Kilifi County Plan for Countering Violent Extremism

Abstract

The Kilifi Plan for Countering Violent Extremism (KCPCVE)is the third to be launched under our technical guidance. The first was in Kwale County (KCPCVE), Spearheaded by Human Rights Agenda (HURIA), the second was the Lamu County Plan for Countering Violent Extremism (LCPCVE) and now the Kilifi County Plan for Countering Violent Extremism (KCPCVE). All these plans are clearly laid out with a view to addressing local priority pull and push factors to radicalization and VE. All the plans have an elaborate theory of change and an action plan matrix. To ensure implementation of the plans we have proposed in each county a County CVE forum, which will be operationalized soon. This is a stop gap measure waiting for the formation of the County Policing Authorities to take over this mandate as per the Kenya's Constitution 2010.

Full text

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Contacts
Office of The County Secretary,
P.O Box 519 - 80108,
Kilifi, Kenya.
government@kilifi.go.ke or kilificountygovt@gmail.com
0713884625
The County Commissioner
Kilifi County
P.O. Box 29-80108
Kilifi
cckilificoordination@gmail.com
The Plan for Countering Violent Extremism was developed with the assistance of Taita Taveta
University, P.O. Box 635-80300 Voi, Kenya, e-mail: vc@ttu.ac.ke Tel. +254208150240

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British High Commission for
supporting the development of the Action Plan for Countering Violent Extremism in Kilifi County (APCVE-
KC). We appreciate the role played by Development Alternatives International for administering the
funds. We further extend our gratitude to Prof Hamadi Boga (Taita Taveta University) and Prof Halimu
Shauri (Pwani University) who guided the development of the Plan. Much gratitude goes to the Civil
Society and Faith-based Organisations in Kilifi who shared the plan through their ideas and vigorous
debates during the various stakeholder meetings. We further would wish to acknowledge the
cooperation and support extended to the team by the officers of the County Government and those of
the National Government who made it possible for this plan to come to fruition. Finally we would like to
thank Mr Joseph Keter for his zeal in facilitating the development and Governor Amason J. Kingi for
giving this plan his blessings.

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Acronyms
NCTC National Counter Terrorism Centre
DAI Development Alternatives Initiatives
TTU Taita Taveta University
UNESCO United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization
CVE Countering Violent Extremism
VE Violent Extremism
CSO Civil Society Organization
FBO Faith Based Organization
KDF Kenya Defence Forces
APCVE-KC Action Plan for Countering Violent Extremism in Kilifi County
ID Identity Card
PP Passport
CPA County Policing Authority
NSCVE National Strategy for Countering Violent Extremism
CCVEF County CVE Forum
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Definitions
Counter Radicalisation – refers to efforts to delegitimise violent extremist ideologies, and to
deter recruitment into specific terrorist groups or campaigns. It involves targeted efforts to
reduce the access to citizens by influential individuals and groups whose deliberate mission is to
expand support for terrorism.
Countering Violent Extremism – is the employment of non-coercive means to delegitimise
violent extremist ideologies and thus reduce the number of terrorist group supporters and
recruits.
De-radicalisation – refers to concerted efforts directed at radicalised individuals to cause them
to change their views to reject violent extremist ideologies and to seek to act within Kenya’s
legal and constitutional bounds. It is often aimed at prisoners convicted of terrorist or violent
extremist crimes, or voluntary returnees from active participation in terrorist groups.
Disengagement – refers to individuals deserting, defecting or demobilising from terrorist groups
and activities. This is a behavioral or declarative act and does not necessarily include the
psychological and social dimensions of de-radicalisation.
Radicalisation – is a gradual or phased process that employs the ideological conditioning of
individuals and groups to socialise them into violent extremism, and recruitment into terrorist
groups or campaigns. It is dependent on a fanatical ideology that rejects dialogue and
compromise in favour of a ends-justifies-ends approach, particularly in the willingness to utilize
mass violence to advance political aims -- defined in racial, ethnic, sectarian and religious terms
– opposed to the democratic principles enshrined in Kenya’s Constitution.
Rehabilitation – is a process that aims to ensure that disengaged and de-radicalised violent
extremists and terrorists, particularly returnees from Al Shabaab and like groups, are given the
counselling, critical reasoning tools, and knowledge to shift their mind-sets and enable them to
be peaceful and law-abiding citizens.
Reintegration – refers to actions that support the social, ideological, psychological, and
economic wellbeing of rehabilitated individuals as they return to live wi th their families and
communities, and that ensure that they remain peaceful and law-abiding in the long run.
Self-radicalisation – refers to the process whereby an individual becomes a violent extremist
without any specific terrorist group engaging him directly; it often occurs through access to
extremist propaganda via media and the Internet.
Terrorism – according to the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2012 (POTA), a “terrorist act” means
an act or threat of action — (a) which — (i) involves the use of violence against a person; (ii)
endangers the life of a person, other than the person committing the action; (iii) creates a
serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public; (iv) results in serious
damage to property; (v) involves the use of firearms or explosives; (vi) involves the release of
any dangerous, hazardous, toxic or radioactive substance or microbial or other biological agent
or toxin into the environment; (vii) interferes with an electronic system resulting in the
disruption of the provision of communication, financial, transport or other essential services;
(viii) interferes or disrupts the provision of essential or emergency services; (ix) prejudices
national security or public safety; and (b) which is carried out with the aim of — (i) intimidating
or causing fear amongst members of the public or a section of the public; or (ii) intimidating or
compelling the Government or international organisation to do, or refrain from any act; or (iii)

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
destabilizing the religious, political, Constitutional, economic or social institutions of a country,
or an international organisation.
Terrorist Groups or Organisations – are typically structured as revolutionary vanguard
organisations whose employ of violence is intended to broaden their ideological appeal to a
larger religious/racial/ethnic/social grouping. They utilise violence without legal or moral
restraints and use front groups and a disguised command-and-control hierarchy for
propaganda, ideological indoctrination, and mass mobilisation.
Violent Extremism – refers to radicalised individuals who are prepared to engage in, or actively
support, acts of violence in furtherance of radically illiberal, undemocratic political systems or
ideologies.

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Forward from Governor Amason Jefwa Kingi
The Coastal Region has since independence had a strong affiliation to a federal system of Government.
Before the advent of devolution through the 2010 constitution, the Centralised system of Government
has always been seen as the source of the marginalisation and historical injustice that are experienced in
Kilifi. The Advent of County Governments in 2013 therefore gave an opportunity to the people of Kilifi a
great opportunity to tackle their own developmental challenges. The sense of exclusion and
marginalisation combined with poverty, landlessness and limited opportunities for employment have
conspired to create conditions that favour the Mombasa republican Council ideology. No wonder Kilifi
County hosts many adherents of MRC. In the same light we have seen increased radicalization and
violent extremism based on religious ideologies and places like Mtwapa, Kikambala, Malindi and
Gongongoni appear to host many radicals who are hiding or plotting.
As we try to make true the dreams of Ronald Ngala, who championed ideology, we have to be alive to
the socio-economic and religious frustrations that drive youth in Kilifi and neighbouring counties into
violent political as well as religious extremism. All stakeholders have a role to play to address the push
and pull factors that drive especially youth into becoming violent extremists. We recognise the role
families have to play in empowering their children to grow with positive thinking about their society. We
also recognise that schools are key to nurturing positivity in youth. As a County we will focus on
providing quality service, empowering youth through Technical and Vocational Training, fighting poverty
by investing in Agriculture and Fisheries and carefully navigating the Land question in the County.
We also pledge to work closely with religious leaders to develop counter narratives so as to give hope to
all youth in Kilifi County. We will nurture a close relationship with the clergy and promote interfaith
dialogue by promoting the historical ties that have kept people of all faith living and working together in
Kilifi.
While we recognise Security as the domain of the National Government we appreciate the great role
that the County Government of Kilifi can play in shaping the narrative that fuels resentment and
radicalization. We will work with stakeholders in civil society, faith based organisations, women and
youth organisations to make progress and give hope as we find solutions to the many challenges facing
our society. We own this Action Plan for Countering Violent extremism in Kilifi and look forward to
working with everyone in its implementation. We especially ask for support from the International
Community in its implementation so that we can all have a secure future.
HE Governor Amason Jefwa Kingi
Kilifi County

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Forward from County Commissioner Kilifi
Kilifi County is strategically positioned along stretch of Indian Ocean coastline from Mtwapa to
Kurawa. Two major highway cross the County; Mombasa to Nairobi and Mombasa to
Garissa/Lamu. The County has several vital installations including the Italian San Marco Space
Satellite at Ngomeni, Baricho Water Works at Lango Baya, Pwani University and KEMRI
Research Institute in Kilifi and host of high end tourist hotels and villas in Kilifi, Kikambala,
Mtwapa, Malindi and Watamu
The last terrorist attack in the County occurred in Kikambala in November 2002 but there exist
cases of radicalization of youths in various areas notably Mariakani, Kikambala, Kilifi, Watamu,
Malindi and Mambrui. There had been cases of maids being married off and taken to Somalia.
However the number of returnees from war torn Somalia are scanty unlike in the neighbouring
Kwale County.
The County has been witnessing sporadic cases of violent attacks by outlawed Mombasa
Republican Council (MRC) in Chumani, Bandara Salama, Jibana, Kizurini in March 2013 and
Kinarani in December 2014. Other cases of violence particularly involving land ownership have
been witnessed in parts of Kilifi South, Kilifi North, Malindi and Magarini Sub Counties.
Some of the motivating factors of radicalization and extremism include the socio-psychological
factors of perception of marginalisation, real or imagined injustices committed to Muslims by
western states, high levels of illiteracy, high levels of poverty, strong belief on witchcraft
practises and issues bordering on historical injustices.
Kilifi Countering Violent Extremism Action Plan is premised on the National Strategy on
Countering Violent Extremism which was rolled out by the government in September 2016.
The Plan upholds importance of security as defined in Section 238(1) of the Constitution as “the
protection against internal and external threats to a nation’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,
its people, their rights, freedoms, property, peace, stability and prosperity”.
The expectation of the citizenry of Kilifi is to have secure environment for social, political and
economic prosperity. Our office will endeavour to collaborate with all stakeholders in
strategizing to ensure all spheres of educational and non-educational, administrative, judicial,
correctional, religious institutions embrace mechanisms to reduce possible recruitment and acts
of violence extremism in the County.
We appreciate the guidance of the National Counter Terrorism Centre and the efforts of team of
consultants led by Taveta University.
JOSEPH K. KETER
COUNTY COMMISSIONER
KILIFI.

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Chapter One: General Background and Introduction
Introduction
As highlighted in its County Integrated Development Plan, Kilifi County has a vision of being a
leading prosperous and secure county for High quality Life. As it places premium on security in
its vision, the County CIDP also embraced certain core values which include
(i) The rule of law, democracy and participation of the people.
(ii) Human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-
discrimination and protection of the marginalized.
(iii) Good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability;
(iv) Sustainable development
This plan embraces the vision and core values espoused in the CIDP as a good basis for Countering
Violent Extremism in Kilifi County.
The Geography of Kilifi County
Kilifi County is one of the six counties in the coast region. The county lies between latitude 2o 20‟
and 4o 0‟South, and between longitude 39o 05‟ and 400 14‟ East. It borders Kwale County to the
south west, Taita Taveta County to the West, and Tana River County to the north, Mombasa County
to the south and Indian Ocean to the east. The county covers an area of 12,609.7 km2. Like Lamu it
is placed strategically between Kwale and Mombasa on the one hand, and Lamu, Garissa and
Somalia on the other.
Kilifi is the largest County in the Coast Region, with the biggest population (Table 1).
Since historical times, Muslims, Christians and Traditionalists have coexisted in Kilifi County with Swahili
(Muslim) settlements recorded Malindi, Gede, Mtwapa and Mamburui. The First Church in Kenya was
set up in Rabai by Dr Ludwig Krapf, while at the same time Kilifi has the largest concentration of

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Mijikenda shrines (Kayas). In Kilifi, it is quite the norm to have within one family members of all three
religious persuasion living side by side.
Socio-Economic Realities in Kilifi
Kilifi County has a population estimated to be 1,217,892 people by 2012 with 587,719 and 630,172
male and female respectively. The youth population was 297,612 in 2009 representing
approximately 27 percent of the total population and was projected to rise to 326,617 in 2012
before rising further to 358,450 and 393,385 in 2015 and 2017 respectively. The gross enrolment
rate in secondary school in the county is very low at 42.5 percent while the net enrolment rate is 34
percent with differentials being reflected with boys having a higher enrolment rat e than girls. The
rate of employment in the county is approximately 30 percent of the total population. Boda boda
transport business has eased the problem of unemployment to the youth in the county. Despite
various efforts carried out by both the Government and non-government agencies, the county
remains one of the poorest counties in the Country with an absolute poverty level of 71.7 percent
(KIHBS 2005/2006)1.
Manifestation of the CVE problem in Kilifi County
Kilifi County has not been spared the challeng es of radicalization and Violent Extremism that has
affected the Coast and North Eastern Region. Security authorities in Kilifi were quoted to indicate that
Islamic radicalisation and recruitment to Al Shabaab is thriving in seven major towns in the county. Kilifi
County Commissioner Joseph Keter cited intelligence reports that extremism training and recruitment
was going on in Kilifi, Malindi, Mamburui, Tezo, Kaloleni, Ganze and Mtwapa. Mr Keter said authorities
are also monitoring two mosques and several Islamic schools. One of the mosques is located in Kilifi
town and another in Mtwapa while the Islamic schools are in Tezo and Mamburui. 2
In the Coastal Region Kilifi County was the first to be hit by acts of Terrorism when Paradise Hotel in
Kikambala was bombed on by suspected terrorists on 28th November 2002. An all-terrain vehicle
crashed through a barrier outside the Paradise Hotel and blew up, killing 13 and injuring 80. At the
same time, attackers fired two surface-to-air missiles at an Israeli charter plane, which was flying out of
Moi International Airport in Mombasa3. This attack was blamed on Al-Qaeda local operatives led by
Sheikh Aboud Rogo who were arrested charged and acquitted.
Other Terror related incidents in Kilifi County include the assassination of Ahmed Abdalla Bakhshuein a
suspected police reservist in Malindi was killed by suspected terrorists on 28th January 2014.4
Shortly before the killing of Bakhshuein, on 4th December 2013 a madrasa tutor Faiz Abdallah Bwarusi 5
was abducted and his decapitated body later found thrown at a Beach in Ngomeni Malindi. The incident
1 Kilifi County CIDP 2013-2017
2 https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000161113/alert-over-extremism-as-wanted-thug-is-arrested-in-ki lifi
3 https://en.wikipedia .org/wi ki /2002_Mombas a_attacks
4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8C- mQWNDUM
5 https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000099347/madra ssa-tutor-beheaded-as-terror-fears -rise

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
was blamed on Al-Shabaab operatives who had crossed over from Somalia. This raised fear among
residents of Malindi that terrorism was taking root in the town and its environs.
Malindi was in the news again when on 20th January 2016 four terror suspects were killed security
agents. All the suspects — Suleiman Mohammed Awadh, Abdalla Salim Marumu, Mohamed Abubakar
Mohamed and Muumin Abdalla Muumin — were from Coast, and were described as “bloodthirsty,
armed and dangerous” and had been on police most wanted list6. Malindi was again recently in the
news when 6 alleged terror suspects were arrested by security agents on 11th March 2017 in the Shella7
area
In General, the Kikambala-Mtwapa area and the Malindi-Shella-Mambrui-Ngomeni neighborhoods
appear hardest hit by radicalization. Kikambala was home for Sheikh Aboud Rogo and a host of other
radicals operating from the various Islamic Institutions in the area. Malindi -Mambrui-Ngomeni has a
similar concentration of Institutions which seem to have been breached by radicalized youth.
MRC and the Land question
Kilifi has one of the strongest contingent of Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) support base in the
Coast Region. Historical Land injustices associated with the Vipingo Sisal Estates and Absentee
Landlords, The Mazrui Trust land issues appear to be the main drivers of Land related conflict in
Kilifi County. There has also been serious conflict associated with the Salt Mining in Gongoni,
Malindi. Landlessness exhibited by squatters is a major phenomenon in the county. Although Kilifi
was largely insulated from Kaya Bombo and Mlungunipa incidents that were in the neighbouring
Kwale County in 1997 and 2006-2007, the factors that drove those incidents appear to have
permeated Kilifi County in the run up to the 2013, when MRC gained in strength and prominence
and threatened to disrupt elections8.Violent attacks attributed by MRC in Kilifi in the run up to 2013
elections in were reported in Kaloleni, Malindi, Mtwapa etc. On 12th December 2014 an Administration
Police officer was killed and two of his colleagues seriously injured when a gang of over 200 people
raided the Kinarani AP post at Mwanamwinga, Kaloleni, in Kilifi County.. The officer killed was the
corporal in charge of the post9. The Chonyi area in Kilifi South is especially sore because of the Vipingo
Sisal Estates and the establishment of Vipingo Ridge High end Housing for the well to do. MRC are said
to be very active in Mwarakaya, Chonyi. Most MRC activities are associated with the Mijikenda
communities in Kil ifi who are mostly Christian or Traditionalists.
6 http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/Kili fi /Four-terror-s us pects-killed-in-Malindi/1183282-3040846-
fwcr26z/index.html
7 http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/11/six-terror-s us pects-arrested-in-action-pa cked-malindi-night-
raid_c1522750
8 http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/10/kingis -bodyguard-3-others-die-in-ki lifi-chaos/
9 http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/Kilifi/Kilifi-AP-Police-Post-Attack/1183282-2553452-
rg804z/index.html (12.12.2014)

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Chapter Two: Justification for the plan
Radicalisation and Violent extremism continues to be a challenge for communities in the coast region.
Kilifi County is in the grip of two phenomenon which have the potential to mutate into serious conflict.
The MRC challenges which appears wide spread has the potential for spreading wider conflict between
the communities and the land owners and Government on the other side. Kilifi also appears to harbour
a significant number of Al-Shabaab operatives either in hiding, on transit or as returnees. The frequency
with which incidents are reported in Malindi and other areas of Kilifi requires a concerted effort from
stakeholders which is why this Action Plan for Countering Vi olent Extremism in Kilifi County is necessary.
Linking with the International and National Strategies for CVE
On 24th December 2015, the United Nations passed its Plan of Action for Countering Violent
Extremism10. The Plan made the following observations:
(i) Violent extremism is an affront to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. It
undermines peace and security, human rights and sustainable development. No country or
region is immune from its impacts.
(ii) The spread of violent extremism has further aggravated an already unprecedented
humanitarian crisis which surpasses the boundaries of any one region. Millions of people
have fled the territory controlled by terrorist and violent extremist groups. Migratory flows
have increased both away from and towards the conflict zones, involving those seeking
safety and those lured into the conflict as foreign terrorist fighters, further destabilizing the
regions concerned.
(iii) Nothing can justify violent extremism but we must also acknowledge that it does not arise in
a vacuum. Narratives of grievance, actual or perceived injustice, promised empowerment
and sweeping change become attractive where human rights are being violated, good
governance is being ignored and aspirations are being crushed.
(iv) Over the past two decades, the international community has sought to address violent
extremism primarily within the context of security-based counter-terrorism measures
adopted in response to the threat posed by Al-Qaida and its affiliated groups. However, with
the emergence of a new generation of groups, there is a growing international consensus
that such counter-terrorism measures have not been sufficient to prevent the spread of
violent extremism. Violent extremism encompasses a wider category of manifestations and
there is a risk that a conflation of the two terms may lead to the justification of an overly
broad application of counter-terrorism measures, including against forms of conduct that
should not qualify as terrorist acts
(v) The importance of measures being taken by member states being in line with international
norms and recognizes the need for prevention: “violent extremism, which can be conducive
10 UN General Ass embly (2015) The United Nations Global Counter-Te rr oris m Strategy: Plan of Action
to Prevent Violent Extre mis m. Report of the Secretary-Gener al. Seventieth session. Agenda items 16
and 117. Pg. 1-22

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
to terrorism”, requires collective efforts, “including preventing radicalization, recruitment
and mobilization of individuals into terrorist groups and becoming foreign terrorist fighters”.
The UN Security Council “calls upon Member States to enhance efforts to counter this kind
of violent extremism”, recognizing that “international cooperation and any measures taken
by Member States to prevent and combat terrorism must comply fully with the Charter of
the United Nations”
(vi) There is a need to take a more comprehensive approach which encompasses not only
ongoing, essential security-based counter-terrorism measures, but also systematic
preventive measures which directly address the drivers of violent extremism that have given
rise to the emergence of these new and more virulent groups.
The National Strategy for Countering Violent Extremism11
President Uhuru Kenyatta states in the forward to the National Strategy to Counter Violent Extremism
(NSCVE) that as a response to the domestic challenge, the Kenyan government has launched an
unprecedented multi-agency security operation. This has resulted in a sharp increase in operational
tempo to detect, deter and disrupt the activities of terrorists. He asserts that to ensure lasting success,
these means must be complemented by a resistance to the terrorists’ ideology, which cloaks an
unrestrained willpower cloaked in false invocations of Islamic texts and history. He goes on to say that
the strategy responds to the need to drain Kenyan society of radicalisation and recruitment into violent
extremism by engaging the public and all instruments of national power. The NSCVE is driven by a
strengthened National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) whose inter-agency nature is key to effectively
coordinating different arms of government and multiple stakeholders in the civil space. The National
strategy has 9 Pillars as listed below
1. Psychosocial Pillar: It is important to address the psychosocial needs of individuals who have
been radicalised and even joined violent extremist groups. The focus here is on
rehabilitation, re-integration of reformed extremists, and providing support to their families
and social networks.
2. Education Pillar: The aim is to address radicalisation in learning institutions.
3. Political Pillar: Engaging political leaders at the local, county, and national levels.
4. Security Pillar: To ensure that radicalisation is met with the full force of law.
5. Faith Based and Ideological Pillar: The aim of this pillar is to ‘immunise’ the Kenyan
population to violent extremist ideologies.
6. Training and Capacity Building Pillar: Will ensure that GoK institutions, political and religious
leaders, and all actors with a mandate to undertake CVE possess the right skills and
awareness.
7. Arts and Culture Pillar: Radicalisation at its core is an attack on the cultures and heritage of
the Kenyan people. Under this pillar, the focus is on protecting and promoting Keny a’s
heritage.
8. Legal and Policy Pillar: Relevant laws and policy frameworks must support CVE.
11 GOK 2016: Nati onal Strategy to Counter Viol ent Extremism.

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
9. Media and Online Pillar. The Cyberspace and media should embrace the struggle against
radicalization as agents of positive change
The proposals contained in this plan will align to the 9 pillars of the NSCVE strategy and be in harmony
with the recommendations of the United Nation’s Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism.
Vision for of the Kilifi Plan
A prosperous Kilifi County free of radicalization and violent extremism
Mission of the Kilifi Plan
To bring together stakeholders from Kilifi County to address the push and pull factors so as to combat
radicalization and violent extremism in the County
Objectives of the ACPCVE-KC
1. To Identify hotspots of radicalizati on in Kilifi County
2. To identify the push and pull factors that drive radicalization and violent extremism in Kilifi
3. To propose strategies to counter radicalization and violent extremisms in Kilifi County
4. To identify and assign roles to stakeholders in the fight against radicalization and VE

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Chapter Three: Situation analysis
Table 1. Hot Spots of Radicalization and VE in Kilifi County
S/No.
Hotspots
Reason
1
Kisumu Ndogo
 Drug Abuse, criminal gangs
2
Shela
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Recruitment
 Radicalization
 Returnees
3
Ngomeni
 Radicalization
 Recruitment
 Returnees
4
Mamburui
 Radicalization
 Recruitment
 Returnees
5
Kikambala
 Land Squatter problems
 Radicalization of the youth
 Recruitment of youth to Al -shabaab
 Returnees
 Violent Extremism
6
Mtwapa
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Prostitution
 Hideout for criminals
 Radicalization
 Recruitment
 Returnees
7
Mbuzi Wengi
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Hideout for criminals
 Prostitution
8
Mibuyu saba
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Hideout of criminal gangs
 Prostitution
9
Kiwandani
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Hideout of criminals
10
Bofa
 Hideout of criminals
 Land Disputes
11
Mnarani
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Hideout of criminals
12
Gongoni
 Land disputes
13
Marereni
 Land disputes
14
Matsangoni
 Hideout for Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) Members
15
Chumani
 Hideout for MRC members
 Hideout for criminal gangs
16
Kakanjuni
 Drug and Substance Abuse
17
Mtondia
 Land issue sparked by Coal mining
 MRC

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
 Radicalization
18
Kibaoni
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Prostitution
 Hideout for criminals
21
Chonyi
 Land issues
 Hideout for MRC
22
Mwarakaya
 Rea Vipingo land disputes
 MRC
23
Jibana
 Hideout for MRC in the Jibana Kaya forest
24
Kaya Fungo/Gotani
 Hideout of MRC
25
Kambe
 Hideout for MRC
26
Kibarani
 Hideout for MRC
 Drug and Substance Abuse
27
Mkombe
 Hideout for MRC
28
Kasarani/Cosovo
 Drug and Substance Abuse
29
Ngerenya
 Hideout for MRC
31
Kazuirini
 Hideout for MRC
33
Wesa
 Transit for Drugs

34
Takaungu
 Hideout for criminal gangs
Table 2: SWOT Analysis of CVE issues in Kilifi County
STRENGHTS
 Peaceful Coexietence
 Active Networks (CSOs etc)
 Good relations between CSOs and National Government
 Good road network
 Tourist Attraction (Beachline/hotels
 Minerals
 Ocean resources
 Human resources
 Clean environment
 Large tracts of fertile land
WEAKNESSES
 Unemployment (Employment opportunities not exploited)
 Lack of skills
 Poverty
 Belief in Witchcraft
 Retrogressive cultural practices (early marriages)
 Ignorance
 Belief in Witchcraft
 Illiteracy
 Belief in non- indigenous Political Parties
 Ethnic animosity
 Poor working relations between National and County Governments

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
 Food insecurity
 Lack of trust between law enforcement agencies and the community
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Poor infrastructure ( health and water)
 Weak public participation (i.e. wrong timing-Fridays)
 Lack of awareness on separation of politics and public participation
 Apathy of government (National & County) development initiatives
 Poor Communication on Public Participation
 No budget on CVE
OPPORTUNITIES
 Fishing not fully exploited
 Minerals not fully exploited
 Oil and Gas not explored
 Human Resource/Youthful population
 Fertile Agricultural Land
 Strong Civil Society
 Technology
 Proactive Constitution with framework of involving the two governments
 Educational Institutions (universities, MTCs, Technical colleges)
THREATS
 Terrorism (VE)
 Radicalization
 Technology (radicalization and VE)
 Poor governance and corruption
 Dynamism of radicalization from mosques to homes and through
technological platforms
 Intercultural Interactions

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Table 3: P-PESTEL Analysis
P-Policy
 Lack of clear policy on education in the county
 No policy on students outside scholarship programme
 Lack of an inclusive extra-curricular guideline
 No county policy on mainstreaming CVE issues
 Policy on the use of technology i.e Social Media
 Lack of effective implementation…..Policy does not address failures at
all levels
P-Politics
 No political good will on both national and county government on CVE
 Politicians don’t condemn violent extremism
 Bad governance and corruption
 Lack of cooperation between National and County Governments
 Misuse of VE for political gains
E-Economics
 Both governments to create opportunities for youth and women
 Revival of collapse factories i.e. Cashewnuts, Milk Processing
 No value addition of primary products
 No budget in both National and County governments on CVE
 Lack of employment opportunities for the youth
 Lack of awareness among youth and women on available
empowerment funds
 Lack of awareness on empowerment quotas
 Discrimination on employment opportunities
S-Social
 Government restriction on some activities (Parents visit, religious
functions during exams in school
 Retrogressive cultural practices i.e Disco “Matanga, Keshas”, early
marriages
 Drug and Substance Abuse
 Lack of rehabilitation centres
 Lack of involvement of Faith Based Organizations in CVE
 No social mechanisms to teach patriotism (ie Peace clubs etc)
T-Technology
 Lack of guidelines on use of technology i.e Social Media, age
 Lack of visibility of anti-cybercrime agency
 Lack of involvement of stakeholders in Information Technology on CVE
issues
 Lack of awareness on radicalization sites in the internet
E-Environment
 Porous borders in the county (Long coastline)
 Environment of historical injustices and marginalization fuel
radicalization
 Vastness of the county provides easy hideout for criminals
 Environmental degradation i.e Quarrying, deforestation
 Air pollution (Takaungu and Kaloleni)/Climate Change - Push factor
L-Legal
 Lack of civic education on laws and policies to the community
 Lack of legal guidelines/ framework to guide the county on CVE issues
 Lack of awareness on CVE issues among County officials and Members
of County Assembly
 Complicated guidelines to access empowerment funds (Continuous

19
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
awareness)
Table 4. Stakeholder Analysis
S/No.
Stakeholder
Role
1
National Government
 Provision of security
 Policy coordination and implementation
 Coordination of CVE activities and programmes
 Funding for CVE activities
 Linkages with CVE stakeholders
 Psycho-social support services for victims
 Rehabilitation and Reintegration
 Economic empowerment
 Capacity Building
2
County Government
 Resource Mobilization for CVE programming
 Formulation of laws and policies by the County
Assembly on CVE
 Conduct Awareness on CVE and Civic Education
 Establish a CVE desk
 Preventive Programming i.e Skill training and Talent
promotion among the youth
 Psycho-social support services for victims
 Capacity Building
 Economic empowerment
3
Civil Society Organizations
(IOM, Red Cross Society,
Jamii Thabiti, Centre for
Rights Education and
Awareness and National
Cohesion and Integration
Commission, National
Steering Committee on
Community Policing,
Nyumba Kumi Clusters
 Provide Awareness and Civic Education on CVE
 Resource Mobilization for CVE
 Preventive Programming i.e poverty alleviation
 Advocacy
 Human rights
 Networking and collaboration, linkages
 Capacity Building
4
Faith Based Organizations
 Civic Education and Awareness on CVE
 Resource Mobilization around mitigation of CVE
 Psycho-social support services for victims
 Capacity Building
 Cohesion/integration/tolerance/co-existence
5
Community (Peace
Committees)
 Psycho-social support for those affected
 Proper Raising and Socialization of children
 Awareness creation on CVE
 Participation in Security activities
 Cooperation with security agencies
6
Families/households
 Proper parenting and socialization for children
 Psycho-social support

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
 Early detection of radicalization (Characteristics)
Chapter Four: Proposing Interventions for VE challenges in Kilifi
Introducing the Aarhus Model-HB
Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark, adopted a policy to dissuade young people from joining ISIS
or al-Qaeda, instead offering specific counselling and mentoring services for those who have radicalised,
as well as exit programmes for those who support or are prepared to carry out violent acts. The Aarhus
model is also known for its focus on rehabilitation of fighters that have returned from Syria. The
rehabilitation involves parents, family networks, social workers and teachers, who all provide support
for young people at risk12.
The Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET) and the Ministry of Social Affairs collaborated in the
development of a Danish (Aarhus) model for the prevention of radicalization 13.
Structure of the model
Figure 1. The Aarhus Model of Preventing Violent Extremism (adopted from the Danish Intelligence
Service (PET).
There are three main steps in the process of preventing the kind of radicalization which creates violent
extremists i.e. outreach, capacity building and exit. Outreach, reflects no particular threats or signs of
radicalization in any religious community or individual, but is important in eliminating the conditions of
12 http://www.eip.org/en/news -events/how-preven t-violent-extremis m-and-ra di cal i sation
13 https://www.hudson.org/research/10555 -the-danis h-model-for-prevention-of-radicalization-and-extremism
Violent
Extremists
Radicalized Individuals
General Popopulation
Treatment (Exit)
Capacity Building
Outreach
Disengagement
Deradicalization
Reintegration

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
society, both nationally and locally, that have the potential to turn individuals in a more radical
direction. It involves Government, Community leaders and Civil Society and it emphasizes continuous
dialogue with communities that are most affected by radicalization. The next phase (orange zone) is
where the target groups are radicalized but are not yet violent. Capacity building of influential members
of the community like Imams and CSOs so as to help in countering radicalisation. The field workers
receive extensive training in preventive work, and act as crucial intermediaries in a dialogue between
civil society and potential extremists. There are several warning signs, such as skipping school all of a
sudden or keeping a new distance from friends and family, which can precede the decision to become a
Jihadi, and the field workers of the PET are professionally trained to spot these signals and encourage a
different path. The third Phase (Red zone) is where target individuals have graduated into violent actors
who must be treated through a strategy that will prevent them from coursing him. Such individuals
include foreign fighters on their return who must be disengaged, deradicalized and re-integrated back to
society. This manly involves security agents working with family members, friends and acquaintances of
the target individual.
Teasing out the Strategic Issues in Kilifi County and aligning them to Strategic Pillars of the
NSCVE
1. Ideology: This plan recognizes that radicalization is a problem in Kilifi County. From the
interactions with stakeholders in the process of developing this plan, it is clear that
radicalization is happening in diverse environments such as Madrasa, Mosques, at home
and in the digital spaces. The plan recognizes the dynamic nature of recruiters and
radicalization and endeavours to provide mitigation measures.
2. Psychosocial: Radicalization in Kilifi County is conceived to happen in diverse
situations. These situations were seen by stakeholders to revolve around psychological
and social dimensions of human life. An effective plan to Counter Violent Extremism
would therefore be one that addresses these unique environments of radicalization and
VE in Kilifi County.
3. Art and Culture: Stakeholders involved in the development of this plan highlighted the
power of art and culture as a precursor to a form of radicalization that threatens the Kilifi
community, especially women and the elderly. More precisely, Kilifi County suffers from
dangerous cultural practices that beget violence extremism. The belief in witchcraft has
seen the violent killing(s) of many elderly people and women have suffered the brunt of
patriarchy in the form of domestic violence, rape and early marriages. More so, Kilifi
County has a serious problem of open inter-tribal animosity among the different
indigenous communities and communities coming from outside the region.
4. Technology: It emerged from the discussions with stakeholders that the digital space is
playing a key role in recruitment and radicalization in Kilifi County. The county boasts of
a 4G network and fibre optic cable connectivity that has seen increased speed in internet
connectivity. Though this is a plus for the county in terms of access to digital space and
growing business, it has found another use of radicalization and mobilization for
recruitment into violent extremist groups. Thus, this plan takes cognizance of the fact that

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
media, both print and electronic are avenues for violent extremism mobilization,
recruitment and radicalization in Kilifi County.
5. Political and Structural: The politics of the nation and those of the county have their
share in radicalizing citizens based on unfulfilled promises. Challenges of
marginalization and historical injustices have not been resolved effectively. More so,
stakeholders pointed out the lack of effective cooperation between the national and
county government leadership in Kilifi County. The plan takes note of the poor working
relations between National and County Government of Kilifi, coupled with weak public
participation to have weakened focus on Countering Violent Extremism in the county.
6. Security: This plan to Counter Violent Extremism attests to the fact that peace and
security are a precursor to development. Poor security situation in an area affects
investments that are necessary to spur development. From the stakeholders consultations
we noted that the police - community relations is poor. There is open lack of trust
between the Kilifi community and law enforcement agencies. Issues of a weak witness
protection framework were highlighted as exemplified by lack of confidentiality in crime
and security matters.
7. Education: Kilifi County has continued to perform decimally in national examinations at
both primary and secondary levels. Many youths shun schooling in favour of informal
engagements such as quarrying, construction and boda boda riding. The county has
widespread ignorance in many socio-economic fronts and the level of illiteracy is high.
Quite a chunk of the young people lack livelihood skills, and the county has no policy
framework to deal with rampant academic wastage.
8. Economic: The economic performance of the county was agreed is not good as
evidenced by expansive but poor road network, high poverty levels, rampant
unemployment and chronic food insecurity, especially in areas of Ganze and Magarini.
The poor economic performance makes youth vulnerable to recruitment into criminal
gangs and radical groups.
9. Awareness: There is a glaring lack of awareness among public officials and the general
public on issues of radicalization and violent extremism in Kilifi County. The topic is
treated with fear and does not dominate public debate, despite many hot spots of violent
extremism in the county. There is therefore urgent need of training and capacity building
to strengthen awareness on CVE issues in Kilifi County.
10. Legal and Policy: The deliberations with stakeholders exposed the lack of a legal and
policy framework to address radicalization and VE. Even in the face of recent
development of the National Strategy to Counter Violent Extremism (NSCVE),
stakeholders reported a lack of guidelines and coordinated efforts to mitigate
radicalization and VE in the county. This plan, inter alia, is a quest to fill this void and
ensure effective coordination to mitigate the problem.
11. Land, Historical Injustices and Marginalization: The land question, marginalization
and historical injustices, real or perceived, have been sore issues in Kilifi County. These

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
triple huddles were reported by stakeholders to have the potential to fuel mobilization for
radicalization and VE among the youth, especially those with no or low skills.
12. Geographical Issues: The vastness of land in the county, though a blessing, gives many
hideouts of recruiters and violent extremists, especially returnees. The remoteness of
some of the areas in the county, especially the border points with Kwale, Taita Taveta,
Mombasa and Tana River makes it easy for violent extremists to infiltrate and hide in the
county. These porous borders coupled with a vast and unmanned shoreline, makes Kilifi
County a safe haven for recruiters and violent extremists.
13. Poor governance and corruption: The twin problems of corruption and poor
governance were also highlighted by stakeholders to afflict Kilifi County. Challenges of
poor governance and corruption mean that resources are not used prudently. The
consequences of corruption and poor governance therefore provide a breeding ground
and conducive environment for recruiters and violent extremists to do their work. It also
emerged during the deliberations with stakeholders that Kilifi County had no budget for
CVE work despite the backdrop of radicalization and VE in the county.
14. The fear factor: From the discussion with the stakeholders, it emerged that most people
in Kilifi County are afraid to engage in dialogues concerning issues of radicalization,
recruitment and VE. Issues of radicalization, witchcraft, criminal gangs and VE are taboo
subjects in the county discourse. This plan recognizes this ardent fear and proposed
mechanisms that open dialogue on this topic with a view of crafting solutions unique for
the county dynamics.
Strategic Objectives and Strategies for CVE in Kilifi
From the fourteen (14) strategic issues identified, the following strategic objectives and
strategies were derived for mitigating radicalization and violent extremism in Kilifi County as
under:
Strategic Objective 1:
To strengthen capacity of the family, community, religious institutions and schools as partners in
the mitigating radicalization and violent extremism in Kilifi County. This objective aligns to the
training and capacity building, faith based and the ideology pillars of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1: Training of families, the community, leaders of religious institutions and schools in
anti-radicalization and violent extremism
2: Capacity building families, religious institutions, the community and formal
educational institutions

24
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
3: Strengthen families, communities, religious and school management/leaders to
customize and disseminate counter narratives to radicalization and extremist ideologies
Strategic Objective 2:
To strengthen psycho-social support for vulnerable groups and victims of radicalization and
violent extremism in Kilifi County. This objective aligns well with the psycho-social pillar of
the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Develop psychosocial program for those affected and traumatised by radicalization and
VE in Kilifi County.
2 Formulate a psychosocial support group for victims of radicalization and VE
3 Educational and livelihood support programmes for families of victims of violent
extremism and rehabilitated and socially reintegrated victims.
Strategic Objective 3:
To promote art and culture as alternative livelihood strategies, especially for the youth and
mitigate retrogressive cultural practices with potential for VE. This aligns to the educational
pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Provide opportunities for talent discovery, growth and development among the
population, especially the youth as an avenue for livelihood enhancement.
2 Strengthen awareness on dangerous cultural practices such as belief in witchcraft and
early marriages.
3 Promote the preservation and commercialization of cultural heritage as a livelihood
strategy for the communities living in Kilifi County
Strategic Objective 4:
To raise the level of awareness on the use of technology, especially social media to mobilize,
recruit and radicalize individuals into violent extremism. This aligns to media and online and
training and capacity building pillars of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Spread awareness to the public in Kilifi County on the viability of the digital space as a
conduit for mobilization, recruitment and radicalization into VE.

25
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
2 Train parents, religious leaders and teachers, both in formal and informal schools, on
the use of the digital space in the mobilization, recruitment and radicalization of young
people
3 Enhance surveillance of the digital space as a channel for mobilization, recruitment and
radicalization of young people in Kilifi County
Strategic Objective 5:
To promote political maturity and responsibility based on development issues affecting the
people of Kilifi. This aligns to the political and structural pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Sensitize political leaders on the role of politics in development and how it fuels
radicalization and violent extremism.
2 Encourage political maturity and responsibility through issue based politics among
leaders in the county.
3 Encourage political leaders to give priority to solving or mitigating land, historical and
other injustices and marginalization, real or perceived, in the county
Strategic Objective 6:
To secure Kilifi County from external and internal threats to insecurity, especially radicalization
and VE. This aligns to the security pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Strengthen intelligence gathering by nurturing closer ties to the communities
2 Tracking the trends in radicalization and VE and mapping their dynamism in Kilifi
County
3 Aggressively combat drug and substance abuse menace in Kilifi County
4 Enhance police – community relations and trust through inclusive and innovative ways
of participation
5 Step up surveillance by security agencies of the county, especially the borders with
other counties and the extensive coastline
6 Rehabilitation of inmates in Malindi, Kilifi and Kaloleni.
7. Safe and structured reintegration of ex-convicts and returnees to the society.

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Strategic Objective 7:
To strengthen education and training in Kilifi County focusing on access, retention, transition,
completion, quality and relevance. This aligns to the education pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 To work with chiefs and village administrators to ensure universal access to basic
education in the county.
2 Help schools to develop Performance Improvement plans (PIP)
3 Work with school principals to minimize dropout rates and enhance transition and
completion rates.
4 Work with schools to develop a tracking system that ensures that those who access
schools can be accounted for in retention, transition and completion rates.
5 Establish peace clubs in all the schools in Kilifi County
6 Partner with school heads and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to develop a
mentorship programme for students in all the schools in Kilifi County.
7. Strengthen bursary and scholarship scheme for needy students in Kilifi County
8 Strengthen vocational and technical institutes to provide access to all students who do
not transit to secondary schools, colleges and universities.
9 Start talent academies, innovation and entrepreneurial incubation centres to absorb
those with talent, innovative and business minded youth who are not interested in formal
schooling.
Strategic Objective 8:
To enhance growth and development of economic opportunities in Kilifi County for enhanced
livelihood strategies. This aligns to the economic pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Expand infrastructure such as roads network, water, electricity and health to open up
livelihood opportunity for the population.
2 Enhance and build new market centres to provide ready markets for diverse goods and
services in the county.
3 Create employment opportunities for the youth in both the formal and informal sector.

27
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
4 Strengthen online infrastructure, awareness and use of technology to market goods and
services produced in Kilifi nationally or internationally
5 Step up awareness among the youth and women on the available financing from the
government for business start-ups.
6 Invest in the blue economy to avail livelihood opportunities for the youth and women in
the county.
Strategic Objective 9:
To raise the level of awareness of all stakeholders on the problem and nature of radicalization
and violent extremism in Kilifi County. Aligns to the education and training and capacity
building pillars of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Document and disseminate narratives about radicalization and violent extremism in
Kilifi County, showing its impact on social life, livelihood and economic activities.
2 Raise awareness about the nature of conflict in Somalia and Middle East thereby
undermining its religious appeal among the youth.
3 Promote honest and open discussion and dialogue on radicalization and violent
extremism in Kilifi County.
4 Develop peace clubs and mentorship programmes in schools and madrasas to prevent
the youth from the allure of radicalization and violent extremism
Strategic Objective 10:
To provide local framework and mechanisms to mitigate radicalization and violent extremism in
Kilifi County. This aligns to the legal and policy pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1. Enhance coordination of all CVE interventions in Kilifi County
2. Create a forum for open discussion and dialogue on CVE issues in the county
3. Develop local legal and policy frameworks for CVE with support from all
stakeholders operating in the county.
4. Work closely and in collaboration with the national and international agencies
within the framework of the NSCVE to mitigate radicalization and VE in Kilifi
County.
Strategic Objective 11:

28
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
To establish a culture of fairness and justice in the delivery of public services in the county. This
aligns to the legal and policy pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Address land and historical injustices issues transparently and accountably
2 Ensure marginalization, real or perceived, is addressed methodically
3 Strengthen public awareness on procedures for accessing various public services
4 Enhance transparency and accountability in the provision of public services
Strategic Objective 12:
To enhance security surveillance in the vast county to mitigate mobilization, recruitment,
radicalization and VE. This aligns to the security pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Strengthen security patrols, especially in the border points and the coastline from
Mtwapa to Magarini.
2 Enhance intelligence gathering by innovatively and creatively involving the community
and providing them with opportunities to participate in security matters
3 Strengthen police – community relations and embrace them as partners in ensuring
security in the county,
4 Empower alternative security agencies such as Nyumba Kumi and community policing
as a strategy to ensure effective intelligence and security visibility in the vast county.
Strategic Objective 13:
To enhance citizen participation and inclusion in the operations of both, national and county
government, in Kilifi County. This aligns to legal and policy pillar of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Strengthen citizen participation and inclusion by invoking the Constitution of Kenya
2010 to ensure the citizen participates in setting the agenda and budget for development
in the County.
2 Enhance awareness among the public to take up their role in development by active
participation in National and County government development initiatives.

29
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
3 Strengthen transparency and accountability among public servants in the delivery of
services in Kilifi County.
4 Promote good corporate governance and ethical behaviour among civil servants as they
executive their roles
Strategic Objective 14:
To promote and improve cooperation and teamwork between the National and County
Government. This aligns to the political and legal and policy pillars of the NSCVE.
Strategies:
1 Establish a multi-agency Kilifi County CVE forum
2 Establish and operationalize the Kilifi County Policing Authority
3 Strengthen cooperation and synergy in multiple areas of service delivery
4 Involve the public in decision making processes in line with the Constitution of
Kenya
2010
5 Demonstrate respect for the rule of law by treating suspects within the law and human
rights framework
6 Strengthen police – community relations and trust in mitigating radicalization and VE

30
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Chapter Five: Theory of Change Relevant to the Kilifi County Plan for
CVE
Socialization theory lends itself to the understanding of how human beings acquire behavior14.
Ideally, human beings learn and use what they have learnt in living their lives. From infancy to
old age, human beings are in a continuous learning process of all they require to run their lives in
social, political and economic spheres. We are therefore who we are and we can become who we
want to be through socialization process. Socialization can be positive, where individuals learn
positive attributes that enable them participate in social life as “normal” members of society or
negative, where such members are considered social deviants. Radicals and violent extremists
were not born as such but are outcomes of an abnormal socialization process. However,
socialization into conforming or non-conforming behaviour takes place in the hands of agents. In
essence, there are primary and secondary agents of socialization that spearhead the acquisition of
all that an individual requires to participate in social life as follows:
The Family
This is a primary agent of socialization, where the parents, siblings and
significant others become the first agents facilitating the acquisition of
behaviours deemed necessary for an individual’s participation in social life. The
family is a critical agent because what children learn during their early years is
profound and long lasting. Accordingly, it can be implied that radicals and
violent extremists might be victims of poor socialization at home by parents. A
weak family institution can be a precursor for the development of deviant
behaviour among children, explaining to some extent the presence of radicals
and violent extremists. The KCPCVE recognizes the family as a key institution
in mitigating radicalization and VE in the county. The family has a role in
preventing children from becoming radicals and violent extremists and in dis-
engagement, de-radicalization, rehabilitation and re-integration through re-
socialization process.
Peers
These are friends or age mates that children play with and learn many aspects of
life that parents shy away from socializing their children. Within the framework
of differential association, when a child associates with good peers, the
expectation is that the child will acquire approved behaviour. Conversely, when
a child associates with bad peers, chances are that they will develop abnormal
behaviour. In prisons, socialization also take place among hard core criminals
14 William Little (2012) Socialization theory lends itself to the understanding of how human beings acquire
behavior. Chapter 5: Socialization in Introduction to Sociology. 1st Canadian Edition (edited by William
Little). BC Open Textbooks.(Accessed 9th October 2016)

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
who socialize each other in, where some of the criminal habits are further
ingrained. This explains in a nutshell, radicals and violent extremists in society.
Peers are a very powerful source of socialization rivalling the institution of the
family as the second primary agents of socialization. It is imperative therefore
that KCPCVE should have programming that ensures positive peer influence
and that parents are vigilant in ensuring their children interact with the right
friends.
The
education
Institution-
School/Mad
rasa
This is an important agent of formal socialization where children meet new
friends away from home and teachers become new role models. The school or
Madrasa provides an opportunity for children to learn new behaviour from their
school mates and teachers. The teachers become powerful and trusted agents of
socialization in shaping the behaviour of young people. Successful socialization
in school promises a better social life and the reverse is also true. However,
schools and Madrasas can be good agents of socialization but can as well be
sources of radicalization and recruitment into violent extremism. The KCPCVE
recognizes the role the educational institutions can play in both shaping good
behaviour of young people and negatively as recruitment and breeding grounds
for radicals and violent extremists.
The
Religious
Institution-
Church/Mos
que
The church or mosque can play a significant role in the acquisition of spiritual
and religious knowledge that help us participate in religious life. The pastors
and sheikhs become new role models that young people encounter in the growth
and development process. Accordingly, the youth can imitate or ape these role
models making them powerful agents of socialization. The KCPCVE
recognizes religious institutions, especially mosques to play a significant role to
stop radicalization, enhance rehabilitation and participate in de-radicalization
and social reintegration. More critical, the mosques can play a significant role in
developing counter narratives to radicalization, thereby preventing
radicalization and spearheading de-radicalization process.
The Mass
Media
Mass media is a powerful agent of socialization among young people. Both,
electronic and print media have been used by radicals and violent extremists to
recruit and radicalize young people. The growing globalization and development of
information super highway, has had not only positive but also its share of
negativities. More precisely, social media and the internet have been responsible
for the radicalization and introduction of young people into VE. However, the good
news is that mass media can be used as a force not only for evil but also for good to
reverse the insecurity situation experienced in the county. The KCPCVE envisages
the use of mass media, both print and electronic to advance the strategies that will
be employed to Counter Violent Extremism in Kilifi County.

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ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Chapter Six: Action Plan Matrix
The strategic objectives and strategies identified by stakeholders in Kilifi County that are considered important in CVE were translated into an
action plan matrix which assigns stakeholder responsibilities and also aligns each intervention to a particular pillar of the NSCVE as follows:
Strategic Objective
(What?)
Strategy
(How?)
Activities
(What to do?)
Responsibility
Who?
NSCVE
Pillar
Which?
Timeframe
When?
By:
Resources
Needed
What?
Communication
/Stakeholders
Strengthen capacity
of families,
community, schools
and religious
institutions in CVE
 CVE training for parents,
community leaders,
Imams/pastors & teacher
(Schools & Madrasas)
 Capacity building for
family, community,
mosque, church and school
Management in CVE
 Develop VE counter
narratives with scholars
 Build Information
Communication
Technology (ICT) capacity
among parents, community
leaders, sheiks, pastors and
teachers
 Seminars
 Workshops
 Conferences
 In-services
 Research
 Benchmarking
 Develop religious
institutional online
sites for
dissemination counter
narratives i.e:
websites/Facebook
page/twitter/YouTube
/WhatsApp etc
ALL
 Family
 Community
leaders
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt
 Teachers in
schools and
Madrasas
Ideology
Religious
Building
Capacity
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
National
County
Community
CSO
Religious
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector
Create awareness on
the problem and
nature of
radicalization and
VE
 Document and disseminate
CVE counter narratives
 Awareness on nature of
conflicts in Somali and
Middle East
 Promote honest and open
discussion and dialogue on
CVE
 Engineer the development
of peace clubs and
mentoring program in
schools
 Research
 Documentation
 Publication of CVE
materials
 Dissemination/Public
Presentations
 Dialogues/debates
 Media engagement
 Use of ICT:
Websites/Facebook
page/twitter/YouTube
/WhatsApp etc in
CVE discussions and
dialogues
ALL

 Family
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt.
 Private sector
Ideology
Social and
Education
and
Capacity
building
Pillars
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
Technical
National
County
Community
Family
CSOs
Religious
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector

33
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
 Start peace clubs and
mentoring programs
in schools and
madrasas
Cultivate a sense of
political maturity and
responsibility among
leaders
 Entrench issue based
politics
 Entrench public service
values
 Address development
issues raised by community
and give feedback
 Encourage political
maturity and responsibility
 Effort to resolve land,
historical injustices and
marginalization, real or
perceived.
 Enhance efficiency of
the Kilifi Huduma
Centre
 Reinforce public
service code of
conduct
 Enhance public
service provision
 Promote honest and
open dialogue on
land, historical
injustices and
marginalization
issues
 Enhance issue based
political dialogue and
competition
ALL
 Family
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 Politicians
 Leaders
 National &
 County Govt
Political
and
Legal and
Policy
pillars
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
National
County
Community
Family
CSO
Religious
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector
Promote awareness
on the use of
technology,
especially social
media in
radicalization and
VE
 Create awareness on use of
ICT in radicalization and
VE
 Train parents, religious
leaders, community leaders
and teachers on media and
radicalization/VE
 Enhance surveillance of the
digital space
 Awareness activities
on media and
radicalization and VE
 Seminars, workshops
and conferences on
media and
radicalization or VE
 Use Arts/sports to
promote awareness
on media and
radicalization
 Capacity build
parents, leaders (Faith
based and
community), and
teachers in media
and radicalization
 Establish online
ALL
 Families
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt
Social
pillar
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
Family
National
County
Community
CSO
Religious
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector

34
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
peace and security
dialogue groups or
clubs in Facebook,
WhatsApp, Twitter,
Websites etc.
Enhance cooperation
between the County
and National
Government on CVE
 Create a multi-agency Kilifi
CVE Forum
 Operationalize the Kilifi
County Policing Authority
(KCPA)
 Strengthen co-operation
and synergy between
National and County
government in service
delivery
 Address land, historical
injustice and
marginalization issues
 Strengthen awareness on
procedures to access public
services
 Enhance citizen
participation
 Enhance transparency and
accountability in the
provision of public services
 Respect rule of law and
human rights in service
delivery, especially in CVE
 Convene inception
meetings of the
multi-agency Kilifi
CVE Forum
 Hold regular
meetings of the CVE
forum
 Encourage Joint
Ventures
 Actualize (KCPA)
 Capacity Build
members (KCPA)
 Integrate the roles of
Kilifi CVE forum
into KCPA
 Benchmarking
 Open days for police
stations to create
awareness on police
procedures
 Continuous
awareness on
application of rule of
law and human rights
in service delivery in
CVE work
ALL
 Family
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt.
 Private sector
Security
and Legal
and policy
pillars
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
Technical
National
County
Community
Family
CSO
FBOs
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector
Enhance Local
Network and
Mechanisms to
mitigate
radicalization and
VE
 Enhance coordination of
CVE activities
 Ensure public participation
and Involvement in CVE
 Establish a secure forum or
mechanisms of discussion
and dialogue on CVE
 Create a local legal or
 Establish a Kilifi
County CVE Forum
 Enhance public
participation and
inclusion in
development
initiatives
 Involve community in
ALL
 Family
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt
Political
and legal
and policy
Pillars
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
Technical
National
County
Community
Family
CSO
Religious
Professionals
Scholars

35
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
policy for CVE
 Enhance collaboration with
national and international
partners in CVE
 Enhance police –
community relations and
trust in CVE work
decision making
 Ensure Continuous
research on CVE
 Develop County CVE
plan and information
Desks/centres
 Awareness of Public
servants to provide
services based on the
rule of law & human
rights principles
 Capacity building of
public officers on
interpersonal
relations & public
relation
 Establishment of
feedback mechanisms
to community
complaints
 Researchers
 Private sector
 Philanthropists
 Donors
Researchers
Politicians
Private Sector
Secure Kilifi County
from external and
internal
radicalization and
VE threats
 Strengthen intelligence
gathering
 Track trends and map VE
hot spots
 Continuous Surveillance of
border points and the vast
coastline and the digital
space for radicalization and
VE early warning signs
 Combat drug abuse
 Enhance community –
police relations and trust
 Empower alternative
policing such as Nyumba
Kumi and Community
Policing
 Rehabilitation of inmates in
Malindi, Kilifi and
Kaloleni.
 Promote SMART &
Innovative
intelligence gathering
 Enhance participatory
intelligence gathering
 Strengthen police
patrols on borders
and the coastline
 Strengthen
community
involvement in
surveillance &
intelligence gathering
 Develop a tracking
system for CVE
trends in Kilifi county
 Map out
Radicalization and
VE hotspots
ALL
 Family
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 Imams
 Psychologists
and Counsellors
 CSOs,
 National &
County Govt
Psycho-
social
support
Security
pillar
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
National
County
Community
Family
CSO
Religious
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector

36
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
 Safe and structured
reintegration of ex-convicts
and returnees to the society.
 Enhance fight against
drug abuse
 Capacity build and
equip alternative
policing initiatives
 Encourage and
promote SMART
security provision
 Develop feedback
mechanisms on
community
complaints to security
agencies
 Demystify the police
by creating awareness
about the police
service and their
operations to the
community
 enhance community
policing forums
 Joint Venture
involving community
and security agencies
 Psycho-social
counselling for in
mates
 -Counselling,
capacity building and
livelihood support for
freed convicts and
rehabilitated
returnees
Enhance social
support programs for
vulnerable groups/
victims
 Develop support
programmes for families of
victims
 Enhance education and
livelihood strategies
 Establish
psychosocial support
for families and
victims of VE
 Education for
orphans/vulnerable
ALL

 Families
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
Psycho-
social
pillar
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
National
County
Community
CSO
Religious
Professionals

37
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
children
 Livelihood support
for Vulnerable people
 Establish support
groups for families,
returnees and victims
of VE
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt
Knowledge
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector
Strengthen education
and training in Kilifi
County
 Ensure universal access to
education
 Enhance performance in
schools
 Socialize children on
peaceful coexistence in
schools
 Strengthen bursary and
scholarship schemes
 Strengthen vocational and
technical training
 Develop talent, innovation
and entrepreneurial
incubation centres
 Establish peace clubs
in schools
 Help schools develop
Performance
Improvement Plans
(PIPs)
 Promote vocational
and technical training
for the youth
 Enhance enrolment,
retention, transition
and completion rates
in schools
 Develop a SMART
bursary and
scholarship system
 Develop a Social
Support System (3s)
to retain girls in
school
 Develop a mentorship
programme in schools
 Start talent,
innovation and
business incubation
centres
ALL
 Family
 Community,
 Professionals
 Scholars
 CSOs,
 National &
 County Govt
 Private sector
 Donor
community
Education
Capacity
Building
2018
Financial
Human
Physical
Intelligentsia
Social
Capital
Knowledge
National
County
Community
CSO
Religious
Community
Family
Donors
Professionals
Scholars
Politicians
Private Sector
Philanthropists
To enhance growth
and development of
economic
opportunities in
Kilifi County
 Regular surveys and
research on economic
opportunities
 Establish a knowledge
repository to inform
stakeholders about the
 Build research
capacity on economic
opportunities and
effects of
radicalization and VE
on the local economy
Researchers
Professionals
Post-graduate
students
County
Government
Economic
and
Education
and
Capacity
Building
2017-2018
Financial
Technical
Human
Electronic
database
Computer
Universities
Government
Community
CSOs
County
Government

38
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
available skills,
professionals and economic
opportunities in the county
 Regular information
dissemination on available
opportunities and the
impact of radicalization and
VE on the local economy
 Expand the infrastructure to
open up unexploited
economic opportunities
 Step up awareness on the
available financing for
business start ups
 Expand and enhance
awareness on the available
opportunities in the blue
economy
 Open up new physical and
digital markets in the
county
 Develop the
economic
opportunities, and
skill and professional
inventory and link it
to the County
Information Centres
 Establish an
economic and
livelihood
opportunities sharing
forum
 Establish mailing
lists/Facebook pages
and WhatsApp
groups for sharing
knowledge on
available livelihood
and business start-up
financing
opportunities in Kilifi
National
government
Community
Private sector
pillars
Knowledge
Networks
Private Sector
Professionals
To promote art and
cul ture as alternative
livelihood stra tegies
 Create awareness on the
potential of art and culture
as li velihood strategies
 Provi de opportuni ties for
talent dis covery, growth
and development
 Promote preserva tion of
cul tura l heritage
 Enhance and s upport
commercial ization of
cul ture
 Rai s e awareness about the
potential of art and culture
as an alternative liveli hood
strategy
 Diss emina te i nformation
about li velihood
 Media campaign and
info materials on the
talent discovery,
growth and
development
opportunities
 Awareness on the
negative impact of
dangerous cultural
practices
 Develop talent and
innovation centres for
the youth
 Develop laws and
policies to protect and
preserve positive
cultural heritage and
enhance its
Council of
elders
Clerics
County
Government
CSOs
Families
Media
Community
leaders
Researchers
Professionals
Education
al, Legal
and policy
pillar
2017
Human
Resource
Financial
Media
Knowledge
Equipment
Social
Capital
National
Government
County
Government
Family
Clerics
CSOs
Community
leaders
Professionals

39
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
opportuniti es in the area
art and cul ture to the
target groups
commercialization as
a livelihood support
for the youth
Enhance citizen
participation and
inclusion in
development matters
 Strengthen ci tizen
participation i n
development agenda
setting a nd budgeting
 Awareness on the rol e of
the ci tizen as per the
cons titution in Publi c
Participation (PP)
 Ensure trans pa rency and
accountabi l ity in publi c
service delivery
 Entrench good governa nce
and ethics in publ ic servi ce
deli very
 Awareness creation to
ensure public
participation as per
the Constitution 2010
 Seminars,
Workshops, public
meetings and
conferences on the
role of citizens in
Public Participation
 Trainings, Seminars,
workshops, in-house
or on the job trainings
on good governance
and ethics in service
delivery
All
 Family
 Community
 CSOs
 Private sector
 National &
 County
Governments
 Professionals
 Scholars
 Researchers
Political
and Legal
and Policy
Pillar
2017
Human
Financial
Technical
Equipment
Knowledge
Social Capital
 National
 County
 Community
 Religious
Institutions
 CSOs
 Private
sector
 Donors

40
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Chapter Six: Implementing the Plan
Implementation Framework of the Action Plan
The business of countering radicalization and violent extremism requires everyone to play their part:
Security agents, community leaders, families, peers, civil society and the private sector. This plan
proposes the creation of the Kilifi CVE Forum to be the platform charged with bringing stakeholders
together to implement the plan. The Kilifi CVE Forum is a multiagency forum that brings together
state and non-state actors. The state actors include the County Security Intelligence Committee
(CISC) supported by the National Counter Terrorism Centre, Other relevant National Government
Ministries and Agencies, County Government Departments relevant to CVE work, The private Sector,
civil Society, faith based organisations and women. The County Commissioner will be the Convener
of the forum, while the County will be represented by the Chief Officer in charge of Public Service.
The Forum will be constituted and convened immediately upon the launch of the plan and wi ll
prepare its schedule or meetings and work plans. Figure 2 below shows the structure and
relationships of the various partners in the Kilifi CVE forum.
Figure 2: A schematic presentation of cooperation between different agencies in the Plan for
CVE.
Role of NCTC
As the coordinator of national CVE strategy, NCTC will play an advisory role to the Kilifi County CVE
forum and will ensure capacity building for members. It will monitor the implementation of the
Action Plan for CVE for Kilifi County. Further any policy changes at the National Level will be
channelled downwards to the CVE Forum. NCTC will also help organisations in resource mobilisation.

41
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY
Monitoring and Evaluation-HB
The Kilifi County CVE forum will monitor the implementation of the Action plan and will be
supported in that regard by the NCTC. Quarterly meeting and annual reviews will be done to assess
progress.
Risk Mitigation
Close cooperation with security agencies will ensure that the risk of working with unreformed
individuals or of infiltration of the forum by terrorist run NGOs is minimized. Civil Society wishing to
engage in CVE work will have to undergo capacity building and must be duly registered.

42
ACTION PLAN FOR COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM - KILIFI COUNTY