No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Comparison in benefits of herbal mouthwashes with chlorhexidine mouthwash: A review
Abstract
Objective: To discuss the benefits of herbal mouthwashes with the standard chlorhexidine mouthwash. This review is conducted to explore the benefits of herbal mouthwashes. Methods: Many herbal extracts are now available as mouthwash for maintaining the good oral hygiene. Plaque accumulation and increase in oral microorganisms are the main factors for poor oral hygiene. Herbal extracts such as German chamomile, Terminalia chebula, Aloe vera, Green tea, peppermint satva, turmeric, neem, triphala, pomegranate extracts, guava extract, propolis, alum, darim leaves, mulethi, etc., are similar to chlorhexidine in plaque control and gingivitis reduction. Many herbal mouthwashes contain herbs with anti-microbial property such as neem, yavani satva, nagavalli, Gandhapura taila, pilu, Bibhitaka, Ocimum, Echinacea, Chameli leaves, etc. Many herbs are with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant property such as neem, clove, triphala (combination of amalaki, haritaki, and vibhitaki), tulsi, grapefruit, celery, licorice, katha, spearmint, and chamomile essential oil. Some herbal mouthwash with chamomile extract kills some skin pathogens such as staphylococcus and Candida species. Mixture of Staphysagria, Chamomilla, Echinacea, Plantago, Ocimum, and Cistus extracts used as mouth wash which was is better than chlorhexidine in reducing salivary mutans streptococci count. Hence usage of herbal mouthwash will enhance the oral hygiene comparatively with chlorhexidine mouthwash without any adverse effects. Result: Though herbal mouthwashes has the ability to maintain good oral hygiene on daily basis, but still it is less effective than chlorhexidine mouthwash during treatments like gingivitis, periodontitis, trauma, etc. Conclusion: Besides the disadvantages, chlorhexidine mouthwash plays effective role during dental treatments on short term usage. Herbal mouthwashes are suitable for maintaining good oral prophylaxis. Many programs have to be conducted to make them aware about mouthwashes in their oral hygiene.
... Herbal mouthwash contains a natural ingredient called phytochemical that contains an antioxidant effect. Herbal mouthwashes are safe alternative, especially for children [17,18]. One of the herbs that have antioxidant properties is Aloe vera [17]. ...
... Herbal mouthwashes are safe alternative, especially for children [17,18]. One of the herbs that have antioxidant properties is Aloe vera [17]. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, so that as a mouthwash is quite effective to treat oral mucosal ulcer and infections. ...
... Aloe vera belongs to the Liliaceae family with mucilaginous tissue in its leaf's center [28]. The Aloe vera plant has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-modulating, and anti-bacterial properties [17,28]. Studies have reported the anti-inflammatory effect of Aloe vera, where the gel exerts its anti-inflammatory property through inhibition of COX2, prostaglandins, bradykinins, TNF-α, IL-1β, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway [28]. ...
Objective: This paper aims to report a study regarding the successful treatment using zinc, Aloe vera, and stabilized chlorine dioxide as an antioxidant mouthwash in a patient with AML. Methods: A series of clinical examinations, including subjective and objective examinations, were done to establish the diagnosis. Results: A 9 y old boy, who was already diagnosed with AML, referred to the oral medicine division because of the hemorrhagic crust of his lips. The extra-oral examination showed severe hemorrhagic crust and erosions on the upper and lower lips. The intra-oral examination could not be evaluated in detail, but the active bleeding was seen. A hematology investigation showed pancytopenia. Patients received packed red cell (PRC) and thrombocyte concentrate (TC) blood transfusions, as well as an antioxidant mouthwash containing zinc, Aloe vera, and stabilized chlorine dioxide, for compressing the lips every 1-2 h with a duration of 30 min. Significant improvement in lip lesions was gained in a short time after blood transfusions and regular use of the mouthwash compresses. Conclusion: In this study, the mouthwash containing zinc, Aloe vera, and stabilized chlorine dioxide that can accelerate the healing process in our AML patient was estimated due to its antioxidant effects.
... 3,4 There are two types of mouthwashes: chemical mouthwashes and herbal mouthwashes. 5 Although chemical mouthwashes have a good effect on the oral cavity, they tend to cause discoloration of the teeth and can produce other side effects on the oral cavity. Herbal mouthwashes can eradicate oral pathogens, relieve pain instantly, and have fewer side effects compared to chemical mouthwashes. ...
... August 2023; 9(2): 163-170 ISSN 2460-0164 (print) ISSN 2442-2576 (online) 164 Most herbal extracts contain antimicrobial properties. 5 Zingiber officinale var. officinale is one of them. ...
Zingiber officinale var. officinale juice has many benefits. It can be used as a mixture of mouthwash. To analyse the difference of Zingiber officinale var. officinale mouthwashes 3,125%, 6,25%, and 12,5% on pH and viscosity values on day 0,14,28,42, and 56. Zingiber officinale var. officinale 3,125%, 6,25%, and 12,5% is mixed with propylene glycol, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, oleum menthae, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, calcium lactate, sorbitol 70% and calcium thiocyanate. The formulation has measured with pHmeter (Jenway, United Kingdom) and viscometer (Brookfield, Massachusetts) for 56 days. The pH data is analyzed using GLM Repeated Measures ANOVA and One-Way ANOVA (p<0,05). Viscosity data is analyzed using GLM Repeated Measured ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis (p<0,05). The pH value of 3,125% formulation shows significant difference for 56 days in range 5,50-5,61. The viscosity value shows no significant difference for 56 days in range 3,03-3,09 cP. The pH and viscosity values of 6,25% formulation shows no significantly different for 56 days with 5,78-5,83 pH value, while the viscosity is 3,12-3,13 cP. The pH and viscosity values of the 12,5% formulation shows no significantly different for 56 days with 4,90-4,97 pH value, while the viscosity is 3,43-3,50 cP. Zingiber officinale var. Officinale mouthwash formulations 3,125% has been unstable, but it has the lowest viscosity value and has been stabled for 56 days. The pH and viscosity values of 6,25% and 12,5% formulations have been stabled for 56 days. The highest pH value is in the formulation of 6,25%.
... The identification was made by the gram staining method and standard biochemical testing [11][12] . 13 . ...
... No zone of inhibition was observed against Veillonella parvula (ATCC-10790) & Porhryomonas gingivalis (ATCC-33277) due to improper diffusion of oral solution in enriched medium 20 . Newly prepared mouthwashes were measured at the different concentrations for turbidity by spectrophotometer, chemisol showed good killing activity against nine pathogens at direct & 1:10 concentrations except for Salmonella typhi (ATCC-14028), and Salmonella enterica (ATCC-6017)showed activity only at direct concentration13,17 . ...
Background: Mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions and produce anti-inflammatory properties against periodontal infections in humans. Several in-vitro studies have been performed against virulent strains, as evidenced by an appropriate knowledge about their quality, effectiveness and safety in this research. This study is designed to test the antimicrobial effects and evaluation of mouthwashes against pathogens involved in dental caries and oral infections. Methodology: Rinse solution (Mouthwash) has been developed by three different formulations. Anti-caries solutions were applied and checked against virulent bacterial and fungal pathogens. The antimicrobial effectiveness was identified using the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Chemisol showed potential killing activity and a zone of inhibition against pathogens ranging in 21-30 mm, which comparatively have higher zones than biosol and herbisol. Biosol also indicated efficacy within 11-13 mm zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi ATCC-14028, Salmonella enterica ATCC-6017 resistant to herbisol and chemisol. Moreover, biosol exhibited greater MIC against most microorganisms at direct concentration and 1:10 dilution compared to herbisol and chemisol. Conclusion: The significant difference observed in the antimicrobial activities of herbal, herbal & allopathic combination and allopathic dental washes against pathogenic strains. This study concluded that proper gargling with mouth wash solutions reduces the risk of life-threatening strains from fecal water & food.
... However, HiORA has been reported to be an excellent alternative mouthwash and was found to be more effective than a chlorine dioxide mouthwash in reducing total colony-forming units, gingivitis, and plaque accumulation. 19,24,25 In the present study, the values of MoE of SS archwire subjected to HiORA mouthwash are approximately equal to the control archwire sample. HiORA did not lead to any noteworthy alteration in the MoE values of SS orthodontic archwires. ...
Background During fixed appliance therapy, maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial; however, certain mouthwashes can negatively impact orthodontic treatment by altering the mechanical properties of archwires. The study investigated the impact of conventional mouthwashes on orthodontic archwires' Modulus of Elasticity (MoE). Methods It was an in vitro study that tested MoE of stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), and β-titanium (β-Ti) archwires after immersing them in chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium fluoride (NaF), and HiORA mouthwashes along with distilled water (control) for one minute daily over three months. The wires were then subjected to a three-point bending test to measure their flexural modulus of elasticity (MoE) while applying loading and unloading forces at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm deflections. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc test at significant α≤0.05. Results NaF reduced MoE for SS (loading 172.99 ± 7.71 GPa, unloading 148.88 ± 14.65 GPa), NiTi (Loading: 48.42 ± 6.13 GPa, unloading 30.60 ± 4.29 GPa), β-Ti wires (unloading 79.51 ± 1.62 GPa) than Control (loading 185.35 ± 8.06 GPa, unloading 199.78 ± 9.49 GPa) with p<0.05. CHX mouthwash reduced SS (loading -158.58 ± 4.47 GPa, unloading-138.54 ± 6.12 GPa), NiTi (unloading 37.05 ± 2.58 GPa), β-Ti (unloading 81.58 ± 7.94 GPa) with p<0.05. HiORA showed no significant differences in MoE for SS (loading 190.28 ± 7.54 GPa, unloading 185.58 ± 5.35 GPa), NiTi (loading 58.85 ± 2.39, unloading 37.05 ± 2.58), or β-Ti archwire (loading 89.92 ± 2.20, unloading 104.22 ± 5.00) compared to the controls with p<0.05. Conclusion HiORA herbal mouthwash is safe for NiTi, SS, and β-Ti archwires at all stages. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash should be prescribed briefly to prevent MoE degradation in NiTi and β-Ti archwires. NaF-based rinses should be cautiously used and monitored in SS, NiTi, and β-Ti archwires patients.
... These findings demonstrated the herbal mouthwash's strong antibacterial activity and its ability to prevent the formation of germs in the oral cavity. It is generally known that oral microbial burden and oral disorders are related [15]. Herbal mouthwashes have a pleasant smell and can temporarily cover up unpleasant odors. ...
The goal of the present study is to create and assess a herbal mouthwash and determine how well it works to lower oral cavity bacterial counts. Following their collection, the plant materials' water-soluble components were removed. We also assessed the mouthwash's physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial efficacy. The mouthwash that is now available on the market has strong antimicrobial qualities. The stability investigation's findings attest to the preparation's efficacy. These days, mouthwash is marketed as a liquid and usually includes antiseptic and antibacterial ingredients. These solutions have the potential to serve several purposes, including inhibiting the growth of germs in the oral cavity and acting as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or anti-fungal agent. The oral cavity is home to a variety of microbes. While certain types of oral bacteria are harmless, others can lead to mouth illnesses, plaque buildup in the mouth, and bad breath. Therefore, keeping good oral hygiene is essential for both physical and mental well-being. The effectiveness of herbs is thought to be relatively high when compared to chemical products. Medicinal plants are crucial in treating a variety of illnesses due to their potent antibacterial and antifungal effects against human infections. Herbal remedies aid in tooth cleaning, reduce dental plaque, inhibit the growth of bacteria, and freshen breath. Herbal mouthwashes can be used in addition to your normal dental hygiene routine, which includes brushing and flossing. They are helpful in supportive periodontal treatment because of their potent antiinflammatory and anti-plaque characteristics. Many herbal remedies and their extracts, including those made from peppermint, cloves, neem, and turmeric, have demonstrated notable benefits over synthetic alternatives. Due to their long-lasting anti-bacterial, antimicrobial, and anti-fungal actions on human pathogens, medicinal herbs are essential for the treatment of illness. Using natural mouthwash in place of conventional ones may have several advantages. If a formulation like this could be invented that folks could safely and simply prepare at home using natural ingredients. As a result, the general oral health of the community could get better. Because they function on oral infections, quickly relieve pain, have few or no side effects, and target oral pathogens, herbal mouthwashes are quite popular. Among the most common infectious diseases that many individuals encounter at different times in their life are dental caries and periodontal disease. The purpose of this article is to give a general review of natural substances that can be effective mouthwashes. The objective of this study was to use polyherbal components to make mouthwash that has antibacterial properties.
... There have also been reports that individuals with schizophrenia exhibit reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in neuronal membranes [22,23], this deficiency which may exacerbate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, could also contribute to symptom severity [19]. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3s, have been suggested to modulate inflammatory responses by competing with arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory mediators [24]. Their neuroprotective effects, including the ability to elevate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, offer promising therapeutic potential without significant adverse effects [25,6]. ...
Schizophrenia (SZ) a chronic debilitating mental disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population globally. While understanding of pathophysiology, neuropathology and treatment have advance significantly; resistance to therapy and treatment failures necessitate the search for novel compounds like omega-3 fatty acids (OMG). This study investigated the effects of OMG on ketamine-induced brain changes in rats. Fifty rats (130-150g) were assigned into five groups (n=10); group A (control) received distilled water intraperitoneally (i.p.), while rats in groups B-E were treated with ketamine (15 mg/kg i.p) for 10 days. Subsequently, rats in groups A and B (Ketamine control) received distilled water orally at 10 ml/kg while C and D received OMG at 250 and 500 mg/kg orally. Rats in group E received olanzapine (standard therapy) at 2 mg/kg, Treatments were for 14 days following which animals were exposed to the open field arena, elevated Plus and Y-Maze. Twenty-four hours after the last test rats were euthanised, and blood was taken for estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and interleukin (IL)-6 and -1β. The cerebral cortex was sectioned and processed for histological analysis. Results showed an increase in horizontal locomotion and rearing, memory impairment and increased oxidative stress and proinflammation with ketamine, which was reversed with OMG at 250 and 500 and olanzapine . Cerebral cortex histomorphology revealed presence og neuronal degeneration with ketamine and variable degrees of reversal with OMG and Olanzapine. In conclusion this study demonstrated the possible neuroprotective effects of OMG in mitigating ketamine induced changes in rats. However, more studies would be required to ascertain its benefits in humans
... 10 Stainless steel wires have remained popular since their introduction to orthodontics because of their suitable properties. It forms the stiffer arch wire that helps to bring about the key tooth movements including space closure, etc. 11 Despite their positive benefits, mouthwashes have the potential to alter the mechanical and surface characteristics of archwires and brackets, as well as enhance microhardness and friction. 12 Corrosion can significantly alter the surface properties of metals, and elevated friction during sliding within the bracket and wire can occur because of the wire's greater surface roughness, resulting in improper distribution of load in the orthodontic appliance and, as a result, dropped efficacy of guided movement of the teeth across the archwire. ...
Objectives
Good oral hygiene measures are important for successful orthodontic treatment. They involve various types of mouthwashes which have been reported to cause alteration of mechanical properties of archwires. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new kind of chlorine-dioxide-containing mouthwash on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of stainless steel orthodontic archwires against the already prevalent chlorhexidine mouthwash in the market.
Method
Group A – Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (study), Group B – Chlorine Dioxide mouthwash (study), and Group C – Artificial Saliva (control). 42 specimens of 5 cm long 19x25 inch SS archwires were immersed in each group equally. Post immersion, the frictional force was analyzed in the universal testing machine for each group using custom-made acrylic jigs for 10 specimens. The remaining 4 specimens from each group were sent for surface morphology evaluation using an atomic force microscope.
Results
Friction resistance evaluation for the archwires revealed a mean friction of 0.011 ± 0.0056 in Group A, 0.015 ± 0.0052 in Group B, and 0.010 ± 0.0067 in Group C. Results suggested that the static friction of Group C (control group) was found to be the least when compared with the experimental groups, although not producing statistically significant values. Surface roughness of archwires compared at a 10μm range revealed a mean roughness of 19.38 ± 0.82 in Group A, 25.39 ± 7.01 in Group B, and 16.65 ± 3.07 in Group C which shows there wasn’t any statistically significant difference in the mean roughness midst the three sets.
Conclusion
Chlorine dioxide and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes caused an increase in the frictional resistance of the archwires when compared to the control group. When measured at a range of 10μm the mean surface roughness did not differ across the control and the experimental groups.
... Stainless steel wires have remained popular since their introduction to orthodontics because of their suitable properties. It forms the stiffer arch wire that helps to bring about the key tooth movements including space closure, etc. 6 Despite their positive benefits, mouthwashes have the potential to alter the mechanical and surface characteristics of archwires and brackets, as well as enhance microhardness and friction. 7 Corrosion can significantly alter the surface properties of metals, and elevated friction during sliding within the bracket and wire can occur because of the wire's greater surface roughness, resulting in improper distribution of load in the orthodontic appliance and, as a result, dropped efficacy of guided movement of the teeth across the archwire. ...
Objectives Good oral hygiene measures are important for successful orthodontic treatment. They involve various types of mouthwashes which have been reported to cause alteration of mechanical properties of archwires. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new kind of chlorine-dioxide-containing mouthwash on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of stainless steel orthodontic archwires against the already prevalent chlorhexidine mouthwash in the market. Method Group A – Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (study), Group B – Chlorine Dioxide mouthwash (study), and Group C – Artificial Saliva (control). 42 specimens of 5 cm long 19x25 inch SS archwires were immersed in each group equally. Post immersion, the frictional force was analyzed in the universal testing machine for each group using custom-made acrylic jigs for 10 specimens. The remaining 4 specimens from each group were sent for surface morphology evaluation using an atomic force microscope. Results Friction resistance evaluation for the archwires revealed a mean friction of 0.011 ± 0.0056 in Group A, 0.015 ± 0.0052 in Group B, and 0.010 ± 0.0067 in Group C. Results suggested that the static friction of Group C (control group) was found to be the least when compared with the experimental groups, although not producing statistically significant values. Surface roughness of archwires compared at a 10μm range revealed a mean roughness of 19.38 ± 0.82 in Group A, 25.39 ± 7.01 in Group B, and 16.65 ± 3.07 in Group C which shows there wasn’t any statistically significant difference in the mean roughness midst the three sets. Conclusion Chlorine dioxide and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes caused an increase in the frictional resistance of the archwires when compared to the control group. This increase was statistically insignificant. When measured at a range of 10μm the mean surface roughness did not statistically differ across the control and the experimental groups.
... Mouthwash can be used preventively and therapeutically (Radzki et al., 2022). Mouthwash is used to maintain oral hygiene, eliminate bad breath, and reduce inflammation, infection, and plaque caused by microorganisms (Rajendiran et al., 2021;Renuka & Muralidharan, 2017). Mouthwash with alcohol content has several drawbacks, including dry mouth, especially in oral mucosa, a burning sensation, and the risk of mucosal pain (Werner & Seymour, 2009). ...
The practice of using mouthwash has become increasingly common as people have become more
aware of the importance of oral hygiene in preventing dental issues. In order to mitigate any
potential risks associated with alcohol-based mouthwashes, researchers are exploring natural
sources of anti-cariogenic compounds. This study aimed to assess the effectivity of Averrhoa bilimbi
leaf extract as an ingredient in mouthwash formulations, as the use of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves is
still limited. The evaluation of the mouthwash included a thorough examination of its antibacterial
activity, viscosity, density, pH, and organoleptic qualities. The results indicated that formula with
30 grams extract (F3) was the most effective, exhibiting more robust antibacterial properties,
appropriate viscosity and density, and a pH level similar to that of a solution. F3 resulted in an
effectiveness of 41.67%, 1.36 cPs for viscosity, 1.0785 mg/l for density, pH of 5.25+0.006,
organoleptically liquid, mint odor, and blackish brown clear color. Based on these findings, it
appears that Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract could be a promising ingredient in mouthwash
formulations.
... Some of the commonly used herbs in dental therapy are clove, tea tree oil, coconut water, German chamomile, cranberry, licorice, neem, [21] Advantages of Herbal Mouth Freshner Over Synthetic Mouth Freshner: Natural ingredients called phytochemicals are present in herbs which show potent antimicrobial and antiinflammatory effects. They work without alcohol, artificial flavors, colors and preservatives [22] . ...
Halitosis is an unpleasant odor in the oral cavity that stimulates poor oral health. The bad odor is a taboo that creates hesitation and embarrassment in society. This is not under the voluntary control of an individual. Various herbal ingredients are found to refresh the bad odor and provide cooling sensations. This review focus on the herbal mouth freshners which are used to treat Halitosis or Oral malodour. The review gives an introductory of mouth Freshners in combating halitosis, the traditional herbal ingredients and their efficiency in mouth Freshners and additional potent benefits such as Antimicrobial, antioxidants, anti- inflammatory, antifungal and wound healing properties were explored. Mouth freshners are found to show an instant therapeutic efficacy in reducing bad odor, giving a refreshment which lasts for some period of time. It has also been more advantageous to use herbal mouth fresheners when compared to artificial or synthetic ones. Understanding the role of mouth Freshners in oral care highlights the overall well-being of the society. Hence, herbal mouth freshners are the major requirement at present to combat the bad odor and to get instant effect which prevents the risk of hesitation, embarrassment, and anxiety with increased oral quality life of the people.
... The meta-analysis written by Yu et al. showed that herbal ingredients healed OM faster than synthetic ingredients [55]. Herbal mouthwashes are an excellent way to maintain healthy oral hygiene in general [56]. Meanwhile, in this paper, the synthetic materials that have the fastest effect on OM are synthetic materials with theoretical explanations that still need to be explored. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal and synthetic mucoadhesive formulations and mouthwashes to reduce the grade and pain of Oral Mucositis (OM) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Selection of articles published between 2014 and 2023 using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) with specific keywords and through electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was carried out. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to limit the search for articles. The quality assessment of the articles used the Oxford Quality Scoring System. All 22 articles could be assessed by systematic review, but only 16 articles could be meta-analysis. The meta-analysis assessment used Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) software. The mucoadhesive formulations of 1% Satureja hortensis extract gel, phenytoin tablets, 3% Chamomile topical gel and the mouthwash consisting morphine 2%, povidone-iodine 10 ml, turmeric, dentoxol, zinc chloride, sodium bicarbonate had affected to reduce the degree and pain of OM. Meta-analysis showed mucoadhesive had a mean effect size of -0.06 on the grade and -0.12 on the pain of the OM, while mouthwash had a mean effect size of -1.27 on the grade and -1.64 on the pain of the OM. To conclude, mucoadhesive formulations and mouthwashes have the potential to reduce the grade and pain of OM.
... Chlorhexidine pada aplikasi oral, dapat membantu mengurangi jumlah bakteri dan mencegah plak gigi karena mampu berikatan dengan jaringan mulut, mukosa mulut, dan gigi. 35 Penggunaan obat kumur chlorhexidine pada penelitian lainnya juga terbukti dapat mengontrol plak kariogenik dengan menjaga indeks plak sekitar 1, sedangkan tanpa penggunaan obat kumur, indeks plak gigi dapat meningkat menjadi 1,6 sampai lebih dari 2. 36 Penggunaan aquadest pada penelitian ini sebagai kontrol negatif karena merupakan senyawa netral yang tidak berefek terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri. Aquadest juga dinyatakan aman sebagai pelarut pada proses pengenceran berseri dalam penelitian in vitro. ...
Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances in malocclusion treatment consist of several components. Bracket components in fixed orthodontic appliances cause side effects such as gingivitis due to retention of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial plaque. Chamomile flower extract contains antibacterial compounds, α-bisabolol. Objective: To analyze 100% chamomile extract effectiveness of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria colonies in orthodontic bracket. Methods: This study using post test only control group design. Chamomile extract procure from percolation methods. Eighteen orthodontic brackets were divided into three groups, soaked in artificial saliva for 1 hour, contaminated with Staphylococcus aereus, then immersed in 100% chamomile flower extract solution, 0,2% chlorhexidine (positive control), and aquadest (negative control) for 30 minutes. Total of 0,1 ml of multilevel serial dilution from three different groups was dripped and streaked onto Brain heart infusion agar, incubated for 24 hours at 37oC for further colony counting tests. Results: S. aureus bacteria colonies in orthodontic bracket group with 100% chamomile flower extract solution was not significantly different from 0,2% chlorhexidine group (p>0,05), but significantly lower than aquadest group (p<0,05). Conclusion: The 100% chamomile extract solution as effective as Chlorhexidine 0,2% in reducing number of Staphylococcus aureus colonies in orthodontic braket. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, the 100% chamomile extract, Chlorhexidine 0,2%, orthodontic brackets.
... But continuous use of chlorhexidine mouthwash shows stains on teeth tongue surface, gingiva also on restorations, alters taste and causes xerostomia. [27] In the present study, chlorhexidine mouthwash shows good results. SRP alone does not show any effect on reduction of plaque score and gingival conditions. ...
Introduction
Oil pulling is old Indian natural daily practice which has been written in Ayurveda texts such as Charak and Sushruta Samhita. The act of swishing oil around the mouth removes microbes. Therefore, oil pulling reduces plaque-induced gingivitis. Naturally occurring products like coconut oil and sesame oil are enriched with antimicrobial activity. These oils are cheaper and easily available. Therefore, the aim of this article is to compare the efficacy of coconut, sesame oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis.
Aim and Objectives
This study aimed to compare the efficacy of coconut oil sesame oil and chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to SRP in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis.
Materials and Methods
Sixty patients of plaque-induced gingivitis were randomly divided into four groups: SRP, coconut oil, sesame oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Clinical measurements included plaque index, gingival index (GI), and simplified oral hygiene index at baseline, 7 days, 15 days, 1 month, and 3 months. Microbial analysis was carried out.
Results
There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingival scores from baseline to 3 months for the chlorhexidine group. Intragroup comparison shows a statistically significant reduction in plaque and GI.
Conclusion
Oil pulling considers to affect microbes to treat plaque-induced gingivitis.
... However, the most interesting part is that it significantly lowers cholesterol levels in the patients. In a recent study, the effect of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine mouthwash is compared on plaque Streptococcus mutans count after restoration (Renuka and Muralidharan, 2017). After using mouth rinse, there was a significant reduction in S. mutans count in the population. ...
... Many plant extracts are used in mouthwashes to minimise dental plaque accumulation and increase the number of oral bacteria. Consequently, herbal mouthwashes can provide the same advantages as mouthwashes containing CHX. 59 There was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of herbal mouthwashes containing phytotherapeutic herbs, essential oils, and a large number of active components and conventional mouthwashes containing CHX. 59,60 However, it was indicated that more clinical investigations should be conducted on this subject. 60 Herbally, antiinflammatory activity can be achieved by using essential oils in mouthwashes. ...
Objectives
Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any.
Methods
The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined.
Results
A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features.
Conclusions
The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.
... Gingers' bioactive compounds, including gingerols, have been found to have antioxidant action in a variety of modules (Mashadi et al., 2013). Increased consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and beverages, such as ginger shots, may aid in the fight against inflammation and the maintenance of a healthy immune system (Renuka & Muralidharan, 2017). ...
... Gingers' bioactive compounds, including gingerols, have been found to have antioxidant action in a variety of modules (Mashadi et al., 2013). Increased consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and beverages, such as ginger shots, may aid in the fight against inflammation and the maintenance of a healthy immune system (Renuka & Muralidharan, 2017). ...
We are frequently exposed to potentially harmful microbes of various types on a daily basis. Our immune system is an amazing collection of unique organs and cells that defends us from hazardous germs as well as certain diseases. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Maintaining a healthy immune system requires consuming a balanced diet that provides a variety of macro‐ and micronutrients. By consuming sufficient amounts of water, minerals such as zinc and magnesium, micronutrients, herbs, and foods rich in vitamins C, D, and E, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, one can enhance their health and immunity, and prevent infections. This article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on common foods known for their potential to boost human immunity. The review begins by discussing the various components of the immune system and their functions. It then delves into the current understanding of how nutrition can influence immune response, highlighting the importance of a well‐balanced diet in supporting optimal immune function. The article presents an extensive analysis of a range of common foods that have been studied for their immune‐boosting properties. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and animal‐based foods. Each food category is explored in terms of its specific nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to immune support. Foods such as milk, eggs, fruits, leafy greens, and spices like onion, garlic, and turmeric contain beneficial compounds that can enhance the immune system's function, activate and inhibit immune cells, and interfere with multiple pathways that eventually lead to improved immune responses and defense. The available literature on the issue was accessed via online resources and evaluated thoroughly as a methodology for preparing this manuscript.
... • Unlike chemical mouthwashes, herbal mouthwash does not cause dry mouth. [8] ...
... Gargling with mouthwash gives a therapeutic effect over the entire tooth surface including areas that cannot be reached by a toothbrush [27]. Mouth washing gives other benefits to oral health due to the anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and analgesic actions of the content [28]. ...
Bidens pilosa L. can be found everywhere in warm and humid regions. The plant has been used as a food and drink supplement, and as medicinal herbs for a long time by people from various places. The assortment of activities of B. pilosa in treating diseases gives a remarkable possibility to explore and develop its utilization for various medicinal purposes. In this mini-review, we explored the application of B. spilosa as herbal medicine for mouth health, specifically mouthwash. Until now, there is no information about the application of this plant for mouthwash. The use of alcohol, cetyl pyridinium, chlorhexidine, and triclosan as active ingredients in mouthwash can control plaque. However, the long-term use of these compounds may show side effects, for instance, changes in taste, and teeth and oral stains. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the B. spilosa plant contains diverse groups of compounds, such as polyacetylenes, flavonoids, and tannins, which are responsible for its various activities. The B. spilosa extracts are non-toxic and have potential active compounds in mouthwash formulation, due to their antimicrobial action against a wide range of microbes, particularly oral microbes and it has additional activities such as anti-inflammation, analgesic, and antioxidant.
... Viscosity of the mouthwash was determined with the help of digital viscometer at 100 rpm with the spindle 6 [22] . The results for the viscosity of all the prepared formulations has been described in the table 3.7. ...
The mouthwashes prepared from the herbal ingredients has shown great potential to overcome the chemical-based preparations. The combination of two or more herbal ingredients to form a polyherbal formulation has become an efficient approach to add value to the basic herbal formulation. In present study, the polyherbal mouthwash has been prepared using the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava), rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (clove). All the three plant materials were collected and separately extracted. Phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation has been performed. The formulation has been prepared by optimization of different concentrations of used active ingredients. All the prepared formulations had undergone evaluation for organoleptic properties, pH and viscosity. The in-vitro antibacterial study has been performed by agar well diffusion method. The bacteria selected for the study were S. aureus, S. mutans and E. coli. The prepared mouthwash shows promising results in terms of zone of inhibition. When compared the prepared mouthwash with the marketed one, it shows greater zone of inhibition due to the synergistic effect produced by the multiple herbs used in the formulation. From the results obtained in this research work, it can be clearly stated that polyherbal mouthwash has become an effective way to improve the efficacy of herbal formulations. The combination of Psidium guajava (guava), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in a mouthwash has shown promising results to improve the chances of usage of polyherbal mouthwash to commercially available chemical-based product.
... The vehicles for delivery of chemical agents with anti-plaque action are toothpaste, mouthwashes, spray, irrigators, chewing gums, and varnishes. 3,4 The most accepted method of delivering the anti-microbial agents after toothpaste is mouthwashes. 5,6 Mouthwashes are an antiseptic solution which is used to reduce the microbial load in the oral cavity. ...
the creative commons attribution noncommercial License. Which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Abstract Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) mouth rinse with 0.2% chlorexidine mouth rinse. Materials and methods: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted on 7-12 year old children for duration of 30 days. Streptococcus mutans count (CFU-colony forming units), Plaque index (PI) and Gingival index (GI) was recorded at base-line (pre-rinse), 30 minutes post rinse and 15 th and 30 th day. The data regarding patient compliance was also collected through a validated questionnaire. Results: Myristica fragrans mouth rinse was effective in reducing S mutans count and was comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine in bringing about improvement of Plaque index and gingival index scores. Nutmeg mouthwash was accepted by 93.3% of the study participants and only 80% of them were willing to use. Conclusion: Nutmeg mouth rinse showed significant reduction in S mutans count and was comparable with Dr.
... Some of the microbes for example like Acinetobacter baumannii is a recently identified orodental pathogen and gene studies 36,37,38,39 pertaining to this may prove imperial in understanding its pathogenesis and so on. Many contemporary medications 40 against these microbes as well as others and preventive measures 41,42 are also being studied through further research. ...
Oral cancer and oropharyngeal cancer represent a large group disorder that falls into the head and neck category and is considered as the most leading cause of death in developing countries. The prime reason for the high mortality rate of patients suffering from oral cancer is the delay in the diagnosis of the type and grade of oral cancer and also in the offering of prompt treatment. A report from India demonstrated that 35% of oral squamous carcinoma contains H-ras gene mutations which are an oncogene. Advances in the field of oncogenes have created an instrument to examine the various phases of carcinogenesis, including progress from premalignant to metastatic stages. These systems have direct importance to oral malignancy where the precancerous stage is very much characterized. Primer investigations into the articulation and capacity of oncogenes recommend anomalies including the individual proliferation of at least three kinds of these oncogenes. Some of the oncogenes associated with oral cancer are studied in this article and the factors contributing to its molecular basis like chromosome instability and telomerase activity are also discussed briefly. There are many risk factors and other predisposing factors that may affect the diagnosis, prognosis, and progression of oral cancer and are also discussed in this article. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
... 28 Once these rocks were cut open, to be analyzed under the microscope, it was found that these cracks had aerobic bacteria present within them which underwent processes similar to that of human cells. 29 The microorganisms had processes which were similar to the energy making processes of human beings. This shows that these microorganisms also relied on oxygen and other organic nutrients for making energy to sustain life and the future generations. ...
Life on Mars has been considered a possibility only in the wildest of wild dreams and that too only among scientists. It was considered a far from happening possibility as it wasn’t based on the environment of Earth but of a different planet as a whole. Newly found microorganisms could help in finding the proof of life on the planet Mars. If successful, it could help in various ways for our planet, Earth. Researchers have found billions of bacteria live in tiny cracks in volcanic rocks below the ocean floor, more than nine miles below the ocean surface and a further 300 feet below the ocean floor. And they think similar tiny, clay-filled cracks in rocks on or below Mars’ surface could be a life containing hub. To find a correlation between the environment on the surface of Mars and that of which is beneath the seabed. A thorough literature search was performed using the database like PubMed, Google scholar, BioRxiv, MESH, Google Cochrane database using the keywords ‘Martian surface’ and ’rocks beneath seabed’ with no date and year restrictions. The language is restricted to English. 16 articles with similar data have been found which were analyzed and have been included in this study. The recent articles discussed in this study help us in gaining further knowledge about the ‘relation between Mars and Earth’ and how it affects life on earth. We could come to a result that there are slight correlations between the environments of both the planets. This review would also help us be enlightened about how far we humans have come to realize the correlation between life on earth and that of the possibility of Mars. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
... [21,22] Several in vitro studies carried out in our institution formed the basis for the present review on Crouzon syndrome. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] ...
Crouzon syndrome exhibits consideration of phenotypic heterogeneity, within the aetiology of which genetics play a crucial role. The FGFR2 gene mediates extracellular signals into cells and mutations within the FGFR2 gene cause Crouzon syndrome. The review summarizes the genetic phenotype study and genetic evaluation related to Crouzon syndrome (CS) which frequently determines the degree of complexity, guide management, guidance and intervention related to this craniofacial defect. CS is a disorder characterized by early fusion of certain skull bones (craniosynostosis). This prevents normal growth of the skull, which may affect the form of the top and face. Signs and symptoms of Crouzon syndrome may include wide-set, bulging eyes; strabismus (misalignment of the eyes); “beak-shaped” nose; and an underdeveloped upper jawbone. Other features may include dental problems, deafness, and/or harelip and palate. The severity of signs and symptoms can vary among affected people, even within a family. Intelligence is typically normal, but intellectual disability could also be present. Crouzon syndrome is caused by changes (mutations) within the FGFR2 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Treatment may involve surgeries to stop complications, improve function, and aid in healthy psychosocial development. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
... Pandemic influenza H1N1, highly pathogenic avian influenza (A1) injection (H5NI) and the Middle East respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) also the COVID-19 pathogen that pose severe threat in this category. 7 Arthropod -borne viruses have constantly been the reason for emerging and re-emerging disease including Crimean -Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), dengu , chikungunya, encephalitis. Severe and major arboviral pathogens of human belong to the three genera of Flavivirus, Alphavirus and Nairovirus. ...
Infectious diseases remain a major cause of human and animal morbidity and mortality leading to significant healthcare expenditure. However, enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as malaria, plague, leprosy and cholera, in the past. The vast terrains and extreme geo-climatic differences and uneven population distribution present unique patterns of distribution of viral diseases. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. Viral pathogens are known to cause outbreaks that have epidemic and pandemic potential which would result in severe range of mortality and Health care expenditure on a scale depending on the pathogenicity of the virus. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
... Bacteria, archaea and fungi are some of typical prime bioremediator 23 . Some of microorganisms can be biomediator which can be used as mouthwash 24,25 .Bioremediator also consist of pesticides that kill the unwanted soil microorganism that causes toxicity to environment 26 . The bacteria which performs more antibacterial activity in orange peel has bioremediation 27,28,29 . ...
Through agriculture, industry, and everyday life, harmful chemicals have been discharged into the world’s air, soil, and water. Depending on their fixations, these substances can have ruinous outcomes on environments, just as cause serious harm to people and different living beings close by. This chemical has been removed by the process of bioremediation,it is a biological mechanism of recycling wastes into another form that can be used and reused by other organisms.Nowadays, the world is confronting the issue of various natural contamination. Bioremediation has been viewed as a domain of well disposed, modest and effective methods for natural reclamation. Since microorganisms comprise a key factor of this innovation, information on the nature and molecular components of their resistance to expanded overwhelming metal fixations is essential. Microorganisms are basic for a key alternative for conquer challenges.Microorganisms survive in all places in the biosphere because their metabolic activity is astonishing; then come into existence in all over a range of environmental conditions.The nutritional capacity of microorganisms is totally changed, so it is utilized as bioremediation of natural pollutants.Bioremediation is profoundly associated with corruption, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification of chemical waste and physical hazardous materials from the including through the exhaustive and movement of microorganisms. Microorganisms are the significant players in checking such burdens and reusing components by mineralizing or parceling poisons, even in situations poor in supplements or lacking accessibility of significant electron contributors and acceptor.The aim of this review article to discuss the importance of microorganisms in bioremediation. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
... Chlorhexidine mouthwash is the gold standard mouthwash, an excellent example of a chemical mouthwash prescribed by most oral health care professionals [6]. Nausea, vomiting, feeling like drunken, etc., are symptoms experienced in chlorhexidine overdose, which would occur if the medicine were swallowed. ...
... This also is a key to international coordination which might bring about a holistic betterment of the affected zones. With greater awareness, the public would also follow stringent practices for protecting oneself including disinfecting household items, using sanitizer, consuming immunity booster and stocking on protective masks and gloves 50,51 . The emphasis of careful determination of the affected zones is exhibited in one such case, in the city of Mumbai, India, where instead of selecting entire districts as containment zones in the face of the extensive spread of the Covid-19 disease, two regions, the Dilshad Gardens and Nizamuddin, are selected as hotspots, making population directed treatment, feasible 52 . ...
Containment zones, or areas with strictly enforced restrictions regarding social interactions and self-protective behaviour, are basically demarcated to ensure that in the early stages or at the least, as soon as possible, a disease is confined to particular areas and not allowed to spread to unaffected areas. Influenced by ecological, environmental, pathogenic and demographic factors, which still are just a few of the many formative factors, implementing such demarcations have helped prevent worsening situations in many cases. Building containment zones require analysing experiences from previous attacks of a disease, mathematical modelling and social spread pattern identification, as well as understanding the progression of the disease from rural areas to urban metro cities. Moreover, on account of the diverse characterisation of a geographical area and its population, all the parts of the area will not be uniformly affected. Thus, developing containment zones and implementing them require strategic planning. Further, if effectively dealt with and reviewed, containment zones even transform back into safe zones. This review will assess the necessity of a containment zone, its emergence and factors influencing it, its relation with hotspots and finally, how it could be transformed into safe zones, free of disease constraints. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
... 9 Chlorhexidine Gluconate as the gold standard due to its diverse properties and substantivity, however due to their adverse effects like staining of teeth, desquamation, irritation, dry mouth and unpleasant taste, often deters its use for long periods. 3 Hence, there is a need to develop a naturally occurring, indigenous and cost-effective oral hygiene aid. ...
The prevalence of gingivitis is present worldwide.
Therefore, the primary goal in patients with gingivitis is to control
plaque formation & build-up to prevent gingivitis.Chemical agents
have been advocated as adjuncts to mechanical methods to augment the
plaque control.The global need for alternative treatment modalities,
safe, effective, and economical products is the need of time. Bitter
gourd is a medicinal plant which has the medicinal value.Studies
evaluating its effects on gingivitis are scarce.Hencethe present study
was aimed to compare and evaluate the efficacy of Momordica
charantia (Bittergourd) as an anti-inflammatory agent with
chlorhexidine gluconate in the treatment of plaque induced gingivitis.
Materials and method:In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 66
subjects were randomly assigned to two groups with 33 subjects in each
group, Group I received Scaling+ Momordica Charantia mouthwash
and Group II received Scaling + Chlorhexidine mouthwash. Clinical
parameters Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), were assessed at
baselineand after3 weeks.
Results: The results of the current study showed that the mean scores
of PI, GI,at baseline and after 3 weeks had consistently decreased in
both Groups (P<0.001), which was statistically significant on
intragroup analysis. The results from baseline to 3 weeks were
comparable on intergroup analysis with no statistically significant
difference.
Conclusion: Momordica charantia mouthwash exhibited almost similar
anti‑plaque and antigingivitiseffect and can be used as an adjunct to
scaling in the treatment of chronic generalised gingivitis.
... Since then, herbs and their natural oils ( Fig. 1) have been incorporated in several mouthwash recipes [20]. These herbs include clove, oak gall, turmeric, neem, rosemary, ginger, peppermint and tea leaves [21]. In addition to herbs, other ingredients like salt and vinegar are also added to provide better mouth protection and to preserve the quality of the mouthwash. ...
Commercially available mouthwash formulations are often medicated and contain chemicals that may elicit adverse effects to the users. A mouthwash may be recommended for its efficacy in preventing dental caries and other oral conditions due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Therefore, it is essential to raise awareness in selecting for an appropriate mouthwash that is safe to be applied to the oral cavity and its natural microflora. The interest towards the incorporation of herbal ingredients in oral products has been increasing exponentially over the years. The main objective of this review is to highlight our consumption of food and herbal products, such as Aleppo oak, clove and turmeric, that contain medicinal properties and have the potential to be developed as key components in mouthwash formulations. Thus, reliance
on the use of chemicals may lessen as they could have a negative impact to one’s oral health.
... Due to the increase in the number of drug resistant pathogenic bacteria, phage therapy is considered as an alternative therapeutic method to treat bacterial infections. Acinetobacter species are organisms that can be easily isolated from non-clinical resources such as soil, surfaces, drinking water, wastewater and different foods (38)(39)(40). Vancomycin, a last-resort antibiotic, is used mainly in serious Gram-positive bacterial infections that do not respond to other antibiotics (41,42). different antibacterial activity based on phage concentration and resistance mechanism, coinfection of phages on single isolates, needs to be determined (43). ...
Coronavirus is typically a SARS CoV-2 virus that causes coronavirus disease which has major symptoms like fever, Sore throat, the common cold.(Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020) The severity of the disease leads to bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).(Chaw et al., 2020) Coronavirus disease fights with the body’s immune system and leads to pneumonia and other lung-related disorders and eventually to multiorgan failure and causes death. Signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease may appear only two to 14 days after exposure.(Chang et al., 2020) For some patients, it may take a long time. This time after exposure and before having any kind of symptoms is called the incubation period.(Brundha, Pathmashri. and Sundari, 2019) During this pandemic, the government has announced total country lockdown which Will cause major effects on their daily life, especially for daily wages people (Timothy, Samyuktha. and Brundha, 2019) The only way of communication for the people during lockdown is through communicable devices and other modalities which is updating them about the outside world during this lockdown. (Gagneur et al., 2002) Technology has become a very essential part of our lives nowadays. No one in this world is untouched to technology. Each and every person has some connections to gadgets that revolve around him/her. Gadgets play an important role in our daily life. With the help of gadgets, time-consuming activities can be finished in seconds. During this pandemic, many gadgets were useful to create awareness and treat the people.
... Mouthwashes are used to prevent contamination from microbes which cause dental infection. Mouthwashes are liquids that contain anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic action (15,16) (17). The magnitude of the problem caused by A.baumannii could be attributed to resistance genes acquired by the organism. ...
... Conventional and herbal mouthwashes can be used to maintain oral hygiene. 9,10,11 Patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunocompromised patients are at higher risk of developing COV-ID-19. Many complications of COVID-19 can result from a condition known as cytokine release syndrome or a cytokine storm. ...
... There are mainly two types of mouthwashes available in market chemical and herbal. The chemical plaque control agents are divided into first generation such as quaternary ammonium compounds, phenols, second generation such as bisbiguanides-chlorhexidine gluconate, and third generation such as delmopinol [3]. Chlorhexidine is an example of second generation possess cationic properties. ...
... Our study coincided with the study of Renuka in 2017 that compared chlorhexidine rinses with herbal extracts containing Chamomile and found that despite the improvement in dental plaque index values of the in the herbal rinses group, Chlorhexidine remains the gold standard in controlling plaque. 41 We also agreed with the study of (Azimi 2016) which compared the effect of Chlorhexidine mouthwashes with Chamomile in patients who had endotracheal intubation. The sample was divided into three groups: The Chlorhexidine group, the Chamomile group, and the third group that used saline, where the Chlorhexidine group outperformed in its effect on the bacteria, while there was no difference between the Chamomile group and the control group, noting that the used Chlorhexidine concentration was 0.2%. ...
Oral health is considered of paramount importance for visually impaired individuals due to the difficulties they face to maintain a good oral hygiene practice in different aspects, knowledge, physical and social. Thus, the provision of adequate training and education about oral health and the chemical role of mouthwashes is required for this group of society. This research aims at comparing the effect of various types of mouthwashes on gingival health among visually impaired persons.
92 students with a vision impairment of ages between (10-20) years suffering from gingivitis caused by dental plaque accumulation were included in this research. The sample was divided into 4 groups according to the type of used mouthwash as follows:
1) Chamomile group, 2) Aloe Vera group, 3) Chlorhexidine group, 4) Distilled water group.
Dental plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded before the initiation of the treatment and after 15 days. One-way (ANOVA test) and the (Bonferroni test) were used for results analysis at p<0.05. Statistical analyses were completed using (SPSS) software –v13.
Aloe Vera and CHX groups have improved the dental plaque index (PI) without significant statistical differences. Both (CHX and Aloe Vera) have proven superiority over the Chamomile group which was statistically significant. Gingival index (GI) has improved in the Chamomile, Aloe Vera, and CHX groups without any statistical differences.
: Within the limitation of our study, we concluded that (Aloe Vera) mouthwashes can be used as a substitute to CHX in controlling plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation among visually impaired persons. Also, Chamomile mouthwashes have a distinguished impact on gingival inflammation, yet more researches are required.
... The disadvantage is that a physician is unaware to alternative medicines usage and their side effects on drug interactions 44 . The advantages are its natural 45 , no side effects 46 , easy avail-ability, rapid symptomatic 47 , and instant relief for mild ailments 48 . ...
Introduction: Complementary and Alternative Medicines is a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not considered to be part of conventional medicine. Alternative medicine has been used to treat various illnesses, including viral infections. COVID-19, a new strain of Coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) causes mild to moderate respiratory illness in humans. There is a high risk among the elderly and those people with heart and lung disease, asthma, low CD4 counts, or diabetes. These Chinese medicines were used in similar conditions in 2003 during the SARS outbreak with documented clinical successes. The AYUSH ministry in India has suggested alternative medicines such as Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Unani practice that could act as an immunity booster against the deadly novel coronavirus. Many people are seeking alternative medicine as these have been used to treat many viral diseases. But there is no scientific evidence that these alternative medicines can prevent or cure the illness COVID-19. Aim: This review is done to find whether alternative medicines help us to fight against COVID-19. Materials and Method: In this review, data were collected related to COVID-19, herbal medicine, and alternative medicine from Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, and ScienceDirect using keywords. Nearly 48 articles related to the topic had been reviewed and interpreted. Result: This review demonstrates the usage of alternative medicines against COVID19. As there is no specific treatment or vaccine available for COVID 19 at present, many people are seeking alternative medicine to boost immunity to fight against the deadly virus. But there is no scientific evidence that these alternative medicines can prevent or cure the illness COVID-19. It is important to be safe by staying at home, maintaining social distance, and proper hygiene. It is also important to boost the immune system and follow a proper diet during this pandemic.
... A study by Renuka et al. showed that chlorhexidine is useless against many kinds of viruses. 32 41 and antibiotics. It is also important to switch up the drugs used regularly because the organism might develop resistance to one particular drug. ...
Introduction: COVID-19 is a zoonotic virus that originated in bats and pangolins and was later transmitted to humans. The infection began in Wuhan City, Hubei Province in China and was initially diagnosed as an acute respiratory syndrome of unknown origin. The virus has been known to spread via infected droplets, aerosols, and direct contact making it an efficient pathogen. All healthcare workers, especially dentists [since they come in contact with infected aerosol on a daily basis] are at a higher risk of infection with COVID. This study is to check the awareness of the condition among dentists and dental students and to see the effect this disease has bought on dentistry. The aim of this study is to discuss the implications of COVID in dentistry. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in a self-administered questionnaire format. The questionnaire was created on an online platform called Survey Planet and distributed to dental students and private practitioners. The questionnaire consisted of knowledge about COVID and steps on taking extra precautions while seeing patients. The data was collected and compiled in SPSS. Results: Based on the tabulated data, it was seen that most dentists had good knowledge about their practice. 89% agreed that dentists are at a higher risk for COVID. 60.8% said that COVID spreads through infected aerosols. 57.1% said that they would deny treatment to a patient if they suspect them to be infected with COVID-19. 76.9% feel anxious while treating patients and 82.4% are aware of the authorities to call if they come across a patient suspected with COVID-19. Conclusion: It is important for dentists to use proper PPE equipment like masks, face shields, and gowns. Procedures that involve the production of aerosols should be avoided until necessary. Moreover, proper sanitization should be done after completing a procedure and the chair should be disinfected with disinfectants to minimize the chances of the spread of the pathogen via aerosols. Based on the results it is seen the dentists are very anxious when it comes to treating patients during the pandemic. However, they are well aware of the dangers of this disease and are taking precautions to keep themselves and their patients safe.
Background: Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis is a prevalent condition caused by dental plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is a gold standard for plaque control but is associated with adverse effects such as tooth staining and altered taste. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and antimicrobial effectiveness of 0.2% tea tree oil mouthwash as a natural alternative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: A comparative study was conducted on 60 participants aged 18–60 years, divided into two groups: Group T (tea tree oil) and Group C (chlorhexidine), each comprising 30 participants. Clinical outcomes assessed included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and microbiological Colony Forming Units (CFUs). Parameters were recorded at baseline, 7 days, and 28 days. Results: Group T exhibited significantly lower PI and BOP scores at 7 and 28 days compared to Group C (p < 0.05). Both groups showed comparable reductions in CFU counts, indicating similar antimicrobial efficacy. Importantly, tea tree oil had fewer adverse effects, with no reports of tooth staining or altered taste, unlike chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Tea tree oil mouthwash demonstrated equivalent or superior clinical outcomes compared to chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. It is a viable and well-tolerated alternative for managing plaque-induced gingivitis, supporting further research into its long-term use and efficacy.
The current study aims to create and assess herbal mouthwash and assess its efficacy in combating the oral cavity's microbial load. The plant materials were gathered, and the water- soluble components were removed. The prepared mouthwash's physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial efficacy were further assessed.
The current study aims to create and assess herbal mouthwash and assess its efficacy in combating the oral cavity's microbial load. The plant materials were gathered, and the water-soluble components were removed. The prepared mouthwash's physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial efficacy were further assessed. The mouthwash that is currently available has good antibacterial qualities. The stability study's findings support the efficacy of the preparation. Currently, available mouthwash is a liquid formulation that often includes antiseptic and antibacterial ingredients. In addition to being used to lessen microbial growth in the oral cavity, these solutions may also be administered for other purposes, such as their analgesic, and anti-inflammatory qualities.
In the great Persian Empire, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) had a wide reputation for use both as an herbal medicine and nutritious food. It was also a symbol of peace and love according to Achaemenid limestones in the great Persia. This paper aims to review the traditional uses of pomegranate in Persian and Islamic traditional medicine and have thorough and current information regarding the pharmacology and phytochemistry of this valuable plant for practical use and further research. Relevant information about P. granatum was collected from scientific publishers and databases including Elsevier, Wiley, PubMed, and Google Scholar between 1950 and 2022. The traditional knowledge was extracted from Persian and Islamic traditional textbooks. Based on traditional textbooks, pomegranate has beneficial effects on diseases related to gastrointestinal, upper and lower respiratory, visual, and reproductive systems. In addition, pomegranate and its preparations have been prescribed for treating metabolic disorders, skin problems, and wounds as well as dental protection. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports many therapeutic potentials of pomegranate in traditional medicine. Its therapeutic effects are mostly attributed to its polyphenols. The knowledge in Persian and Islamic traditional textbooks about pomegranate and its preparations can be used as a guide for further preclinical and mainly clinical studies to discover the therapeutic potential of this valuable plant.
Background: Biofilm plays an important role in the etiology of caries, and can be removed through chemical approach using mouthwash, which has some advantages over the mechanical one. Nowadays, there are a lot of mouthwashes with many active ingredients that have been developed. Aim: To review some mouthwashes' efficacy in preventing dental caries. Discussion: As recent studies showed that Streptococcus mutans can't be the sole predictor of caries risk, it is suggested that the mouthwashes are also tested on the other cariogenic bacteria, to better estimate its role in reducing caries risk. It has also been proven that as an adjunctive method, mouthwashes have the ability to decrease oral microbial load and cariogenic plaque, even though the most effective way in controlling caries is still mechanical tooth brushing with fluoride toothpastes. However, long-term clinical studies are still needed to confirm the efficacy of some mouthwashes in caries prevention. Conclusion: Mechanical tooth cleaning using fluoride toothpastes remains the main and most effective way in controlling caries. The use of mouthwash, despite its potential in reducing caries risk, is limited to some people with certain conditions as an alternative method, or as an adjunction to the mechanical tooth cleaning for increasing its efficacy.
Background: Biofilm plays an important role in the etiology of caries, and can be removed through chemical approach using mouthwash, which has some advantages over the mechanical one. Nowadays, there are a lot of mouthwashes with many active ingredients that have been developed. Aim: To review some mouthwashes’ efficacy in preventing dental caries.Discussion: As recent studies showed that Streptococcus mutans can’t be the sole predictor of caries risk, it is suggested that the mouthwashes are also tested on the other cariogenic bacteria, to better estimate its role in reducing caries risk. It has also been proven that as an adjunctive method, mouthwashes has the ability to decrease oral microbial load and cariogenic plaque, even though the most effective way in controlling caries is still mechanical tooth brushing with fluoride toothpastes. However, long-term clinical studies are still needed to confirm the efficacy of some mouthwashes in caries prevention.Conclusion: Mechanical tooth cleaning using fluoride toothpastes remains the main and most effective way in controlling caries. The use of mouthwash, despite its potential in reducing caries risk, is limited to some people with certain conditions as an alternative method, or as an adjunction to the mechanical tooth cleaning for increasing its efficacy.
Mitochondrial DNA is a separate genome located in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells.Its importance in developmental outcome has often been neglected. However, its transmission and replication are strictly regulated during early development, as they are integral to the viability and health of the offspring.The accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations has been proposed as a potential mechanism in the physiological process of ageing and age-related disease. Although mitochondria have long been anticipated as a perpetrator of ageing, there was little experimental evidence to link these changes directly with the cellular pathology of ageing. Recently, considerable progress in understanding basic mitochondrial genetics and in identifying acquired mtDNA mutations in ageing has been made. Furthermore, the creation of mtDNA-mutator mice has provided the first direct evidence that accelerating the mtDNA mutation can result in premature ageing, consistent with the view that loss of mitochondrial function is a major causal factor in ageing. This review will, therefore, focus on recent developments in ageing research related to the role played by mitochondrial DNA. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
Rejuvenation is a process of reverse practice of the process of aging. This can be done by stem cells stimulated by the induced growth factors in an active cell division. Senescent cells can be removed by the immune system, this is destroyed by gene therapy. There are some preformulated drugs available which are the precursor thought of this article.In the last few decades, there has been a substantial increase in the population of people over 60 years of age. Most of them maintain a good general health and physical activity and fitness. For these individuals there is a good number of dermatologic procedures, medications, and cosmetics that can be prescribed to improve the aspect of skin aging, providing an improvement in their self-esteem and quality of life as a result of their better look. The aim of the research is to study the rejuvenation of old people with stem cell technology. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
Aim:
The purpose of this study was to compare the reduction in salivary mutans streptococci counts and to evaluate any change in the salivary pH values after the use of oral probiotics, chlorhexidine, and herbal mouthrinse.
Method:
Oral probiotics, chlorhexidine, and herbal mouthrinse [Hiora®] were evaluated for their efficacy against S. mutans in 75 caries-active children, aged 6-14 years.
Results:
The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Oral probiotics showed lesser reduction in the S. mutans count as compared to chlorhexidine but the values were statistically insignificant. Herbal mouthrinse was not as effective as the oral probiotics or chlorhexidine in reducing the S. mutans count.
Conclusion:
Oral probiotics show a similar efficacy as the gold standard, chlorhexidine, in reduction of oral S. mutans.
How to cite this article:
Kamble A, Jabin Z, Agarwal N, et al. Effectiveness of Oral Probiotics in Reducing S. Mutans Count in Caries-active Children: A Comparison with Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouth-rinse (Hiora®). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S207-S211.
Food is just fortified into nutraceuticals and functional food. Nutraceuticals or bioceutical is a pharmaceutical alternative which claims nutritional sources. Functional foods are modified food which improve health by providing benefits beyond those provided by traditional nutrients. Eating habits and trends in food production and consumption have healthy environmental and social impacts.Blood pressure effects from different nutraceutical products have been studied with the specific food rich in minerals, lipids, whole protein and amino acid. Nutraceuticals range from isolated nutrients, specific diets to genetically engineered designer food herbal products and processed food such as cereals, soup and beverages. Recent experiment has shown that it may also inhibit plaque formation by bacteria in the mouth by the basic mechanism of inhibiting biofilm formation. Plaque is the primary cause of gingivitis.When there is an increased plaque accumulation, there is also an elevation of microbial count in the saliva and biofilm. The plaque deposition around the gingival margin constituting bacteria that are anaerobic and aerobic is capable of initiating periodontal disease and destruction. Fruits and vegetables contain thousands of biologically active phytochemicals some of which likely interact in a number of ways to prevent disease and promote health. Rapid changes in diet and lifestyle may enhance the expression of the harmful genes, which manifests in a sequence. There is an emergence of chronic disease in developing countries. Both pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals compounds might be used to cure or prevent diseases. Therapeutic injections like lipotropic injection are also shown to improve the result of diet and exercise.Compounds not suspected of having any antibacterial properties such as pesticide were shown to increase the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics against a strain of staphylococcus aureus both alone and in conjunction with antibiotics where Carbapenem are often considered to have a broad spectrum of activity. © 2020, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications. All rights reserved.
The importance of mouth and teeth cleanliness has been recognized from the earliest days of civilization to the 21st century. Patients and oral health practitioners are faced with a multitude of mouthwash products containing many different active and inactive ingredients. Making informed decisions as to the suitability of a particular product for a particular patient can be a complex task. Although many popular herbal products have helped to control dental plaque and gingivitis, they have been used for a short time and only as an adjunct to other oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing. Various herbal products and their extracts such as Guava, Pomegranate, Neem, Propolis, Tulsi, Green Tea, Cranberry, Grapefruit etc, have shown significant advantages over the chemical ones. Natural mouthwashes may offer significant advantages over the chemical ones. If such mouthwashes can be formulated which can be easily prepared and used safely by people at home using natural products, it may lead to improvement in the general dental health of the population. This review is an attempt to outline such natural substances, which may be used as effective mouthwashes.
Background:
Mouthwashes are an adjunct to, not a substitute for, regular brushing and flossing. Chlorohexidine is cationic bis-biguanide broad spectrum antiseptic with both anti-plaque and antibacterial properties. It has side-effects like brownish discoloration of teeth and dorsum of the tongue, taste perturbation, oral mucosal ulceration, etc. To compare the antiplaque efficacy of herbal and chlorohexidine gluconate mouthwash.
Materials and methods:
A double-blinded parallel, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Periodontics, MNR Dental College. Totally 100 preclinical dental students were randomized into three groups (0.2% chlorohexidine, Saline and herbal mouthwash). All the groups were made to refrain from their regular mechanical oral hygiene measures and were asked to rinse with given respective mouthwashes for 4 days. The gingival and plaque scores are evaluated on 1(st) day, and 5(th) day, and differences were compared statistically.
Results:
There was no significant difference in the gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) scores of the pre-rinsing scores of three groups and mean age of subjects in the three age groups, suggesting selected population for the three groups was homogenous. Mean GI and PI scores at the post rinsing stage were least for the Group A, followed by B and C. The difference of post rinsing PI and GI scores between Group A and Group B were statistically non-significant, which means anti-gingivitis and plaque inhibiting properties are similar for both.
Conclusion:
Within the limitations of this study chlorhexidine gluconate and herbal mouthwash (Hiora) showed similar anti plaque activity with latter showing no side effects.
To compare the effect of herbal extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the dental plaque level.
The subjects (60 healthy medical students aged ranges between 20 and 25 years) were randomly divided into two groups, that is, the herbal group and the chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash group. The data were collected at the baseline and 3 days. The plaque was disclosed using erythrosine disclosing agent and their scores were recorded using the Quigley and Hein plaque index modified by Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman. Statistical analysis was carried out later to compare the effect of all the two groups.
Our result showed that the chlorhexidine group shows a greater decrease in plaque score followed by herbal extract, but the result was statistically insignificant.
The results indicate that herbal mouthwash may prove to be an effective agent owing to its ability to reduce plaque level, especially in low socioeconomic strata.
There is a long and venerable history of the use of plants to improve dental health and promote oral hygiene. Plants contain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, essential oils and flavonoids which have pronounced antimicrobial activity. Plants have also been incorporated into dentifrices and have been used to provide natural chewing gums for oral hygiene, to treat toothache, gingivitis and periodontal disease. There is a potentially valuable role for Phytotherapy in assisting with the management of gingival and periodontal diseases. The evidence and research which supports such a role for a few plants and plant products has been reviewed in this study.
Chlorhexidine, to date is the most potent anti plaque agent. It is considered gold standard anti plaque agent, against which efficacy of other anti plaque and anti -gingivitis agents is measured. Its efficacy can be attributed to its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties and its substantivity within the oral cavity. The antimicrobial properties of Chlorhexidine are attributed to its bi-cationic molecule, and this same property is the basis of its most common side effect, extrinsic tooth staining. Administration of Chlorhexidine requires careful clinical evaluation of clinical situation and an accurate diagnosis hence, should be applied only under professional supervision.
Ayurvedic drugs have been used since ancient times to treat diseases including periodontal diseases. Oral rinses made from ayurvedic medicines are used in periodontal therapy to control bleeding and reduce inflammation. The aim of this clinical study is to verify the efficacy of herbal mouthwash containing Pilu, Bibhitaka, Nagavalli, Gandhapura taila, Ela, Peppermint satva, and Yavani satva on reduction of plaque and gingivitis.
A total of 100 volunteers with clinical signs of mild to moderate gingivitis were selected and assigned to Group A (only scaling done) and Group B (scaling along with the use of herbal mouthwash). After recording the clinical parameters, the patients were instructed to use herbal mouthwash 15 ml for 30 s twice daily after food in Group B and oral hygiene instructions were given to all patients. Plaque and gingivitis assessment were carried out using the plaque index (Silness nd Loe, 1964), Gingival index (Loe And Silness, 1963), Gingival bleeding index (Ainamo and Bay, 1975) at baseline and at 21 days of the herbal mouthwash use. Statistically analysis was carried out using the student's t-test for normally distributed data and Wilcoxson test or Mann-Whitney U-test for skewed data.
Our results showed that herbal mouthwash was effective in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis in Group B when compared with the Group A.
Herbal mouthwash is effective in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis and can be effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical therapy with lesser side-effects.
Plaque accumulation and oral microorganisms are the main predisposing factors to various orodental infections and targeting these, therefore, can prove to be an effective way of combating these diseases. Herbal extracts have been of particular interest these days owing to various side effects associated with conventional modes of treatment.
The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of a commercially available homeopathic mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque status, gingival status, and salivary Streptococcus mutans count.
Total sample of 55 children, aged 8-14 years, were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (35) and Group B (20) were given 10 mL of test mouthwash "Freshol" and chlorhexidine respectively during phases 1 and 3 of the clinical trial which was of 10 days each. Phase 2 of 14 days in between was the washout period during which no mouthwash was given.
Freshol was found to be better than chlorhexidine in reducing the salivary mutans streptococci count and equieffective to chlorhexidine in altering plaque and gingival scores.
Herbal alternatives can prove to be an effective and safe alternative to conventional modes of treatment.
Background:
Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash has earned eponym of gold standard to treat and/or prevent periodontal disease. However, it has been reported to have local side-effects on long-term use. To explore a herbal alternative, the present study was carried out with an aim to compare the anti-plaque efficacy of a herbal mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and normal saline.
Materials and Methods:
It was an examiner-blinded, parallel designed clinical trial, in which 90 pre-clinical dental students with gingival index (GI) ≤1 were enrolled. To begin with, GI and plaque index (PI) were recorded. Then, baseline plaque scores were brought to zero by professionally cleaning the teeth with scaling and polishing. After that, randomized 3 groups were made (of 30 subjects each - after excluding the drop-outs) who were refrained from regular mechanical oral hygiene measures. Subjects were asked to swish with respective mouthwash (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, herbal mouthwash, or normal saline) as per therapeutic dose for 4 days. Then, GI and PI scores were re-evaluated on 5th day by the same investigator, and the differences were compared statistically by ANOVA and Student's ‘t’-test.
Results and Observations:
Least post-rinsing GI and PI scores were demonstrated with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, followed by herbal mouthwash and highest scores with normal saline. The difference of post-rinsing PI scores between the chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwash groups was statistically non-significant, whereas this difference was significant between chlorhexidine and saline groups, and the difference between herbal and saline groups was non-significant. It was concluded that 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash remains the best anti-plaque agent. However, when socio-economic factor and/or side-effects of chlorhexidine need consideration, presently tested herbal mouthwash may be considered as a good alternative.
Treating a carious tooth in children with high caries experience by providing a restoration does not cure the disease. If the unfavorable oral environment that caused the cavity persists so will the disease and more restorations will be required in future. Treating the oral infection by reducing the number of cariogenic microorganisms and establishing a favorable oral environment to promote predominantly remineralization of tooth structure over time will stop the caries process. The present study was conducted: (1) To evaluate the efficacy of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque Streptococcus mutans when used as an adjunct to restoration. (2) To compare the anti-microbial effect of 1% povidone-iodine and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque S. mutans count.
Forty-five study participants in the age group of 6-12 years with dmft (decay component) of three or four were selected from one government school in Bangalore city. They were divided into three groups after the restorative treatment. Group-A, Group-B, and Group-C received 1% povidone-iodine mouth rinse, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse and placebo mouth rinse, respectively, twice daily for 14 days. The plaque sample was collected and S. mutans count was estimated at six phases: (1) Baseline, (2) 3 weeks after restoration, (3) First day after mouth rinse therapy, (4) 15 days after mouth rinse therapy, (5) 1 month and (6) 3 months after mouth rinse therapy Results: After the restoration the percentage change in S. mutans count was 28.4%. Immediately after mouth rinse therapy there was significant reduction in S. mutans count in all the three groups. After which the count started to increase gradually and after 3 months the bacterial counts in the povidone-iodine group and placebo group were almost near the postrestorative count.
Mouth rinses can be used as adjunct to restoration for short duration as temporary measure in reduction of S. mutans count and restorations provide longer effect. In case a mouth rinse has to be used, chlorhexidine can be recommended as it has shown to have better effect than Povidone-iodine and placebo.
The key to good oral health is hidden in nature. Natural herbs like neem, tulsi, pudina, clove oil, ajwain, triphala and many more has been used since ages either as a whole single herb or as a combination against various oral health problems like bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers and preventing tooth decay. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available herbal mouthrinse (Herboral) with that of chlorhexidine gluconate which is considered to be a gold standard as an anti-plaque agent.
A randomized, two-group, parallel study as a 'de novo' plaque accumulation model was carried out on 50 subjects (23 males and 27 females). At baseline, all participants received a professional prophylaxis and were randomly assigned to the test (Herbal mouthrinse) and control (Chlorhexidine Gluconate) group. On the following three days, all subjects rinsed with 10 ml of the allocated mouthrinse twice daily for 1 min. They were asked to refrain from use of any other oral hygiene measures during the study. At the end of the experimental period, plaque was assessed and a questionnaire was filled by all subjects.
Chlorhexidine (mean plaque score=1.65) inhibited plaque growth significantly more than the herbal mouthrinse (mean plaque score=1.43, P<0.001). The results of the questionnaire showed that Herboral was preferred by patients for its taste, its convenience of use and taste duration (aftertaste). However, Chlorhexidine was considered to be more effective in reducing plaque as compared to Herboral.
Herbal mouthrinse was found to be a potent plaque inhibitor, though less effective than Chlorhexidine Gluconate. However, it can serve as a good alternative for the patients with special needs as in case of diabetics, xerostomics, and so on.
Dental plaque stability depends on bacterial adhesion to acquired pellicle, and on interspecies adhesion (or coaggregation). A high-molecular-weight cranberry constituent at 0.6 to 2.5 milligrams per milliliter reversed the coaggregation of 49 (58 percent) of 84 coaggregating bacterial pairs tested. It acted preferentially on pairs in which one or both members are gram-negative anaerobes frequently involved in periodontal diseases. Thus, the anticoaggregating cranberry constituent has the potential for altering the subgingival microbiota, resulting in conservative control of gingival and periodontal diseases. However, the high dextrose and fructose content of the commercially available cranberry juice makes it unsuitable for oral hygiene use, and the beneficial effect of the high-molecular-weight constituent requires animal and clinical studies.
In recent years, there has been a tremendous expansion in medical and dental research concerned with free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and anti-oxidant defense mechanisms. This review is intended to provide a critical, up-to-date summary of the field, with particular emphasis on its implications for the application of "anti-oxidant therapy" in periodontal disease. We have reviewed the nomenclature, mechanisms of actions, features, and sources of most common free radicals and reactive oxygen species, as well as analyzed the typical biological targets for oxidative damage. Based on a review of direct and indirect anti-oxidant host defenses, particularly in relation to the key role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis, we review current evidence for oxidative damage in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, and the possible therapeutic effects of anti-oxidants in treating and/or preventing such pathology, with special attention to vitamin E and Co-enzyme Q.
Pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients. The risk of nosocomial pneumonia increases with age, severity of acute illness and preexisting co-morbid conditions. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) significantly increases morbidity, length of stay, resource utilization and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adherence to a ventilator weaning protocol (WP) and the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CH) oral rinse for oral hygiene would decrease the incidence of VAP in surgical ICU patients.
A prospective study was conducted over a period of 10 months (October 1998-July 1999) in surgical ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 95). During the first 5 months, a WP was applied to all patients requiring mechanical ventilation. During the following 5 months, a CH 0.12% oral rinse administered twice daily was added to the protocol, initiated on ICU admission in all intubated patients. The data collection included age, gender, race, risk factors, co-morbid conditions, severity of the acute illness (APACHE II) at admission, duration of ventilation, ICU and total-hospital length of stay, and incidence of VAP and in-hospital mortality rates. Both WP and WP+CH groups were compared using the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) and hospital databases as historic controls.
The institution of the WP alone led only to a slight decrease in the incidence of VAP but a significant reduction in the median duration of mechanical ventilation by 40% (4.5 days, p < 0.008). The addition of CH to the WP led to a significant reduction and delay in the occurrence of VAP (37% overall, 75% for late VAP, p < 0.05). The median duration of mechanical ventilation in this group was similar to that of the WP group. There was no significant difference in the overall hospital or ICU length of stay between the groups.
Improved oral hygiene via topical CH application in conjunction with the use of a WP is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP and the duration of mechanical ventilation in surgical ICU patients.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of a Punica granatum Linn (pomegranate) phytotherapeutic gel and miconazole (Daktarin oral gel) against three standard streptococci strains (mutans ATCC 25175, sanguis ATCC 10577 and mitis ATCC 9811), S. mutans clinically isolated and Candida albicans either alone or in association. The effect of minimum inhibitory concentrations of the gels on the adherence of these microorganisms to glass was assessed in the presence of 5% sucrose, using increasing and doubled concentrations of the diluted solution of the gels ranging from 1:1 to 1:1024. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of adherence of Punica granatum L. gel against the test organisms were: 1:16 for S. mutans (ATCC), S. mutans (CI) and S. sanguis; 1:128 for S. mitis and 1:64 for C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of adherence of miconazole against the same organisms were: 1:512, 1:64, 1:4, 1:128 and 1:16, respectively. In experiments with three and four associated microorganisms, the Punica granatum L. gel had greater efficiency in inhibiting microbial adherence than the miconazole. The results of this study suggest that this phytotherapeutic agent might be used in the control of adherence of different microorganisms in the oral cavity.
Antibacterial activity of a herbal dentifrice Arodent against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was evaluated using Colgate as standard. Both bacterial strains were isolated from the oral cavity on selective media and identified by standard methods. The antibacterial activity was assayed by cup-well method. The bacterial lawn of facultative anaerobe S. mutans was established between two layers of agar under microaerophilic conditions. Five and a half millimeters and 10 mm zones of inhibition were produced by Arodent against S. mutans and L. acidophilus , respectively, under microaerophilic conditions. On the other hand, the standard dentifrice Colgate produced 5.83 mm and 10.17 mm zones of inhibition against S. mutans and L. acidophilus , respectively, under microaerophilic condition. The results suggest that Arodent is an effective antibacterial herbal dentifrice.
As dental plaque is generally accepted to be the predominant etiologic factor in gingivitis and periodontal disease and a prerequisite for the development of caries, these observations opened a new field of research on prevention of dental disease. A variety of antiboitics and antiseptics have been a employed as adjuncts to conventional therapies to suppress pathogens ,chemical plaque control could prevent or reverse gingivitis if it, 1) eliminated all plaque; 2) reduced plaque below an individuals threshold for disease 3) altered the bacterial composition of plaque in such a way that health would not convert to disease. This article considers the main chemical agents which have been used as bacterial agents in mouthwash and other vehicles to inhibit growth of the plaque.
Due to increasing resistance to antibiotics and rising incidence of oral diseases, there is a need for alternative treatment modalities to combat oral diseases. The aim of the present study was to access the effect of Aloe vera mouthwash on the dental plaque in the experimental period of 4 days and to compare it with the bench mark control chlorhexidine and placebo (saline water).
A total of 300 systemically healthy subjects were randomly allocated into 3 groups: Aloe vera mouthwash group (n=100), control group (=100)-chlorhexidene group and saline water-Placebo (n=100). To begin with, Gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded. Then, baseline plaque scores were brought to zero by professionally cleaning the teeth with scaling and polishing. After randomization of the participants into three groups they were refrained from regular mechanical oral hygiene measures. Subjects were asked to swish with respective mouthwash (Aloe vera mouthwash, 0.2%chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, or normal saline) as per therapeutic dose for 4 days.
The results showed that Aloe vera mouthrinse is equally effective in reducing plaque as Chlorhexidine compared to placebo over a period of 4 days. There was a significant reduction on plaque in Aloe vera and chlorhexidine groups and no statistically significant difference was observed among them (p>0.05). Aloe vera mouthwash showed no side effects.
The results of the present study indicated that Aloe vera may prove an effective mouthwash due to its ability in reducing dental plaque.
To determine if Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract has an antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and to determine which concentration of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract among the 15 concentrations investigated has the maximum antimicrobial activity.
Experimental design, in vitro study, Lab setting.
Ethanolic extract of Tulsi was prepared by the cold extraction method. The extract was then diluted with an inert solvent, dimethyl formamide, to obtain 15 different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 6%, 7% 8%, 9%, 10%) of the extract. 0.2% chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and dimethyl formamide was used as a negative control. The extract, along with the controls, was then subjected to microbiological investigation to determine which concentration among the 15 different concentrations of the extract gave a wider inhibition zone against Streptococcus mutans. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters using a vernier caliper. Results: At the 4% concentration of Tulsi extract, a zone of inhibition of 22 mm was obtained. This was the widest zone of inhibition observed among all the 15 different concentrations of Tulsi that were investigated.
Tulsi extract demonstrated an antimicrobial property against Streptococcus mutans.
Dental plaque is a well known etiologic factor for gingivitis. Recently, herbal extracts are a matter of scientific interest to inhibit plaque accumulation on teeth. The purpose of this studywas to evaluate the effects of German Chamomile (GC) mouth wash on plaque and gingival indices. Twenty five gingivitis patients (15 female and 10 male, mean age 27±7.76 years) participated in this controlled, double blind cross-over study. The subjects used either GC or a control rinse for 2 min twice a day during a 4 weeks period. The other mouth rinse was used after a wash-out period of 4 weeks in the same way. The plaque and gingival indices were recorded at baseline and after each experimental or wash-out period. Furthermore, stain indices for intensity and extend were recorded to evaluate the tooth staining effects of the mouthrinses. The mean reduction in plaque and gingival scores were determined by using the test or control mouthwash and statistically analyzed by paired sample t- test. The stain intensity and extend in each period of the study were also analyzed by the two-way ANOVA. The GC mouthwash lowered both plaque and gingival scores significantly in comparisonto the control rinse (p≤0.001), whilst there was no significant difference in stain intensity or extend between the baseline and after each period of the study. There was also no report of anyadverse reactions during the use of mouth rinses in this the study.Using GC mouthwash appears to offer benefit in plaque and gingival reduction without any significant adverse effects on tooth staining.
Microorganisms and their by-products are considered to be the major cause of pulp and periradicular pathosis. Hence, a major objective in root canal treatment is to disinfect the entire root canal system, which requires that all contents of the root canal system be eliminated as possible sources of infection. This goal may be accomplished using mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation, in conjunction with medication of the root canal system between treatment sessions. To reduce or eliminate bacteria, various irrigation solutions have been advocated. Chlorhexidine is a cationic molecule, which can be used during treatment. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity. Its cationic structure provides a unique property named substantivity. The purpose of this paper is to review the structure and mechanism of action of CHX, its antibacterial and antifungal activity, its effect on biofilm, its substantivity (residual antibacterial activity), its tissue solvent ability, its interaction with calcium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite, its anticollagenolytic activity, its effect on coronal and apical leakage of bacteria, its toxicity and allergenicity and the modulating effect of dentine and root canal components on its antimicrobial activity. A Medline search was performed from 1981 to the end of March 2008 and was limited to English-language papers. The keywords searched on Medline were 'chlorhexidine AND endodontics', 'chlorhexidine AND root canal therapy', 'chlorhexidine AND substantivity' and 'chlorhexidine AND toxicity'. The reference lists of each article were manually checked for additional articles of relevance.
In order to fill the discrepancy between the necessity of providing prompt and proper treatment to dental trauma patients, and the inadequate knowledge among medics and corpsmen, as well as the lack of instructions in first-aid textbook and manuals, and after reviewing the dental literature, a simple algorithm for non-professional first-aid management for various injuries to hard (teeth) and soft oral tissues, is presented. The recommended management of tooth avulsion, subluxation and luxation, crown fracture and lip, tongue or gingival laceration included in the algorithm. Along with a list of after-hour dental clinics, this symptoms- and clinical-appearance-based algorithm is suited to tuck easily into a pocket for quick utilization by medics/corpsmen in an emergency situation. Although the algorithm was developed for the usage of military non-dental health-care providers, this method could be adjusted and employed in the civilian environment as well.
Controversy exists concerning the mode of action of chlorhexidine in plaque inhibition. This study attempted to determine whether an oral reservoir of chlorhexidine was necessary for plaque inhibition. Plaque growth on enamel under the influence of topically applied or rinsed chlorhexidine was closely monitored by clinical scoring, bacterial culturing and scanning electron microscopy. Thus, 3 subjects wore removable acrylic appliances containing enamel inserts. In the first regimen, inserts on one side of the appliances were exposed to 0.2% chlorhexidine and on the other, water for 1 min twice a day for 14 days. In the second regimen, subjects rinsed with 0.2% chlorhexidine for 1 min twice a day for 14 days with the appliances in situ. Results demonstrated that plaque growth assessed by the 3 study methods was very small on chlorhexidine-treated inserts by comparison with water-treated specimens. Importantly, inserts treated with chlorhexidine topically or by rinsing could not be distinguished by any method of evaluation. It is concluded that chlorhexidine achieves plaque inhibition as a result of an immediate bactericidal action during the time of application and a prolonged bacteriostatic action as a result of adsorption to the pellicle coated enamel surface. Consistent with other clinical studies, it is apparent that a progressively desorbing oral reservoir of antiseptic is not the mechanism by which chlorhexidine achieves plaque inhibition on teeth.
This review considers the main agents which have been used as antibacterial agents in mouthwashes and other vehicles to inhibit the growth of supragingival plaque. The agents discussed are bisguanide antiseptics, quaternary ammonium compounds, phenolic antiseptics, hexetidine, povidone iodine, triclosan, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions, sanguinarine, propolis and oxygenating agents. The plaque inhibitory, anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of these agents are considered along with their substantivity, safety and possible clinical usefulness. Clinical trials of these agents that have been published are also reported. The possible clinical uses of antiseptic mouthwashes are finally considered along with some advice about assessing manufacturers claims. Throughout this review the terms plaque inhibitory, anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis have been used according to the clarification of terminology suggested by the European Federation of Periodontology at its second workshop. This defines a plaque inhibitory effect as one reducing plaque to levels insufficient to prevent the development of gingivitis; an anti-plaque effect as one which produces a prolonged and profound reduction in plaque sufficient to prevent the development of gingivitis; and anti-gingivitis as an anti-inflammatory effect on the gingival health not necessarily mediated through an effect on plaque.
Although the prevalence of dental caries has decreased gradually in the past three decades in the Australian population, dental caries remains the primary reason for tooth loss in Australia. At the community level, total health expenditure on the treatment of dental caries (and its consequences) is substantial. Accordingly, caries prevention is an important focus at both the individual and community levels. This paper outlines the principles upon which modern caries prevention is based and stresses the importance of manipulating the oral environment (in terms of salivary parameters, ions, pH and the oral flora) as a major strategy for effective long-term caries prevention. Practical advice is provided on the correct home use of preventive agents, including chewing gums, chlorhexidine, fluorides, bicarbonate rinses and phosphopeptides.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extracts have been shown to possess significant antioxidant activity in various in vitro models. Dried pomegranate peels were powdered and extracted with methanol for 4 h. The dried methanolic extract was fed to albino rats of the Wistar strain, followed by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the levels of various enzymes, such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation were studied. Treatment of rats with a single dose of CCl4 at 2.0 g/kg of body weight decreases the levels of catalase, SOD, and peroxidase by 81, 49, and 89% respectively, whereas the lipid peroxidation value increased nearly 3-fold. Pretreatment of the rats with a methanolic extract of pomegranate peel at 50 mg/kg (in terms of catechin equivalents) followed by CCl4 treatment causes preservation of catalase, peroxidase, and SOD to values comparable with control values, wheres lipid peroxidation was brought back by 54% as compared to control. Histopathological studies of the liver were also carried out to determine the hepatoprotection effect exhibited by the pomegranate peel extract against the toxic effects of CCl4. Histopathological studies of the liver of different groups also support the protective effects exhibited by the MeOH extract of pomegranate peel by restoring the normal hepatic architecture.
This article reviews the results and conclusions from four pivotal and two comparative clinical trials. The six randomized, controlled, single-blinded, parallel-group clinical trials were conducted to determine which antiseptic is best for use as a patient preoperative skin preparation. The objective of these studies was to compare the immediate, persistent (residual), and cumulative antimicrobial efficacy and safety of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) combined with 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (ChloraPrep); another combination CHG and IPA antiseptic (CHG+IPA) and 2% aqueous CHG alone; 4% CHG (Hibiclens) alone; 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) alone; and an iodine-containing solution, 10% povidone-iodine (Betadine) alone as preoperative skin topical antiseptics for potential prevention of nosocomial infections.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are widely consumed as juice (PJ). The potent antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic activities of PJ are attributed to its polyphenols including punicalagin, the major fruit ellagitannin, and ellagic acid (EA). Punicalagin is the major antioxidant polyphenol ingredient in PJ. Punicalagin, EA, a standardized total pomegranate tannin (TPT) extract and PJ were evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities. Punicalagin, EA and TPT were evaluated for antiproliferative activity at 12.5-100 microg/ml on human oral (KB, CAL27), colon (HT-29, HCT116, SW480, SW620) and prostate (RWPE-1, 22Rv1) tumor cells. Punicalagin, EA and TPT were evaluated at 100 microg/ml concentrations for apoptotic effects and at 10 microg/ml concentrations for antioxidant properties. However, to evaluate the synergistic and/or additive contributions from other PJ phytochemicals, PJ was tested at concentrations normalized to deliver equivalent amounts of punicalagin (w/w). Apoptotic effects were evaluated against the HT-29 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. Antioxidant effects were evaluated using inhibition of lipid peroxidation and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Pomegranate juice showed greatest antiproliferative activity against all cell lines by inhibiting proliferation from 30% to 100%. At 100 microg/ml, PJ, EA, punicalagin and TPT induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon cells. However, in the HCT116 colon cells, EA, punicalagin and TPT but not PJ induced apoptosis. The trend in antioxidant activity was PJ>TPT>punicalagin>EA. The superior bioactivity of PJ compared to its purified polyphenols illustrated the multifactorial effects and chemical synergy of the action of multiple compounds compared to single purified active ingredients.
In the present work, we studied the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruits on dental plaque microorganisms. The study was conducted on 60 healthy patients (33 females and 27 males, with age ranging from 9 to 25 years) using fixed orthodontic appliances, and randomly distributed into 3 groups of 20 patients each. The first group (control) used distilled water, while the second and third groups used chlorhexidine (standard) and HAE as mouth-rinses, respectively. The dental plaque material was collected from each patient, before and after a 1-min mouth-rinse with 15 ml of either distilled water, chlorhexidine or HAE. In both dental plaque collections, the material was removed from patients without oral hygiene, for 24 h (no tooth brushing). Dental plaque samples were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) plated on Mueller-Hinton agar, and incubated for 48 h, at 37 degrees C. Results, expressed as the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), show that the HAE was very effective against dental plaque microorganisms, decreasing the CFU/ml by 84% (CFU x 10(5)), before mouth-rinse: 154.0 +/- 41.18; after mouthrinse: 25.4 +/- 7.76). While similar values were observed with chlorhexidine, used as standard and positive control (79% inhibition), only an 11% inhibition of CFU/ml was demonstrated in the distilled water group, negative control (CFU x 10(5)), before mouth-rinse: chlorhexidine, 208.7 +/- 58.81 and distilled water, 81.1 +/- 10.12; after mouth-rinse: chlorhexidine, 44.0 +/- 15.85 and distilled water, 71.9 +/- 8.68). The HAE presented also an antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms, and may be a possible alternative for the treatment of dental plaque bacteria.
The use of antiseptics in periodontal therapy
- M Addy
Addy M. The use of antiseptics in periodontal therapy. In:
Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP, editors. Clinical Periodontology
and Implant Dentistry. 4 th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd.; 2003.
Chemotherapeutics and topical delivery systems
- D M Lyle
Lyle DM. Chemotherapeutics and topical delivery systems. In:
Wilkins EM, editor. Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist. 9 th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Company; 2005. p. 439.
Chlorhexidine gluconate. Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook
- Jb Leikin
- Fp Paloucek
Leikin JB, Paloucek FP, editors. Chlorhexidine gluconate. Poisoning
and Toxicology Handbook. 4th ed. New York: Informa; 2008. p. 183-4.
Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care
Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health
Care. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
- C S Farah
- L Macintosh
- L J Maccollough
Farah CS, MacIntosh L, MacCollough LJ. Mouthwashes. Australian
2009;32(6):162-4.
Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Psidium guajava: A review
- P Mittal
- V Gupta
- G Kaur
- A K Garg
- A Singh
Mittal P, Gupta V, Kaur G, Garg AK, Singh A. Phytochemistry and
pharmacological activities of Psidium guajava: A review. Int J Pharm
Sci Res 2010;1(9):9-19.
Punica granatum (pomegranate
- Sm Menezes
- Ln Cordeiro
- Gs Viana
Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. Punica granatum (pomegranate)
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 10, Issue 2, 2017, 3-7
Renuka and Muralidharan extract is active against dental plaque
Renuka and Muralidharan
extract is active against dental plaque. J Herb Pharmacother
2006;6(2):79-92.
The effect of green tea on prevention of mouth bacterial infection, halitosis, and plaque formation on teeth
- A Moghbel
- A Farjzadeh
- N Aghel
- H Agheli
- N Raisi
Moghbel A, Farjzadeh A, Aghel N, Agheli H, Raisi N. The effect of
green tea on prevention of mouth bacterial infection, halitosis, and
plaque formation on teeth. Iran J Toxicol 2011;5(14):502-15.
Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection. United States: CDC
- A J Mangram
- T C Horan
- M L Pearson
- L C Silver
- W R Jarvis
CDC. In: Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR,
editors. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection. United
States: CDC; 1999.
Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study
- Murlikrishnan
Murlikrishnan. Evaluation of the antibacterial
activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract
against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res
2010;21(3):357-9.