-9!F-)76,Q&!4)-!'!
i%&*)-1!)4!b).,!%3!K)8*$!B&%'5\!F(5!L"+IL!%3!Queering'India,!,2%*,2!71!C8*$!p'3%*'5!
],/!k)-;!'32!b)32)39!C)8*6,2E,5!
!
>$)=!K8Q%=!<%Q7,-6o!_%66%'Q&!>-,3&$'/=!'32!b,&6%,!:0>'665!GH"M5![#)/'-2!'!
Z%,62!)4!A3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1!K*82%,&9!#$,)-1=!B((6%0'*%)3&=!'32!F-'R%&5\!Signs!MNW`X9!
INP+N"H5!
!
>$)2)-)/=!]'301!T5!"OOO5!The'Power'of'Feelings.'Personal'Meaning'in'
Psychoanalysis,'Gender,'and'Culture5!k'6,!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
`G!
>$)2)-)/=!]'301!T5!"OOP5![c,32,-!'&!'!F,-&)3'6!'32!>86*8-'6!>)3&*-80*%)3!
]'3015\!Signs,'p)65!GH=!])5!M=!K(-%3E9!P"L+P``5!
>)66%3&=!F'*-%0%'!i%665!"OOH5!Black'Feminist'Thought:'Knowledge,'Consciousness,'
and'the'Politics'of'Empowerment.!?)&*)39!D3/%3!i1Q'35!
!
>)66%3&=!F'*-%0%'!i%665!GH"M5[>-%*%0'6!A3*,-.,3*%)3&!%3!_,&*,-3!K)0%'6!#$,)-19!
C,46,0*%)3&!)3!F)/,-!'32!K)8*$,-3!#$,)-15\!Political'Power'and'Social'Theory=!
p)65!GP9!"MI+"`L5!
!
>$))=!i',!k,)35!GHHL5![c,32,-,2!:)2,-3%*1!'32!e*$3%0%@,2!>%*%@,3&$%(9!])-*$!
<)-,'3!K,**6,-&!%3!>)3*,Q()-'-1!<)-,'5\!Gender'&'Society,'p)65!GH=!])5!P9!PIL+
LH`5!
>)33,66=!C5!_5!"OOG5![B!p,-1!K*-'%E$*!c'19!:'&086%3%*1=!i)Q)&,R8'6!eR(,-%,30,=!
'32!*$,!g13'Q%0&!)4!c,32,-5\!American'Sociological'Review,'p)65!PI=!])5!L=!g,059!
IMP+IP"5!
!
>)33,66=!C',/135!GHHO5!Southern'Theory:'The'Global'Dynamics'of'Knowledge'in'
Social'Science.!>'Q7-%2E,9!:'62,3=!:B9!F)6%*15!!
!
>)33,66=!C',/135!GH"`'5![:'-E%3!?,0)Q%3E!>,3*-,9!Z)-!'!_)-62+>,3*,-,2!
C,*$%3;%3E!)4!:'&086%3%*%,&5\!NORMA:'Nordic'Journal'for'Masculinity'Studies:'
International'Journal'for'Masculinity'Studies,'p)65!O=!])5!`9!G"I+GM"5!
!
!
`M!
>)33,66=!C',/135!GH"`75![C,*$%3;%3E!c,32,-!4-)Q!*$,!K)8*$5\!Feminist'Studies,'
p)65!`H=!])5!M9!P"N+PMO5!!
!
>)33,66=!C',/135!GH"`05![#$,!K)0%)6)E1!)4!c,32,-!%3!K)8*$,-3!F,-&(,0*%.,5\!
Current'Sociology,!p)65!LG=!])5`9!PPHYPLI5!!!
!
>)33,66=!>'*$,-%3,5!GH"H5![g)%3E=!D32)%3E=!)-!C,2)%3E!c,32,-V!b,'-3%3E!4-)Q!
*$,!_)-;(6'0,!eR(,-%,30,&!)4!#-'3&(,)(6,5\!Gender'&'Society=!p)65!G`=!])5!"=!
Z,7-8'-19!M"+PP5!
!
>-,3&$'/=!<%Q7,-6o!_%66%'Q&5!"OO"5![:'((%3E!*$,!:'-E%3&9!A3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*1=!
A2,3*%*1!F)6%*%0&=!'32!p%)6,30,!BE'%3&*!_)Q,3!)4!>)6)-5\!Stanford'Law'Review!
`MWLX9!"G`"+"GIO5!
!
g,3%&&,3=!BQ1!:5=!B7%E'%6!>5!K'E815!GH"`5![c,32,-,2!i)Q)($)7%'!'32!*$,!
>)3*-'2%0*%)3&!)4!_)-;(6'0,!g%&0-%Q%3'*%)3!4)-!_)Q,3!%3!*$,!?8%62%3E!#-'2,&5\!
Gender'&'Society,!p)65!GN=!])5!M=!T83,9!MN"+`HM5!
!
g,8*&0$=!Z-'30%3,!:5!GHHI5![D32)%3E!c,32,-5\!Gender'&'Society,'p)65!G"=!])5!"=!
Z,7-8'-19!"HL+"GI5!!
!
e(&*,%3=!K*,.,35!"OOL5!Impure'Science:'AIDS,'Activism,'and'the'Politics'of'
Knowledge5!?,-;,6,19!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>'6%4)-3%'!F-,&&5!
!
e(&*,%3=!K*,.,35!GHHI5!Inclusion:'The'Politics'of'Difference'in'Medical'Research.!
!
``!
>$%0'E)9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>$%0'E)!F-,&&5!
!
Z'--%&=!K'-'!C5!GH"P5![:%E-'3*&^!C,E86'-!B-Q1!)4!b'7)8-9!c,32,-!g%Q,3&%)3&!)4!
*$,!AQ('0*!)4!*$,!c6)7'6!e0)3)Q%0!>-%&%&!)3!:%E-'3*!b'7)-8-!%3!_,&*,-3!
e8-)(,5\!The'Sociological'Review,!p)65!LM=!"G"Y"`M5!!
!
Z'8&*)+K*,-6%3E=!B33,5!GHHH5!Sexing'the'Body:'Gender'Politics'and'the'Construction'
of'Sexuality.!],/!k)-;9!?'&%0!?));&5!
Z,--,,=!:1-'!:'-R5!GHHL5![#-'3&3'*%)3'6!Z,Q%3%&*!]ca&!)3!*$,!_,79!],*/)-;&!
'32!A2,3*%*%*,&!%3!*$,!c6)7'6!])-*$!'32!K)8*$5\!F(5!G`I+GIP=!%3!Global'Feminism:'
Transnational'Women’s'Activism,'Organizing,'and'Human'Rights,!,2%*,2!71!:1-'!
:'-R!Z,--,,!'32!B%6%!:'-%!#%((5!],/!k)-;!'32!b)32)39!],/!k)-;!D3%.,-&%*1!
F-,&&5!
!
Z6'R=!T'3,5!"ONI5![F)&*Q)2,-3%&Q!'32!c,32,-!C,6'*%)3&!%3!Z,Q%3%&*!#$,)-15\!
Signs,!p)65!"G=!])5!`9!LG"+L`M5!
!
Z)80'86*=!:%0$,65!"OOH5!The'History'of'Sexuality5!],/!k)-;9!p%3*'E,!?));&5!
!
c'-4%3;,6=!i'-)625!"OLI5!Studies'in'Ethnomethodology5!>'Q7-%2E,=!D<9!F)6%*1!
F-,&&5!
!
!
`P!
c,.'=!g)-%*5!GH"P5![K,6,0*%.,!K,-.%0,=!*$,!c,32,-+a-2,-,2!Z'Q%61=!'32!*$,!Z)-Q'6!
A34)-Q'6%*1!)4!*$,!BQ,-%0'3!K*'*,5\!American'Journal'of'Sociology5!Z)-*$0)Q%3E!
WT861X5!!
!
c,.'=!g)-%*5!GH"`5![a4!?,66%0%&*&!'32!Z,Q%3%&*&9!Z-,30$!>)3&0-%(*%)3=!#)*'6!_'-=!
'32!*$,!c,32,-!>)3*-'2%0*%)3&!)4!*$,!K*'*,5\!Politics'and'Society=!p)65!`G=!])5G9!
"MP+"LP5!
!
c,.'=!g)-%*5!GH"M5!Conscription,'Family,'and'the'Modern'State:'A'Comparative'
Study'of'France'and'the'United'States5!>'Q7-%2E,=!],/!k)-;9!>'Q7-%2E,!
D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
! ! !
c,.'=!g)-%*5!GH""'5![])*!T8&*!:'*,-3'6%&Q9!:'--%'E,!'32!Z'*$,-$))2!%3!BQ,-%0'3!
_,64'-,!F)6%*%0&5\!Social'Politics:'International'Studies'in'Gender,'State,'and'
Society=!p)65!"N=!])5"9!G`+P"5!
!
c,.'=!g)-%*5!GH""75![_$,-,!*$,!K*'*,!Z,'-,2!*)!#-,'29!>)3&0-%(*%)3!'32!b)0'6!
F'*-%'-0$'6%&Q!%3!:)2,-3!Z-'30,5\!A3!The'Power'of'Kinship:'Patrimonial'States'in'
Global'Perspective=!,2%*,2!71!T86%'!B2'Q&!'32!:)83%-'!>$'--'25!The'Annals'of'the'
American'Academy'of'Political'and'Social'Science,'p)65!LML=!"9!"""+"GN=!T861!GH""5!
!
c%22,3&=!B3*$)315!"OO"5!Modernity'and'Self-Identity.'Self'and'Society'in'the'Late'
Modern'Age5!>'Q7-%2E,9!F)6%*15!!
!
!
`L!
c%22,3&=!B3*$)315!"OOG5!The'Transformation'of'Intimacy:'Sexuality,'Love'and'
Eroticism'in'Modern'Societies5!>'Q7-%2E,9!F)6%*15!
!
c-,,3=!B2'Q!A&'%'$5!GHHG5![c'1!78*!])*!d8,,-9!#)/'-2!'!F)&*+d8,,-!K*821!)4!
K,R8'6%*15\!Theory'and'Society,'p)65!M"=!])5!`=!B8E59!PG"+P`P5'!
!
c-,,3=!B2'Q!A&'%'$5!GHHN5![#$,!K)0%'6!a-E'3%@'*%)3!)4!g,&%-,9!#$,!K,R8'6!Z%,62&!
B((-)'0$5\!Sociological'Theory,!p)65!GL=!])5"9!GP+PH5!
!
c-,,3=!B2'Q!A&'%'$!We2%*)-X5!GH"`5!Sexual'Fields:'Toward'a'Sociology'of'Collective'
Sexual'Life.'>$%0'E)9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>$%0'E)!F-,&&5!!
!
i'3&,-=!BQ15!GHHP5![#$,!c,32,-,2!C%0,!?)/69!#$,!K,R8'6!F)6%*%0&!)4!K,-.%0,!
_)-;!%3!D-7'3!>$%3'5\!Gender'and'Society,'"O9!PN"+LHH5'
!
i'-2%3E=!K'32-'5!"OO"5!Whose'Science?'Whose'Knowledge?:'Thinking'From'
Women’s'Lives.!A*$'0'=!]k9!>)-3,66!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
i'-*Q'33=!i,%2%5!"OIL5!w>'(%*'6%&Q=!F'*-%'-0$1=!'32!T)7!K,E-,E'*%)3!71!K,R5w!
Signs,!p)65!"=!])5M9!"MI+LO5!
!
i'-*Q'33=!i,%2%!A5!"OIO=![#$,!D3$'((1!:'--%'E,!)4!:'-R%&Q!'32!Z,Q%3%&Q9!
#)/'-2&!'!Q)-,!F-)E-,&&%.,!D3%)35\!Capital'&'Class,'MWGX9!"+MM5!
!
!
`I!
i'-*&)0;=!]'3015!"OON5!The'Feminist'Standpoint'Revisited'and'Other'Essays5!
?)862,-=!>)6)-'2)9!_,&*.%,/!F-,&&5'
'
i,'*$=!:,6'3%,5!GH"M5![K,R8'6!:%&E%.%3E&9!F-)280%3E!D3J:'-;,2!<3)/6,2E,!%3!
],)6%7,-'6!:'--%'E,!F-)Q)*%)3!F)6%0%,&5\!The'Sociological'Quarterly,'
p)65!P`=!])5!`!9!PL"YPNM5!
!
i,;Q'3=!K8&'3!T5!"OOH5!Gender'and'Knowledge:'Elements'of'a'Postmodern'
Feminism.!?)&*)39!])-*$,'&*,-3!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
i,3E=!c,-'62%3,5!"OOI5![vB!c-,'*!_'1!*)!Z61^9!]'*%)3'6%&Q=!*$,!K*'*,=!'32!*$,!
p'-%,*%,&!)4!#$%-2+_)-62!Z,Q%3%&Q5\!F(5!MH+`P=!%3!Feminist'Genealogies,'Colonial'
Legacies,'Democratic'Futures,!,2%*,2!71!:5!T'0S8%!B6,R'32,-!'32!>$'32-'!
#'6('2,!:)$'3*15!],/!k)-;9!C)8*6,2E,5!
!
i)'3E=!<%Q7,-615!GH""5![^K$,^&!3)*!'!b)/+>6'&&!g%-*1!c%-6x^9!K,R!_)-;!%3!i)!>$%!
:%3$!>%*1=!p%,*3'Q5\!Journal'of'Contemporary'Ethnography!`HW`X9!MLI+MOL5!
!
i)'3E=!<%Q7,-61!<'15!GH"`5![>)Q(,*%3E!#,0$3)6)E%,&!)4!eQ7)2%Q,3*9!F'3+B&%'3!
:)2,-3%*1!'32!#$%-2!_)-62!g,(,32,301!%3!p%,*3'Q^&!>)3*,Q()-'-1!K,R!
A328&*-15\!Gender'and'Society,!p)65!GN=!])5!`9!P"M+PML5!!
$));&=!7,665!"ON`5!Feminist'Theory:'From'Margin'to'Center5!>'Q7-%2E,=!:B9!K)8*$!
e32!F-,&&5!
!
!
`N!
T,33,&&=!p'6,-%,5!GH"`5![BE3,&!c),&!*)!F-%&)39!c,32,-!B8*$,3*%0%*1=!#-'3&E,32,-!
A3Q'*,&!%3!F-%&)3&!4)-!:,3=!'32!F8-&8%*!)4!v#$,!C,'6!g,'65^\!Gender'&'Society,!p)65!
GN=!])5!"=!Z,7-8'-19!P+M"5!
!
<$8-&$%2=!B1,&$'5!GH"P5![A&6'Q%0!#-'2%*%)3&!)4!:)2,-3%*19!c,32,-=!>6'&&=!'32!
A&6'Q!%3!'!#-'3&3'*%)3'6!_)Q,3^&!e280'*%)3!F-)j,0*5\!Gender'and'Society,!p)65!
GO=!])5"9!ON+"G"5!
!
<)-*,/,E=!B33'!>5!'32!cy;z,!k8-2';865!GH"`5!The'Headscarf'Debates:'Conflicts'of'
National'Belonging5!K*'34)-2=!>'6%4)-3%'9!K*'34)-2!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
b,,=!>$%3E!</'35!"OON5!Gender'and'the'South'China'Miracle:'Two'Worlds'of'
Factory'Women.!?,-;,6,19!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>'6%4)-3%'!F-,&&5!
!
b%&*,-=!C8*$!W"OOHX![_)Q,3=!e0)3)Q%0!g,(,32,301=!'32!>%*%@,3&$%(5\!Journal'of'
Social'Policy!"OW`X9!``P!Y!`LI5!
!
b)-7,-=!T82%*$5!"OO`5!Paradoxes'of'Gender5!],/!i'.,39!k'6,!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
Z'8&*)+K*,-6%3E=!B33,5!GHHH5!Sexing'the'Body:'Gender'Politics'and'the'Construction'
of''Sexuality.'],/!k)-;=!]k9!?'&%0!?));&5!
!
:'j%0=!K'Q'3*$'!WGH"`X!Sex'Work'Politics:'From'Protest'to'Service'Provision.'
F$%6'2,6($%'=!FB9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!F,33&16.'3%'!F-,&&5!
!
!
`O!
:'-R=!<'-65!"OIN5![#$,!e0)3)Q%0!'32!F$%6)&)($%0!:'38&0-%(*!)4!"N``5\!F(5!LL+
"GP!%3!The'Marx-Engels'Reader,!,2%*,2!71!C)7,-*!>5!#80;,-.!],/!k)-;!'32!
b)32)39!_5!_5!])-*)3!'32!>)Q('315!!
!
:'-R=!<'-65!"OIN5![>'(%*'6=!p)68Q,!a3,5\!F(5!GO`+`MN=!%3!The'Marx-Engels'Reader,!
,2%*,2!71!C)7,-*!>5!#80;,-.!],/!k)-;!'32!b)32)39!_5!_5!])-*)3!'32!>)Q('315!!
!
:0>'66=!b,&6%,5!GHHP5![#$,!>)Q(6,R%*1!)4!A3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*15\!Signs:'Journal'of'
Women'in'Culture'and'Society=!MHWMX9!"II"+"NHH.'
!
:0>6%3*)0;=!B33,5!"OOP5!Imperial'Leather:'Race,'Gender,'and'Sexuality'in'the'
Colonial'Contest.!],/!k)-;9!C)8*6,2E,5!
!
:,'2)/=!#,15!GH""5![vg,,(!g)/3!_$,-,!*$,!:8&%0!F6'1&9!F'-,3*&^!B00)83*&!)4!
#$,%-!>$%62^&!c,32,-!p'-%'30,5\!Sexualities,'p)65"`=!])5!L9!IGP+I`I5'
!
:)$'3*1=!>$'32-'!#'6('2,5!GHHM5!Feminism'without'Borders:'Decolonizing'
Theory,'Practicing'Solidarity5!g8-$'Q9!g8;,!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
:)-'/&;'=!e/'5!"OON5![B!i%&*)-%0'6!#8-3!%3!Z,Q%3%&Q!'32!i%&*)-%0'6!K)0%)6)E19!
>)3.,-E,30,&!'32!g%44,-,30,&!WB!>)QQ,3*!)3!T86%'!B2'Q&{&!'32!B.'!?'-)3{&!
C,46,0*%)3&X5\!Social'Politics,'p)65!P=!])5!"9!MN+`I5!!!
]%0$)6&)3=!b%32'5!"OO`5![A3*,-(-,*%3E!c,32,-5\'Signs=!GHW"X9!IO+"HP5!
!
!
PH!
a-6)44=!B33!K$)6'5!GHHO5![c,32,-%3E!*$,!>)Q('-'*%.,!B3'61&%&!)4!_,64'-,!K*'*,&9!
B3!D34%3%&$,2!BE,32'5\!Sociological'Theory,!p)65!GI=!])5M9!M"I+M`M5!
!
a-6)44=!B33!K$)6'5!GHHP5![K)0%'6!F-).%&%)3!'32!C,E86'*%)39!#$,)-%,&!)4!K*'*,&=!
K)0%'6!F)6%0%,&=!'32!:)2,-3%*15\!F(5!"OH+GG`=!%3!Remaking'Modernity,!,2%*,2!71!
T86%'!B2'Q&=!e6%&'7,*$!K5!>6,Q,3&=!'32!B33!K$)6'!a-6)445!g8-$'Q!'32!b)32)39!
g8;,!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
a-6)44=!B335!"OOL5![c,32,-!%3!*$,!_,64'-,!K*'*,5\!Annual'Review'of'Sociology!GG9!
P"YIN5!
!
a-6)44=!B335!"OOM5![c,32,-!'32!*$,!K)0%'6!C%E$*&!)4!>%*%@,3&$%(9!#$,!>)Q('-'*%.,!
B3'61&%&!)4!c,32,-!C,6'*%)3&!'32!_,64'-,!K*'*,&5\!PNWMX9!MHM+MGN5!
!
a*%&=!e%6,,35!GHHN5![?,1)32!*$,!A328&*-%'6!F'-'2%EQ9!:'-;,*+eQ7,22,2!b'7)-!
'32!*$,!c,32,-!a-E'3%@'*%)3!)4!c6)7'6!K,-.%0,!_)-;!%3!>$%3'5\!American'
Sociological'Review!IMW"X9!"P+ML5!
!
a1,| /8} Q~•=!a1,}-)• 3;,€•5!"OOI5!The'Invention'of'Women:'Making'an'African'Sense'of'
Western'Gender'Discourses5!:%33,'()6%&9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!:%33,&)*'!F-,&&5!
!
F'--,q'&=!C$'0,6!K'6'@'-5!GHHP5!Children'of'Global'Migration.'Transnational'
Families'and'Gendered'Woes.!K*'34)-2=!>B9!K*'34)-2!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
!
P"!
F'-.,@=!h5!Z'-,,35!GH""5![g,7'*%3E!*$,!?8-S'!%3!Z-'30,9!#$,!B3*%()6%*%0&!)4!
A&6'Q%0!C,.%.'65\!Qualitative'Sociology!M`WGX9!GNI+M"G5!
!
F'*%6=!p-8&$'6%5!GH"M5![Z-)Q!F'*-%'-0$1!*)!A3*,-&,0*%)3'6%*19!B!#-'3&3'*%)3'6!
Z,Q%3%&*!B&&,&&Q,3*!)4!i)/!Z'-!_,{.,!C,'661!>)Q,5\!Signs!MNW`X9!N`I+NLI5!
!
F4,44,-=!>'-6'!B5!GH"`5![vA!g)3^*!b%;,!F'&&%3E!'&!'!K*-'%E$*!_)Q'3^9!d8,,-!
],E)*%'*%)3&!)4!A2,3*%*1!'32!K)0%'6!c-)8(!:,Q7,-&$%(5\!American'Journal'of'
Sociology,!p)65!"GH=!])5!"=!T861!GH"`9!"+``5!!
!
F)86'3*@'&=!]%0)&5!"OIM5!Political'Power'and'Social'Classes,'*-'3&6'*%)3!,2%*)-!
#%Q)*$1!a^i'E'35!b)32)39!p,-&)5'
!
d'18Q=!K,,Q%3!'32!C';'!C'15!GHHM5![c-'((6%3E!/%*$!:)2,-3%*19!A32%'^&!
C,&(,0*'76,!>6'&&,&!'32!*$,!>86*8-,!)4!g)Q,&*%0!K,-.%*82,5\!Ethnograph1=!p)65!`=!
])5!`9!PGH+PPP5!
!
C'1=!C';'!'32!d'18Q!K,,Q%35!GHHO5!Cultures'of'Servitude:'Modernity,'
Domesticity,'and'Class'in'India5!K*'34)-2=!>B9!K*'34)-2!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
C'1=!C';'!WGH"MX![>)33,66!'32!F)&*0)6)3%'6!K)0%)6)E15\!Political'Power'and'Social'
Theory=!p)65!GP9!"`I+"PL5!
!
K'6@%3E,-=!b,&6%,5!GHHM5!Genders'in'Production:'Making'Workers'in'Mexico’s'Global'
Factories5!?,-;,6,19!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>'6%4)-3%'!F-,&&5!
!
PG!
!
K'-'&/'*%=!b5!B185!GH"H5![>)&Q)()6%*'3!_$%*,3,&&9!#$,!e44,0*&!)4!'32!B44,0*&!)4!
K;%3+_$%*,3%3E!B2.,-*%&,Q,3*&!%3!'!#-'3&3'*%)3'6!_)Q,3^&!:'E'@%3,!%3!
A32)3,&%'5\!Meridians:'Feminism,'Race,'Transnationalism,!p)65!"H=!])5!G9!"P+`"5!
!
K0$%6*=!<-%&*,35!GH"H5!!Just'One'of'the'Guys?'Transgender'Men'and'the'Persistence'
of'Gender'Inequality.'>$%0'E)9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>$%0'E)!F-,&&5!!
!
K0$%((,-&=!:%Q%5!GHHI5![C,0).,-%3E!*$,!Z,Q%3%3,!a*$,-9!:'&086%3%*1=!Z,Q%3%3%*1=!
'32!c,32,-!i,E,Q)315\!Theory'and'Society,!p)65!ML=!])5!"9!NP!Y!"HG!
!
K,2E/%0;=!e.,!<)&)4&;15!"OOH5!Epistemology'of'the'Closet5!?,-;,6,19!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!
>'6%4)-3%'!F-,&&5!!
!
K;)0()6=!#$,2'5!"OOG5!Protecting'Soldiers'and'Mothers:'The'Political'Origins'of'
Social'Policy'in'the'United'States5!>'Q7-%2E,=!:'&&59!?,6;3'(!F-,&&!)4!i'-.'-2!
D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
KQ%*$=!g)-)*$1!e5!"ONI5!The'Everyday'World'as'Problematic:'A'Feminist'Sociology5!
?)&*)39!])-*$,'&*,-3!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!
!
K(8-6%3=!_%66%'Q!T5!GHHL5!Imperialism'within'the'Margins:'Queer'Representation'
and'the'Politics'of'Culture'in'Southern'Africa5!],/!k)-;9!F'6E-'.,5!
!
!
PM!
K*'0,1=!T82%*$!'32!?'--%,!#$)-3,5!"ONP5![#$,!:%&&%3E!Z,Q%3%&*!C,.)68*%)3!%3!
K)0%)6)E15\!Social'Problems=!p)65!MG=!])5!`9!MH"+MHL5!
!
K*'36,1=!b%@!'32!K8,!_%&,5!"OOH5![:,*$)2=!:,*$)2)6)E1=!'32!e(%&*,Q)6)E1!%3!
Z,Q%3%&*!C,&,'-0$!F-)0,&&,&5\!F(5!GH+LG=!%3!Feminist'Praxis:'Research,'Theory,'
and'Epistemology'in'Feminist'Sociology=!,2%*,2!71!b%@!K*'36,15!b)32)3!•!],/!
k)-;9!C)8*6,2E,5!
!
K*,%3=!B-6,3,!'32!<,33,*$!F68QQ,-5!"OOL5![A!>'3^*!e.,3!#$%3;!K*-'%E$*9!vd8,,-^!
#$,)-1!'32!*$,!:%&&%3E!K,R8'6!C,.)68*%)3!%3!K)0%)6)E15\!F(5!"GO+"``!%3!Queer'
Theory/Sociology=!,2%*,2!71!K*,.,3!K,%2Q'3=!>'Q7-%2E,=!:B9!?6'0;/,665!
!
K*,%3Q,*@=!c,)-E,5!GH"M5![:'j)-!>)3*-%78*%)3&!*)!K)0%)6)E%0'6!#$,)-1!'32!
C,&,'-0$!)3!eQ(%-,=!"NMH&!Y!F-,&,3*5\!F(5!"+PH!%3!Sociology'and'Empire.'The'
Imperial'Entanglements'of'a'Discipline,',2%*,2!71!c,)-E,!K*,%3Q,*@=!g8-$'Q=!]>9!
g8;,!D3%.,-&%*1!F-,&&5!!
!
K8Q,-'8=!T5!e2/'-25!GH"G5![v#$'*^&!_$'*!'!:'3!A&!K8(()&,2!*)!g)^9!
>)Q(,3&'*)-1!:'3$))2!B0*&!%3!'3!bc?#!>$-%&*%'3!>$8-0$5\!Gender'&'Society,!
p)65!GL=!])5!M=!T83,9!`L"+`NI5!
!
#,)=!k)81,335!GH"P5![A3*,--)E'*%3E!*$,!b%Q%*&!)4!_,64'-,!C,4)-Q&!%3!K%3E'()-,5\!
Development'and'Change,'46W"X=!OP+"GH5!
!
!
P`!
_,&*=!>'32'0,!'32!g)3!i5!h%QQ,-Q'35!"ONI5![g)%3E!c,32,-5\!Gender'&'Society,!
p)65!"=!])5!G9!"GP+"P"5!
!
_,&*7-));=!b'8-,6=!<-%&*,3!K0$%6*5!GH"`5![g)%3E!c,32,-=!g,*,-Q%3%3E!c,32,-5!
#-'3&E,32,-!F,)(6,=!c,32,-!F'3%0&=!'32!*$,!:'%3*,3'30,!)4!*$,!
K,RJc,32,-JK,R8'6%*1!K1&*,Q5\!Gender'&'Society,'p)65!G=!])5!"=!Z,7-8'-19!MG+P5!
!
_$%*6,1=!>'Q,-)3!#5!GH"M5![#-'3&+<%3!D32)%3E!'32!C,2)%3E!c,32,-9!],E)*%'*%3E!
C,6'*%)3'6!A2,3*%*1!'Q)3E!Z-%,32&!'32!Z'Q%61!)4!#-'3&E,32,-!F,-&)3&5\!
Sociological'Perspectives,'p)65!PL=!])5!`=!g,0,Q7,-9!POI+LG"5!
!
h,-%666%=!b%32'!:'-%,+c,6&)Q%3'5!GHHP5!Feminism'and'the'Abyss'of'Freedom5!
>$%0'E)9!D3%.,-&%*1!)4!>$%0'E)!F-,&&5!
!
!
!
!
!
!
'
'
!
!
!
!
!
PP!
!
!